7 Geometry

8
Geometriy 7
1. Introduction
In this chapter we will look at the fundamental concepts we need in order to begin our study
of geometry.
A. POINT, LINE, AND PLANE
Definition
The word geometry comes from two Greek words, geo and metric, which together mean to
measure the earth. Geometry is now the branch of mathematics that studies space, shape,
area, and volume.
geometry
Nature displays an infinite array of geometric shapes,
from the smallest atom to the biggest galaxy. Snowflakes,
the honeycomb of a bees nest, the spirals of seashells,
spiders webs, and the basic shapes of many flowers are
just a few of natures geometric masterpieces.
The Egyptians and Babylonians studied the area and
volume of shapes and established general formulas.
However, the first real book about geometry was written by
a Greek mathematician, Euclid. Euclids book, The
Elements, was published in about 300 BC. It defined the
most basic concepts in geometry and proved some of their
properties.
Geometry as a science has played a great role in the
development of civilization. Throughout history, geometry
has been used in many different areas such as
architecture, art, house design, and agriculture.
After studying this section you will be able to:
1. Understand the fundamental geometric concepts of point, line, and plane.
2. Describe the concepts of line segment, ray, and half line.
3. Understand the concepts of plane and space.
4. Describe the relation between two lines.
5. Describe the relation between a line and a plane.
6. Describe the relation between two planes.
Objectives
9
Geometric Concepts
The three most basic concepts of geometry are point, line,
and plane. Early mathematicians tried to define these
terms. In fact, it is not really possible to define them using
any other concepts, because there are no simpler
concepts for us to build on. Therefore, we need to
understand these concepts without a precise definition.
Let us look instead at their general meaning.
2. Point
When you look at the night sky, you see billions of stars, each represented as a small dot of
light in the sky. Each dot of light suggests a point, which is the basic unit of geometry.
3. Line
Natures Great Book is
written in mathemati-
cal symbols.
Galileo Galilei
All geometric figures consist of collections of points, and many terms in geometry are defined
using points.
We use a dot to represent a point. We name a point with a capital letter such as A, B, C, etc.
Concept
A point is a position. It has no size, length, width, or thickness, and it is infinitely small.
point
Concept
A line is a straight arrangement of points. It is the second fundamental concept of geometry.
There are infinitely many points in a line. A line has no width or thickness, and extends
without end in both directions.
line
10
Geometriy 7
Let none unversed in
geometry enter here.
Plato
The arrows at each end of a line show that the line extends to infinity in both directions.
If any point C is on a line AB or a line d, we write C AB, or C d.
C
C AB
A B
A B C
d
A, B, C d
Property
There exists exactly one line passing through any two distinct points.
By this property, a line is determined by two distinct points. However, remember that a line
consists of more than just two points. There are infinitely many points on a line.
4. Plane
A plane is suggested by a flat surface such as a table top, a wall, a floor, or the
surface of a lake. We represent a plane with a four-sided figure, like a piece of
paper drawn in perspective. Of course, all of these things are only parts of
planes, since a plane extends forever in length and in width.
We use a capital letter (A, B, C, ...) to name a plane. We write plane P, or (P),
to refer to a plane with name P.
Concept
A plane is the third fundamental concept of geometry. A plane has length and width but no
thickness. It is a flat surface that extends without end in all directions.
plane
A line is usually named by any two of its points, or by a lower-case letter.
Look at the diagram. The line that passes through points A and B is written AB. We say it is
line AB. The line on the right is simply called line .
11
Geometric Concepts
For example, in the diagram above, points A, B, and C lie on the same line d. Therefore A, B,
and C are collinear points. However, point P is not on line so M, P, and N are not collinear
points. We say that, M, P, and N are noncollinear points.
A B C
d
P
M N
l
5. Collinear Points
Definition
Points that lie on the same line are called collinear points.
collinear points
EXAMPLE
1
Look at the given figure.
a. Name the lines.
b. Write all the collinear points.
c. Give two examples of noncollinear points.
Solution
a. There are three lines, AC, CN, and SR.
b. The points A, B, C, the points S, T, R, and
the points C, M, N are on the same line, so
they are collinear.
c. The points A, N, C and the points M, T, N
are not on the same line. They are exam-
ples of noncollinear points.
Now consider the three noncollinear points in
the figure on the right. Since we know that two
distinct points determine a straight line, we
can draw the lines AB, AC and BC passing
through A, B, and C. Therefore, there are three
lines that pass through three noncollinear points.
A
B
C
P
S
T
N
R
M
C
A
B
d
m
l
We can now understand the meaning of the terms point, line, and plane without a formal
definition. We can use these undefined terms to define many new geometric figures and
terms.
12
Geometriy 7
When we say, n triwise noncollinear points,
we mean that any three of n points are
noncollinear.
For example, the diagram opposite shows five
triwise noncollinear points. Any set of three
points in the diagram is noncollinear.
Definition
If three points are noncollinear then they are also called triwise points.
triwise points
A
E
C
B
D
Theorem
different lines pass through n triwise points.
( 1)
2
n n
EXAMPLE
2
How many different lines pass through each number of triwise noncollinear points?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 9 d. 22
Solution
a.
b.
c. d. = =
22 (22 1) 22 21
231
2 2
= =
9 (9 1) 9 8
36 lines
2 2
= =
5 (5 1) 5 4
10 lines
2 2
= =
4 (4 1) 4 3
6 lines
2 2
Check Yourself 1
1. Describe the three undefined terms in geometry.
2. Name the collinear points in the figure.
3. Look at the figure.
a. Name the lines.
b. Name all the collinear points.
c. Give two examples of noncollinear points.
A C
D B G
E
F
A
B
C
E
D
13
Geometric Concepts
4. How many different lines can pass through each number of triwise noncollinear points?
a. 8 b. 14 c. 64 d. 120
Answers
1. Point: A point is a position. It has no size, length, width, or thickness, and it is infinitely
small. Line: A line a straight arrangement of points. There are infinitely many points in a
line. A line has no width or thickness, and extends without end in both directions. Plane:
A plane has length and width but no thickness. It is is a flat
surface that extends without end in all directions.
2. The points A, B, C and the points D, B, E are collinear points.
3. a. The lines: AC, AB, DG b. The points A, E, B, the points D, B, G are collinear points c.
The points A, F, G, and the points D, B, C are non collinear points.
4. a. 28 b. 91 c. 2016 d. 7140
1. Line Segment
B. LINE SEGMENT, RAY, AND HALF LINE
Definition
The line segment AB is the set of points
consisting of point A, point B, and all the
points between A and B. A and B are called the
endpoints of the segment. We write [AB] to
refer to the line segment AB.
line segment
A B
line segment
AB or [AB]
This definition describes one type of line segment: a closed line segment. There
are three types of line segment.
a. Closed Line Segment
A line segment whose endpoints are included in the
segment is called a closed line segment.
[AB] in the diagram is a closed line segment.
b. Open Line Segment
A line segment whose endpoints are excluded from the
segment is called an open line segment.
The line segment AB in the diagram is an open line segment and denoted by ]AB[.
We use an empty dot ( ) to show that a point is not included in a line segment.
A B
A B
Physical model of a line
segment: a piece of string.
14
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
3
Name the closed, open and half-open line seg-
ments in the figure on the right.
Solution
Closed line segment: [AB]
Half-open line segments: [AC[, [BC[, and [BD[
Open line segment: ]CD[
A B
C D
Property
If C is a point between A and B, then
[AC] + [CB] = [AB].
Using this property, we can conclude that if
three points are collinear, then one of them is
between the other points.
Point B is between the points A and C.
A B C
A B C
[AC] [CB]
[AB]
c. Half-Open Line Segment
A line segment that includes only one of its endpoints is called a half-open line segment.
half-open line segment AB
[AB[
A B
half-open line segment AB
]AB]
A B
2. Ray
In the diagrams, each ray begins at a point and extends to infinity in one direction. A is the
endpoint of [AB, and C is the endpoint of [CD.
ray AB, or [AB
A B
[CD
D C
Definition
The ray AB is the part of the line AB that contains point A and all the points on the line
segment that stretches from point A through point B to infinity. The ray AB is denoted by [AB.
ray
15
Geometric Concepts
A half line extends to infinity in one direction. A half line is like a ray,
but it begins at an open endpoint.
A B
half line AB
]AB
1. Plane
We can think of the floor and ceiling of a room as parts of horizontal planes. The walls of a
room are parts of vertical planes.
A point can be an element of a plane.
In the diagram, point A is an element of plane P. We can write
A (P). Similarly, B (P), C (P), D (P), and E (P).
E
D
P
A
C
B
plane P: (P)
vertical planes horizontal planes
C. PLANE AND SPACE
a. Coplanar Points
In the figure, points A, B, and C are all in the plane P. They
are coplanar points. Points K, L, and M are also coplanar
points. A, K, and M are not coplanar points, because they
do not lie in the same plane.
Definition
Points that are in the same plane are called coplanar points.
coplanar points
P
A
C
B
M
L
K
Q
16
Geometriy 7
b. Coplanar Lines
For example, in the figure, the lines m and n are both in
the plane P. They are coplanar lines.
Definition
Lines that are in the same plane are called coplanar lines.
coplanar lines
P
m
n
2. Space
We have seen that lines and planes are defined by sets of points.
According to the definition of space, all lines and planes can be considered as subsets of space.
Definition
Space is the set of all points.
space
In the figure, the plane P is determined by the
noncollinear points A, B, and C.
P
A
C
B
Theorem
For any three points, there is at least one plane that contains them. For any three non-
collinear points, there is exactly one plane that contains them.
1. Intersecting Lines
Two lines that intersect each other in a plane are called
intersecting lines, or concurrent lines.
In the figure on the left, line d and line l intersect each
other at point A. They are intersecting lines.
P
l
d
A
D. RELATION BETWEEN TWO LINES
17
Geometric Concepts
2. Parallel Lines
Two lines are parallel if they are in the same plane and
do not have a common point.
In the figure on the left, line d and line l are parallel
lines. We write d

l to show that lines d and l are par-
allel.
3. Coincident Lines
Two lines are coincident if each one contains all the
points of the other.
In the figure on the left, line d and line l are coincident
lines. We write d = l to show that lines d and l are
coincident.
4. Skew Lines
Two lines are skew if they are non-coplanar and they do
not intersect.
In the figure on the left, E and F are two non-parallel
planes. Hence, lines d and l are in different planes, and
since they do not intersect, they are skew lines.
l
d
d l and d l =
l
d
d = l
F
d
E
l
EXAMPLE
4
In the figure there are three intersecting lines. Decide whether each statement is true or
false.
a. point A is the intersection of l and d
b. point C is the intersection of d and l
c. point B is the intersection of l and m
Solution
a. True, since point A is the common point of l and d.
b. False, since point C is not a common point of d and l.
c. True, since point B is the common point of l and m.
P
l
d
A
B
C
m
18
Geometriy 7
We have seen the different possibilities for the relation between two lines. Let us look at the
possible relations between a line and a plane.
1. The Intersection of a Line and a Plane
A line can intersect a plane at one point.
In the diagram on the left, the line d intersects the plane
E at point A.
2. Parallelism of a Line and a Plane
A line can be parallel to a plane.
In the diagram on the left, there is no common point
between line d and plane E. They are parallel.
3. A Line Lies in a Plane
If at least two points of a line lie in a plane, then the line
lies in the plane. We write d (E) to show that line d lies
in plane E.
In the diagram, points A and B are in plane E, so the line
AB lies in the plane E.
E. RELATION BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE
F. RELATION BETWEEN TWO PLANES
E
A
d (E) = {A}
d
E
d
d (E) =
d
E
A
B
A, B d
A, B (E)
d (E)
1. Parallel Planes
If two planes have no common point, they are called
parallel planes. We write (A) (B) to show that two
planes are parallel. The opposite walls of a room are an
example of parallel planes.
P
Q
(P) (Q) (E) (F)
E
F
19
Geometric Concepts
2. Intersecting Planes
If two planes have only one common line, they are called
intersecting planes.
3. Coincident Planes
If two planes have three noncollinear points in common,
they are called coincident planes. (P) and (Q) in the
figure are coincident planes. We write (P) = (Q) to show
that planes P and Q are coincident.
4. Half Planes
A line in a plane separates the plane into two disjoint
regions that are called half planes. (E
1
) and (E
2
) in the
figure are half planes of (E).
E
d
A
B
F
(E) (F) = d
A, B, C (P)
A, B, C (Q)
(P) = (Q)
P
A
Q
B
C
E
l
half plane
(E
1
)
half plane
(E
2
)
boundary of two half planes
(E
1
) (E
2
) =
(E
1
) (E
2
) l = (E)
EXERCISES 1.1
20
Geometriy 7
1. Explain why the concepts of point, line, and plane
cannot be defined in geometry.
2. Draw five points on a piece of paper, and make
sure that no three are of them collinear. Draw all
the lines passing through these points. How many
lines can you draw?
3. Explain the difference between a ray and a half
line.
4. At least how many points determine a line?
5. At least how many noncollinear points determine
a plane? Why?
6. Give examples from daily life to illustrate the
concepts of point, line, and plane.
7. Write words to complete the sentences.
a. A point has no __________ and no __________.
b. Two points determine a ___________ .
c. Three noncollinear points determine a _____ .
d. Two lines that lie in different planes and do
not intersect are called ___________ lines.
8.
Determine whether the statements are true or
false for the given figure.
a. A, B, and C are collinear points
b. points D and E are not in the line l
c. B l
d. E l
e. C, D, and E are noncollinear
A B C
l
E
D
13. Write the coplanar points
in the given figure.
14. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of
two planes can be a line.
15. Draw a diagram to show that the intersection of
three planes can be a point.
12. Describe the intersection of the line and the
plane in each figure.
16. Look at the figure.
a. How many planes are
there?
b. Write the intersection
of the planes.
c. How many lines pass through each point?
11. Write the meaning of the following.
a. [CD] b. [PQ[ c. ]AB[ d. [KL e. ]MN f. EF
10. Name all the lines, rays, line segments, and half
lines in the given figure.
A B C D
E F G
H
L
M
N
P
R
S
K
L
P
Q
T
S
R
E
D
A B
C
G
n
A
E
B
l
F
C
m
9. How many different lines can pass through each
number of triwise noncollinear points?
a. 5 b. 7 c. 21 d. 101
a. b. c.
21
Chapter Review Test 1A
CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 1A
1. Which concept is precisely defined in geometry?
A) point B) line C) plane
D) space E) ____
2. A plane has no
A) thickness. B) length. C) width.
D) surface. E) ____
3. A ray with an open endpoint is called
A) a line. B) a half line.
C) a line segment. D) an open line segment.
E) ____
4. According to the figure,
which statement is true?
A) A, B and E are collinear points
B) l d = {B}
C) C l
D) D, B, and E are noncollinear points
E) _
l d
D
C
E B
A
which statement is
false?
A) l d = {C} B) l m = {A}
C) l d m = {A, B, C} D) m d = {B}
E) ____
l
d
A
B
C
m
8. Space is
A) the intersection of two planes.
B) the set of all points.
C) a subset of a plane.
D) a very large plane.
E) ?
7. How many lines do five points determine if no
three of the points are collinear?
A) 15 B) 12 C) 10 D) 9 E) ?
6. ABCD is a rectangle in a plane P. E is a point such
that E (P). How many planes are there that
include point E, with one or more of points A, B,
C, and D?
A) 7 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) ?
22
Geometriy 7
12. Let [AB] + [BC] = [AC], and [MN] + [NK] = [MK].
Which points are between two other points?
A) A and M B) B and M
C) C and K D) B and N
E) ____
which statement is
false?
A) C (E)
B) l (E) = {A}
C) l d = {B}
D) l and d are skew lines
E) ?
E
A
C
d
B
l
which statement is false?
A) (P) l = l
B) (P) m = m
C) (P) n = n
D) l m n = {A}
E) ?
n
A
P
m
l
10. Which figure shows ]AB?
A) B)
C) D)
E) ____
A B A B
A B A B
24
Geometriy 7
1. Angle
One of the basic figures in geometry is the angle.
A television antenna is a physical model of an angle.
Changing the length of the antenna does not change the
angle. However, moving the two antennae closer
together or further apart changes the angle.
A. REGIONS OF AN ANGLE
Definition
An angle is the union of two rays that have a common endpoint. The rays are called the sides
of the angle. The common endpoint is called the vertex of the angle.
angle
Look at the diagram. [BA and [BC are the sides of the
angle. The vertex is the common endpoint B.
The symbol for an angle is Z. We name the angle in the
diagram ZABC, or ZCBA, and say angle ABC, or angle
CBA. We can also name angles with numbers or
lower-case letters, or just by their vertex.
A
B C
side
vertex
s
i
d
e
Note
In three-letter angle names the letter in the middle must always be the vertex.
1. Define the concept of angle and the regions an angle forms.
2. Measure angles.
3. Classify angles with respect to their measures.
4. Classify angles with respect to their positions.
5. Classify angles with respect to the sum of their measures.
Objectives
25
Angles
EXAMPLE
1
Name the angles in the diagrams.
Solution
a. ZAOB or ZBOA b. ZA
c. Z1 d. Za
1
a
A
O
B
A
a. b. c. d.
EXAMPLE
2
Answer the questions for the angle ABC on the right.
a. Which points are in the interior region of the angle?
b. Which points lie on the angle?
c. Which points are in the exterior region of the angle?
Solution
a. The points D and E are in the interior region of the angle.
b. The points A, B, C, and H lie on the angle.
c. The points G and F are in the exterior region of the angle.
E
D
A
H
C
B
G
F
Definition
The region that lies between the sides (arms) of an angle is called the interior region of the angle.
The region that lies outside an angle is called the exterior region of the angle.
interior and exterior region of an angle
B. MEASURING ANGLES
Angles are measured by an amount of
rotation. We measure this rotation in units
called degrees. One full circle of rotation is
360 degrees. We write it as 360.
We can show the size of an angle on a diagram
using a curved line between the two rays at the
vertex, with a number. When we write the size
of an angle, we write a lowercase m in front of
the angle symbol.
For example, mZAOB = 45 means that angle AOB measures 45 degrees.
Look at some more examples of angle measures in the diagrams.
360
B
A
O
B
45
Babylonian astronomers chose
the number 360 to represent one
full rotation of a ray back on to
itself.
Why this number was chosen?
It is because 360 is close to the
number of days in a year and it is
divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10,
12, and many other numbers.
mE = 360 mC = 90 mB = 30 mA = 10
10
A
30
B
90
C
150
D
360
E
mD = 150
26
Geometriy 7
Notice that the symbol for a 90 angle is a small square at the vertex. A 90 angle
is also called a right angle in geometry.
It is important to read angles carefully in geometry problems. For example, an
angle in a problem might look like a right angle (90). However, if it is not labelled
as a right angle, it may be a different size. We can only use the given information
in a problem. We calculate other information using the theorems in geometry.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90 100
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
180
110
70
To measure angles with a protractor, follow the three steps below.
1. Place the central hole (dot) of the protractor on the vertex of the angle.
2. Place the zero measure on the protractor along one side of the angle.
3. Read the measure of the angle where the other side of the angle crosses the protractors scale.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80 90 100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
180
110
70
0
10
20
30
40
60
70
80 90
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
180 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 80 90 100
110
120
140
150
160
170
180
0
110
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
50
130
Notice that there are two semicircular scales of numbers on the protractor. If the angle
measure is smaller than 90 then we read the angle using the scale with the smaller number.
If the angle measure is greater than 90 then we use the scale with the larger number.
Definition
The geometric tool we use to measure angles on paper is called a protractor.
A protractor has a semi-circular shape and a scale with units from 0 to 180.
protractor
EXAMPLE
3
Read the protractor to find the measure of
each angle.
a. mZAOB b. mZAOC c. mZAOD
d. mZAOE e. mZAOF f. mZBOC
g. mZCOF h. mZDOE
F
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90
100
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80 90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
180
110
70
E
D
C
B
O
27
Angles
Solution
a. mZAOB = 22 b. mZAOC = 68
c. mZAOD = 90 d. mZAOE = 140
e. mZAOF = 175 f. mZBOC = mZAOC mZAOB = 68 22 = 46
g. mZCOF = mZAOF mZAOC = 175 68 = 107
h. mZDOE = mZAOE mZAOD = 140 90 = 50
For example, let us use a protractor to draw an angle of 56.
1. Draw a ray.
2. Place the centre point of the protractor on the endpoint (A) of the ray.
Align the ray with the base line of the protractor.
4. Remove the protractor and draw [AC.
3. Locate 56 on the protractor scale. Make a dot at that point and label it as C.
B A
B A
C
A
B
C
56
mBAC = 56
After learning to how use a protractor we can easily draw and measure angles.
Check Yourself 1
1. Name the following angles.
2. Find the following sets of points in the figure.
a. ZL {X}
b. int ZL {X}
c. ext ZL ZL
d. int ZL ext ZL
e. int ZL {S}
f. ZL {T, S, K}
g. int ZL {Z, Y}
h. ext ZL {Z, Y}
O
B
A
A
3
b
X
T
M
S
L
K
Z
Y
a. b. c. d.
28
Geometriy 7
3. Measure each angle using a protractor.
4. Draw the angles.
a. 45 b. 83 c. 174 d. 180 e. 225
Answers
1. a. ZAOB b. ZA c. Z3 d. Zb
2. a. C b. {x} c. C d. C e. C f. {S, K} g. C h. {Z, Y}
a. b. c. d.
D C
B
A
We can classify angles according to their measures.
1. Acute Angle
An angle that measures less than 90 is called an acute
angle.
The angles on the left are all examples of acute angles
because they measure less than 90.
2. Right Angle
An angle that measures exactly 90 is called a right angle.
The angles on the left are all examples of right angles
because they measure exactly 90. We use a special
square symbol at the vertex to show a right angle.
3. Obtuse Angle
An angle that measures between 90 and 180 is called
an obtuse angle.
The angles on the left are all obtuse angles.
4. Straight Angle
An angle that measures exactly 180 is called a straight
angle. In the diagram, ZA is a straight angle.
C. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR MEASURES
C
80
A
25
B
45
M
N
O
O
Y
120
165
X
91
A
180
29
Angles
5. Complete Angle
An angle that measures exactly 360 is called a complete
angle. In the diagram, ZE is a complete angle. 360
E
EXAMPLE
4
Classify the angles according to their
measure.
Solution
a. 180 is a straight angle.
b. 360 is a complete angle.
c. 125 is between 90 and 180, so
it is an obtuse angle.
d. 90 is a right angle.
e. 35 is less than 90, so it is an acute angle.
35
125
360
180
a. b. c.
d. e.
D. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THEIR POSITION
In the diagram, the angles ZAOC and ZBOC have a
common vertex and a common side ([OC) with
non-intersecting interior regions.
Therefore, ZAOC and ZBOC are adjacent angles.
EXAMPLE
5
Determine whether the pairs of angles are vertical or not,
using the figure.
a. Za, Zb b. Za, Zc c. Zd, Za d. Zb, Zd
Solution
The lines l and k intersect at one point. Therefore,
a. Za and Zb are not vertical angles,
b. Za and Zc are vertical angles, because they are in opposite directions,
c. Zd and Za are not vertical angles, and
d. Zb and Zd are vertical angles.
c
b
d
a
l
k
1. Adjacent Angles
Definition
Adjacent angles are two angles in the same plane that have a common vertex and a common
side, but do not have any interior points in common.
adjacent angles
A
B
O
C
Theorem
If two angles are vertical then they are also congruent, i.e. they have equal measures.
30
Geometriy 7
E. TYPES OF ANGLE WITH RESPECT TO THE SUM OF
THEIR MEASURES
Each angle is called the complement of the other angle.
For example, in the diagram opposite, ZANB and ZCMD
are complementary angles, because the sum of their
measures is 90:
mZANB + mZCMD = 30 + 60 = 90.
1. Complementary Angles
Definition
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90, then the
angles are called complementary angles.
complementary angles
30
60
A
B
C
D N M
In the diagram, ZXYZ and ZMNO are supplementary
angles because the sum of their measures is 180:
mZXYZ + mZMNO = 40 + 140 = 180.
2. Supplementary Angles
Definition
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180, then the angles are called supplementary
angles. Each angle is called the supplement of the other angle.
supplementary angles
Z
X
M
O
140
40
N
Y
EXAMPLE
6
Find x if the given angles are
complementary.
Solution
a. If Zx and Z2x are
complementary, then
x + 2x = 90.
Therefore, x = 30.
b. 2x + 10 + 3x + 30 = 90
2x + 3x + 10 + 30 = 90
5x = 50
x = 10
2x+10
3x+30
x
2x
a. b.
31
Angles
EXAMPLE
7
Find x if the given angles are
supplementary.
Solution
a. If Z2x and Z4x are supplemen-
tary, then
2x + 4x = 180.
Therefore, x = 30.
b 2x + 60 + 3x + 50 = 180
2x + 3x + 60 + 50 = 180
5x + 110 = 180
5x = 70
x = 14
4x
2x
3x+50
2x+60
a. b.
Check Yourself 2
1. Find x if the given angles are complementary.
2. Find x if the given angles are supplementary.
Answers
1. a. 18 b. 30 c. 9
2. a. 20 b. 25 c. 30
6x
3x
4x+40
2x 10
5x 12
2
x

1
8
a. b. c.
2
x
+
3
0
3
x
+
1
5
x 20
2x+20
x
4x
a. b. c.
32
Geometriy 7
A. CORRESPONDING ANGLES AND ALTERNATE ANGLES
Definition
Let m and n be two lines in a plane. A third line l that intersects each of m and n at different
points is called a transversal of m and n.
In the diagram, line AB is a transversal of m and n.
supplementary angles
Definition
In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the
angles in the same position at each intersection are
called corresponding angles.
corresponding angles
In the diagram, Z1 and Z5 are corresponding angles.
Also, the angle pairs Z2 and Z6, Z3 and Z7, and Z4 and
Z8 are corresponding angles.
1. Corresponding Angles
l
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
m
n
m//n
Let us look at the types of angle formed in the figure of two parallel lines with a transversal.
Remember the notation for parallel lines: m

n means that m is parallel to n.
Property
Corresponding angles are congruent.
Therefore, in the diagram, mZ1 = mZ5,
mZ2 = mZ6,
mZ3 = mZ7, and
mZ4 = mZ8.
l
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
m
n
m//n
1. Identify corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, and alternate exterior angles.
2. Identify interior angles on the same side of a transversal.
3. Describe the properties of angles with parallel sides.
4. Define an angle bisector.
Objectives
33
Angles
In the diagram, the angles Z4 and Z6 are alternate
interior angles. Also, Z3 and Z5 are alternate interior
angles.
2. Alternate Interior Angles
l
5
6
7
8
1
2
3 4
m//n
m
n
Property
Alternate exterior angles are congruent.
Therefore, in the diagram,
mZ1 = mZ7, and mZ2 = mZ8.
l
7
8
1
2
m//n
m
n
Definition
In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the interior angles between the parallel
lines on opposite sides of the transversal are called alternate interior angles.
alternate interior angles
In the diagram, the angles Z1 and Z7 are alternate
exterior angles. Also, Z2 and Z8 are alternate exterior
angles.
3. Alternate Exterior Angles
l
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
m
n
m//n
Definition
In a figure of two parallel lines with a transversal, the angles outside the parallel lines on
opposite sides of the transversal called alternate exterior angles.
alternate exterior angles
Property
Alternate interior angles are congruent.
Therefore, in the diagram,
mZ4 = mZ6, and mZ3 = mZ5.
l
5
6
3
4
m
n
m//n
34
Geometriy 7
4. Interior Angles on the Same Side of a Transversal
Definition
In a figure of two parallel lines intersected by a
transversal, interior angles on the same side of the trans-
versal are supplementary.
Therefore, in the diagram, mZx + mZy = 180.
alternate interior angles
l
y
x
m
n
m//n
If [BA

[CF then ZABC
and Zx are supplementary.
mZABC + mZx = 180
100 + mZx = 180
mZx = 80
ZEDC and Zy are
alternate interior
angles.
mZEDC = mZy
mZy = 30
mZBCD = mZx + mZy
= 80 + 30
= 110
A B
C
D E
100
30
x
F
A B
C
D E
100
30
y
F
30
80
B
D
C
EXAMPLE
8
In the digaram, [BA

DE.
Find mZBCD.
Solution
A B
C
D E
100
30
5. Angles with Parallel Sides
Theorem
The measures of two angles with parallel sides in the same direction are equal.
Proof Consider the diagram on the right.
1. ZAOB and ZLTB are corresponding angles.
ZAOB = ZLTB
2. ZLTB = ZKLM (corresponding angles)
= ZAOB = ZKLM
= mZAOB = mZKLM
O
A
B
L
K
M
S
T
[OA [LK
[OB [LM
35
Angles
Proof
A
B
O
L
K
M
R
P
[OA // [LM
[OB // [LK
mZCAB = mZFDE
2x + 40 = 6x 20
40 + 20 = 6x 2x
60 = 4x
15 = x
So mZCAB = 70.
EXAMPLE
9
In the figure, [AC

[DF, [AB

[DE, mZCAB = 2x + 40,
and mZFDE = 6x 20. Find mZCAB.
Solution
A
C
B
6x 20
E
F
2x + 40
D
mZAOB = mZOAE + mZOBF
mZAOB = 40 + 30
= 70
EXAMPLE
10
In the figure, [AE

[BF, mZA = 40, and mZB = 30.
Find mZAOB.
Solution
E
A
B
F
O
?
40
30
Theorem
The measures of two angles with parallel sides in opposite directions are equal.
1. ZKLM = BPL (corresponding angles)
2. ZAOB = ZBPL = ZAOB = ZKLM
Property
In the figure, if d

k and B is the intersection of [BA and
[BC, then
mZb = mZa + mZc.
d
k
a
b
c
A
B
C
36
Geometriy 7
Property
In the figure, if d

k and B is the intersection of [BA and
[BC, then
mZa + mZb + mZc = 360.
a
b
c
A
C
B
d
k
Property
In a figure such as the figure opposite, the sum of the
measures of the angles in one direction is equal to the
sum of the measures of the angles in the other direction.
mZx + mZy + mZz = mZa + mZb + mZc + mZd
A B
C D
E
F
H
G
K
L
M
a
b
c
d
z
y
x
mZFHC + mZFHD = 180 (supplementary angles)
mZFHC = 180 2x
mZAEF + mZEFH + mZFHC = 360
5x + 3x + 180 2x = 360
6x + 180 = 360
6x = 180
x = 30
EXAMPLE
11
In the figure, AB

CD, mZAEF = 5x, mZEFH = 3x, and
mZFHD = 2x. Find x.
Solution
5x
3x
2x
E
H
F
A B
C D
35 + 25 = 4x + x
60 = 5x
x = 12
Therefore, mZABC = 48.
EXAMPLE
12
In the figure, [AE

[DF, mZEAB = 35, mZBCD = 25,
and mZABC = 4 mZCDF. Find mZABC.
Solution
A
E
B
C
D
F
35
4x
25
x
AB CD
37
Angles
Property
In the diagram, if [OA [LK and [OB [LB then
mZAOB + mZNLB = 180.
K A
N
L
O
B
EXAMPLE
13
In the figure, [BA [FD, [BC [FE, [BA

[FG,
mZABC = 60, and mZGFE = x. Find x.
Solution
Let us draw a line [BF parallel to [ED.
mZDEB + mZEBF = 180
118 + mZEBF = 180
mZEBF = 62
mZBAC + mZABF = Z180
mZBAC + 85 = 180
mZBAC = 95
EXAMPLE
14
In the figure, [AC

[ED, mZABE = 23,
and mZBED = 118, Find mZBAC.
Solution
23
A
B
C
D
E
118
23
A
B
C
D
E
118
62
F
Two lines are called perpendicular lines if they intersect
at right angles. We write AB CD to show that two lines
AB and CD are perpendicular.
(interior angles on the same
side of a transversal)
A
D C
B
O
mZGFD = 90
mZGFD + mZGFE + mZDFE = 360
90 + mZGFE + 120 = 360
90 + x + 120 = 360
x + 210 = 360
x = 150
mZABC + mZDFE = 180
60 + mZDFE = 180
mZDFE = 120
60
x
D
A
G
F
B
E
C
38
Geometriy 7
In the figure, [OB is the bisector of ZAOC:
mZAOB = mZBOC
= ZAOC.
1
2
O
a
a
B
A
C
Let us draw a line [BK parallel to [AD.
mZDAB+mZABK =180
112 + mZABK =180
mZABK =68
mZBCE =mZABC + mZABK
120 =mZABC + 68 = mZABC =52
EXAMPLE
15
In the figure, [AD

[CE, mZDAB = 112,
and mZBCE = 120.
Find mZABC.
Solution
112
120
?
A
B
C E
D
68
K
112
120
?
A
B
C E
D
6. Bisector of an Angle
Definition
A ray that divides an angle into two congruent angles is called the bisector of the angle.
angle bisector
mZABD + mZCBD = 180
mZEBF =
Z Z
90
m ABD m CBD
+ =
2 2
EXAMPLE
16
In the figure, [BE and [BF are the bisectors of ZABD and
ZCBD respectively. Find mZEBF.
Solution
A B C
D
E
F
Definition
The bisectors of two adjacent supplementary angles are perpendicular to each other.
39
Angles
Let [OH

AG.
mZHOC = mZGCF = c
mZHOB = mZCBE = b
mZHOD = mZBAD = a
Let mZCOB = mZBOA = x.
c + x = b = x = b c = b + x = a
b + b c = a
Therefore, a + c = 2 b.
EXAMPLE
17
In the figure, [OE is the bisector of ZFOD.
mZBAD = a, mZEBC = b, and mZFCG = c.
Show that a + c = 2 b.
Solution
E
F
C
G
B
A
O
a
b
c
D
E
F
C
G
B
A
O
a
b
c
D
H
c
EXERCISES 2
40
Geometriy 7
1. Using the given fig-
ure, find each set of
points.
a. ZO {P}
b. ZO {N} c. ZO {K, O, M}
d. int ZO {P} e. int ZO {N}
f. int ZO {K, O, M} g. ext ZO {N}
h. ext ZO {P} i. ZO int ZO
j. ZO ext ZO k. int ZO ext ZO ZO
4. Draw the angles.
a. 20 b. 35 c. 75 d. 120
e. 175 f. 210 g. 240 h. 330
M
O
K
P
N
2. Find each set of
points for the given
figure.
a. ZABC ZACD
b. int ZABC ZCAD
c. ZABC int ZCAD
d. ext ZABC ZCAD
e. ZABC ext ZCAD
B
C
E
F
D
G
H
A
3. Measure the angles using a protractor.
360
135
45
5. Classify the types of angle.
x
4x+30
2x+25
3
x
3
5
3x5
x
+
1
5
6. Find x in each figure if the angles are

complementary.
3x
2x+20
125 + 2x
45 x
4x+25
3x+15
7. Find x in each figure if the angles are
supplementary.
8. In the figure, m

n,
l is a transversal and
mZ7 = 115.
Find the measures.
a. mZ1 b. mZ2
c. mZ3 d. mZ4
e. mZ5 f. mZ6
g. mZ8
l
6
7
8
5
2
3
4
1
m
n
a.
a. b.
d. e.
c.
a.
a. b. c.
b. c.
b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
41
Angles
9. Given [BA

[DE, find
mZx.
x
30
80
A
E
B
C
D
10. In the figure,
[BA

[ED,
[BC

[EF,
mZABC = 3x 30, and
mZDEF = 4x 70.
Find x.
B
A
C
D
3x30
E
4x70
K F
13. In the figure,
[BA

[DE,
mZBCD = 40, and
mZCDE = 120.
Find mZABC.
A
B
D
E
C
x
120
40
14. In the figure,
[BA

[FG,
mZEFG = 120, and
mZABC = 130.
Find mZx.
G
A
F
E
D
C
120
130
x
B
15. In the figure,
[BA

[ED] and
[CD]
[EF.
Find the relation
between x, y, and z.
F
A
B
C
D
E
z
y
x
16. In the figure,
[BA

[EF,
mZBCD = 100,
mZCDE = 25, and
mZFED = 105.
Find mZABC.
x
100
105
A
B
C
D
E F
25
17. In the figure, d

l.
Find x.
30
3x
40
x
2x
d
l
18. In the figure,
[BA

[DE,
[BC

[DF and
[BC [BD], and
mZGDE = 40.
Find mZABC.
40
A
B
C
E
D
F
G
19. In the figure,
[BC [DF,
[BA [DG, and
[ED] is the angle
bisector of mZGDF.
Find mZABC.
140
G
A
B
C
F
D
E
20. In the figure,
[AB

[CD.
Find mZAEC.
2x
4x
2x
60
B
D
A
C
E
21. In the figure,
AB

CD.
Find mZBFC.
70
A
D
B
F
E
C
11. In the figure,
d

l.
Find mZx.
l d
115
x
12. In the figure,
d

l.
Find mZx.
l
d
50
100
x
CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 2
42
Geometriy 7
11. In the figure,
[BC is the angle
bisector of ZABC.
Find mZx.
A) 65 B) 55 C) 50 D) 45
x
85
125
A
B
C
1. The complement of an angle x is 10 more than
three times mZx. Find the measure of the bigger
angle.
A) 50 B) 60 C) 70 D) 80
2. The sum of the measures of the supplementary
and complementary angles of an angle x is 250.
Find mZx.
A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40
3. What is the measure of the angle between the
bisectors of two adjacent supplementary angles?
A) 45 B) 60 C) 75 D) 90
4. In the figure, [OA [OB,
mZAOC = a,
mZCOB = b, and
. Find b.
A) 30 B) 36 C) 54 D) 60
2
3
a
=
b
6. In the figure, l

k.
Find mZx.
A) 110 B) 100 C) 90 D) 80
a
b
A
C
B
O
5. The ratio of two complementary angles is . Find
the measure of the supplementary angle
of the smaller angle.
A) 170 B) 160 C) 150 D) 110
2
7
k
x
115
35
l
7. In the figure,
m

n,
mZKAB = 130, and
mZLCD = 40.
Find mZABC.
A) 100 B) 90 C) 80 D) 70
n
m
130
40
x B
A
K
L
D
C
8. In the figure,
d

l. Find x.
A) 40 B) 30 C) 20 D) 10
d
l
3x
6x10
4x20
9. In the figure,
[AB] [BE.
Find mZx.
A) 30 B) 40 C) 50 D) 60
x
70
60
130
A
B
D
C
E
10. In the figure,
[BC [DE and
[BA [DF.
What is the relation
between mZx and
mZy?
A) mZx + mZy = 90 B) mZx + mZy = 180
C) mZx = mZy D) mZx mZy = 30
F
A
D
B
E
C
x
y
44
Geometriy 7
A. THE TRIANGLE AND ITS ELEMENTS
The roofs of many buildings have a triangular cross-section. A triangle makes a simple musi-
cal instrument, and many traffic signs have a triangular shape. These are just some exam-
ples of how triangles are used in the world around us.
In this section we will consider the main features of triangles and how we can use them to
solve numerical problems.
1. Definition
The word triangle means three angles. Every triangle has three angles and three sides.
Definition
triangle, vertex, side
A triangle is a plane figure which is formed by three line segments joining three noncollinear
points. Each of the three points is called a vertex of the triangle. The segments are called the
sides of the triangle.
The plural of vertex is
vertices.
We name a triangle with the symbol A
followed by three capital letters, each
corresponding to a vertex of the triangle. We
can give the letters in any order, moving
clockwise or counterclockwise around the
triangle.
A
B C
Challenge!
Without lifting your pencil,
join the following four
points with three segments
to form a closed figure.
Activity
Make a poster to show how triangles are used in everyday life. You can take photographs,
make drawings or collect pictures from magazines or newspapers to show buildings,
designs, signs and artwork which use triangles.
Making a Poster - Triangles
1. Define a triangle.
2. Name the elements of a triangle.
3. Describe the types of triangle accordin to sides.
4. Describe the types of triangle according to angles.
Objectives
45
Triangles and Construction
Definition
interior and exterior angles of a triangle
In a triangle ABC, the angles BAC, ABC and
ACB are called the interior angles of the
triangle. They are written as ZA, ZB and ZC,
respectively. The adjacent supplementary
angles of these interior angles are called the
exterior angles of the triangle. They are
written as ZA, ZB and ZC, respectively.
We can refer to the sides of a triangle ABC by
using the line segments AB, BC and AC, or by
using the lower-case form of the vertex
opposite each side.
For instance, in AABC at the right:
a is the side opposite vertex A,
b is the side opposite vertex B, and
c is the side opposite vertex C.
A
B C B
A
C
A
B C a
b
c
EXAMPLE
1
Look at the figure.
a. Name all the triangles in the figure.
b. Name all the interior angles of AMNE.
c. Name all the vertices of ANEP.
d. Name all the sides of AMNP.
e. Name all the exterior angles of AENM.
Solution a. AMNE, ANEP and AMNP
b. ZM (or ZNME), ZMNE and ZMEN.
c. points N, E and P
d. segment MP, segment PN and segment
NM
e. ZE, ZN and ZM
N
M E P
Notice that a triangle is
defined as the union of
three line segments. Since
an angle lies between two
rays (not two line segments),
a triangle has no angles by
this definition. However,
we can talk about the
angles of a triangle by
assuming the existence
of rays: for example, the
rays AB and AC form
angle A of a triangle ABC.
A
B C
a
For example, we can refer to the triangle shown at the right as AABC. We can also call it ABCA,
ACAB, AACB, ABAC or ACBA. The vertices of AABC are the points A, B and C. The sides of AABC
are the segments AB, BC and CA.
46
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
2
In the figure, P(AABC) = P(ADEF). Find x.
Solution P(AABC) = P(ADEF)
x + 2 + x +10 = 16 + 14 + x (given)
2x + 12 = x + 30
x = 18
A
B C
x + 2 10
x
D
E F
16 14
x
Check Yourself 1
1. Three distinct points K, M and N lie on a line m, and a fourth point T is not on the line
m. Point T is joined to each of the other points. Find how many triangles are formed and
name each one.
2. Find and name all the triangles in the figure at the right.
3. Polygon ABCDE is a regular polygon and its diagonals are
shown in the figure. Name
a. all the triangles whose three vertices lie on the polygon.
b. all the triangles which have exactly one vertex on the
polygon.
c. all the triangles which have two sides on the polygon.
d. the sides of all the triangles which do not have a side on the polygon.
4. The side AC of a triangle ABC measures 12.6 cm, and the two non-congruent sides AB and
BC are each 1 cm longer or shorter than AC. Find P(AABC).
B A
C E
D
K
L
M N
P
A E B
D F C
G L K
A regular polygon is a
polygon in which all sides
have the same length and
all angles are equal.
Triangles in the world
around us
For instance, the perimeter of the triangle
ABC in the figure is
P(AABC) = BC + CA + AB = a + b + c.
A
B C
c
b
a
Challenge!
Move exactly three
toothpicks in the following
arrangement to make five
triangles.
Definition
perimeter of a triangle
The sum of the lengths of the three sides of a triangle is called the perimeter of the triangle.
We write P(AABC) to mean the perimeter of a triangle ABC.
47
5. Point X is on the side KN of a triangle KMN. Find the length
of MX if the perimeters of the triangles KXM, XMN and KMN
are 24, 18, and 30, respectively.
Answers
1. Three triangles are formed: AKMT, AMNT and ATKN.
2. AAEL, ALEB, ALBC, AAKL, AAGK, AALB, AABC, AAFC,
AADF, AAGL, AADC
3. a. AABC, ABCD, ACDE, ADEA, AEAB
b. ABKL, ACLM, ADMN, AENP, AAPK
c. AABC, ABCD, ACDE, ADEA, AEAB
d. sides of ABKL: BK, KL, BL; sides of ACLM: CL, ML, CM; sides of ADMN: DM, MN, DN;
sides of AENP: EN, NP, EP; sides of AAPK: AP, KP, AK
4. 37.8 cm 5. 6
2. Regions of a Triangle
Any given triangle ABC separates the plane which contains it into three distinct regions:
1. The points on the sides of the triangle form the triangle itself.
2. The set of points which lie inside the triangle form the interior of the triangle, denoted
int AABC.
3. The set of points which lie outside the
triangle form the exterior of the triangle,
denoted ext AABC.
The union of a triangle with its interior and
exterior region forms a plane. In the figure
opposite, the plane is called E. We can write
E = int AABC . AABC . ext AABC.
E
A
B C
exterior
interior
EXAMPLE
3
Write whether each statement is true or false
according to the figure opposite.
a. Point T is in the interior of ADFE.
b. M = ext ABDE
c. AADF ABED = C
d. ext AFDE int AFCE = AFCE
e. Points T and K are in the exterior of ADFE.
Solution a. false b. true c. false d. false e. true
P
A
B
C
K
D
E
F
T
M
The picture shows the food
triangle of different types of food.
Can you see what the different
regions mean?
48
Geometriy 7
We usually use the capital letter V to indicate
the length of a median. Accordingly, the
lengths of the medians from the vertices of a
triangle ABC to each side a, b and c are
written as V
a
, V
b
and V
c
, respectively. As we
can see, every triangle has three medians.
A
B C
V
a
D
V
c
V
b
3. Auxiliary Elements of a Triangle
Three special line segments in a triangle can often help us to solve triangle problems. These
segments are the median, the altitude and the bisector of a triangle.
Definition
median
In a triangle, a line segment whose endpoints are a vertex and the midpoint of the side
opposite the vertex is called a median of the triangle.
In the figure, the median to side BC is the
line segment AD. It includes the vertex A and
the midpoint of BC.
A
B C
V
a
D
a. Median
Auxiliary elements are
extra or additional
elements.
Check Yourself 2
Answer according to the figure.
a. Name five points which are on the triangle.
b. Name three points which are not on the triangle.
c. Name two points which are in the exterior of the triangle.
d. What is the intersection of the line ST and the triangle ABC?
e. What is the intersection of the segment NS and the exterior of the triangle ABC?
Answers
a. points A, B, C, T and S b. points J, L and N c. points J and L d. points S and T
e. C
L
J
S
A
B C
N
T
A physical model of a
triangle with its interior
region
49
EXAMPLE
4
Name the median indicated in each triangle and indicate its length.
Solution a. median MD, length V
m
b. median TE, length V
t
c. median PF, length V
p
K
D
L M
T
S
E
V
P
R F N
a. b. c.
Activity
1. Follow the steps to construct the median of a triangle by paper folding.
2. Cut out three different triangles. Fold the triangles carefully to construct the three
medians of each triangle. Do you notice anything about how the medians of a triangle
intersect each other?
Take a triangular piece of paper
and fold one vertex to another
vertex. This locates the
midpoint of a side.
Fold the paper again from the
midpoint to the opposite vertex.
DM is the median of EF.
Paper Folding - Medians
Definition
centroid of a triangle
The medians of a triangle are concurrent. Their common point is called the centroid of the
triangle.
50
Geometriy 7
In the figure, AN is the angle bisector which
divides ZBAC into two congruent parts.
We call this the bisector of angle A
because it extends from the vertex A.
Since AN is an angle bisector, we can write
m(ZBAN) = m(ZNAC).
a
a
A
B N C
n
A
We usually use the letter n to indicate the
length of an angle bisector in a triangle.
Hence the lengths of the angle bisectors of a
triangle ABC from vertices A, B and C are
written n
A
, n
B
and n
C
, respectively. As we can
see, every triangle has three angle bisectors.
A
B N C
n
A
n
B
n
C
The centroid of a triangle is the center of gravity of the triangle. In other words, a triangular
model of uniform thickness and density will balance on a support placed at the centroid of
the triangle. The two figures below show a triangular model which balances on the tip of a
pencil placed at its centroid.
G
Definition
triangle angle bisector
An angle bisector of a triangle is a line segment which bisects an angle of the triangle and
which has an endpoint on the side opposite the angle.
b. Angle bisector
Concurrent lines are lines
which all pass through a
common point.
51
Definition
incenter of a triangle
The angle bisectors in a triangle are concurrent
and their intersection point is called the
incenter of the triangle. The incenter of a
triangle is the center of the inscribed circle of
the triangle.
As an exercise, try drawing a circle centered at the incenter of each of your triangles from
the previous activity. Are your circles inscribed circles?
We have seen that n
A
, n
B
and n
C
are the bisectors of the interior angles of a triangle ABC. We
can call these bisectors interior angle bisectors. Additionally, the lengths of the bisectors of
the exterior angles ZA, ZB and ZC are
written as n
A
, n
B
and n
C
respectively. These
bisectors are called the exterior angle
bisectors of the triangle.
In the figure at the right, segment KN is the
exterior angle bisector of the angle K in
AKMT and its length is n
K
.
O
A
B C N
L
K
O is the incenter of DABC
The inscribed circle of a
triangle is a circle which
is tangent to all sides of
the triangle.
n
K
K
N M T
Activity
Follow the steps to explore angle bisectors in a triangle.
1. Cut out three different triangles.
2. Fold the three angle bisectors of each triangle as shown below.
3. What can you say about the intersection of the angle bisectors in a triangle?
Paper Folding - Angle Bisectors
Folding the angle bisector of ZA. AN is the angle bisector of ZA. BM is the angle bisector of ZB.
52
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
5
Find all the excenters of AKMN in the figure
by construction.
Solution To find the excenters, we first construct the
bisector of each exterior angle using the
method we learned in Chapter 1. Then we
use a straightedge to extend the bisectors
until they intersect each other.
The intersection points E
1
, E
2
and E
3
are the
excenters of AKMN.
K
M
N
E
1
E
2
K
E
3
N
M
An escribed circle of a
triangle is a circle which is
tangent to one side of the
triangle and the extensions
of the other two sides.
Definition
excenter of a triangle
The bisectors of any two exterior angles of a
triangle are concurrent. Their intersection is
called an excenter of the triangle.
In the figure, ABC is a triangle and the bisectors
of the exterior angles A and C intersect at
the point O. So O is an excenter of AABC. In
addition, O is the center of a circle which is
tangent to side AC of the triangle and the
extensions of sides AB and BC of the triangle.
This circle is called an escribed circle of
AABC.
As we can see, a triangle has three excenters and three corresponding escribed circles.
B
A
C
T S
V
O
53
Definition
altitude of a triangle
An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular line segment from a vertex of the triangle to the
line containing the opposite side of the triangle.
In the figure, AH is the altitude to side
BC because AH is perpendicular to BC.
In a triangle, the length of an altitude is called a height of the triangle.
The heights from sides a, b and c of a triangle
ABC are usually written as h
a
, h
b
and h
c
,
respectively. As we can see, every triangle has
three altitudes.
A
B H C
h
a
c. Altitude
A
B H C
h
a
h
c h
b
EXAMPLE
6
Name all the drawn altitudes of all the
triangles in the figure.
A
B
D
C
K
Solution There are eight triangles in the figure. Let us look at them one by one and name the drawn
altitudes in each.
54
Geometriy 7
B
A C
K
altitude BK
A
B
D
K
altitude AK
B
D
C K
altitude CK
A
B
K
altitudes
AK and BK
B
C
K
altitudes BK and CK
A
D
C
K
altitude DK
altitudes
AK and DK
A
D
K
D
C
K
altitudes CK and DK
Activity
To fold an altitude, we fold a triangle so that a side matches up with itself and the fold
contains the vertex opposite the side.
Cut out three different triangles. Fold them carefully to construct the three altitudes of
each triangle. What can you say about how the altitudes intersect?
Paper Folding - Altitudes
55
Definition
orthocenter of a triangle
The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent. Their common point is called orthocenter of the
triangle.
Since the position of the altitudes of a
triangle depends on the type of triangle, the
position of the orthocenter relative to the
triangle changes. In the figure opposite, the
orthocenter K is in the interior region of the
triangle. Later in this chapter we will look
at two other possible positions for the
orthocenter.
Once we know how to draw an altitude of a triangle, we can use it to find the area of the
triangle.
A
B H C
h
a
h
c h
b
K
K is the orthocenter of DABC
Definition
area of a triangle
The area of a triangle is half the product of the length of a side (called the base of the
triangle) and the height of the altitude drawn to that base. We write A(AABC) to mean the
area of AABC.
For example, the area of AABC in the figure
is Area is usually
expressed in terms of a square unit.

A ( )= = .
2 2
BC AH a h
A ABC
A
B H C
h
a
EXAMPLE
7
Find the area of each triangle.
K
M N
6 cm
8 cm
A
B H C
4 cm
3 cm 7 cm
D
T
E F
12 cm
5 cm
2 cm
a. b. c.
Solution a. (Definition of the area of a triangle)
(Substitute)
= 20 cm
2
(Simplify)
10 4
=
2
A ( )=
2
BC AH
A ABC
56
Geometriy 7
Definition
circumcenter of a triangle
The intersection point of the perpendicular bisectors of a triangle is called the circumcenter
of the triangle. The circumcenter of a triangle is the center of the circumscribed circle of the
triangle.
The circumscribed circle
of a triangle is a circle
which passes through all
the vertices of the triangle.
EXAMPLE
8
Find the circumcenter of each triangle by construction.
a. b. c.
Definition
perpendicular bisector of a triangle
In a triangle, a line that is perpendicular to a side of the triangle at its midpoint is called a
perpendicular bisector of the triangle.
In the figure, HN, DN and EN are the
perpendicular bisectors of triangle ABC.
Perpendicular bisectors in a triangle are
always concurrent.
A
B C
H
E D
N
b. (Definition of the area of a triangle)
(Substitute)
= 35 cm
2
(Simplify)
c. (Definition of the area of a triangle)
(Substitute)
= 24 cm
2
(Simplify)
6 8
=
2
A ( )=
2
KM MN
A KMN
5 14
=
2
A ( )=
2
FT DE
A DEF
The picture below hangs
straight when the hook
lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the pictures
top edge.
57
As an exercise, draw three more triangles on a piece of paper and construct their
circumcenters. Check that each circumcenter is the center of the inscribed circle.
Solution First we construct the perpendicular bisector of each side of the triangle. Their intersection
point is the circumcenter of the triangle.
a. b. c.
Check Yourself 3
1. Name the auxiliary element shown in each triangle using a letter (n, h or V) and a vertex
or side.
M
S
N P
X
Y W Z
K L
M
J A
B C
N
K M N
L M N
H
P
a. b. c. d . e. f.
Activity
There are three main faculties on
a university campus. The university
wants to build a library on the
campus so that it is the same
distance from each faculty.
1. Make a geometric model of the
problem.
2. Find the location of the library in
the picture opposite.
Perpendicular Bisector of a Triangle
58
Geometriy 7
2. In a triangle MNP, the altitude NT of side MP and the median MK of side NP intersect at
the point R.
a. Name all the triangles in the figure formed. b. Name two altitudes of AMTN.
3. In a triangle DEF, EM is the median of side DF. If DE = 11.4, MF = 4.6 and the perimeter
of ADEF is 27, find the length of side EF.
4. In a triangle KLM, LN is the altitude of the side KM. We draw the angle bisectors LE and
LF of angles KLN and MLN respectively. If the angles between the angle bisectors and the
altitude are 22 and 16 respectively, find m(ZKLM).
5. In the figure, A(AABH) = A(AAHC). Find x.
6. Write one word or letter in each gap to
make true statements about the figures.
a. Point O is a(n) __________ .
b. Segment ________ is a median.
c. Point _______ is an excenter.
d. Segment ________ is an altitude.
e. Point B is a(n) _____________.
f. Segment ER is a(n) __________
___________.
g. Point _________ is a circumcenter.
h. Line TM is a(n) __________
__________.
i. Point ________ is a centroid.
Answers
1. a. n
B
b. h
p
c. V
x
d. V
l
e. h
n
f. n
L
2. a. AMNK, AMKP, AMNT, ANTP, AMRT, AMNR, ARNK, AMNP b. NT, TM
3. 6.4 4. 76 5. 5
6. a. incenter b. ET c. K d. AB (or BC) e. orthocenter (or vertex) f. angle bisector
g. M h. perpendicular bisector i. G
D
E P F
R
O
A
B C
Y
X Z
K
G
J
N
S L
M
T
V
A
B C
8
10
4
x
H
59
B. TYPES OF TRIANGLE
Some triangles are given special names according to the lengths of their sides or the
measures of their angles.
1. Types of Triangle According to Sides
A triangle can be called scalene, isosceles or equilateral, depending on the lengths of its sides.
Definition
scalene triangle
A triangle is called scalene if all of its sides
have different lengths. In other words, a
scalene triangle has no congruent sides.
a b c, so DABC is a scalene triangle
A
B C
b
c
a
Definition
isosceles triangle
A triangle is called isosceles if it has at least
two congruent sides.
A
B C
c b
a
b = c, so DABC is isosceles
Dynamic geometry
software is a powerful tool
for studying geometric
concepts. Geometry
programs allow us to
change and manipulate
figures, so that we can
explore and experiment
with geometrical
concepts instead of just
memorizing them.
Activity
The Euler line of a triangle is the line which passes through
the orthocenter, circumcenter and centroid of the triangle.
Draw a scalene triangle and find its Euler line using
a. a ruler and set square. b. a compass and straightedge. c. dynamic geometry software.
Which method was easier?
Euler Lines
orthocenter
circumcenter
centroid
Euler line
60
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
9
Segment EM is a median of an isosceles
triangle DEF with base DF. Find the length of
EM if the perimeter of AEMF is 65 and the
perimeter of ADEF is 100.
Solution Let us draw an appropriate figure.
In the figure opposite,
in ADEM, a + b + x = 65, (1)
in ADEF, 2(a + b) = 100. So a + b = 50. (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives us 50 + x = 65; x = 15. So EM = 15.
D
E
F M
b
b
a a
In an isosceles triangle, the congruent sides
are called the legs of the triangle. The third
side is called the base of the triangle.
The two angles between the base and the
legs of the triangle are congruent. They are
called the base angles of the triangle.
The angle opposite the base is called the
vertex angle.
A
B C
c b
a
vertex
angle
legs
base angles
base
Activity
Golden Triangles
36
72 72
golden
triangle
A golden triangle is a triangle in which the
ratio of the length of the legs to the length
of the base is the golden ratio. The angle
between the two legs of a golden triangle is
always 36.
A
D
C
B
F
G
E
To construct a golden triangle, first draw a
square ABCD and mark the midpoint E of
AB. Find the point F on the extension of AB
by making EF = EC. Then find G by making
AF = AG and BA = BG. Finally, draw FG
and AG. Then ABGF is a golden triangle.
1. Construct a golden triangle using a straightedge and compass.
2. Repeat the construction using dynamic geometry software.
3. In both constructions, check the measures of the interior angles.
The sides of the Great Pyramid
of Giza are golden triangles.
The head of this knee
hammer forms an isosceles
triangle.
Line segments AB and
BC are in the golden
ratio if

=
+
= ,
1+ 5
= 1.6180339...
2
a b a
a b
C B A a b
61
EXAMPLE
10
In AKMN, ZK = ZN. Given that KN is 4 cm
less than MN and MK is 2 cm more than
three times KN, find the perimeter of AKMN.
Solution We begin by drawing the figure opposite.
If MK = x then KN = x 4. Also, MK = MN
because ZK = ZN.
Also, we are given MN = 3KN + 2
x = 3(x 4) + 2
10 = 2x
5 = x.
Since P(AKMN) = 3x 4, P(AKMN) = (3 5) 4 = 11 cm.
K
N M
x
x
x 4
EXAMPLE
11
In AABC opposite, O is the intersection point
of the bisectors of the interior angles of the
triangle. Given that OE BC, OD AB,
AD = 4 cm, DE = 5 cm and EC = 6 cm, find
P(AEOD).
Solution Let us join points A and C to O. We know
from the question that OA and OC are the
bisectors of ZA and ZC, respectively.
Since OD AB,
m(ZOAB) = m(ZAOD). (Alternate Interior
Angles Theorem)
So AODA is an isosceles triangle and
AD = OD = 4 cm. (1)
Similarly, since OE BC,
m(ZEOC) = m(ZOCB). (Alternate Interior Angles Theorem)
So AEOC is also an isosceles triangle and OE = EC = 6 cm. (2)
By (1) and (2), P(AEOD) = OE + OD + DE = 6 + 4 + 5 = 15 cm.
A
B C
E
D
O
4
5
6
A
B C
E
D
O
4
5
6
4
6
62
Geometriy 7
In an equilateral triangle, all of the interior
angles are congruent and measure 60.
Notice that an equilateral triangle is also an
isosceles triangle, but an isosceles triangle is
not always equilateral.
A
B C
60
60 60
EXAMPLE
12
The three sides of a triangle measure 5n + 8, n+12 and 3n+10 with n = N. Which value of
n makes this triangle equilateral?
Solution If the triangle is equilateral, all the sides must be congruent.
So 5n + 8 = n + 12 = 3n + 10. Let us solve the first equality to find n:
5n + 8 = n + 12
4n = 4
n = 1.
If we substitute 1 for n, the side lengths become (5 1) + 8 = 13, 1 + 12 = 13 and
(3 1) + 10 = 13. So the triangle is equilateral when n = 1.
Definition
equilateral triangle
A triangle is called equilateral if it has three
congruent sides.
A
B C
a a
a
How many equilateral
triangles can you see in
the figure below?
You will probably see two
triangles, one on top of the
other. This is actually an
optical illusion, though,
as the white triangle is
not actually drawn.
Activity
Find six toothpicks and try to do each thing below. Some things may not be possible.
Can you explain why?
1. Make one equilateral triangle with six toothpicks.
2. Make two equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
3. Make three equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
4. Make four equilateral triangles with six toothpicks.
Toothpick Triangles
63
Check Yourself 4
1. In AABC opposite, DE BC and point O is the incenter of the
triangle. If BD = 6 and EC = 4, find DE.
2. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 18.4 and its base measures 4 units more than the
length of one leg. Find the length of a leg of this triangle.
3. The sides of an isosceles triangle have lengths in the ratio 4 : 5 : 5. Find the length of the
base of the triangle if its perimeter is 28.
4. The perimeter of an isosceles triangle is 22.8. An equilateral triangle is drawn such that one
side is congruent to the base of the isosceles triangle. If the perimeter of the equilateral
triangle is 24.6, find the length of one leg of the isosceles triangle.
5. In an isosceles triangle NTM, MN = NT, MN = 35, TN = 4x +15 and MT = 40 x
2
. Find
MT.
6. In the figure, all triangles are equilateral,
AG = 24.12 cm and AC = 3CE = 2EG. Find
the perimeter of each triangle.
7. The three sides of a triangle measure 3a,
a+10 and 6a 15. Which value of a makes the triangle equilateral?
8. Construct an isosceles and an equilateral triangle.
Answers
1. 10 2. 4.8 3. 8 4. 7.3 5. 15 6. 12.6 cm, 6.3 cm, 4.2 cm 7. 5
B
C
D
F
E G A
A
D E
B C
O
4 6
2. Types of Triangle According to Angles
A triangle can be called acute, right or obtuse, depending on the measures of its angles.
Definition
acute triangle, right triangle, obtuse triangle
A triangle is called an acute triangle if all its angles are acute.
A triangle is called a right triangle if it has a right angle.
A triangle is called an obtuse triangle if it has an obtuse angle.
The picture shows a puzzle
called the Three Companions
Puzzle. Get your own and
try to free one of the triangles
from the string. Can you do
it?
64
Geometriy 7
In a right triangle, the sides adjacent to the
right angle are called the legs of the triangle.
The side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse of the triangle.
A
B C
hypotenuse
legs
Triangles
Right
Scalene Isosceles
Obtuse
Scalene Isosceles
Acute
Scalene Isosceles Equilateral
Note
Notice that a triangle can be only one of obtuse, acute or right.
EXAMPLE
14
Classify each triangle according to its side lengths and angle measures.
Solution a. isosceles right triangle b. scalene acute triangle c. isosceles acute triangle
50
80
50
70
80
30 45 45
a. b. c.
EXAMPLE
13
Name all the right triangles in the figure.
Solution There are four smaller right triangles (AABK,
ABKC, ACKD and ADKA) and four larger
triangles (AABC, ABCD, ACDA and ADAB).
D C
A B
K
Challenge!
Try to change the
equilateral triangle in the
figure so that it points
upwards by moving only
three balls.
Then try to make the
triangle in this figure
point downwards by using
the least number of balls
possible.
65
EXAMPLE
15
Draw a right triangle and divide it using
a. two parallel lines which are perpendicular to one of the legs.
b. two parallel lines which are not perpendicular to legs.
c. two perpendicular lines to create two more right triangles.
d. two intersecting lines which are not perpendicular to each other to create two more right
triangles.
Activity
Tangram is a fun puzzle and a good way to exercise your brain. The name comes from
tan, which means Chinese, and gram, which means diagram or arrangement. The
puzzle first appeared in China thousands of years ago, and it is now known all over the
world. There are seven pieces in a tangram set: five triangles, one square and one
parallelogram. The challenge of the puzzle is to use the seven pieces together to make
different shapes. You must use all the pieces, and they must all touch but not overlap.
All seven tangram pieces are made up of right triangles with this shape:
The first tangram challenge is to make a square with all seven pieces. The solution is
shown below.
Find a tangram set, or copy the figure above to make your own.
1. Make one right triangle using all of the pieces.
2. Can you make an obtuse triangle by using all of the pieces?
3. Can you make an acute triangle by using all of the pieces?
1
2
7
4
6
5
3
Tangram
66
Geometriy 7
Solution a. b. c. d.
EXAMPLE
16
Draw each triangle and use a set square to find its orthocenter. Write the orthocenter as an
intersection of lines or line segments.
a. acute scalene b. right scalene c. obtuse scalene
Solution Remember that the orthocenter of a triangle is the intersection point of its altitudes. We draw
the altitudes in each triangle by using a set square.
a. orthocenter K,
K = AF BD EC
A
E
B F C
D K
b. orthocenter A,
A = AB CA AD
B
A C
D
c. orthocenter T,
T = AT BT TC
A
B
C
T
Ealier in this chapter we said that the position of the orthocenter of a triangle depends on
the type of triangle. One position is in the interior of the triangle. Can you see what the other
two possible positions are, after studying the example above? How do they correspond to the
types of triangle shown?
a 30-60 set square
30
60
a 45 set square
45
45
67
Check Yourself 5
1. Classify each triangle according to its angle measures.
2. Name all the right triangles in the figure.
3. At most how many of each type of angle can one triangle have?
a. acute angle b. right angle c. obtuse angle
(Hint: Try to draw a suitable figure for each case using a protractor.)
4. Draw a right triangle and divide it using
a. two intersecting lines which are perpendicular to each other.
b. two intersecting lines which are not perpendicular to each other, to make three more
right triangles.
5. Construct a right isosceles triangle.
Answers
1. a. right triangle b. acute triangle c. acute triangle
d. obtuse triangle e. obtuse triangle
2. ADKB, AKAB, AKBC, AKCD, AKDA
3. a. three b. one c. one
4. a. b.
D
A B
C
E
A
B
C
40
50
70
80
M
N P
60 60
S
T
K
X
Y
Z
20
60
120
K
L M
a. b. c. d. e.
This sharks fin forms a
right triangle with the
water.
How many triangles?
68
Geometriy 7
2. How many triangles can be formed by joining any
three points D, E, F and G if no three of the given
points are collinear? Name each triangle.
3. In a triangle ABC, AB is of AC, AB = BC and
AC = 15 cm. Find P(AABC).
6
5
A. The Triangle and Its Elements
1. Find and name all the
triangles in the figure.
EXERCISES 3.1
A
D
B F
E
C
K
4. In a triangle KMN, KM = cm, MN is 75% of
KM and KN is 0.1 cm more than KM. Find
P(AKMN).
18
5
9. In an isosceles triangle DEF, DF is the base
and FT is a median. Given that P(ADEF) = 23 cm
and P(AEFT) is 1 cm more than the perimeter of
triangle DTF, find DF.
10. Draw three triangles ABC
as in the figure and
construct each element
separately, using a compass
and straightedge.
a. h
a
b. V
a
c. n
A
6. Answer according to
the figure.
a. Name four
collinear points on
AABC.
b. Name a point which is in the interior of
AADC.
c. What is the intersection of AABC and AADC?
d. What is the intersection of AABC and int AMAC?
7. Draw four figures to show how two triangles can
intersect to form a four-sided, five-sided,
six-sided and three-sided polygon.
8. In a triangle ABC, two points different to A and B
on the side AB are joined to the vertex C by line
segments. Similarly, three points different to B
and C on side BC are joined to the vertex A by line
segments. How many regions inside the triangle
are formed by the intersection of these segments?
A C
M
F
E
B
D
A
B C
5. The side AC of a triangle ABC measures 12.8 cm,
which is 2.6 cm less than the sum of the lengths
of the other sides. Find the perimeter of this
triangle.
11. Draw four triangles KMN as in
the figure and find each
point separately using
only a compass and
straightedge.
a. centroid b. incenter
c. orthocenter d. circumcenter
13. Find the excenters of the triangle in question 11
by using a protractor and ruler.
12. Repeat question 11 with a protractor and ruler.
14. The sides AB, BC and AC of a triangle ABC measure
13, 14 and 15 units respectively. Given that the
length of the altitude to side BC is 12, find the
lengths of the remaining altitudes.
N
K M
69
21. Write always, sometimes or never to make true
statements.
a. If a triangle is isosceles then it is ______________
equilateral.
b. If a triangle is equilateral then it is ___________
isosceles.
c. If a triangle is scalene then it is ______________
isosceles.
d. If a triangle is obtuse then it is _______________
isosceles.
e. An obtuse triangle is __________________ a right
triangle.
f. In a triangle DEF, if DE EF then DF is
________________ perpendicular to EF.
g. A scalene triangle ________________________ has
an acute angle.
h. If a triangle has two complementary angles
then it is ____________________ a right triangle.
20. Complete the table showing the location (in the
interior, on the triangle or in the exterior) of the
intersection of the segments or lines for each type
of triangle.
Perpendicular
bisectors
Angle
bisectors
Medians
Line containing
the altitudes
Acute
triangle
a. b. c. d.
Right
triangle
e. f. g. h.
Obtuse
triangle
i. j. k. l.
18. The sides of a triangle measure 2x + 8, 3x 6,
and 12 + x.
a. Find the value(s) of x that make(s) the triangle
isosceles.
b. Which value(s) of x make(s) the triangle
equilateral?
19. The sum of the lengths of the legs of an
isosceles right triangle is 22 cm. Find the area of
this triangle.
22. In each case, draw a triangle with the given
property.
a. All three angle bisectors are medians.
b. No altitude is a median.
c. Only one angle bisector is the perpendicular
bisector of a side.
d. Only one altitude is in the interior region of
the triangle.
e. The medians, altitudes and angle bisectors
coincide.
f. Exactly one of the three altitudes is also a
median.
23. Divide any right triangle using two lines so that
the figure contains a total of
a. five right triangles. b. six right triangles.
B. Types of Triangle
15. Look at the figure and
name
a. an isosceles triangle.
b. three right triangles.
c. an obtuse isosceles triangle.
d. an acute triangle.
e. an equilateral triangle.
17. State whether each type of triangle is possible or
not.
a. an isosceles acute triangle
b. a right equilateral triangle
c. a scalene acute triangle
d. an obtuse isosceles triangle
e. an obtuse equilateral triangle
16. Find the circumcenter of a right triangle using a
ruler and protractor.
A
B E C
F
60
30
70
Geometriy 7
A. THE CONCEPT OF CONGRUENCE
In the previous section we studied triangles and their features and properties. In this section
we will look at possible relations between two or more triangles.
If we are given two triangles, how can we compare them? We might notice that they are the
same size and shape. This important relation in geometry is called congruence. Let us start
our study of congruence with a general definition of congruence in figures and polygons.
1. Congruent Figures
The world around us is full of objects of various shapes and sizes.
If we tried to compare some of these objects we could put them
in three groups:
+ objects which have a different shape and size,
+ objects which are the same shape but a different size, and
+ objects which are the same shape and size.
The tools in the picture at the right have different shape and size.
The pictures below show tools which have the same shape but different size. In geometry,
figures like this are called similar figures. We will study similar figures in Chapter 3.
Congruence is a basic
geometric relationship.
1. Identify congruent triangles
2. Construct a circle
3. Construct congruent segments
4. Find the midpoint of a segment
5. Construct perpendicular lines and parallel lines
6. Construct congruent angles and an angle bisector
7. Construct atriangle tram given information
8. Desctibe and use the properties of isosceles, equilateral and right triangles.
9. Describe and use the triangle Angle Bisector Theorem.
Objectives
71
The pictures below show objects which are the same size and shape. In this section, we will
study figures which have this property.
Factories often need to
produce many parts
with exactly the same
size and shape.
Definition
congruent figures
Figures that have the same size and shape are called congruent figures. We say A is congruent
to B (or B is congruent to A) if A and B are congruent figures.
The pictures at the bottom of the previous page show some examples of congruent objects.
The pictures below show two more examples. In these two examples there is only one piece
left to fit in the puzzle. Therefore, without checking anything, we can say that each piece and
its corresponding place are congruent.
Activity
Make a poster to show congruent figures in everyday life. You can take photos, draw
pictures or collect pictures from magazines or newspapers that show buildings, designs,
signs and artwork with congruent parts.
Making a Poster - Congruent Figures
Congruence in nature:
the petals of this flower
are congruent.
EXAMPLE
17
Which piece is congruent to the empty space?
Solution If we compare the vertices and sides, we can easily see that only c. fits into the space.
a. b. c. d.
72
Geometriy 7
A car has many
congruent parts.
Activity
When you learned common fractions, you probably learned them by working with
figures divided into congruent parts. Often the figures are circles and rectangles, as
these are the easiest to divide into any number of congruent parts.
Dividing (also called dissecting) a figure into congruent parts can also be a puzzle. As an
example, can you see how to dissect the first figure below into two congruent pieces?
Answer:
Now try the two puzzles below. The answers are at the back of the book.
1. Dissect each figure into four congruent pieces.
2. The polygon below left can be dissected into four congruent polygons, as shown in the
figure below right. There is also a way to divide this polygon into five congruent
polygons. Can you find it?
Congruent Dissections
73
Challenge!
Remove five toothpicks
to make five congruent
triangles.
In the figure below, AABC and ADEF are congruent because their corresponding parts are
congruent. We can write this as follows:
ZA = ZD AB = DE
ZB = ZE and BC = EF
ZC = ZF AC = DF.
We can show this symbolically in a figure as follows:
DABC
A
B C
DDEF
D
E F
Definition
corresponding elements or parts
The points, lines and angles which match perfectly when two congruent figures are placed
one on top of the other are called corresponding elements or corresponding parts of the
congruent figures.
We can see that by definition, corresponding parts of congruent figures are congruent. We
can write this in a shorter way as CPCFC.
You are already familiar with congruent segments (segments that have equal lengths) and
congruent angles (angles that have equal measures). In the rest of this section we will look
at congruent figures which are made up of segments and angles. These figures are polygons
and especially triangles.
Sometimes we need to
move or modify a figure
to see that it is congruent
to another figure. The
basic changes that we
can make to a figure are
reflection (flipping),
rotation (turning) and
translation (sliding). We
will study these in
Chapter 3.
Definition
congruent triangles
Two triangles are congruent if and only if their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
We write AABC = ADEF to mean that AABC and ADEF are congruent.
2. Congruent Triangles
We can think of congruent figures as figures that are exact copies of each other. In other
words, we can put congruent figures one on top of the other so that each side, angle and
vertex coincides (i.e. matches perfectly).
74
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
18
Given that AMNP = ASTK, state the congruent angles and sides in the two triangles without
drawing them.
Solution The figure at the right shows how the
vertices of each triangle correspond to each
other. Because AMNP = ASTK and CPCTC
(corresponding parts of congruent triangles
are congruent), we can write
ZM = ZS MN = ST
ZN = ZT and NP = TK
ZP = ZK PM = KS.
As we can see, the order of the vertices in congruent triangles is important when we are
considering corresponding elements. Any mistake in the ordering affects the correspondence
between the triangles.
If two triangles are congruent then we can write this congruence in six different ways. For
instance, if AABC is congruent to ADEF, the following statements are all true:
AABC = ADEF
AACB = ADFE
ABAC = AEDF
ABCA = AEFD
ACAB = AFDE
ACBA = AFED.
DMNP DSTK @
M corresponds to S
N corresponds to T
P corresponds to K
A short history of the = symbol:
Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz
(1640-1716)
introduced for congruence
in an unpublished manuscript in
1679.
In 1777,
Johann Friedrich
Hseler
(1372-1797)
used (with the tilde reversed).
In 1824,
Carl Brandan
Mollweide
(1774-1825)
used the modern symbol = for
congruence in Euclids Elements.
EXAMPLE
19
Complete each statement, given that APRS = AKLM.
a. PR = _____ b. _____ = ZK c. _____ = SP
d. ZS = _____ e. ML = _____ f. ZL = _____
Solution a. PR = KL b. ZP = ZK c. MK = SP
d. ZS = ZM e. ML = SR f. ZL = ZR
EXAMPLE
20
Decide whether or not the two triangles in
the figure are congruent and give a reason for
your answer.
8
4
A
B C
30
8
K
M
N
60
4
75
EXAMPLE
21
AABC = AEFD is given with AB = 11 cm, BC = 10 cm and EF + ED = 19 cm. Find the
perimeter of AEFD.
Solution Since AABC = AEFD, AB = EF, BC = FD and
AC = ED by the definition of congruence.
So by substituting the given values we get
11 = EF, 10 = FD and AC = ED.
Since we are given that EF + ED = 19 cm,
we have 11 + ED = 19 cm; ED = 8 cm.
So P(AEFD) = EF + ED + FD = 11 + 8 + 10 = 29 cm.
Check Yourself 6
1. AKLM = AXYZ is given. State the corresponding congruent angles and sides of the
triangles.
2. State the congruence AJKM = ASLX in six different ways.
3. Triangles KLM and DEF are congruent. P(AKLM) = 46 cm, the shortest side of AKLM
measures 14 cm, and the longest side of the ADEF measures 17 cm. Find the lengths of
all the sides of one of the triangles.
4. Triangles DEF and KLM are congruent. If DE = 12.5 cm, EF = 14.4 cm and the perimeter
of the triangle KLM is 34.6 cm, find the length of the side DF.
Solution Let us calculate the missing angles:
m(ZC) = 60 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in AABC)
m(ZM) = 30 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in AKMN)
Now we can write the congruence of corresponding parts:
AB = KM (Given)
BC = KN (BC = KN = 4)
AC = MN (AC = MN = 8)
ZA = ZM (m(ZA) = m(ZM) = 30)
ZB = ZK (m(ZB) = m(ZK) = 90)
ZC = ZN (m(ZC) = m(ZN) = 60)
Therefore, AABC = AMKN by the definition of congruent triangles.
A
B C 10
11
E
F D 10
11
8
What would happen if
the blades of this ships
propellor or these wheels
were not congruent?
76
Geometriy 7
In this section we will construct geometric figures using only two instruments,
a straightedge and a compass.
1. Basic Constructions
We use a straightedge to construct a line,
ray, or segment when two points are given.
A straightedge is like a ruler without num-
bers.
We use a compass to construct an arc or a
circle, given a point O and a length r
(a radius).
Result: [CD] [AB].
straightedge
r
pencil
point
compass
point
compass
r
O
A B
Set your compass
to the length of [AB].
C
Use a straightedge to draw
a line.
Mark a point C on the line.
C D
Using C as the center,
draw an arc intersecting
line [CD]. Label the point of
intersection D.
A B A B
B. CONSTRUCTIONS
Construction 1
Constructing a congruent segment.
Given [AB],
construct [CD] such that [CD] [AB].
A B
5. Two line segments KL and AB bisect each other at a point T. If AL = 7 and the lengths of
the segments KL and AB are 22 and 18 respectively, find the perimeter of AKTB.
Answers
1. 2.
3. 14 cm, 15 cm, 17 cm 4. 7.7 cm 5. 27
APKM = ASLN, AKMP = ALNS, AMPK = ANSL,
APMK = ASNL, AKPM = ALSN, AMKP = ANLS
ZK = ZX
ZL = ZY
ZM = ZZ
KL = XY
LM = YZ
KM = XZ
77
Result: M is the midpoint of [AB].
Draw an arc with the same
radius and center B.
Label the points of
intersection of the arcs
X and Y.
A B
X
Y
Draw [XY].
Mark and name
the intersection point M.
X
Y
M A B
A B
Using any radius greater
than , draw an
arc with center A.
|AB|
1
2
Construction 2
Finding the midpoint of a given segment.
Given [AB],
construct M such that such that [AM] [MB].
A B
Result: [MN] l.
M
l
A B
Using M as the center and
any radius, use a compass to
draw arcs intersecting
l at A and B.
Using centers A and B
and a radius greater
than |MA|, draw two arcs
and find the intersection point N.
M
l
A B
N
M
l
A B
N
Draw [MN].
Construction 3
Constructing a perpendicular to a line at a given point on the line.
Given point M on the line l,
construct [MN] l.
M
l
78
Geometriy 7
Result: [MN] l.
N
A B
l
M
Use A and B as centers to draw arcs
with the same radius that intersect
at a point M.
N
A B
l
Using N as a center,
draw an arc that intersects
l at two points A and B.
Draw [MN].
N
A B
l
M
Construction 4
Constructing a perpendicular to a given line through a point outside the given line.
Given line l and a point N outside the line,
construct [MN] l.
Result: AA.
Use a straightedge to draw a ray.
Name its initial point A.
Using a compass at center A,
draw BC. Keep the same
radius and draw an arc which
intersects the ray from A at point B.
A
B
A
B
C
Use |BC| as a radius and
center B to draw an
arc which intersects the
first arc at point C.
A B
C
Draw [AC.
A B
C
A B
C
Construction 5
Constructing a congruent angle.
Given A, construct A such that A A.
A B
C
l
N
79
Result: l

t.
l
M
N
k
t
Q
P
R
At N, construct RNQ
congruent to NMP.
l
M
N
k
Draw a line k which intersects
line l at point M, and passes
through point N.
Construction 6
Constructing a parallel to a line through a point outside the line.
Given line l with point N which is not on l,
construct a line through N which is parallel to l.
N
l
Result: [AD bisects A
Draw an arc BC with
center A.
A B
C
A B
C
D
Draw [AD.
A B
C
D
With B and C as centers and a
radius greater than |BC|,
draw arcs intersecting at D.
1
2
Construction 7
Constructing an angle bisector.
Given CAB, construct the bisector of CAB.
A
B
C
80
Geometriy 7
c. Look at construction 6.
A B A
l
A B
l
B
A
C B
A
C
D
Use a straightedge to
draw [AB].
Set the compass at the
points A and B.
A
l
B
C
A
l
B
C
A
l
B A
l
B
C
Use a straightedge to draw [AB]. Next, open
the compass to |AB| and draw two arcs, one
with center A and the other with center B.
Label the intersection point C. Draw [AC]
and [BC]. All the sides have equal length,
so ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Draw another line l.
Choose any point on
line l and label it A.
Use the radius |AB| and set
the compass point at A. Draw
an arc intersecting l.
Label the point of intersection
B. Now [AB] [AB]
EXAMPLE
22
a. Construct two congruent line segments.
b. Construct an obtuse angle and bisect it.
c. Construct two parallel line segments.
d. Construct an isosceles triangle.
e. Construct an equilateral triangle.
Solution
a.
b.
d.
e.
Draw any obtuse angle ABC. Use B as the
center, and draw an arc AC. Next, draw two arcs,
one with center A and the other with center C.
Label the point D where the two
arcs intersect. Draw [BD.
[BD is the angle bisector of ABC.
Draw a line segment [AB]. Use any radius greater
than and draw two arcs with centers A
and B. Name the intersection point C.
1
|AB|
2
Draw the triangle ABC.
|AC| = |BC|, so the triangle is
isosceles.
81
Practice Problems 7
1. Construct a 30 angle. (Hint: construct a 60 angle and bisect it.)
2. Construct a right triangle with legs which are congruent to [AB]
and [CD] in the figure.
3. Construct a right triangle whose legs are in the ratio 2:1.
4. Construct a line segment and divide it into four equal parts.
Answers
1. By constructing equilateral triangles:
2.
3.
4.
A D C E B A
D
C
E
B A
C
B
Find the midpoint of [AB]. Find the midpoint of [AC]
and the midpoint of [CB].
Label the new points D and
E.
A
B C
D
A B C A B C
Find the midpoint of
[AD] (see construction 2)
Draw a perpendicular
line to [AB] from A.
(see construction 3)
Open your compass
to as [AC] then draw
[AD] and [DB].
N
B
A
M
B
A
C
D
A B
Use a straightedge
to draw [AB]
Open your compass
more than [MA] and
draw two arcs, one
with center M, te
other with center N.
Draw a line from A
to the point of
intersection.
Open your compass
to [CD] and draw an
arc with center A.
Label the point of
intersection D. Draw
[AD] and [DB.
A
B
C
D
30
A B
C D
82
Geometriy 7
2. Constructing Triangles
We can construct basic geometric figures using only a straightedge and a compass. However,
to construct triangles we need a compass, a ruler and a protractor. We use the ruler to
measure the sides of triangle, and the protractor to draw the angles.
We have seen that a triangle has six basic elements: three angles and three sides. To
construct a triangle, we need to know at least three of these elements, and one of these three
elements must be the length of a side. Let us look at the possible cases.
a. Constructing a Triangle from Three Known Sides
Let us construct ABC,
where |AB| = c, |BC| = a, and |AC| = b, given that
a < b < c.
Note
In any triangle, the sum of any two given angles is less than 180 and the sides satisfy the
triangle inequality.
A B
c
A C
b
B C a
Construction 1
Draw a line d.
d
Construction 2
Locate point A on d.
A
d
Construction 3
Open the compass as much as length c and put the
sharp point of the compass on A. Then draw an arc.
Name the intersection point B.
c
d
A B
Construction 4
Again open the compass as much as length b and put the
sharp point on A. Then draw an arc on the upper side of
d.
d
A B
c
83
Construction 5
Finally, open the compass as much as length a and put
the sharp point on B. Then draw an arc which intersects
the other arc drawn before. Name the intersection point
C.
d
A B
c
C
Note
Remember that in a triangle, side a is opposite A, side b is opposite B, and side c is
opposite C. When we talk about side b we mean the side opposite B, or the length of this
side.
Construction 5
After determining the point C, draw [AC] and [BC]. The
result is the constructed triangle.
d
A B
c
C
b a
EXAMPLE
23
Construct ABC given |AB| = 10 cm, |BC| = 8 cm, and |AC| = 6 cm.
Solution
C is the intersection point
of the two arcs.
A B 10 cm
C
6 cm
8 cm
A B 10 cm
Draw a line and
locate points A and B.
Connect the vertices.
A B 10 cm
C
6 cm
8 cm
b. Constructing a Triangle from Two Known Angles and a Known Side
Let us construct the triangle ABC, where A, B, and the side c are given.
Construction 1
Draw a line d.
d
Construction 2
Locate point A on the line. A
84
Geometriy 7
Construction 3
Using a protractor, take the point A as a vertex and draw
a ray [AX to construct A.
d
A
X
Construction 4
Using a compass, locate the point B on d such that
|AB| = c.
d
A
X
B
c
Construction 5
Using a protractor, take the point B as vertex and draw a
ray [BY to construct B. Label the intersection point of
[AX and [BY as C. The construction is complete.
d
A
Y
B
X
C
c
EXAMPLE
24
Construct ABC given mB = 40, mC = 70, and |BC| = 12 cm.
Solution
B
X
40
Mark the point
B and draw B.
B
A
40
Draw C to find
the point A on [BX.
12 cm
C
Y
X
70
B
X
40
Using a compass
and ruler, find C.
12 cm
C
3. Constructing a Triangle from Two Known Sides and a Known
Angle
Finally, let us construct ABC given
|AB| = c, |BC| = a and the known angle B.
Construction 1
Draw a line d and use a compass to locate the points B
and C such that |BC| = a.
d
A B
c
B C
a
85
Construction 2
Use a protractor to construct B and the ray [BX.
B
X
C
a
d
Construction 3
Use a compass or ruler to locate the point A on [BX such
that |AB| = c.
B
X
C
a
d
c
A
Construction 4
Join the points A and C. The result is the constructed
triangle.
d
A
X
B
c
EXAMPLE
25
Construct AABC given |BC| = 5 cm, |AB| = 10 cm, and mB = 70
o
.
Solution
Join A and C.
B C
70
5 cm
X
A
10 cm
Locate A on [BX.
B C
70
5 cm
X
A
10 cm
B C
70
5 cm
Locate the points B and
C and draw B.
X
86
Geometriy 7
Practice Problems 8
1. State the things you need to know in order to construct a triangle.
2. Draw an equaliteral triangle with sides 6 cm long.
3. Construct ABC given a = 5 cm, b = 4 cm and c = 2 cm.
4. Construct ABC given a = 7 cm, b = 6 cm and c = 8 cm.
5. Construct DEF given d = 6 cm, e = 8 cm and f = 10 cm.
6. Construct ABC given mA = 40
o
, mB = 65
o
and |AB| = 10 cm.
7. Construct KLM given mM = 45
o
, mL = 70
o
and |ML| = 7 cm.
8. Construct PQR given mR = 40
o
, mQ = 60
o
and |RQ| = 4 cm.
9. Construct MNP given mM = 30
o
, mN = 65
o
and |MN| = 15 cm.
10. Construct ABC given mB = 90
o
, |AB| = 5 cm and |BC| = 12 cm.
11. Construct PQR given mQ = 80
o
, |PQ| = 7 cm and |QR| = 4 cm.
12. Construct GHK given mH = 50
o
, |GH| = 6 cm and |HK| = 9 cm.
13. Construct XYZ given mY = 110
o
, |XY| = 3 cm and |YZ| = 5 cm.
14. Can you draw a triangle from only three given angles?
C. ISOSCELES, EQUILATERAL AND RIGHT TRIANGLES
Isosceles, equilateral and right triangles are useful triangles because they have many special
properties. If we can identify one or more of these triangles in a figure then we can often use its
properties to solve a geometric problem. In this section we will look at some fundamental
theorems about isosceles, equilateral and right triangles, and some useful additional properties.
1. Properties of Isosceles and Equilateral Triangles
a. Basic Properties
Theorem
If two sides of a triangle are congruent then the angles opposite these sides are also
congruent.
Proof Let us draw an appropriate figure.
Given: AB = AC
Prove: ZB = ZC
A
B N C
Isosceles Triangle Theorem
87
Let AN be the bisector of ZA.
Statements Reasons
1. AB = AC 1. Given
2. ZBAN = ZCAN 2. Definition of an angle bisector
3. AN = AN 3. Reflexive property of congruence
4. AABN = AACN 4. SAS Congruence Postulate
5. ZB = ZC 5. CPCTC
Theorem
If two angles in a triangle are congruent then the sides opposite these angles are also
congruent.
Proof Let us draw an appropriate figure.
Given: ZB = ZC
Prove: AB = AC
We begin by drawing the bisector AN, and
continue with a paragraph proof.
+ Since AN is the angle bisector,
ZBAN = ZCAN.
+ It is given that ZB = ZC.
+ By the reflexive property of congruence, AN = AN.
+ So AABN = AACN by the AAS Congruence Theorem.
+ Since CPCTC, we have AB = AC.
A
B N C
Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
EXAMPLE
26
In a triangle DEF, T = DF such that DT = DE. Given m(ZEDT) = 40 and m(ZDEF) = 85,
find m(ZTEF).
Since DE = DT, ADET is an isosceles triangle.
So by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem,
m(ZDET) = m(ZDTE).
So by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in
ADET,
m(ZEDT) + m(ZDET) + m(ZDTE) = 180
40 + 2m(ZDET) = 180
m(ZDET) = 70.
So m(ZTEF) = m(ZDEF) m(ZDET) = 85 70 = 15.
D
40
E
T
F
88
Geometriy 7
Corollary
If a triangle AABC is equilateral then it is also equiangular. In other words,
if a = b = c then m(ZA) = m(ZB) = m(ZC).
Corollary of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
Corollary
If a triangle AABC is equiangular then it is also equilateral, i.e. if m(ZA) = m(ZB) = m(ZC)
then a = b = c.
Corollary of the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
EXAMPLE
27
In the figure, AABC and ADEF are equilateral
triangles. If BF = 17 cm and EC = 3 cm, find
AB + AH + DH + DF.
A
B E C
H
D
F
Solution In the figure,
m(ZHCE) = 60 and m(ZHEC) = 60. (AABC and ADEF are equilateral)
So in AHEC,
m(ZH) + m(ZE) + m(ZC) = 180 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem)
m(ZH) = 60.
So AHEC is equiangular. (m(ZC) = 60, m(ZE) = 60, m(ZH) = 60)
Therefore AHEC is equilateral. (By the previous Corollary)
So HE = HC = EC = 3 cm.
Let a and b be the lengths of the sides of AABC and ADEF, respectively.
In AABC, AB = a, BE = a 3 and AH = a 3. (EC = 3 cm, given)
In ADEF, DF = b, CF = b 3 and DH = b 3. (EC = 3 cm, given)
So
AB + AH + DH + DF = a + a 3 + b 3 + b
= 2(a + b) 6. (1)
Moreover, BF = a 3 + 3 + b 3 (Segment
Addition Postulate)
17 = a + b 3
20 = a + b. (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives us AB + AH + DH + DF = 34 cm.
A
B E C
H
D
F
60
60
60
3
60
60
60
60
a
a 3 b 3 3
b
b

3
a

3
3
89
Practice Problems 9
1. In a triangle ABC, the interior angle bisector at the vertex A makes an angle of 92 with
the side opposite ZA and has the same length as one of the remaining sides. Find all the
angles in AABC.
2. In the figure, CE is the angle bisector of ZC, HD BC and
HD = 5 cm. Find the length of AC.
3. In the figure, ADCE is an equilateral triangle and DC = BC.
is given. Find m(ZA).
Answers
1. 8, 84 and 88 2. 10 cm 3. 5
Z
Z
( ) 1
=
( 13
m A
m B)
A
D
E
B C
?
A
E
B C
D
5
H
b. Further properties
Properties 6
1. For any isosceles triangle, the following statements are true.
a. The median to the base is also the angle bisector of the vertex and the altitude to the
base.
b. The altitude to the base is also the angle bisector of the vertex and the median to the
base.
c. The angle bisector of the vertex is also the altitude and the median to the base.
In other words, if AB = AC in any triangle ABC then n
A
= V
a
= h
a
.
2. In an equilateral triangle, the medians, angle bisectors and altitudes from the same
vertex are all the same, i.e., h
a
= n
A
= V
a
, h
b
= n
B
= V
b
, and h
c
= n
C
= V
c
.
Moreover, all of these lines are the same length:
h
a
= h
b
= h
c
= n
A
= n
B
= n
C
= V
a
= V
b
= V
c
.
In other words, if AB = BC =AC in AABC then h
a
= h
b
= h
c
= n
A
= n
B
= n
C
= V
a
= V
b
= V
c
.
3. If AB = AC in any triangle ABC then n
B
= n
C
, V
b
= V
c
and h
b
= h
c
.
4. If h
a
= n
A
or h
a
= V
a
or n
A
= V
a
in AABC then AABC is isosceles.
90
Geometriy 7
5. a. If AABC is an isosceles triangle with
AB = AC, P = BC, E = AC, D = AB,
PE AB and PD AC,
then PE + PD = b = c.
A
B C P
D
E
b. If P, E and D are any three points on
the sides of an equilateral triangle ABC
such that PE and PD are parallel to
two distinct sides of AABC, then
PE + PD = AB = BC = AC.
6. a. In any isosceles triangle ABC with
AB = AC, the sum of the lengths of two
lines drawn from any point on the base
perpendicular to the legs is equal to
the height of the triangle from the
vertex B or C. In other words, if
AB = AC, P = BC, H = AC, D = AB,
PH AC and PD AB, then
PH + PD = h
c
= h
b
.
b. In any equilateral triangle ABC, the sum of the lengths of two lines drawn from any
point on any side perpendicular to the other sides is equal to the height of the triangle
from any vertex. In other words, if AB = BC = AC, P = BC, H = AC, D = AB, PH AC
and PD AB, then PH + PD = h
a
= h
b
= h
c
.
7. In any equilateral triangle ABC,
if P = int AABC and points D, E and F
lie on the sides of AABC such that
PE AB, PD AC and PF BC, then
PE + PF + PD = AB.
A
B C E
D
F
P
A
B C P
D
H
A
B C P
D
E
91
A
B C F
D
E
P
8. In any equilateral triangle ABC,
if P = int AABC and points D, E and F lie
on the sides of AABC such that PE AB,
PD AC and PF BC,
then PD + PE + PF = AH where
AH BC.
EXAMPLE
28
An isosceles triangle TMS has base TS which measures 8 cm and perimeter 32 cm. The
perpendicular bisector of leg TM intersects the legs TM and MS at the points F and K,
respectively. Find the perimeter of ATKS.
+ Since h
k
= V
k
in ATKM, TKM is isosceles
by Property 6.4.
So TK = KM. (1)
+ By the Segment Addition Postulate,
MK + KS = MS. (2)
+ Since ATMS is isosceles and
P(ATMS) = 32 cm,
TM = MS = 12 cm. (3)
+ So P(ATKS) = TK + KS + ST
= KM + KS + ST (By (1))
= MS + ST (By (2))
= 12 + 8 = 20 cm. (By (3))
M
F
T S
K
6
6
8
EXAMPLE
29
In the figure,
AB = AC,
PD AC and
PE AB.
Given AB + AC = 32 cm, find PD + PE.
Solution Since AB + AC = 32 cm and
AB = AC, we have AB = AC = 16 cm.
So by Property 6.5b, PD + PE = AB = 16 cm.
A
D
B P C
E
92
Geometriy 7
Solution Look at the figure.
Given: AT is a median and AB = AC.
Prove: AT bisects ZA and is an altitude of
AABC.
We will write a two-column proof.
Proof:
EXAMPLE
32
Prove that in any isosceles triangle, the median to the base is also the angle bisector of the
vertex and the altitude to the base.
EXAMPLE
31
In the equilateral triangle ABC shown
opposite, PD BC, PE AB and PF AC.
PE = 6 cm, PF = 5 cm and
P(AABC) = 42 cm are given.
Find the length of PD.
Solution Since ABC is equilateral and its perimeter is 42 cm, AB = =14 cm.
By Property 6.7, PD + PE + PF = AB. So PD + 6 + 5 = 14 and so PD = 3 cm.
42
3
A
D
B F C
P
E
5
6
A
B T C
Statements Reasons
1. AC = AC 1. Given
2. ZABC = ZACB 2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
3. BT = TC 3. AT is a median.
4. AABT = AACT 4. By 1, 2, 3 and the SAS Congruence Postulate
5. m(ZTAB) = m(ZTAC) 5. By 4 (CPCTC)
6. AT bisects ZA 6. Definition of angle bisector
7. m(ZATB) = m(ZATC) 7. By 4 (CPCTC)
8. m(ZATB) = m(ZATC) = 90 8. Linear Pair Postulate
9. AT is also an altitude of AABC 9. Definition of altitude
EXAMPLE
30
In the figure opposite, H, A and B are
collinear points with CH HA,
PE AC, PD AB and AB = AC.
PE = 6 cm and HC = 10 cm are given.
Find the length of PD.
Solution By Property 6.6a, PE + PD = CH.
So 6 + PD = 10 and so PD = 4 cm.
C
P
B D A H
E
6
10
?
93
2. In an equilateral triangle ABC, H = BC, N = AC, BN is the interior angle bisector of ZB,
and AH is the altitude to the side BC. Given BN = 9 cm, find AH.
3. In the figure, BH = HC,
m(ZHAC) = 20 and
m(ZBCD) = 30.
Find m(ZBDC).
4. In the figure, AB = AC = 13 cm,
PE AC, PF AB and PE = 4 cm.
Find the length of PF.
5. In the figure, AB = AC, PE HB,
PF AC and BH HC.
Given CH = 12 cm,
find the value of PE + PF.
6. In the figure, AB = BC,
PD = x + 3, PH = 3x 1, and
AE = 14. Find the value of x.
Answers
1. 36 2. 9 cm 3. 80 4. 9 cm 5. 12 cm 6. 3
A
D
B H C
?
20
E
30
A
B P C
E
F
4
H
A
E
B P
F
C
12
A
B E H C
P
D
Practice Problems 10
1. In the figure, AD and BE are the interior angle
bisectors of ZA and ZB, respectively.
AC = BC and BE + AD = 12 cm are given.
Find the value of BE AD.
A
B D C
E
94
Geometriy 7
Proof There are many proofs of the Pythagorean
Theorem. The proof we will give here uses
the dissection of a square. It proves the
Pythagorean Theorem for the right triangle
ABC shown opposite.
Imagine that a large square with side length
a + b is dissected into four congruent right
triangles and a smaller square, as shown in
the figure. The legs of the triangles are a and
b, and their hypotenuse is c. So the smaller
square has side length c.
We can now write two expressions for the area S of the larger square:
and S = (a + b)
2
.
Since these expressions are equal, we can write
This concludes the proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.

(
,
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
4 + =( + )
2
2 + = +2 +
= + .
a b
c a b
ab c a ab b
c a b

(
,
2
=4 +
2
a b
S c
b
a
c
c
c
c
b
b
a
a
a b
A
C B
c
b
a
Theorem
In a right triangle ABC with m(ZC) = 90,
the square of the length of the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs, i.e.
c
2
= b
2
+ a
2
.
Pythagorean Theorem
A
C B
c
b
a
2. Properties of Right Triangles
a. The Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most famous theorems in Euclidean geometry, and
almost everyone with a high school education can remember it.
95
EXAMPLE
33
In the figure, ST SQ. Find x and y.
Solution First we will use the Pythagorean Theorem
in ASKT to find x, then we can use it in
ASKQ to find y.
+ SK
2
+ KT
2
= ST
2
(Pythagorean Theorem in ASKT)
x
2
+ 12
2
= 13
2
(Substitute)
x
2
+ 144 = 169
x
2
= 25 (Simplify)
x = 5 (Positive length)
+ SK
2
+ KQ
2
= SQ
2
(Pythagorean Theorem in ASKQ)
5
2
+ y
2
= 6
2
(Substitute)
y
2
=36 25 (Simplify)
y = 11
S
T K Q
x
y
13
12
6
x = 5 is not an answer
because the length of a
segment cannot be negative.
So the answer is x = 5.
From now on we will
always consider only
positive values for lengths.
Activity
1. Cut out a square with side length c, and cut out four identical right triangles with
hypotenuse c and legs a and b. Place the four triangles over the square, matching the
hypotenuses to the sides and leaving a smaller square uncovered in the centre. Try
to obtain the Pythagorean Theorem by considering the area of the original square
and the areas of the parts that dissect it.
2. Cut out or construct two squares with sides a and b. Try
to dissect these squares and rearrange their pieces to
form a new square. Then use the areas of the original
squares and the new square to write the Pythagorean
Theorem. (Hint: Start by cutting out two right triangles
with legs a and b.)
b a
b
c
c
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
a
The Pythagorean Theorem
Try the following activity to discover two more proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem.
96
Geometriy 7
Theorem
If the square of one side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides,
then the angle opposite this side is a right angle.
Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem
EXAMPLE
34
In the figure,
PT = TS = KS,
PM = 4 cm and KM = 3 cm. Find ST.
Solution Let PT = TS = KS = x.
So SM = KM KS = 3 x and TM = PM PT = 4 x.
In ATMS, TS
2
= TM
2
+ MS
2
(Pythagorean Theorem)
x
2
= (4 x)
2
+ (3 x)
2
(Substitute)
x
2
= 16 8x + x
2
+ 9 6x + x
2
(Simplify)
x
2
14x + 25 = 0
x
1, 2
= (7 24) cm (Quadratic formula)
Since 7 + 24 is greater than 3 and 4 which are the lengths of the sides, the answer is
x = |ST| = 7 24 cm.
K
P M T
S
Quadratic formula
The roots x
1
and x
2
of
the quadratic equation
ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 are
2
1,2
4
= .
2
b b ac
x
a
EXAMPLE
35
In the figure,
m + k = 3 n.
Given A(AKMN) = 30 cm
2
,
find the value of n.
Solution + m + k = 3 n (1) (Given)
+ A(AKMN) = 30 cm
2
(Given)
(Definition of the area of a triangle)
k m = 60 (2)
+ In AKMN, n
2
= k
2
+ m
2
(Pythagorean Theorem)
n
2
= (k + m)
2
2km (Binomial expansion: (k+m)
2
= k
2
+ 2km + m
2
)
n
2
= (3n)
2
2 60 (Substitute (1) and (2))
8n
2
= 120 (Simplify)
n
2
= 15
n = 15 cm.
=30
2
k m
K
M N
m
n
k
97
Proof We will give a proof by contradiction.
Suppose the triangle is not a right triangle,
and label the vertices A, B and C. Then there
are two possibilities for the measure of angle
C: either it is less than 90 (figure 1), or it is
greater than 90 (figure 2).
Let us draw a segment DC CB such that
DC = AC.
By the Pythagorean Theorem in ABCD,
BD
2
= a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
, and so BD = c.
So AACD is isosceles (since DC = AC) and
AABD is also isosceles (AB = BD = c). As a
result, ZCDA = ZCAD and ZBDA = ZDAB.
However, in figure 3 we have
m(ZBDA) < m(ZCDA) and m(ZCAD) < m(ZDAB), which gives m(ZBDA) < m(ZDAB) if
ZCDA and ZCAD are congruent. This is a contradiction of ZBDA = ZDAB. Also,
in figure 4 we have m(ZDAB) < m(ZCAD) and m(ZCDA) < m(ZBDA), which gives
m(ZDAB) < m(ZBDA) if ZCAD and ZCDA are congruent. This is also a contradiction.
So our original assumption must be wrong, and so AABC is a right triangle.
A
B C
b
c
a
A
C B
b c
a
figure 1 figure 2
A
D
C B
b
b
c
c
a
A
D
C
b
b
c
c
B
figure 3 figure 4
EXAMPLE
36
In the triangle ABC opposite, K = AC and
AN is the interior angle bisector of ZA.
AB = 16 cm, AN = 13 cm, AK = 12 cm and
NK = 5 cm are given. Find the area of
AABN.
Solution Let us draw an altitude NH from the vertex
N to the side AB.
To find the area of AABN we need to find NH, because and AB is given
as 16 cm.
13
2
= 12
2
+ 5
2
, so m(ZNKA) = 90. (Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem)
Also, NH = NK = 5 cm. (Angle Bisector Theorem)
So (Substitution)

A
2
5 16
( )= = =40 cm .
2 2
NH AB
A ABN
A ( )=
2
NH AB
A ABN
B
A K C
N
H
5 13
12
16
98
Geometriy 7
Proof Let us join the point P to the vertices A, B
and C and use the Pythagorean Theorem in
the six right triangles that are created.
+ In AATP, AT
2
+ TP
2
= AP
2
. (Pythagorean Theorem)
+ In AANP, AN
2
+ NP
2
= AP
2
, (Pythagorean Theorem)
AT
2
+ TP
2
= AN
2
+ NP
2
. (1) (Transitive property of equality)
+ In ABKP, BK
2
+ KP
2
= BP
2
+ In ABTP, BT
2
+ TP
2
= BP
2
BK
2
+ KP
2
= BT
2
+ TP
2
+ In ACNP, CN
2
+ NP
2
= CP
2
+ In ACKP, CK
2
+ KP
2
= CP
2
CN
2
+ NP
2
= CK
2
+ KP
2
+ From (1), (2) and (3) we get
AT
2
+TP
2
+BK
2
+KP
2
+CN
2
+NP
2
=AN
2
+NP
2
+BT
2
+TP
2
+CK
2
+KP
2
(Addition property
of equality)
+ AT
2
+ BK
2
+ CN
2
= AN
2
+ BT
2
+ CK
2
. (Simplify)
Theorem
If a triangle ABC with P = int AABC has
perpendiculars PK, PN, and PT drawn to the
sides BC, AC and AB respectively, then
AT
2
+ BK
2
+ CN
2
= AN
2
+ BT
2
+ CK
2
.
Carnots Theorem
A
T
B K C
P
N
A
T
B K C
P
N
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to prove other theorems. Here is one example.
99
Practice Problems 11
1. Find the length x in each figure.
2. In the figure, TN = NK, ST = 12 cm
and SN = 69 cm. Find the length of TK.
3. In a right triangle ABC, m(ZA) = 90, AB = x, AC = x 7 and BC = x + 1. Find AC.
Answers
1. a. 15 b. 25 c. 9 d. 53 e. 20 f. 10 2. 10 cm 3. 5 cm
S
T N K
12
69
D
E F
8
17
x
A
B C
7
24
x
P
M S N
17
x
6
10
K
L
M
N
8
6
x
5
C
A B
7
15
x
E
9
M
N K J
x
12 19
15
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
Solution
AT
2
+ BK
2
+ CN
2
= AN
2
+ BT
2
+ CK
2
(Carnots Theorem)
x
2
+ 4
2
+ (2x)
2
= 2
2
+ 4
2
+ 6
2
(Substitute)
5x
2
= 40 (Simplify)
x
2
= 8
x = 22
EXAMPLE
37
Find the length x in the figure.
A
T
B K C
N x
4
4 6
P
2
2x
A Pythagorean triple is a
set of three integers a, b
and c which satisfy the
Pythagorean Theorem.
The smallest and
best-known Pythagorean
triple is (a, b, c) = (3, 4, 5).
100
Geometriy 7
b. Further properties
Properties 7
1. The length of the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to half of the length
of the hypotenuse.
2. a. In any isosceles right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the length of
a leg. (This property is also called the 45-45-90 Triangle Theorem.)
b. In any right triangle, if the hypotenuse is 2 times any of the legs then the triangle is
a 45-45-90 triangle. (This property is also called the Converse of the 45-45-90
Triangle Theorem).
3. In any 30-60-90 right triangle,
a. the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the leg opposite the 30 angle.
b. the length of the leg opposite the 60 angle is 3 times the length of the leg opposite
the 30 angle. (These properties are also called the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem.)
4. In any right triangle,
a. if one of the legs is half the length of the hypotenuse then the angle opposite this leg
is 30.
b. if one of the legs is 3 times the length of the other leg then the angle opposite this
first leg is 60. (These properties are also called the Converse of the 30-60-90
Triangle Theorem.)
5. The center of the circumscribed circle of
any right triangle is the midpoint of the
hypotenuse of the triangle.
B
A
C
r r
r
O
Activity
+ Fold a corner of a sheet of paper, and cut along the fold to get a right triangle.
+ Label the vertices A, B and C so that m(ZB) = 90.
+ Fold each of the other two vertices to match point B.
+ Label the point T on the hypotenuse where the folds intersect.
What can you say about the lengths TA, TB and TC? Repeat the steps with a different
right triangle, and see if your conclusions are the same.
Paper Folding - Median to the Hypotenuse
101
EXAMPLE
39
EXAMPLE
38
In the figure at the right, find m(ZADC) if
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZBAD) = 2x,
m(ZACB) = 3x and
BD = DC.
Solution Since AD is a median, by Property 7.1 we have
So AD = BD = DC. Hence ADCA and ABDA are isosceles triangles.
Since ADCA is isosceles, m(ZDAC) = m(ZACD) = 3x.
Additionally, m(ZBAC) = m(ZBAD) + m(ZDAC) by the Angle Addition Postulate.
So 2x + 3x = 90 and x = 18.
By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in ADCA, m(ZADC) + 3x + 3x = 180.
So m(ZADC) = 180 (6 18), i.e. m(ZADC) = 72.
1
= .
2
AD BC
A
B D C
2x
3x
In the figure,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZC) = 60 and
BD = DC.
Find BC if AD = 2x + 3 and AC = 6x 1.
Solution + Since AD is a median and the length of the median to the hypotenuse of a right triangle
is equal to half the length of the hypotenuse,
+ By the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in AABC, m(ZB) = 30.
+ By the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, because m(ZB) = 30 and BC is the
hypotenuse.
+ So by the transitive property of equality, AC = AD, i.e. 6x 1 = 2x + 3 and so x = 1.
+ Finally, BC = 2 AC = 2 AD = 2 (2x + 3) = 10.
AC BC
1
=
2

1
= .
2
AD BC
C
A B
D
2x + 3
6x 1
60
102
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
40
One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 16. Find the angle between the
bisector of the right angle and the median drawn from the same vertex.
Solution Let us draw an appropriate figure. We need
to find m(ZNAT).
According to the figure,
+ AN is the angle bisector, AT is the
median, and m(ZBAC) = 90.
+ m(ZACB) = 16 by Property 5.3.
+ Since AT is median to hypotenuse, AT = CT = BT.
+ So AATC is isosceles.
+ Therefore, by the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, m(ZTAC) = m(ZACT) = 16.
+ Since AN is an angle bisector and m(ZBAC) = 90, m(ZNAC) = 45.
+ So m(ZNAT) = m(ZNAC) m(ZTAC)= 45 16 = 29.
45
A
B N T C
16
Solution In AABC, since m(ZC) = 30,
m(ZB) = 60.
In AABH, since m(ZB) = 60,
m(ZBAH) = 30.
In AABH, by Property 7.3,
AB = 2 BH = 2 2 = 4 cm.
In AABC, again by Property 7.3,
BC = 2 AB = 2 4 = 8 cm.
So HC = BC BH = 8 2 = 6 cm.
A
B H C
60
30
60
30
8
4
2
EXAMPLE
41
In the figure, AB AC and AH BC.
Given m(ZC) = 30 and BH = 2 cm, find the
length of HC.
A
B H C 2 ?
30
This set square is in the
form of a 30-60-90
triangle.
Property 5.3:
In any triangle ABC, if
m(ZB) > m(ZC) or
m(ZB) < m(ZC) then
h
a
< n
a
< V
a
.
103
Solution We will construct a right triangle in which one leg is half of the hypotenuse. Then by the
Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, the angle opposite this leg will measure 30.
m m
B
n
m
B
n
C
K
k
m
B
n
C K
A
r
r
2
r
2
m
B
n
C K
A
r
30
r
2
r
2
m
B
n
C K
r
2
r
2
r
2
r
2
A
m
n
B C
r
1. 2. 3.
5. 6. 7.
4.
EXAMPLE
43
Construct a 30 angle by using the Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem.
EXAMPLE
42
Find the value of x in the figure.
Solution Let us draw an altitude from C to AB.
+ In ABHC,
BC = 2 BH (45-45-90 Triangle
Theorem)
62 = 2 BH (Substitute)
BH = 6. (Simplify)
+ AB = AH + HB (Segment Addition
Postulate)
10 = AH + 6 (Substitute)
AH = 4. (Simplify)
+ In AAHC,
AC = 2 AH (30-60-90 Triangle Theorem)
AC = 2 4 (Substitute)
AC = x = 8. (Simplify)
A
B C
45
60
10
x
62
A
B C
45
60
62
H
This set square is in the
form of 45-45-90 right
triangle.
104
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
44
Construct the circumscribed circle of a given right triangle.
Solution
1. Label AABC with m(ZA) = 90 and m(ZB) > m(ZC).
2. Construct the perpendicular bisector of each side and label their point of intersection M.
3. Draw a circle with center M and radius MB. This is the circumscribed circle.
C
A
B
M
C
A
B
M
C
A
B
1. 2. 3.
1. Draw a line m.
2. Construct a perpendicular to the line at any point. Name the line n and label the
intersection point of these lines B.
3. Draw an arc with center B and any radius r. Label the intersection point C of this arc and
the line m.
4. Construct the midpoint K of the segment BC and draw the line k perpendicular to m
through this point.
5. Draw an arc with center K and radius BC. Label the intersection point A of the arc and line n.
6. Join A and K to make AK = 2 KB.
7. By the Converse of the 30-60-90 Triangle Theorem, m(ZBAK) = 30.
Activity
The Kobon triangle problem is an unsolved problem in
geometry which was first stated by Kobon Fujimura. The
problem asks: What is the largest number of non-overlapping
triangles that can be produced by n straight line segments?
This might seem like a simple question, but nobody has yet
found a general solution to the problem.
The mathematician Saburo Tamura proved that the largest
integer below n(n 2) / 3 is an upper bound for the number of
non-overlapping triangles which can be produced by n lines. If
the number of triangles is exactly equal to this upper bound,
the solution is called a perfect solution. Perfect solutions are
known for n = 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13 and 15, but for other n-values
perfect Kobon triangle solutions have not been found.
+ The perfect Kobon solution for five lines creates 5 (5 2) / 3 = 5 triangles. Can you find
this solution?
+ Make Kobon patterns with seven lines. Can you find the perfect solution for seven lines?
Unsolved Problem - Kobon Triangles
A perfect Kobon solution with
15 lines and 65 triangles
(T. Suzuki, Oct. 2, 2005)
105
Check Yourself 12
1. In an isosceles right triangle, the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and the altitude
drawn to the hypotenuse is 27.3. Find the length of the hypotenuse.
2. In the figure, AABC is a right triangle with
m(ZABC) = 90 and CF = FE, and CE is the
angle bisector of ZC. If m(ZADB) = 102, find
the measure of ZCAB.
3. One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 48. Find the angle between the
median and the altitude which are drawn from the vertex at the right angle.
4. In a triangle ABC, m(ZB) = 135, AC = 17 cm and BC = 82 cm. Find the length of AB.
5. In a right triangle, the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and the shorter leg is 2.4.
Find the length of the hypotenuse if the biggest acute angle measures 60.
6. In the figure,
m(ZC) = 60,
HC = 4 cm and
DH = 23 cm. Find the length AC = x.
7. AABC in the figure is an equilateral triangle with
DH BC,
BH = 5 cm and
HC = 3 cm.
Find the length AD = x.
8. The distance from a point to a line k is 10 cm. Two segments non-perpendicular to k are
drawn from this point. Their lengths have the ratio 2 : 3. Find the length of the longer
segment if the shorter segment makes a 30 angle with k.
9. ACAB is a right triangle with m(ZA) = 90 and m(ZC) = 60, and D is the midpoint of
hypotenuse. Find the length of the hypotenuse if AD = 3x + 1 and AC = 5x 3.
10.The hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle measures 18 cm. Find the distance from the
vertex at the right angle to the hypotenuse.
Answers
1. 18.2 2. 22 3. 6 4. 7 cm 5. 1.6 6. 5 cm 7. 2 cm 8. 30 cm 9. 14 10. 9 cm
A
B H C
D
x
5 3
A
D
H B C 4
x
23
60
C
D
A E B
F
102
106
Geometriy 7
D. THE TRIANGLE ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM
Theorem
1. The bisector of an interior angle of a
triangle divides the opposite side in the
same ratio as the sides adjacent to the
angle. In other words, for a triangle ABC
and angle bisector AN,
2. In any triangle ABC, if the bisector AN of
the exterior angle A cuts the extension
of side BC at a point N, then
.
AB BN
AC CN
= .
AB BN
AC CN
A
B N C
A
B C N
Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem
Proof of 1 We begin by drawing two perpendiculars NK
and NL from N to the sides AB and AC
respectively, then we draw the altitude
AH BC.
+ (1) (Definition of the area of a triangle and simplify)
Now let us find the same ratio by using the sides AB and AC and the altitudes NK and NL.
Since N is the point on the angle bisector, by the Angle Bisector Theorem we have NK = NL.
A
A
( )
=
( )
AH
A ABN
A ANC
2
BN
AH
2
NC
=
BN
CN
+ (By (1), (2) and the transitive property of equality) =
AB BN
AC CN
A
A
( )
=
( )
NK
A ABN
A ANC
2
AB
NL
2
AC
=
AB
AC
A
K
B H N C
L
107
Proof of 2 We begin by drawing two perpendiculars NK
and NL from N to the extension of the sides
AB and AC respectively, then we draw the
altitude AH BN.
Now let us find the same ratio by using the sides AB and AC, and the altitudes NK and NL.
Since N is the point on the angle bisector, by the Angle Bisector Theorem we have NK = NL.
+ (By (1), (2) and the transitive property of equality) =
AB BN
AC CN
A
A
( )
=
( )
NK
A ABN
A ACN
2
AB
NL
2
AC
=
AB
AC
A
A
( )
=
( )
AH
A ABN
A ACN
2
BN
AH
2
CN
=
BN
CN
A
B C N H
L
K
EXAMPLE
45
Solution (Triangle Angle Bisector
Theorem)
12 6
=
8
3 6
=
2
=4
x
x
x
A
B D C
12
8
6 x
108
Geometriy 7
1. In any triangle ABC, if AN is an interior
angle bisector then
AN
2
= (AB AC) (BN NC).
A
B N C
2. In any triangle ABC, if AN is an
exterior angle bisector then
AN
2
= (BN CN) (AB AC).
A
B C N
EXAMPLE
47
Solution By the Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem,
By Property 8.1,
x
2
= 6 4 3 2 = 18
x = 32.
6 3
=
2
=4.
y
y
A
B C
6
x
3 D 2
y
EXAMPLE
46
Solution (Triangle Angle Bisector
Theorem)
3 1
= ; 3 =12+ ; =6.
12+
x x x
x x
12 4
=
12+x x
A
D
B C
4
12 x
x
Properties 8
109
EXAMPLE
48
In the figure, m(ZCAB) = 2 m(ZABC).
Given that AC = 4 cm and AB = 5 cm, find
the length of BC.
Solution Let AD be the bisector of angle A.
Then m(ZB) = m(ZDAB) = m(ZDAC), since m(ZCAB) = 2 m(ZABC).
So ADAB is an isosceles triangle. Let AD = DB = x. If BC = a then CD = a x.
By the Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem in ABAC,
5(a x) = 4x
x = (1)
Now we can use Property 8.1:
x
2
= 5 4 x(a x)
x
2
= 20 ax + x
2
ax = 20. (2)
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
a = 20 ; a
2
= 36 ; a = 6 cm.
5
9
a
5
.
9
a
5
=
4
x
a x
A B
C
4
5
A B
C
4
5
x
D
a x
x
a
Check Yourself 13
1. In a triangle ABC, N is on side BC and AN is the angle bisector of ZA. If AB = 8 cm,
AC = 12 cm and BC = 10 cm, find AN.
2. In a triangle KMN, points M, Z, N and T are collinear, KZ is the angle bisector of the
interior angle K, and KT is the angle bisector of the exterior angle K. If MZ = 5 cm and
ZN = 3 cm, find NT.
3. MP is the angle bisector of the interior angle M of a triangle KMN. Find MN if
KP : PN = 3 : 4 and KM = 15 cm.
4. In a triangle ABC, point D is on side BC and AD is the bisector of the angle A. Find BD if
BA : AC = 5 : 3 and BD + DC = 8 cm.
5. ET is an angle bisector in a triangle DEF. Find the length of ET if DE = 14, EF = 21 and
DF = 15.
Answers
1. 62 cm 2. 12 cm 3. 20 cm 4. 5 cm 5. 415
110
Geometriy 7
A. The Concept of Congruence
1. Find two pairs of congruent figures in each
picture. Draw each pair.
a. b.
EXERCISES 3.2
2.
In the figure, polygon ABCDE is congruent to
polygon KLMNP. Find each value, using the
information given.
a. x b. y c. n d. a e. b
L
K P
80
M
M
7
(n+10)
a+2
10y+7
A E
D
C
B
70 (x+10)
8
10 b
20y 3
4. A triangle ABC is congruent to a second triangle
KMN. Find the unknown value in each statement,
using the properties of congruence.
a. AC = 5m 25, KN = 11 m
b. m(ZBCA) = 45 v, m(ZMNK) = 2v 15,
c. m(ZB) = 18, m(ZM) = u 4,
d. BA = 22x 30, MK = 3 2x
5. Two triangles ABC and CMN are congruent to
each other with AB = 8 cm, CN = 3 cm, and
CM = AC = 6 cm. Find BC and MN.
B. Constructions
6. Construct each angle.
a. 15 b. 105 c. 75 d. 37.5 e. 97.5
3. AADE = AKLN is given. List the congruent
corresponding segments and angles of these
triangles.
7. a. Construct an isosceles triangle with base 5 cm
and perimeter 19 cm.
b. Construct an equilateral triangle with perimeter
18 cm.
c. Try to construct a triangle with sides of length
2 cm, 3 cm and 6 cm. What do you notice?
Can you explain why this is so?
d. Construct a triangle ABC with side lengths
a = 5 cm and c = 7 cm, and m(ZB) = 165.
e. Construct a right triangle ABC in which
m(ZC) = 90, b = 5 cm and the hypotenuse
measures 7 cm.
f. Construct AABC with angles m(ZC) = 120
and m(ZB) = 45, and side b = 5 cm.
g. Construct an isosceles triangle PQR with
vertex angle m(ZQ) = 40 and side QP = 3 cm.
In each case, construct a triangle using only the
three elements given.
a. a, b, V
c
b. a, b, h
c
c. a, b, n
C
d. h
a
, h
b
, h
c
e. ZA, a, h
a
f. V
a
, V
b
, V
c
8.
111
12. In a triangle KLM, m(ZLKM) = 30,
m(ZLMK) = 70 and m(ZKLM) = 80.
O = int AKLM and KO = LO = MO are given.
Find m(ZOKM), m(ZOML) and m(ZOLK).
10. In the figure,
AB = BC,
AD = DB
and BE = EC.
If DC = 3x + 1 and
AE = 4x 1,
find the length x.
A
D
B E C
11. In a triangle DEF, m(ZE) = 65 and m(ZF) = 15,
and DK is an angle bisector. Prove that ADEK is
isosceles.
C. Isosceles, Equilateral and Right
Triangles
9. AKMN is an isosceles triangle with base KN. The
perpendicular bisector of the side MK intersects
the sides MK and MN at the points T and F,
respectively. Find the length of side KN if
P(AKFN) = 36 cm and KM = 26 cm.
13. In the figure,
ABC is an equilateral
triangle.
PE BC, PD AC,
PE = 3 and
PD = 5 are given.
Find the length of one side of the equilateral
triangle.
A
P
B D C
E
3
5
14. In the figure,
AABC is an equilateral
triangle, PE AC,
PD BC, and PF AB.
Given P(AABC) = 45,
find the value of
PD + PE + PF.
A
E
B F C
D
P
15. In the figure,
BH = HC,
AB = DC and
m(ZB) = 54.
Find m(ZBAC).
A
B H C
D
54
?
16. In the figure,
BE = EC and
AD bisects the interior
angle A.
Given AB = 12 and
AC = 7, find the
length of ED.
A
B E C
12
7
D
17. In the figure,
O is the center of the
inscribed circle of
AABC, OB = CD,
AB = AC and
m(ZECD) = 20.
Find the measure of
ZBEC.
A
B C
D
O 20
E
?
18. In a right triangle ETF, the perpendicular
bisector of the leg ET intersects the hypotenuse at
the point M. Find m(ZMTF) if m(ZE) = 52.
19. In triangle DEF, DE = EF, m(ZDEF) = 90 and
the distance from E to DF is 4.8 cm. Find DF.
112
Geometriy 7
29. In the figure,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZAHC) = 90,
m(ZB) = 30 and
HC = 1 cm.
Find the length of BH.
A
B H C
30
1 ?
30. In the figure,
m(ZDBA) = 30,
m(ZABC) = 60 and
AD = 4. Find the
length of BC.
A D
B C
30
60
4
?
26. In a triangle ABC, BC = 72, m(ZBAC) = 30 and
m(ZBCA) = 45. Find the length of the side AB.
27. The larger acute angle A in an obtuse triangle
ABC measures 45. The altitude drawn from the
obtuse angle B divides the opposite side into two
segments of length 9 and 12. Find the length of
the side BC.
28. In the figure,
m(ZM) = 150,
LM = 2 and
MN = 33.
Find the length of KL.
K
L M
N
2
?
33
150
22. In the figure,
BC = 12,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZADC) = 90 and
m(ZABC) = 60.
If AC is the angle
bisector of ZC, find the length of AD.
D
A
B C
12
?
60
24. In the figure,
m(ZA) = m(ZB) = 60,
AD = 7 and
BC = 4.
Find DC.
D
A B
C
60 60
4
7
?
25. In the figure,
AB = AC,
AD = DB and
CD = 8 cm.
Find the length of DB.
C
A
D
B
?
8
23. In the figure,
m(ZA) = 30 and
AB = AC = 16 cm.
Find the value of
PH + PD.
A
H
B P C
D
30
In the figure, APMN is a right triangle, MH PN
and m(ZN) = 15. Find
(Hint: Draw the median to the hypotenuse.)
MH
PN
.
21.
15
P
M
H
N
20. TF is the hypotenuse of a right triangle TMF, and
the perpendicular bisector of the hypotenuse
intersects the leg MF at the point K. Find
m(ZKTF) given m(ZMTF) = 70.
113
34. In the figure,
m(ZA) = 90,
m(ZADC) = 60,
m(ZB) = 30 and
BD = 4 cm.
Find the length of AD.
A
D
B C
60
30
4
?
31. AABC in the figure is
an equilateral triangle.
BH = 5 cm and
HC = 3 cm are given.
Find the length
AD = x.
33. In the figure,
triangle, BD = 4 cm
and AE = 6 cm. Find
the length of EC.
A
B D C
E
6
4
?
32. In the figure,
m(ZC) = 90,
m(ZBAD) = m(ZDAC),
BD = DA and
DC = 3 cm. Find the
length of BD.
A
B D C 3 ?
A
B H C
D
x
5 3
38.
In the figure, NK is the bisector of the interior
angle N and NL = LK. m(ZNMP) = 90 and
m(ZP) = 24 are given. Find m(ZPSM).
M
N S P
K
24
L
?
39. In the figure,
m(ZBAE) = m(ZDAE) = 60,
CB = 6 cm and
CE = 3 cm.
Find the length of CD.
60 60
A
B
C E
3
D
6
35. In the figure,
triangle, PE AC and
PD AB.
PD = 5 cm,
PE = 3 cm and
P(AABC) = 48 cm are
given. Find the length of PH.
P
3
5
A
B D C
H E
?
37. In the figure,
AABC is an isosceles
triangle, AB = AC,
m(ZBAC) = 30 and
2PE = PD = 4.
Find AC.
A
E
B P C
D
2
4
30
36. In a right triangle KLM, m(ZKLM) = 90 and the
perpendicular bisector of the leg LM cuts the
hypotenuse at the point T. If m(ZLMK) = 20,
find m(ZTLK).
40. In the figure,
AB = BC
m(ZADB) = 30 and
AC = 6.
Find the length of CD.
A B
D
C 30
6
?
114
Geometriy 7
52. In the figure,
AT = DB = DC and
m(ZA) = 36.
Find m(ZDBT).
A
T
D B C
E
?
36
48. In the figure,
ED = AC,
BD = DC and
m(ZC) = 63. Find
m(ZEDC).
A
E
B D C
63 ?
49. In the figure,
AB = AC = 18 cm,
PH = 5 cm and
PD = 4 cm.
Find m(ZHPD).
A
H
B P C
D
5
4
?
50. In the figure,
triangle, AH = ED,
AE = EC and
CD = 4 cm.
Find the length of
AB.
A
B H C D
E
4
?
51. In the figure,
AB = AC,
AH = HB,
m(ZA) = 120 and
PB = 8 cm. Find
the length of CP.
C
A B
P
8
H
120
?
42. A rectangular opening in a wall has dimensions
21 cm by 20 cm. Can an empty circular service
tray with a diameter of 28 cm pass through the
opening?
43. Two ships are in the same port. One starts to
travel due west at 40 km/h at 3 p.m. Two hours
later the second ship leaves port, traveling due
south at 60 km/h. How far apart will the ships be
at 7 p.m.?
44. The median drawn from the vertex at the right
angle of a right triangle divides the right angle in
the ratio 13 : 5. Find the smallest angle in this
triangle.
45. In a triangle DEF, m(ZDEF) = 120, DE = 25
and DF = 8. Find the length of the side EF.
46. In the figure,
BD = DC and
BC = 12.
Find the length of AD.
A
B D C
?
47. In the figure,
AD = EB,
CD = DB and
m(ZDEB) = 80. Find
the measure of ZACB.
C
A E B
D
80
?
41. The base and a leg of an isosceles triangle
measure 14 cm and 25 cm respectively. Find the
height of the altitude drawn to the base.
115
53. A line m divides a segment KN with the ratio 2 : 3
at the point M. Find the distances from the points
K and N to m if KN = 40 and the angle between
m and the segment KN is 30.
54. In a triangle KMN, T is the intersection point of
the three angle bisectors and the distance from T
to the side MN is 4. Find the distance from T to
the vertex K if m(ZK) = 60.
55. Prove that in a right triangle ABC with m(ZA) = 90
and acute angles 15 and 75, the altitude to the
hypotenuse measures of the length of the
hypotenuse.
1
4
In the figure,
triangle, m(ZBCE) = 15,
EF = FC, DF EC and
AD = 2 cm are given.
Find AE.
58.
A
E
B C
F
D
15
2
?
57. Prove that if AH is an
altitude and AD is a
median of a triangle
ABC then
|b
2
c
2
| = 2a HD.
A
B H D C
In the figure,
AC BD,
CE = 2AB and
m(ZC) = 15.
Find m(ZCAF).
56.
C
A B
D
E
F
15
?
60. In the figure,
BE = EC, BD AC,
m(ZA) = 45,
m(ZD) = 30 and
DC = 6. Find the
length x.
A
B C
D
E
45
30
x
6
59. In the figure,
NL = LK and
NK is the bisector
of ZN. If
m(ZNMP) = 90
and m(ZMSP) = 120, what is m(ZP)?
M
N S P
K
L
?
120
63. In a triangle ABC, D lies on the side AC and BD is
the interior angle bisector of ZB. If AD = 5 cm,
DC = 6 cm and the sum of the lengths of the sides
a and c is 22 cm, find the value of a.
D. The Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem
61. In a triangle ABC, D = AB and CD is the interior
angle bisector of ZC. Given AC = 9 cm, BD = 8 cm,
AD = m and BC = n, find the value of m n.
64. In a triangle ABC, points C, A and D are collinear
and C, B and E are also collinear. BD is the angle
bisector of ZEBA. If AC = AD and AB = 6 cm,
find the length of BC.
62. In a triangle ABC, D lies on the side BC and AD is
the interior angle bisector of ZA. If AC = BD,
AB = 9 cm and DC = 4 cm, find the length of BD.
116
Geometriy 7
the interior angle bisector of ZA. If AB = AD = 12 cm
and AC = 16 cm, find the length of BD.
72. In a triangle ABC, points D, B and C are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of ZA. If AB = 2m,
AC = 2m + 6, BC = 2m + 2 and DB = 28, find
the value of m.
70. In a triangle ABC, points B, C and D are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of ZA. If CD = 3 BC
and AB = 12 cm, find the length of AC.
71. In a triangle ABC, D = AB, E = BC and AE and CD
are the angle bisectors of ZA and ZC respectively,
intersecting at the point K. If AD = 4, DB = 6 and
AC = 8, find the value of .
AK
KE
73. In the figure, AN and BE
are the angle bisectors of
ZA and ZB respectively.
If AB = 4,
AC = 6 and BC = 5,
find the length of BE.
A
B C
E
4
6
5
N
?
74. In the triangle
ABC at the right,
AD is the angle
bisector of ZA
and BN is the
angle bisector of
ZB. DB = m,
BC = 3, AB = 4 and NC = 2 are given. Find the
value of m.
75. In a triangle ABC, points D, B and C are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of ZA. If AB = 12
and BD = 4 BC, find the length of AC.
A
N
C B D
4
3
2
m
69. In the figure, AD and
BE are the angle
bisectors of ZA and
ZB, respectively,
and
AC = 12 cm.
Find the length of segment DC.
AE
ED
3
=
2
A
B D C
E
12
?
68. In a triangle DEF, E, F and K are collinear and
DK is the exterior angle bisector of the angle D. If
DE = 4 cm, DF = 3 cm and EF = 2 cm, find DK.
the interior angle bisector of ZA. If BD = 3 cm,
DC = 4 cm and AB + AC = 14 cm, find the length
of AD.
65. In a triangle EFM, points F, N and M are collinear
and EN is the interior angle bisector of ZE.
If EN = 6, NM = 3 and FN = 4, find the length
of EF.
117
A. RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES
In this section we will look at some basic rules related to the basic and auxiliary elements of
a triangle.
Activity
Do the following activities and then try to
find a common conjecture.
1. Cut out three identical triangles and
label their vertices K, M and N. Draw a
straight line and place the triangles
along the line as in the diagram at the
far right. What can you say about the
sum of ZK, ZM and ZN?
2. Cut out an acute triangle, a right triangle
and an obtuse triangle. Number the
angles of each triangle 1, 2 and 3 and
tear them off. Finally, put the three
angles of each triangle adjacent to each
other to form one angle as in the
figures at the far right. What can you
say about the sum of the angles in each
triangle?
3. Cut out a triangle ABC and label its
longest side BC. Fold the triangle so that A lies on the fold line and C lies on BC. Label
the intersection T of BC and the fold line. Unfold. Now fold the paper so that A, B and
C coincide with T. How does this activity support the results of activities 1 and 2 above?
Angles in a Triangle
K
N M
K
N M
K
N M
N
K
MNK
K
M
M
N
1
2 3 1
2
3
2
1 3
2
3 1
1
2 2
1
It is indeed wonderful
that so simple a figure
as the triangle is so
inexhaustible in
properties.
How many as yet
unknown properties of
other figures may there
not be?
August Crelle
(1780-1856),
civil engineer and
mathematician
After studying this section you will able to
1. Describe and use relations between angles
2. Describe and use relations between angles
Objectives
118
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
49
In the figure, points A, B, F and E, B, C are
respectively collinear. Given that ZC and ZF
are right angles, m(ZE) = 40 and m(ZA) = o,
find the value of o.
Solution In AEFB by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem,
m(ZE) + m(ZF) + m(ZB) = 180
40 + 90 + m(ZB) = 180
m(ZB) = 50.
By the Vertical Angles Theorem,
m(ZEBF) = m(ZABC)
50 = m(ZABC).
In AABC by the Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem,
m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 180
o + 50 + 90 = 180
o = 40.
B
40
a
A
C
F
E
B
a
A
C
F
E
40
50
Theorem
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.
Proof Given: AABC
Prove: m(Z1) + m(Z2) + m(Z3) = 180
We begin by drawing an auxiliary line DE
through A, parallel to BC. Then we continue
with a two-column proof.
Statements Reasons
1. Z1 = Z4; Z3 = Z5 1. Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
2. m(ZDAE)=m(Z4)+m(Z2)+m(Z5)=180 2. Angle Addition Postulate, by the definition of straight angle
3. m(Z1) + m(Z2) + m(Z3) = 180 3. Substitute 1 into 2
4
2
5
1 3
D A E
B C
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
An auxiliary line is a
line which we add to a
figure to help in a proof.
119
Theorem
The measure of an exterior angle in a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of its two
nonadjacent interior angles.
Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
Proof Given: AABC
Prove: m(Z1) = m(Z3) + m(Z4)
Statements Reasons
1. m(Z1) + m(Z2) = 180
m(Z2) = 180 m(Z1)
1. Linear Pair Postulate
2. m(Z2) + m(Z3) + m(Z4) = 180 2. Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
3. 180 m(Z1) + m(Z3) + m(Z4) = 180 3. Substitute 1 into 2.
4. m(Z1) = m(Z3) + m(Z4) 4. Simplify.
1 2
3
4
Solution m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 180 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem)
3x 10 + 2x + 20 + 5x = 180
10x + 10 = 180
x = 17
Activity
Complete the table for the figure at the right, using the
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem and the Linear Pair Postulate.
What do you notice about the values in the last two columns of the table?
m(Z4) m(Z3) m(Z2) m(Z1) m(Z3) + m(Z4)
75 55
63 135
77 46
39 85
1
2
3
4
EXAMPLE
50
In a triangle ABC, m(ZA) = 3x 10, m(ZB) = 2x + 20 and m(ZC) = 5x.
Find the value of x.
The two interior angles
which are not adjacent
to an exterior angle in a
triangle are sometimes
called remote angles.
A B
C exterior
angle
remote
angles
120
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
53
In a triangle KMN, D lies on side KM. Decide whether each statement about the figure is
possible or impossible. If it is possible, sketch an example.
a. Triangles KDN and MDN are both acute triangles.
b. Triangles KDN and MDN are both right triangles.
c. Triangles KDN and MDN are both obtuse triangles.
d. Triangle KDN is obtuse and triangle KNM is acute.
Solution a. impossible b. possible c. possible d. possible
K D
N
M
50 80
55
30
45
N
K D M K
N
D M
10
120
50
20
100
EXAMPLE
52
In the figure, AB = BD, AD = DC
and m(ZDAC) = 35. Find m(ZB).
Solution m(ZDCA) = m(ZDAC) (Base angles of an isosceles triangle)
= 35
m(ZBDA) = m(ZDAC) + m(ZDCA) (Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem)
= 35 + 35
= 70
m(ZBAD) = m(ZBDA) (Base angles of an isosceles triangle)
= 70
m(ZB) + m(ZBAD) + m(ZBDA) = 180 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem)
m(ZB) + 70 + 70 = 180
m(ZB) = 40
A
B D C
35
EXAMPLE
51
In a triangle ABC, AB AC and m(ZB) = 136. Find m(ZC).
Solution m(ZB) = m(ZA) + m(ZC)
136 = 90 + m(ZC)
46 = m(ZC)
136
B C
A
121
Theorem
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a triangle is equal to 360.
Proof Given: AABC
Prove: m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 360
We will give a flow-chart proof.
m(B) = m(A) + m(C)
m(A) = m(B) + m(C)
m(C) = m(A) + m(B)
Addition Property of Equality
m(A) + m(B) + m(C) =
= 2(m(A) + m(B) + m(C))
Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem
m(A) + m(B) + m(C) =
=2 180 = 360
Triangle Exterior Angle-Sum theorem
EXAMPLE
54
In the figure, m(ZTCA) = 120,
m(ZKAB) = 5x and m(ZPBC) = 7x.
a. Find the value of x.
b. Find m(ZBAC).
Solution a. m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 360 (Triangle Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem)
5x + 7x + 120 = 360
12x = 240
x = 20
b. m(ZKAB) + m(ZBAC) = 180 (Linear Pair Postulate)
(5 20) + m(ZBAC) = 180
m(ZBAC) = 80
A
B
C
A
B
C
5x
120
7x
P
B
A
K
T C
122
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 14
1. The two acute angles in a right triangle measure 0.2x + 6.3 and 3.8x 2.7. Find x.
2. The measures of the interior angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 6 : 8. Find the degree
measures of these angles.
3. The vertex angle of an isosceles triangle measures 42. An altitude is drawn from a base
angle to one of the legs. Find the angle between this altitude and the base of the triangle.
4. In an isosceles triangle, the angle between the altitude drawn to the base of the triangle
and one leg of the triangle measures 16 less than one of the base angles of the triangle.
Find the measure of the vertex angle of this triangle.
5. Two points E and F are drawn on the extension of the side MN of a triangle MNP such
that point M is between the points E and N and point N is between points M and F.
State which angle is the smallest angle in AEPF if EM = MP, NF = NP, m(ZPMN) = 30
and m(ZPNM) = 40.
Solution m(ZA) + m(ZA) = 180 (Linear Pair Postulate)
m(ZA) = 180 m
180 m + n + k = 360 (Triangle Exterior Angle-Sum Theorem)
n + k = 180 + m (1)
Also, m + n + k = 280 (Given)
m + 180 + m = 280 (Substitute (1))
2m = 100
m = 50.
m
180 m
n
k
A
B
C
P
T
EXAMPLE
55
In the figure,
m(ZA) = m,
m(ZB) = n and m(ZC) = k.
Find the value of m if m + n + k = 280.
m
n
k
A
B
C
P
T
123
6. In a triangle DEF, point M lies on the side DF such that ZMDE and ZDEM are acute
angles. Decide whether each statement about the figure is possible or impossible. If it is
possible, sketch an example.
a. AFME is an acute triangle.
b. AFME is a right isosceles triangle.
c. AFME and ADME are both acute triangles.
d. ADME is equilateral and AEMF is isosceles.
e. ADME is isosceles and ADEF is isosceles.
7. In the figure, AKLN is an isosceles triangle in a plane,
m(ZKLN) = 120, and L is the midpoint of the segment KM.
A point P is taken in the same plane such that MP = KL. Find
the measure of ZLPM when
a. the distance between N and P is at its maximum.
b. the distance between N and P is at its minimum.
8. One of the exterior angles of an isosceles triangle measures 85. Find the measure of the
vertex angle of this triangle.
9. State whether each triangle is a possible or impossible figure. If it is possible, sketch an
example. If it is impossible, give a reason why.
a. A triangle with two obtuse exterior angles.
b. A triangle with one acute exterior angle.
c. A triangle with two right exterior angles.
d. A triangle with two acute exterior angles.
10.Find the value of x in each figure, using the information given.
70
115
A
B
C
x
105
B
A
80
x
72
M
N P
x
3x
40
60
C
A
E
D
B
x
a. b. c. d.
N
K L M
120
124
Geometriy 7
Answers
1. 21.6 2. 40, 60 and 80 3. 21 4. 74 5. ZPEF
6. a. possible b. possible c. not possible d. possible e. possible
7. a. 30 b. 60 8. 95
9. a. possible b. possible
c. impossible because the third exterior angle would be 180
d. impossible because the third exterior angle would have to be more than 180
10. a. 45 b. 25 c. 27 d. 80
15
50 30
100
130 150
E
D M F
40
20
65
60 55
50
40
45
45
E
D M F
30
30
30
E
D M F
60
60
30
30
E
D M F
60
Properties 3
1. For any triangle, the following statements are true:
a. The measure of the angle formed by the bisectors of two interior angles of the triangle
is 90 more than half of the third angle, i.e. in the figure,
m(ZBKC) =
b. The measure of the angle formed by
the bisectors of two exterior angles of a
triangle is 90 minus half of the third
angle, i.e. in the figure,
m(ZBTC) = 90
c. The measure of the angle which is
formed by the bisector of one interior
angle and the bisector of a second
exterior angle is the half the measure
of the third interior angle.
We can refer to properties 1a, 1b and 1c as the Angle Bisector Relations Theorem.
Z ( )
.
2
m BAC
Z ( )
90 + .
2
m BAC
a
2
a
2
90 +
a
2
90
A
S
C
T
B
K
a
So far we have looked at some basic properties of angles. Now we will study some other
useful and important properties.
125
2. In any triangle, the measure of the angle
formed by the altitude and the angle
bisector which both extend from the
same vertex is equal to the half the
absolute value of the difference of the
other two angles of the triangle.
3. In any triangle KLM, if N is any point in
the interior of AKLM then
a. m(ZLNM) = m(ZLKM) + m(ZKLN)
+ m(ZKMN).
b. m(ZKNM) = m(ZKLM) + m(ZLKN)
+ m(ZLMN).
c. m(ZKNL) = m(ZKML) + m(ZMLN) + m(ZMKN).
A
B C H N
x
x=
|m(B) m(C)|
2
L M
N
K
Solution Since the incenter is the intersection of the
angle bisectors, both AO and CO are bisectors.
By Property 3.1a,
m(ZAOC)=
Z

( ) 80
90 + =90 + =130 .
2 2
m B
80
A
B C
O
EXAMPLE
56
The triangle ABC at the right has incenter O.
Find m(ZAOC).
80
A
B C
O
EXAMPLE
57
In the figure, K is the intersection point of
the bisectors of the exterior angles at
vertices A and B with m(ZA) = 120
and m(ZB) = 40. Find m(ZBKA).
A
K
B C
120
40
126
Geometriy 7
Solution m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 180 (Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem in AABC)
120 + 40 + m(ZC) = 180
m(ZC) = 20 (1)
m(ZBKA)= (Property 3.1b)
= (Substitute (1))
= 80
20
90
2
Z ( )
90
2
m C
EXAMPLE
58
Find the value of x in the figure.
A
B
C
K
x
E
3x
Solution m(ZC) + m(ZC) = 180 (Linear Pair Postulate)
m(ZC) = 180 3x (1)
m(ZAEB)= (Property 3.1c)
x = (Substitute (1))
5x = 180
x = 36
180 3
2
x
Z ( )
2
m C
EXAMPLE
59
In the figure at the right,
AN is an angle bisector,
m(ZANC) = 100 and
m(ZB) = 2m(ZC).
A
B N C
x
100
127
Solution m(ZC) = x is given, so m(ZB) = 2x.
Let us draw the altitude AH BC.
Since ZANC is an exterior angle of AAHN,
m(ZHAN) + m(ZAHN) = m(ZANC)
m(ZHAN) + 90 = 100
m(ZHAN) = 100 90 = 10
m(ZHAN) = (Property 3.2)
10 =
10 =
x = m(ZC) = 20.
2
x
- |2 |
2
x x
Z Z | ( ) ( )|
2
m B m C
A
B H N C
10
2x
100
x
EXAMPLE
60
One of the acute angles in a right triangle measures 20. Find the angle between the altitude
and the angle bisector which are drawn from the vertex of the right angle of the triangle.
Solution Let us draw an appropriate figure. In the
figure at the right, ZA is the right angle, AN
is the angle bisector and
m(ZNAB) = m(ZNAC) = 45.
Let m(ZC) = 20, then m(ZB) = 70 and
m(ZHAB) = 20.
Therefore, m(ZHAN) = m(ZNAB) m(ZHAB) = 45 20 = 25. This is the required angle
measure.
Note that we can also solve this example by using Property 3.2. This is left as an exercise for
you.
A
B H N C
70
20
25
45
20
EXAMPLE
61
In a triangle KLM, prove that if N is a point in the interior of AKLM then
a. m(ZLNM) = m(ZLKM) + m(ZKLN) + m(ZKMN),
b. m(ZKNM) = m(ZKLM) + m(ZLKN) + m(ZLMN) and
c. m(ZKNL) = m(ZKML) + m(ZMLN) + m(ZMKN).
128
Geometriy 7
Given: N is an interior point of AKLM
Prove: m(Z1) = m(Z2) + m(Z3) + m(Z4)
Proof:
Let us extend segment MN through N and
label the intersection point T of ray MN and segment KL.
m(ZLTN) = m(Z3) + m(Z4) (Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem)
m(Z1) = m(Z2) + m(Z3) + m(Z4) (Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem)
This means m(ZLNM) = m(ZLKM) + m(ZKLN) + m(ZKMN).
The proofs of b. and c. are similar. They are left as an exercise for you.
2
3+4
3
1
4
K
T
L M
N
EXAMPLE
62
AABC is an equilateral triangle and a point D = int AABC such that AD DC and
m(ZDCA) = 42. Find m(ZBAD).
m(ZB) = 60 (AABC is equilateral)
m(ZBCD) = 60 42
= 18 (m(ZBCA) = 60)
m(ZADC) = m(ZB) + m(ZBAD) + m(ZBCD) (Property 3.3)
90 = 60 + m(ZBAD) + 18
m(ZBAD) = 12
A
B C
D
60
42
129
Check Yourself 15
1. Each figure shows a triangle with two or more angle bisectors. Find the indicated angle
measures in each case.
2. In the triangle ABC at the right, AN is an angle bisector
and AH is an altitude. Given m(ZC) m(ZB) = 36, find
m(ZHAN).
3. A student draws the altitude and the angle bisector at the vertex of the right angle of a right
triangle. The angle between them is 18. Find the measure of the larger acute angle in the
right triangle.
4. Find the value of x in the figure.
Answers
1. a. 110 b. 80 c. 35 d. 40 e. p f. 80 2. 18 3. 63 4. 15
4x
2x
x
105
A
B N H C
P
Q R
40
x
S
x = ?
S
K T
x
50
M
x = ?
x
70
P
Q R
M
x = ?
E
Q
P
R
M
p
y
x
x y = ? (in terms of p)
S
T K
M
70
x
x = ?
S
M
K T
y = ?
3x+70
2x
y
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
130
Geometriy 7
B. RELATIONS BETWEEN ANGLES AND SIDES
Theorem
If one side of a triangle is longer than another side of the triangle then the measure of the angle
opposite the longer side is greater than the measure of the angle opposite the shorter side. In
other words, if two sides of a triangle have unequal lengths then the measures of the angles
opposite them are also unequal and the larger angle is opposite the longer side.
Proof Given: AABC with AB > AC
Prove: m(ZC) > m(ZB)
A
K
B C
3
2
1
longer side opposite larger angle
We begin by locating K on AB such that AK = AC. We then draw CK and continue with a two-
column proof.
Statements Reasons
1. AB > AC 1. Given
2. AAKC is isosceles 2. Definition of isosceles triangle (AK = AC)
3. Z3 = Z2 3. Base angles in an isosceles triangle are congruent.
4. m(ZACB) = m(Z2) + m(Z1) 4. Angle Addition Postulate
5. m(ZACB) > m(Z2) 5. Definition of inequality
6. m(ZACB) > m(Z3) 6. Substitution property
7. m(Z3) > m(ZB) 7. Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
8. m(ZACB) > m(ZB) 8. Transitive property of inequality
EXAMPLE
63
Write the angles in each triangle in order of
their measures.
Solution a. Since 7 > 5 > 3, m(ZA) > m(ZB) > m(ZC).
b. Since 5 = 5 > 4, m(ZE) = m(ZF) > m(ZD).
5 5
4
D
E F
A
B C
5
3
7
a. b.
131
Theorem
If two angles in a triangle have unequal measures then the sides opposite them have unequal
lengths and the longer side is opposite the larger angle.
Proof Given: AABC with m(ZB) > m(ZC)
Prove: AC > AB
We will give a proof by contradiction in
paragraph form.
According to the trichotomy property, exactly
one of three cases holds: AC < AB, AC = AB
or AC > AB.
+ Let us assume that either AC = AB or AC < AB and look for a contradiction.
+ If AC < AB then m(ZB) < m(ZC) by the previous theorem. Also, if AC = AB then
m(ZB) = m(ZC) by the definition of an isosceles triangle.
+ In both cases we have a contradiction of the fact that m(ZB) > m(ZC). That means that
our assumption AC s AB must be false. By the trichotomy property, it follows that AC > AB.
A
B C
larger angle opposite longer side
Trichotomy property
For any two real numbers
a and b, exactly one of
the following is true:
a < b, a = b, a > b.
EXAMPLE
64
Order the sides of triangle in the figure
according to their length.
Solution m(ZA) + m(ZB) + m(ZC) = 180
2x + 40 + 20 + 3x 10 = 180
5x = 130
x = 26
So m(ZA) = (2 26) + 40 = 92 and m(ZC) = (3 26) 10 = 68.
Since m(ZA) > m(ZC) > m(ZB), by the previous theorem we have a > c > b.
A
B C
20
(2x + 40)
(3x 10)
c
a
b
EXAMPLE
65
In the figure at the right, KN = KM.
Prove that KT > KM.
K
T N M
1
2
4
3
132
Geometriy 7
Solution Given: KN = KM
Prove: KT > KM
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. KN = KM 1. Given
2. Z2 = Z3 2. Base angles of isosceles triangle KNM
3. m(Z2) = m(Z1) + m(Z4) 3. Triangle Exterior Angle Theorem
4. m(Z2) > m(Z1) 4. By 3
5. m(Z3) > m(Z1) 5. Substitute 2 into 4.
6. KT > KM 6. By the previous theorem
EXAMPLE
66
Prove that in any triangle ABC, a + b + c > h
a
+ h
b
+ h
c
, where h
a
, h
b
and h
c
are the altitudes
to the sides a, b and c, respectively.
Solution Given: AABC with altitudes h
a
, h
b
and h
c
Prove: (a + b + c) > (h
a
+ h
b
+ h
c
)
Proof:
Look at the figure. By the previous theorem,
in right triangle BCD, BC > BD, i.e. a > h
b
; (1)
in right triangle AEC, AC > CE, i.e. b > h
c
; (2)
in right triangle ABH, AB > AH, i.e. c > h
a
. (3)
Adding inequalities (1), (2) and (3) gives (a + b + c) > (h
a
+ h
b
+ h
c
).
A
E
B H C
D
EXAMPLE
67
Find the longest line segment in the figure
using the given angle measures.
A
B C
D
62
60
59
61
55 63
Solution In AABC, m(ZB) > m(ZA) > m(ZC) so AC > BC > AB. (1) (By the previous theorem)
In AADC, m(ZC) > m(ZA) > m(ZD) so AD > CD > AC. (2) (By the previous theorem)
Combining (1) and (2) gives us AD > DC > AC > BC > AB. So AD is the longest segment in
the figure.
133
Check Yourself 16
1. Write the measures of the angles in each triangle in increasing order.
2. Write the lengths of the sides of each triangle in increasing order.
3. Find the longest line segment in each figure using the given angle measures.
Answers
1. a. m(ZB) < m(ZA) < m(ZC) b. m(ZM) < m(ZP) < m(ZN) c. m(ZN) < m(ZK) < m(ZM)
2. a. c < b < a b. n = m < k c. k < s = t 3. a. CD b. PK c. BC
65
60
62
60
A
B
C
D
P
M N
K
60
61
60
E
A
B
C
D
61
59
66
60
67
57
a. b. c.
80
50
50
K
N
M
S
K
T
70
40
A
B C
80
60 40
a. b. c.
A
B
C
8
4
7
P
M
N
10
5
9
K
M N
6
8
a. b. c.
Activity
For this activity you will need a piece of string and a ruler.
+ Cut the string into eight pieces of different lengths. Measure the lengths and label or
mark each piece with its length.
+ Take any three pieces of string and try to form a triangle with them.
+ Make a table to note the lengths of the pieces of string and whether or not they formed
a triangle.
+ Repeat the activity until you have two successes and two failures at making a triangle.
+ Look at your table. Which lengths of string together made a triangle? Which lengths
didnt make a triangle? What conjecture can you make about the sides of a triangle?
Triangle Inequality
134
Geometriy 7
Properties 4
Triangle Inequality Theorem
In any triangle ABC with sides a, b and c, the following inequalities are true:
|b c| < a < (b + c),
|a c| < b < (a + c),
|a b| < c < (a + b).
The converse is also true. This property is also called the Triangle Inequality Theorem.
Solution In AABC, |10 5| < x < (10 + 5) (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
5 < x < 15. (1)
In ADBC, |7 4| < x < (7 + 4) (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
3 < x < 11. (2)
The possible values of x are the elements of the common solution of inequalities (1) and (2),
i.e. 5 < x < 11.
So x = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
EXAMPLE
69
Find all the possible integer values of x in the
figure.
A
B
D
C
10
5
4
7
x
EXAMPLE
68
Is it possible for a triangle to have sides with the lengths indicated?
a. 7, 8, 9 b. 0.8, 0.3, 1 c.
1 1
, , 1
2 3
Solution We can check each case by using the Triangle Inequality Theorem.
a. |9 8| < 7 < (8 + 9)
|8 9| < 8 < (7 + 9)
|7 8| < 9 < (7 + 8).
This is true, so by the
Triangle Inequality
Theorem this is a
possible triangle.
b. |0.8 0.3| < 1 < (0.8 + 0.3)
|1 0.3| < 0.8 < (1 + 0.3)
|1 0.8| < 0.3 < (1 + 0.8).
This is true, so by the
Triangle Inequality Theorem
this is a possible triangle.
c. This is impossible,
since
1<
1 1
.
2 3
+
135
EXAMPLE
70
Find the greatest possible integer value of m
in the figure, then find the smallest possible
integer value of n for this case.
Solution In AABD, |9 6| < m < (9 + 6) (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
3 < m < 15.
So the greatest possible integer value of m is 14.
In AADC, |8 m| < n < (m + 8) (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
|8 14| < n < (14 + 8) (m = 14)
6 < n < 22.
So when m = 14, the smallest possible integer value of n is 7.
A
B
D C
m
9
6
n
8
Properties 5
1. In any triangle ABC,
a. if m(ZA) = 90 then
b. if m(ZA) < 90 then |b c| < a <
c. if m(ZA) > 90 then < a < (b + c).
2. In any triangle ABC, if P = int AABC
then (BP + PC) < (BA + AC).
3. In any triangle ABC, if m(ZB) > m(ZC) or m(ZB) < m(ZC) then h
a
< n
A
< V
a
.
A
B H N D C
h
a
n
A
V
a
A
B H N D C
h
a
n
A
V
a
A
B C
P
2 2
+ b c
2 2
+ . b c
2 2
+ = <( + ). b c a b c
136
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
71
In a triangle ABC, m(ZA) > 90, c = 6 and b = 8. Find all the possible integer lengths of a.
Solution Since m(ZA) > 90, < a < (b + c) by Property 5.1.
Substituting the values in the question gives < a < (8 + 6), i.e.
10 < a < 14. So a = {11, 12, 13}.
2 2
8 +6
2 2
+ b c
EXAMPLE
72
In the triangle ABC shown opposite,
P = int AABC, AB = 10, AC = 8 and BC = 9.
Find the sum of all the possible integer val-
ues of PB + PC.
Solution + In APBC, BC < (BP + PC) by the Triangle
Inequality Theorem.
So 9 < BP + PC. (1)
+ In AABC, (PB + PC) < (AB + AC) by Property 5.2.
So PB + PC < 10 + 8. (2)
+ Combining (1) and (2) gives 9 < (PB + PC) < 18.
+ So the possible integer values for PB + PC are 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
+ The required sum is therefore 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 = 108.
A
P
B C
10
9
8
EXAMPLE
73
Prove that the sum of the lengths of the medians of a triangle is greater than half of the
perimeter and less than the perimeter.
Given: AABC with centroid G
Prove:
Proof:
We need to prove two inequalities.
+ +
<( + + )<( + + ).
2
a b c
a b c
V V V a b c
A
B D
E
C
F
G
Remember!
The centroid of a
triangle is the point of
intersection of its
medians.
137
Proof that We will use the Triangle Inequality Theorem three times.
+ In ACEB, (CE + EB) > BC, i.e. (V
c
+ ) > a. (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
+ In AADC, (AD + DC) > AC, i.e. (V
a
+ ) > b. (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
+ In AABF, (BF + FA) > AB, i.e. (V
b
+ ) > c. (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
So (V
c
+ V
a
+ V
b
+ + + ) > (a + b + c). (Addition Property of Inequality)
So (1) (Subtraction Property of Inequality)
Proof that V
a
+ V
b
+ V
c
< a + b + c:
For the second part of the inequality, let us
draw another figure as shown at the right
and extend the median AD through D to a
point K such that
AD = DK. (2)
Then join K and B. Now,
BD = DC (AD is a median)
m(ZBDK) = m(ZADC) (Vertical angles)
AD = DK. (By (2))
So by the SAS Congruence Postulate,
ADBK = ADCA and so
|BK| = |CA| = b.
Then, in AABK,
2V
a
< b + c. (3) (Triangle Inequality
Theorem)
By considering the other medians in a similar way
we get 2V
b
< (a + c) and 2V
c
< (a + b). (4)
Adding the inequalities from (3) and (4) side by side gives us
2(V
a
+ V
b
+ V
c
) < 2(a + b + c). So (V
a
+ V
b
+ V
c
) < (a + b + c). (5)
Finally, by (1) and (5), as required.
+ +
<( + + )<( + + )
2
a b c
a b c
V V V a b c
A
B D C
a
2
a
2
V
a
b
c
A
B
D
C
K
a
2
a
2
V
a
V
a
b
c
b
+ +
( + + .
2
a b c
a b c
V V V ) >
2
b
2
a
2
c
2
b
2
a
2
c
:
2
a b c
a+b+c
<V +V +V
138
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
75
Prove that for any triangle ABC,
if P = int AABC and x, y and z are as shown
in the figure then
(x + y + z) < (a + b + c) < 2(x + y + z), i.e.
+ +
<( + + )<( + + ).
2
a b c
x y z a b c
A
P
B C
c
a
b
y
z
x
Solution Let M and N be as in figure 1, and let be a line representing the river. Then we can use the
following method to locate A:
1. Draw a ray from N perpendicular to , intersecting at point B.
2. Locate point C on the extension of NB such that NB = BC.
3. Draw KC.
4. Locate A at the intersection of KC and , as shown in figure 2.
Now we need to show that A is really the location which makes AN + AK as small as
possible. Figure 3 shows an alternative location X on l. Notice that in AKXC, (KX + XC) > KC
by the Triangle Inequality Theorem. So (KX + XC) > (KA + AC) (1) by the Segment Addition
Postulate. Since AB NC and NB = BC, ANXC is isosceles with XC = NX (2). By the same
reasoning, ANAC is isosceles with NA = AC (3). Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives us
(KX + XN) > (KA + AN). So A is the best location for the station.
The result we have just proved does not mean that for a given triangle, the sum of the
medians can be anything between the half perimeter and full perimeter of the triangle. This
is because the lengths of the medians are directly related to the lengths of the sides. As we
will see in the next chapter, once we know the lengths of the three sides of a triangle then
we can calculate the lengths of its medians. Their sum is a fixed number.
Remark
EXAMPLE
74
Two towns K and N are on the same side of the river Nile. The residents of the two towns
want to construct a water pumping station at a point A on the river. To minimize the cost of
constructing pipelines from A to K and N, they wish to locate A along the Nile so that the
distance AN + AK is as small as possible. Find the corresponding location for A and show that
any other location requires a path which is longer than the path through A.
X
C
A
B
K
N
l
K
N
figure 1 figure 3
K
N
A
B
figure 2
C
l l
139
Check Yourself 17
1. Two sides of a triangle measure 24 cm and 11 cm respectively. Find the perimeter of the
triangle if its third side is equal to one of other two sides.
2. Determine whether each ratio could be the ratio of the lengths of the sides of a triangle.
a. 3 : 4 : 5 b. 4 : 3 : 1 c. 10 : 11 : 15 d. 0.2 : 0.3 : 0.6
3. The lengths of the sides DE and EF of a triangle DEF are 4.5 and 7.8. What is the greatest
possible integer length of DF?
4. The base of an isosceles triangle measures 10 cm and the perimeter of the triangle is an
integer length. What is the smallest possible length of the leg of this triangle?
5. In an isosceles triangle KLM, KL = LM = 7 and m(ZK) < 60. If the perimeter of the
triangle is an integer, how many possible triangle(s) KLM exist?
6. In a triangle ABC, AB = 9 and BC = 12. If m(ZB) < 90, find all the possible integer
lengths of AC.
Answers
1. 59 cm 2. a. yes b. no c. yes d. no 3. 12 4. 5.5 cm 5. six triangles
6. AC = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14}
The example that we have just seen shows an application of triangle inequality. But the result
we obtained does not mean that the value of x + y + z can be any number less than
a + b + c. In other words, the maximum value of x + y + z may be a lot less than a + b + c.
In fact, the maximum value of x + y + z is always less than the sum of the lengths of the
two longer sides of the triangle, because as the interior point moves towards one of the
vertices, two distances increase but the third distance decreases. When this interior point
reaches the vertex point, the distance to this point becomes zero and the sum of the distances
becomes the sum of the two sides which include this vertex. So the maximum value of
x + y + z will always be less than the sum of the length of the two longer sides.
Remark
Solution + In AABP, c < (x + z). (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
+ In AAPC, b < (y + z). (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
+ In ABPC, a < (x + z). (Triangle Inequality Theorem)
So (a + b + c) < 2(x + y + z). (1) (Addition property of inequality)
+ Also, (x + y) < (c + b), (Property 5.2)
(y + z) < (a + c) and (Property 5.2)
(x + z) < (b + a). (Property 5.2)
So (x + y + z) < (a + b + c) (2) (Addition property of inequality)
As a result, (x +y +z) <(a +b +c) <2(x +y +z), (By (1) and (2))
or equivalently,
+ +
<( + + )<( + + ).
2
a b c
x y z a b c
140
Geometriy 7
8. In the triangle ABC at
the right,
AB = AD = BE,
m(ZA) = 114 and
m(ZB) = 60. Find
m(ZEDC).
A
B E
D
C
60
114
?
A. Relations Between Angles
1. Each figure below shows triangles with two or
more congruent sides. Find the value of x in each
figure, using the information given.
2. An angle in a triangle measures 20 less than the
measure of the biggest angle in the triangle. The
measure of the third angle is half the measure of
the biggest angle. Find the measures of all three
angles.
4. In a triangle ABC, the angle bisector of the interior
angle ZC makes an angle of 40 with the side AB.
Find the angle between the bisector of the exterior
angle ZC and the extension of the side AB.
6. In the triangle MNP
opposite,
MS = MP,
ST = TP,
m(ZM) = 94 and
m(ZN) = 26. Find m(ZMST).
5. In a triangle KMN, the altitudes to sides KM and
MN intersect each other at a point P. Find
m(ZKPN) if m(ZKNM) = 72 and m(ZNKM) = 64.
3. The two acute angles in a right triangle measure
and respectively. Find x and
the measures of these angles.
( 25)
4
x
2
( +5)
3
x
EXERCISES 3.3
15
x
M
N R P
48
A
B C E D
m(BAC) = x
x
Q
T
S
M R P
A
B D C
x
T
x
9
M N
S
TM = TN
30
S
T M J
x
M
N S Q
x
2x
M
K
P
N J K
52
x
a. b.
c. d.
e. f.
g. h.
M
94
26
S
N T P
?
the right,
BD = BE = BC and
segment EB bisects
ZB.
If m(ZACD) = 18,
find m(ZABC).
A
18
E F
D
B C
141
B. Relations Between Angles and Sides
17. Each figure shows the lengths of two sides of a
triangle. Write an interval for the possible length
of the third side.
A
B C
8
6
a
P
R S
12
8
p
m
3
4
K
L
M
a. b. c.
11. The bisectors of the interior angles ZD and ZF in
a triangle DEF intersect at the point T. Find the
measure of ZDEF if its measure is one-third of
m(ZDTF).
12. a, b and b are the measures of the interior angles
of an isosceles triangle such that a and b are
integers and 24 < b < 38. Find the smallest
possible value of a.
13. In a triangle DEF, point M is on the side DF and
ZMDE and ZDEM are acute angles.
Draw an appropriate figure for each of the
following, if it is possible.
a. AFME is obtuse
b. AFME is equilateral
c. ADME is equilateral and ADEF is isosceles
d. ADME is isosceles and AEMF is isosceles
e. ADME is isosceles and ADEF is equilateral
14. x, y and z are the exterior angles of a triangle.
Determine whether each ratio is a possible ratio
of x : y : z.
a. 2 : 3 : 5
b. 1 : 2 : 3
c. 6 : 11 : 19
d. 12 : 15 : 21
9. In the figure,
PQ = PS = PR and
m(ZSPR) = 24. Find
m(ZSQR).
P
24
Q R
S
E
?
10. In the figure opposite,
m(ZNMT) = 16,
m(ZTMP) = 44,
m(ZP) = 38 and
m(ZSNT) = 22.
Find m(ZTSN).
22
16
44
M
N P
S
38
T
15. Find the value of x in
the figure.
x
140
145
130
16. In an isosceles triangle KMN, the bisectors of the
base angles ZK and ZM intersect each other at a
point T. Prove that m(ZKTM) = m(K).
18. For each figure, state the interval of possible
values for the length x.
K
M
N
P
x
12
4
7
8
A
B
D
C
x
8
6
4 5
A
B D
C
6
10
7
5
x
a. b. c.
142
Geometriy 7
28. For each figure, order the numbered angles
according to their size.
27. A triangle has side lengths 2x + y, 2y + 3x and 2x.
Which one is bigger: x or y?
18
20
20
1
2
3
1
3
2
n 1
n
n + 1
1
2 3
17 4.20
82
20
16
2
15
1
3
a. b.
c. d.
19. A triangle ABC has sides a, b and c with integer
lengths. How many triangles can be formed such
that b = c and a b = 18?
20. In the figure, a, b
and c are integers.
Calculate the smallest
possible value of
a + b + c, using the
information given.
D
A
F
C
E
B
c
b
a
5
9
6
7 5
6
22. In the figure,
m(ZA) > 90 and
m(ZC) > 90.
If AB = 6 cm,
AD = 10 cm,
BC = 12 cm and
CD = 5 cm, find
the sum of the all the possible integer lengths of
the side BD.
A
B D
C
10
6
12
5
23. In the triangle ABC
at the right,
AD = 9 cm,
BD = 6 cm,
DC = 8 cm,
AC = x cm and
AB = y cm.
Find the sum of the smallest and largest possible
integer values of x + y.
A
B
D
C
x
9
y
6 8
24. In the figure,
AB = 8 cm,
AC = 10 cm,
BD = 3 cm,
CD = 7 cm and
BC = 2x + 1 cm.
Find the sum of
all the possible integer values of x.
A
B
D
C
10
8
3
7
2x + 1
25. In the figure,
AB = 8 cm,
BC = 12 cm,
CD = 6 cm and
DA = 4 cm.
Find the number
of possible integer lengths of AC.
6
12
8
4
C
D
A
B
21. In the figure,
AC = 9 cm,
BC = a,
AB = c and
m(ZBAC) > 90.
Find the smallest
possible value of a + c if a, c = .
9 c
a
A
B C
26. In each case determine whether it is possible for
a triangle to have sides with the lengths given.
a. 13, 9, 5 b. 5, 5, 14
c. 8, 8, 16.1 d. 17, 11, 6
e. 0.5, 0.6, 1 f. 18, 18, 0.09
143
31. A student has five sticks, each with an integer
length. He finds that he cannot form a triangle
using any three of these sticks. What is the shortest
possible length of the longest stick, if
a. the lengths of the sticks can be the same?
b. all the sticks have different lengths?
(Hint: Use the Triangle Inequality Theorem.)
32. How many distinct isosceles triangles have
integer side lengths and perimeter 200 cm?
30. State the longest line segment in each figure.
C
B A
(x + 10)
110
(x 8)
A
B C
D
70 70
10
A
C D
B
10
20
A
B
D
C
20
65
60
80
a. b.
c. d.
29. Determine whether each statement is true or
false.
a. In a triangle ABC, if the measure of ZA is 57
and the measure of ZB is 64 then the shortest
side of AABC is AB.
b. In a triangle KMN, if the measure of ZK is 43
and the measure of ZM is 47 then the shortest
side of AKMN is KM.
c. In a triangle ABC, if ZB is an obtuse angle and
AH BC then HA < AB.
d. If an isosceles triangle KTA with base KA has
TA < KA then the measure of ZT is always less
than 90.
e. An angle bisector in an equilateral triangle is
shorter than any of the sides.
f. All obtuse triangles are isosceles.
g. Some right triangles are equilateral.
33. How many triangles can be drawn if the length of
the longest side must be 11 units and all side
lengths must be integer values?
35. In a triangle ABC, AB = 8 cm, BC = x and AC = y.
If m(ZA) > 90 and x, y = , find the
smallest possible value of x + y.
34. In the figure,
AD = 5 cm,
AB = 12 cm,
BC = 9 cm and
DC = 8 cm.
If m(ZA) > 90 and
m(ZC) < 90, find
all possible integer
values of BD.
A
B
C
D
5
8
9
12
?
144
Geometriy 7
40. In a triangle DTF, m(ZD) = 90 and m(ZF) < 45.
a. 2 m(ZT), m(ZD)
b. FT, 2DF
c. FD, DT
d. m(ZF), 2m(ZT)
41. In a triangle DEF, m(ZD) > m(ZE) = m(ZF).
a. m(ZD), 60
b. m(ZE), 60
42. In a triangle DEF, m(ZE) = 120 and EF > DE.
a. 120, 3 m(ZD)
b. 2 m(ZE), 3 m(ZD)
39.
a. (x 10), (y + 20)
b. MB + MC, AB + AC
A
B C
30
y
x
M
36. How many distinct triangles have integer side
lengths and perimeter 11?
37. Prove each theorem.
a. Hinge Theorem:
If two sides of one triangle are congruent to
two sides of another triangle, and if the included
angle of the first triangle is larger than the
included angle of the second, then the third
side of the first triangle is longer than the third
side of the second.
b. Converse of the Hinge Theorem:
If two sides a and b of one triangle are
congruent to two sides d and e of another
triangle, and if the third side of the first
triangle is longer than the third side of the
second, then the angle between a and b is
larger than the angle between d and e.
38.
a. 130, x b. y, 90
c. y, x d. KM, MN
x
130
y
K
M N
Instructions for questions 38 to 42
Each question gives two quantities to be compared,
separated by a comma. In each case, use the figure or
extra information to compare the quantities. Write
A if the first quantity is greater than the second,
B if the first quantity is smaller than the second,
C if the quantities are equal, or
D if the extra information is not enough for you to
be able to compare the quantities.
All variables represent real numbers. Figures are
generally not drawn to scale.
145
A. DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
Let A(x
1
, y
1
) be a point and d: ax + by + c = 0 be a line, then the distance from A to the
line d is
.
1 1
2 2
| + + |
=
+
ax by c
l
a b
Theorem
Proof
Let the distance of A(x
1
, y
1
) to the line
d: ax + by + c = 0 be l = AH.
Take C(x
2
, y
2
) = AD d. x
2
= x
1
and y
2
= CD
C is a point on the line ax + by + c = 0, so
ax
1
+ b CD + c = 0
b CD = a x
1
c
So we have the coordinates of C,
Now, o is the inclination of d and o = m(ZCBD) = m(ZCAH) (angles with perpendicular sides).
In the right triangle ACH, and AH = AC cos o ...(1)
Now, lets find the equivalent expressions for AC and coso.
AC = AD CD =
We know sec
2
o = 1 + tan
2
o
so , and
so o
- -
2 2
1 1
cos = = ...(3)
1+( ) 1 ( )
a a
b b
tan =
a
m
b
o -
o
o
2
1
cos =
1+tan
- - - - -
1 1 1 1
( ), so = ...(2)
a c a c
y x AC y x
b b b b
o cos =
AH
AC
1 1
( , ).
a c
C x x
b b
- -
1
.
a c
CD x
b b
O
y
A(x
1
, y
1
)
C(x
1
, |CD|)
a
a
H
B D
x
d
distance from a point to a line
1. Find the distance from a point to a line.
2. Find the distance between two parallel lines.
Objectives
146
Geometriy 7
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1),
l = AH = AC cos o, and since l is the distance,
1 1
1 1
1 1
2 2 2
2 2
2
+ +
+ +
1
= ( ) = = .
1
+
+
1+
a c
y x
ax by c
a c
b b
l y x
b b
a a b
a b
b
b
- -
O(0, 0) = O(x
1
, y
1
). Using the formula,
-
-
1 1
2 2 2 2
| + + | |0 0+4| 4 4 2
= = = = =2 2.
2 2
+ 1 +( 1)
ax by c
l
a b
Solution
EXAMPLE
76
Find the distance from the point O(0, 0) to the line x y + 4 = 0.
A(5, 2) A(x
1
, y
1
). Using the formula,
-
1 1
2 2 2 2
| + + | |3 5 4 2+5| 12
= = = =2.4.
5
+ 3 +4
ax by c
l
a b
Solution
EXAMPLE
77
Find the distance from A(5, 2) to the line 3x 4y + 5 = 0.

1 1
2 2
| + + | |5 12 12 5+5 |
= = =10
25+144
+
|5 |
= =10, so |5 |=130, i.e. 5 = 130, and so = 26.
13
ax by c k
l
a b
k
l k k k
Solution
EXAMPLE
78
The distance from A(12, 5) to the line 5x 12y + 5k = 0 is ten units. Find the possible values
of k.
Check Yourself 18
1. Find the distance from the point P(2, 3) to the line 3x + 4y + 9 = 0.
2. Find the distance from the point A(1, 4) to the line y = 3x 4.
3. The distance between the point P(k, 3) and the line 4x 3y + 5 is 4 units. Find k.
Answers
1. 3 2. 3. k {4, 6}
10
2
147
Let d
1
: a
1
x + b
1
y + c
1
= 0
d
2
: a
2
x + b
2
y + c
2
= 0 be two parallel lines.
Since d
1

d
2
, we can write , so a
1
= k a
2
and b
1
= k b
2
.
Now, lets substitute these values into d
1
:
k a
2
x + k b
2
y + c
1
= 0
k(a
2
x + b
2
y + ) = 0.
k 0, so we get d
1
: a
2
x + b
2
y + = 0.
When we compare d
1
with d
2
, we see that their difference is a constant number.
In general, we can write two parallel lines d
1
and d
2
as:
d
1
: ax + by + c
1
= 0
d
2
: ax + by + c
2
= 0.
1
c
k
1
c
k
1 1
2 2
a b
k
a b

Let d
1
: ax+ by + c
1
= 0 and d
2
: ax + by + c
2
= 0 be two parallel lines. Then the distance
between d
1
and d
2
is .
-
2 1
2 2
| |
=
+
c c
l
a b
Theorem
B. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES
distance between two parallel lines
Solution
EXAMPLE
79
Find the distance between the parallel lines x 2y + 5 = 0 and 3x 6y + 9 = 0.
Proof The distance of any point A(x, y) on line d
1
to the line d
2
is
In the equation of d
1
: ax + by + c = 0
ax + by = c
1
, and so
2 1
2 2
| |
= .
+
c c
l
a b
-
2
2 2
| + + |
.
+
ax by c
a b
l
A(x, y)
d
2
d
1
It is important to notice that to find the distance between two parallel lines, first of all we
need to equalize the coefficients of x and y.
Remark
- -

=
` `
- -
' '
-
=
`
-
'
1
1
2
1
1 2
2 2
2
: 2 +5=0 3 6 +15=0
was multiplied by 3.
: 3 6 +9=0 3 6 +9=0
Now, we have =15
| | 15 9 6 6 2 5
= = = = = .
5 9+36 45 3 5
=9
d x y x y
d
d x y x y
c
c c
l
a b c
148
Geometriy 7
There is also another way to solve the problem:
The distance between d
1
and d
2
is the same as the distance of any point on d
1
or d
2
to the
other line.
For example, A(0, 4) is one point on d
2
, and the distance of A to d
1
is
The solution is the same.
1 1
2 2
|3 2 +5| |3 0 2( 4)+5| 13
= = = 13.
13 13
3 +(2)
x y
l
- -

- -

=
` `
- - -

' '
-
=
`
-
'
1 1
2 2
1
1 2
2 2 2 2
2
: 3 2 +5=0 : 3 2 +5=0
: 3 +2 +8 =0 : 3 2 8 =0
So =5
| | |5+8| 13
= = = = 13.
13
3 +(2) =8
d x y d x y
d x y d x y
c
c c
l
a b c
Solution
EXAMPLE
80
Find the distance between the parallel lines 3x 2y + 5 = 0 and 3x + 2y + 8 = 0.
Check Yourself 19
1. Find the distance between the lines 4x 3y 5 = 0 and 12x + 9y + 4 = 0.
2. The lines x + 2y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 6y + k = 0 are parallel and the distance between
them is 5. Find k.
3. Find the area of the square whose two sides are on the parallel lines 2x + y 2 = 0 and
4x + 2y + 6 = 0.
Answers
1. 2. k {12, 18} 3. 5
11
15
149
A. Distance from a Point to a Line
1. Find the distance from the point A(2, 3) to the
line 8x + 6y 15 = 0.
4. The distance between P(1, 2) and the line
7x y + k = 0 is 42 units. Find k.
5. The points A(1, 3), B(2, 1) and C(3, 1) are the
vertices of the triangle ABC. Find the length of
the altitude of BC.
6. The distance from P( , k) to the line
12x + 9y 1 = 0 is 2 units. Find k.
1
2
8. The distance between the parallel lines
12x + 9y 2 = 0 and ax + 3y + c = 0 is three
units. Find the ratio > , if 0.
a
c
c
B. Distance Between Two Parallel
Lines
7. Find the distance between each pair of parallel
lines.
a. 2x + 3y 4 = 0 and 2x + 3y 17 = 0
b. x y 4 = 0 and 2x + 2y 7 = 0
c. y = 2x + 1 and 2y = 4x 3
3. The distance from a line with equation
y 4 = m(x + 2) to the origin is 2. Find m.
2. The distance between B(2, 3) and the line
12y 5x = k is . Find k.
5
13
Write the equations of the lines which are four
units away from the line 3x + 4y + 10 = 0.
9.
10. The distance between the parallel lines

3x + 4y 6 = 0 and 4x ky + 4 = 0 is p. Find
k + p.
EXERCISES 3.4
Angles Chapter 3 Review Test A
1. In the triangle ABC in
the figure,
m(ZA) = 4x,
m(ZB) = x and
m(ZC) = 30. Find the value of x.
A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 E) 30
A
B C
4x
x
30
6. Which is the longest
side in the figure,
according to the given
angle measures?
A) BC B) AB C) BD D) CD E) BE
7. In a triangle DEF, DE = EF and DF > EF.
Which statement is true?
A) DE < (DF EF) B) m(ZE) > m(ZF)
C) m(ZE) < m(ZD) D) m(ZE) = 60
E) m(ZE) = m(ZD)
A B
E
D
C
62
61
60
60
8. What is the sum of
the smallest and
largest possible integer
values of x in the
figure?
A) 26 B) 24 C) 22 D) 20 E) 17
A
B
D
C
8
10
14
10
x
4. In the figure,
m(ZP) = 45,
m(ZN) = 36 and
m(ZR) = 25. Find
the value of x.
A) 260 B) 256 C) 254 D) 248 E) 244
P
R
N
S
25
36
x
45
2. In a triangle MNP, the interior angle bisectors of
ZM and ZP intersect at the point S. Given that
ZN measures 40, find m(ZPSM).
A) 95 B) 100 C) 105 D) 110 E) 120
5. Two sides of a triangle have lengths 8 and 12.
What is the sum of the minimum and maximum
possible integer values of the length of the third
side?
A) 24 B) 22 C) 19 D) 18 E) 16
3. In the triangle STK
opposite, N = TK and
SN is the interior angle
bisector of ZS.
If m(ZT) m(ZK) = 40,
find m(ZSNK).
A) 110 B) 105 C) 100 D) 95 E) 90
S
T N K
?
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TEST A
151
9. In a triangle ABC, D = BC and AD bisects ZA. If
AB = 6 cm, BD = 3 cm and DC = 2 cm, find the
length of AD.
A) 52 cm B) 43 cm C) 32 cm
D) 23 cm E) 3 cm
10. In the figure,
BD = DC,
AD = AE and
m(ZC) = 20. Find
m(ZEDC).
A) 70 B) 65 C) 60 D) 45 E) 30
11. If AMNP = ASTK, which of the following
statements is false?
A) MN = ST B) MP = TK C) NP = TK
D) ZPNM = ZSTK E) KT = PN
A
B D C
E
? 20
12. In the figure,
BD bisects ZB,
BD = BE and
DE = EC.
If m(ZA) = 80 and,
m(ZACD) = 20, what
is m(ZBDC)?
A) 100 B) 110 C) 120 D) 140 E) 150
A
B E C
D
20
80
14. In the figure,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZC) = 60 and
BD = DC.
Find BC if
AD = 2x + 3 and
AC = 6x 1.
A) 6 B) 8 C) 10 D) 12 E) 14
C
A B
D
2x + 3
6
x

1
60
15. In the figure,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZBAD) = 12,
BC = 8 cm and
AD = 4 cm. What is m(ZABC)?
A) 52 B) 54 C) 58 D) 60 E) 64
A
B C D 8
4
12
?
13. a, b and c are the lengths of the sides of a triangle
ABC. Given that a, b and c are integers and
a
2
b
2
=17, what is the sum of the minimum and
maximum possible values of c?
A) 7 B) 13 C) 17 D) 18 E) 23
16. In the figure,
ND = DP and
.
What is ?
A) B) C) D) E)
3
6
3
5
3
4
3
3
3
2
MH
NP
3
=
3
HD
MH
M
N H D P
Angles Chapter 3 Review Test B
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TEST B
1. In the figure,
AB = AD,
AC = BC and
m(ZDAC) = 15. Find
m(ZC).
A) 40 B) 45 C) 50 D) 60 E) 65
A
B
C
D
15
?
in the figure,
MS = NS and
KN = KP.
If m(ZMRP) = 117,
what is m(ZMNP)?
A) 39 B) 41 C) 43 D) 45 E) 47
3. In a triangle ABC, Dis a point on the side AB and CD
is the interior angle bisector of ZC. If AB = 15 cm
and 3 AC = 2 BC, find the length of DB.
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 6 cm E) 9 cm
5. In a triangle ABC, points D and E are the
midpoints of the sides AB and AC respectively.
DE = (x + 5)/4 and BC = 8x 5 are given. What is
the value of x?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
6. AABC is a right triangle with m(ZA) = 90, and AH
is the altitude to the hypotenuse. If m(ZC) = 30
and BH = 2 cm, find HC.
A) 4 cm B) 5 cm C) 6 cm
D) 7 cm E) 8 cm
M
K
N S P
117
R
?
8. In the figure,
MS = SN and
MP = PN.
If m(ZP) = 20,
m(ZKMP) = 40 and
m(ZKNP) = 30,
what is m(ZSKN)?
A) 50 B) 45 C) 40 D) 35 E) 30
30
40
M
20
K
N P
S
?
4. In the figure,
MN = MP and
ML = MK.
If m(ZPLK) = 12,
what is m(ZLMN)?
A) 18 B) 20 C) 24 D) 30 E) 36
P
K
M N
L
12
?
7. In the figure,
AB = AD.
What is ?
A) B) 1 C) D) E)
4
3
3
2
2
3
1
2
DE
EC
A
B C
E
D
153
9. In the figure,
HK = KN,
m(ZDAC) = 40 and
m(ZHKB) = 20.
Find m(ZBKD).
A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 60 E) 70
A
B
H
K
N
C
D
20
40
?
shown opposite, point
O is the center of the
inscribed circle of
AMNP.
If KS NP,
KN = 6 and
SP = 8, what is the length of KS?
A) 10 B) 12 C) 14 D) 16 E) 18
M
K
N P
S
O
6 8
?
15. In the figure,
ACDE is a square,
m(ZABC) = 60 and
BD = 2 cm. Find the
length of one side of
the square.
A) (3 3) cm B) (3 1) cm C) (3 + 1) cm
D) (4 23) cm E) (25 3) cm
A
B C D
E
2
60
11. In the figure,
MK = KL,
MN = m,
KN = 2m and
NL = 3m. Find
m(ZKNL).
A) 45 B) 50 C) 60 D) 70 E) 75
M
N
K L
m
2m
3m
?
10. In the figure, BD
bisects angle B. Given
m(ZADB) = 90,
DE BC,
AB = 12 and
BC = 16, find the length of DE.
A) 1 B) C) 2 D) E) 3
5
2
3
2
A
B
D
E
C
16
12
?
12. The lengths of the sides of a triangle ABC are
integers a, b and c such that b = c and
(a + b + c) (a + b c ) = 15.
Find the value of a.
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 7
16. In the figure,
AE = BD = DC and
AB = AC.
What is m(ZFDC)?
A) 45 B) 50 C) 60 D) 62.5 E) 67.5
E
A
B D C
F
?
14. In the figure,
CH = HB,
AD = 3 and
DB = 8. What is the
sum of the all
possible integer values
of the length AC?
A) 30 B) 34 C) 40 D) 42 E) 51
C
A D B
H
3 8
?
Angles Chapter 3 Review Test C
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TEST C
1. In the figure,
m(ZKBC) = m(ZKCA).
and m(ZLKB) = 80.
What is the measure of
ZACB?
A) 40 B) 60 C) 70 D) 75 E) 80
A
B C
K
L
80
5. In the figure, AABC,
ACDE, and AFEG are
equilateral triangles.
If BG = 16, what is
the sum of the
perimeters of the
three triangles?
A) 32 B) 36 C) 42 D) 46 E) 48
A
B C
D
E G
F
the figure, CD is the
bisector of ZC, AE is
the median to BC and
DE AC.
If m(ZB) = 50, what is m(ZBAC)?
A) 30 B) 35 C) 40 D) 45 E) 50
A
D
B C E
F
50
7. Which of the
following is a possible
sum of the lengths of
AB and BC in the
figure?
A) 11 B) 12 C) 13 D) 14 E) 37
A
E
B
D
C
10
7
6
13
12
2. Which is the largest
angle in the figure,
according to the given
lengths?
A) ZM B) ZN C) ZS D) ZSPK E) ZK
3. In an isosceles triangle XYZ, m(ZY) = m(ZZ) and
m(ZX) < m(ZY). What is the largest possible
integer measure of the angle Y?
A) 59 B) 60 C) 89 D) 90 E) 110
4. In a triangle ABC, points B, C and D are collinear
and AD is the angle bisector of the exterior angle
A. If AC = BC, DB = 12 and AB = 4, find the
length of BC.
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 8
S
N
P
K
M
12
9
8
6
222
8
8. In the figure,
MP = PS = SN = PT
and ST = TN.
What is m(ZNMP)?
A) 36 B) 60 C) 72 D) 84 E) 108
M
S
N T P
?
155
9. In the figure, AABC is
If BD = AE, what is
the measure of ZEFC?
A) 45 B) 60 C) 75 D) 90 E) 120
A
D
B C
E
F
?
11. In the figure,
O is the incenter of
AABC, AB OT and
AC OV.
If BT = 6 cm,
TV = 7 cm and
VC = 5 cm, what is
the perimeter of the triangle OTV?
A) 12 cm B) 15 cm C) 16 cm
D) 18 cm E) 20 cm
A
B T V C
O
6 7 5
13. In the figure,
AF = FB and
AE = EC.
If EH + FH = 12,
what is AB + AC?
A) 16 B) 18 C) 22 D) 24 E) 36
A
F
B H C
E
the figure, BH is the
exterior angle bisector
of ZB and
AE = EC.
If m(ZBHC) = 90,
BC = 8 and
EH = 7, what is the length of AB?
A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 10 E) 12
A
B
H
C
E
?
16.
In the figure, m(ZM) = 90, m(ZMST) = 150
and PM = MS = ST. What is m(ZN)?
A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 22.5 E) 30
P
M S
T
N
150
?
10. In the figure,
AC = BC and
AB = AD.
If m(ZCAD) = 18
and m(ZEBD) = 12,
what is m(ZAEB)?
A) 82 B) 80 C) 78 D) 72 E) 42
A
B D
E
C
18
12
?
If PB = 16 and
PN = 10, what is the
length of AH?
A) 23 B) 33 C) 43 D) 53 E) 63
N
A
C B
P
H
K
16
10
?
15. In the figure,
MK = NK = PK.
What is x + y + z?
A) 270 B) 180 C) 90 D) 60 E) 45
M
N P
K
x
y
z
Angles Chapter 3 Review Test D
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TEST D
the figure, BN is the
bisector of ZABC and
H is the intersection
point of the altitudes
of AABC.
If m(ZAHC) = 110 and m(ZHBN) = 20,
what is m(ZBAC)?
A) 50 B) 55 C) 65 D) 75 E) 80
A
H
B C
N
110
20
2. In the figure,
MN = MP, KP = KT,
m(ZNMP) = m,
m(ZPKT) = k, and
points N, P and T are
collinear.
If m + k = 130, what is m(ZMPK)?
A) 50 B) 55 C) 60 D) 65 E) 70
M
N P T
K
m
k
?
opposite, MK = TK,
NS = TS and
m(ZKTS) = 50.
What is m(ZMPN)?
A) 70 B) 65 C) 60 D) 55 E) 50
M
T
N S P
K
50
?
6. According to the
figure, what is
the value of
?
A) 5 B) C) D) 1 E)
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
(2 ) m n
m
+
D
B E A
A
m
n
8
12
7. The measure of one angle in a triangle is equal to
the sum of the measures of the other two angles.
Which statement about this triangle is always
true?
A) The triangle is equilateral.
B) The triangle is acute.
C) The triangle is a right triangle.
D) The triangle is obtuse.
E) The triangle is isosceles.
8. In the triangle XYZ in
the figure,
m(ZYZX) = 90,
XZ = PK and
XP = PY.
What is m(ZPKZ)?
A) 120 B) 135 C) 140 D) 150 E) 160
Y K Z
X
P
?
3. In the figure,
AB = AC = b,
BC = a, and a < b.
What is the largest
possible integer value
of m(ZA)?
A) 59 B) 60 C) 44 D) 30 E) 29
A
B C
b b
a
4. In the figure,
AD = BD,
m(ZDAC) = x and
m(ZBCE) = 2x.
If m(ZEAB) = 110,
what is the value of x?
A) 30 B) 35 C) 40 D) 45 E) 50
110
x
2x
A
B D C
E
157
9. In the figure, PM is the
angle bisector of ZNPK,
MN = MP, NS = SP
and m(ZMKP) = 90.
What is m(ZSTP)?
A) 90 B) 85 C) 80 D) 75 E) 60
K
M
N S P
T
?
13. In the figure,
m(ZDAC) = m(ZB)
and
m(ZEAB) = m(ZC).
If m(ZAEC) = 130, what is m(ZADE)?
A) 50 B) 55 C) 60 D) 70 E) 80
A
B D E C
130
?
14. In the figure,
KS = KN,
m(ZM) = 70,
m(ZP) = x and
m(ZMKS) = 2x.
What is the value of x?
A) 55 B) 60 C) 65 D) 70 E) 75
M
K
N S P
2x
70
x
15. In the figure,
AD and CB bisect
angles A and C,
respectively.
If m(ZAEC) = 75 and
m(ZB) = 30,
what is m(ZADC)?
A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 25
A
B
D
C
75
30
E
?
10. In the figure,
triangle and BD = CE.
If AD = 63, what is
the length of DE?
A) 6 B) 8 C) 43 D) 13 E) 63
A
B D
C
E
?
63
12. In the equilateral
triangle ABC in the
figure, AF = FC and
AH = BD. What is the
measure of ZEDC?
A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 30
A
E
D B H C
F
?
11. In the figure,
AB = BC,
DE = BE
m(ZABD) = 36 and
m(ZEDC) = 48.
What is m(ZACB)?
A) 76 B) 72 C) 68 D) 58 E) 52
A
B E C
D
36
48
?
16. In the figure,
KL = LM and
LH = MH.
If NH = 5 and
m(ZK) = 30,
what is KM?
A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30 E) 40
M
N
K L
H
30
5
Angles Chapter 3 Review Test E
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TEST E
1. In the figure,
DE = DC and
DB = BF.
If m(ZA) = 45,
what is m(ZABC)?
A) 30 B) 45 C) 50 D) 60 E) 75
A
F
D B C
E
45
?
5. In the figure, points K,
S, T, M, N and P are
the midpoints of the
sides on which they lie.
If AB = 12,
AC = 8 and
BC = 16, what is
P(AMNP)?
A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 12
A
K
B S C
T
M
N P
6. In the figure, KL RS
and KM bisects ZRKL.
If KL = 6,
KR = 4 and
MS = 8, what is the
length of PK?
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 E) 8
P
K
R M S
L
4
6
8
?
7. In the figure,
m(ZBAC) = 90,
m(ZC) = 15 and
BC = 24. What is
the length of AH?
A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 8 E) 12
A
B H C
15
?
24
8. According to the
figure, what is the
smallest possible value
of a + b + c if a, b
and c are integers?
A) 7 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11
D
A
F
C
E
B
4
8
5
4
6
5
c
b
a
the right,
AB = AC,
m(ZA) = x + 13 and
m(ZB) = y 38.
What is the sum of the
minimum integer value of y and the maximum
integer value of x?
A) 248 B) 243 C) 240 D) 233 E) 204
x+13
A
B C
y38
3. According to the
figure, what is the
value of x?
A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 E) 30
x
105
130
140
4. In the figure,
triangle and
AD = EC = CF.
If BC = 12,
what is the length of
CF?
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
A
D
B C F
E
12 ?
159
9. In the figure,
AH = BH = HC.
If AC = 1,
what is HD?
A) B) C) D) E)
3
5
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
A
D
B H C
?
1
the figure,
CD AB and
BE AC.
If m(ZBFC) = 140,
what is m(ZA)?
A) 20 B) 30 C) 40 D) 45 E) 50
140
A
D
B C
E
F
?
13. In the figure,
BD = DC,
CE = 3AE and
2AB = AC.
If m(ZA) = 90, what
is m(ZDEC)?
A) 30 B) 40 C) 45 D) 50 E) 60
C
E
A B
D
?
14. In the figure,
m(ZA) = 90,
m(ZB) = 15 and
AB = 6 + 33.
What is the length
of AC?
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
15
6+33
A
B C
?
15. In the figure,
MK = KP,
m(ZM) = 90,
NS = 9 cm and
SP = 3 cm. Find the
length of KS.
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 5 cm E) 6 cm
M
N S P
K
9 3
?
16.In the figure, CD is the
bisector of ZC.
If m(ZBAE) = 15,
m(ZEAC) = 60 and
m(ZB) = 45, what is
m(ZDEA)?
A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 22.5 E) 30
A
B E C
D
45
15
60
?
an equilateral triangle
and DEFH is a square.
Find the measure of
ZAKD.
A) 65 B) 67.5 C) 70 D) 75 E) 80
A
D
B E F C
H
K
?
12. In the figure,
ABCD is a square and
AABF and ABEC are
equilateral triangles.
What is m(ZFEC)?
A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 22.5
D C
E
B A
F
?
Angles
160
162
Geometriy 7
1. Definition
You can see many circular or ring-shaped geometric figures all around you. For example,
wheels, gears, compact discs, clocks, and windmills are all basic examples of circles in the
world around us.
All radii of a circle are congruent. A circle is named by its
center. For example, the circle on the left is named
circle O.
We write a circle with center O and with radius r as
O or C(O, r).
In this book, the point O in a circle is always the center
of the circle.
wheels compact disc gears
O
center
radius
circle
It is easy to recognize a circle, but how can we define it as a shape? Let us look at a
geometric definition.
A. BASIC CONCEPTS
Note
The word circle is derived from the latin word circus, which means ring or racecourse.
Definition
circle
A circle is the set of all the points in a plane that are at the same distance from a fixed point
in the plane. The distance is called the radius of the circle (plural radii), and the fixed point
is called the center of the circle.
1. Define the concept of a circle and its basic elements.
2. Describe and use the properties of chords.
3. Describe and use the properties of tangents.
4. Describe the possible relative positions of two circles in the same plane.
Objectives
163
Circles
2. Regions Separated by a Circle in a Plane
A circle divides a plane into three separate regions. The set of points whose dis-
tance from the center of a circle is less than the radius of the circle is called the
interior of the circle.
For example, if R is a point in the plane and
|OR| < r, then R is in the interior of the
circle.
The set of points whose distance from the
center is greater than the radius of the
circle is called the exterior of the circle.
P
interior
R
P
Q
O
exterior
circle
exterior region
interior region circle
For example, if Q is a point in the plane and |OQ| > r, then the point Q is in the exterior of
the circle. The set of points whose distance from the center is equal to the radius is called
the circle itself, and the points are on the circle. For example, if P is a point in the plane and
|OP| = r, the point P is on the circle.
To construct a circle, fix a pin on a piece of paper, connect a string of any length
to the pin, tie the other end of the string to your pencil, and turn your pencil
on the paper around the pin for one
complete revolution, keeping the string
taut. You will get a circle.
You can also use a compass to draw a circle.
Mark a point O as the center and set your compass to the
length of the radius. Turn your compass around the
center for one complete revolution. You will get a circle.
Note
The union of a circle and its interior is called a circular closed region or a disc.
r
O
EXAMPLE
1
Name the points in the figure which are
a. in the interior of the circle.
b. on the circle.
c. in the exterior of the circle.
Solution
a. Since |OA| < r and |OB| < r, points A and B are in
the interior of the circle.
b. Since |OC| = |OD| = r, points C and D are on the circle.
c. Since |OE| > r, |OF| > r and |OG| > r, points E, F, and G are in the exterior of the circle.
A
O
B
E
C
F
D
G
164
Geometriy 7
In the figure, chord [CD] passes through the center of the circle, so [CD] is a diameter.
We can see that the length of every diameter in a given circle is the same. For this reason,
we usually talk about the diameter of a circle to mean the length of any diameter in the
circle.
The length of the diameter of a circle is twice the radius. For example, if r is the radius of a
circle and d is the diameter, then d = 2 r, or .
The diameter of a circle is the longest chord in the circle.
2
d
r =
Definition
diameter
A chord which passes through the center of a circle is called a diameter of the circle.
3. Auxiliary Elements of a Circle
For example, [AB] and [CD] in the figure are chords.
Definition
chord
A line segment which joins two different points on a
circle is called a chord.
A
B
C
D
chord
diameter
O
EXAMPLE
2
1. Find the length of the diameter for each
given radius.
a. b. 3x cm
c. 2x + 5 cm d. 7x 12 cm
2. The length of the diameter of a circle is
20 cm and the radius is 2x 4. Find x.
1
3 cm
2
Solution
1. a. d = 2 r = d = = 7 cm
b. d = 2 (3x) = 6x cm
c. d = 2 (2x + 5) = 4x + 10 cm
d. d = 2 (7x 12) = 14x 24 cm
2. d = 2 r
20 = 2 (2x 4)
2x 4 = 10
2x = 14
x = 7 cm
1
2 3
2
165
Circles
4. Relative Position of a Line and a Circle in the Same
Plane
A line and a circle in the same plane can have one of
three different positions relative to each other.
If the distance from the center of the circle to the line
is greater than the radius of the circle, then the line
does not intersect the circle.
In the figure, [OH] J l and |OH| > r,
and l C(O, r) = ,.
is equal to the radius, then we say that the line is
tangent to the circle. In the figure, |OH| J l,
|OH| = r, and l C(O, r) = {H}. H is the only point of
intersection of the line and the circle.
r
l
H
O
tangent
point of
tangency
H
O
l
is less than the radius, then the line intersects the
circle at two points.
In the figure, [OH] J and |OH| < r,
and C(O, r) = {A, B}.
For example, line is a secant in the figure on the left.
Definition
tangent
A line which intersects a circle at exactly one point is called a tangent of the circle. The inter-
section point is called the point of tangency.
Definition
secant
A line which intersects a circle at two different points is called a secant of the circle.
l
H
O
A B
EXAMPLE
3
Name all the radii, diameters, chords, secants, and
tangents of the circle in the figure.
Solution
[OF], [OC], and [OB] are radii.
[FC] is a diameter. l is a secant line.
[EF], [ED], and [FC] are chords. GH is a
tangent, and A is a point of tangency.
l
A
H
G
F
E
O
D
C
B
166
Geometriy 7
Check Yourself 1
1. Define the terms center, radius, chord, diameter, tangent, and secant. Show them in a
figure.
2. How many regions does a circle divide the plane into?
3. Sketch all the possible relative positions of a circle and a line in the same plane.
4. Look at the figure on the right.
a. Name the tangents.
b. Name the secants.
c. Name the chords.
d. Name the radii.
e. Name the diameters.
Answers
1. center: a point inside the circle that is equidistant from all the
points on the circle.
radius: a distance from the center to a point on the circle.
chord: a line segment joining two different points of a circle.
diameter: a chord passing through the center of a circle
tangent: a line intersecting a circle at exactly one point.
secant: a line intersecting a circle at two different points.
2. three parts: the interior of the circle, the circle, and the exterior of the circle.
3.
4. a. EF, EB b. BC, DB c. [AB], [DB], [BC] d. [OD], [OA], [OB], [OC] e. [BD]
n
l
m
B
C
A
secant
tangent
diameter
chord
r
a
d
i
u
s
A
O
D
B
C
E
F
167
Circles
Remember that a chord is a line segment which joins two different points on a circle. In this
section we will look at the properties of chords.
B. CHORDS
Property
A radius that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
For example, in the figure, if [OH] J [AB] then
|AH| = |HB|.
A
O
B
H
EXAMPLE
4
A chord of length 10 cm is 12 cm away from the center
of a circle. Find the length of the radius.
Solution
Look at the figure.
In AAHO, r
2
= 5
2
+ 12
2
r
2
= 25 + 144
r
2
= 169
r = 13 cm.
2
10
5 cm
2
|AB|
A
O
B
H
12
r
5
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, two chords which are equidistant from the center
are congruent.
For example, in the figure, if |OM| = |ON|,
then |AB| = |CD|.
The converse of this property is also true:
if |AB| = |CD|, then |OM| = |ON|.
A
B
C
M
N
D O
168
Geometriy 7
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, if two chords have different lengths, then the
longer chord is nearer to the center of the circle.
For example, in the figure,
if |CD| > |AB|, then |OF| < |OE|. The converse
of this property is also true: if |OF| < |OE|,
then |CD| > |AB|.
O
A
B
C
D
E
F
EXAMPLE
6
In the circle in the figure,
|OM| < |ON| and r = 9 cm.
|AB| = 3x + 2 cm and
|CD| = 5x 2 cm are given.
Find the possible integer
values of x.
B
A
N
M
D
C
O
EXAMPLE
5
In the figure, |AB| = 8 cm,
|CN| = 4 cm, and
|OM| = 3 cm. Find |OC| = x.
Solution
|CD| = 8 cm, since |CN| = 4 cm. So |AB| = |CD|,
and by the property, |OM| = |ON| = 3 cm.
Let us use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of [OC]:
|OC|
2
= |ON|
2
+ |NC|
2
x
2
= 3
2
+ 4
2
x = 5 cm.
O
A
B
C
D
M
N
x
3
4
Solution
If |OM| < |ON|, then |CD| > |AB|.
5x 2 > 3x + 2
2x > 4
x > 2 (1)
Since the longest chord is the diameter, the greatest possible value of |CD| is the diameter.
d = 2r, d = 2 9 = 18 cm
|CD| 18
5x 2 18
5x 20
x 4 (2)
From (1) and (2), the possible integer values of x are 3 and 4.
169
Circles
Check Yourself 2
1. In the figure, the radius of the circle is 5 cm and
|AB| = |CD| = 8 cm. Find|OE|.
2. In the figure, |AB| = |CD|, [OM] [AB], [ON] [CD], and
|ON| = |OM| = 4 cm. Given |AB| =5x + 1 cm and
|CD| = 4x + 2 cm, find the radius of the circle.
3. In the figure, |AP| = 12 cm, |PB| = 4 cm, and
|OP| = 11 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
4. In the figure, |AB| = 12 cm, |DC| = 2 cm,
[OD] [AB].
Find the radius of the circle.
Answers
1. 3 cm 2. 5 cm 3. 13 cm 4. 10 cm
O
A
B
D
C
12
4
A
C
B
D
O
P
B
A
M
N
C
D
O
C
D
E
F A
B
O
Remember that a tangent is a line in the plane which
intersects a circle at exactly one point. The point is
called the point of tangency. In this section we will look
at the properties of tangents.
T H
C. TANGENTS
Property
If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the point
of tangency.
For example, in the figure, if l is tangent to the circle C
at point H, then [OH] J l.
O
l
H
170
Geometriy 7
Property
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
For example, in the figure, if [PA and [PB are tangent to
the circle at points A and B respectively, then
|PA| = |PB|.
Property
Two tangent line segments from the same external point determine an angle that is bisected by
the ray from the external point through the center of the circle.
For example, in the figure, if [PA and [PB are tangent to
the circle then [PO is the angle bisector of /APB, i.e.
m/APO = m/BPO.
O
A
B
P
O
A
B
P
EXAMPLE
7
The circle in the figure is inscribed in the triangle ABC.
|AK| = x + 5 cm,
|BM| = 2x + 3 cm,
|CL| = 2x + 5 cm, and the perimeter of triangle ABC
is 46 cm.
Find |MC|.
Solution
|AK| = |AL|, |BK| = |BM|, and |CM| = |CL|.
P(AABC) =|AB|+|BC|+|AC|
=|AK|+|KB|+|BM|+|MC|+|CL|+|LA|
= 2 |AK| + 2 |BM| + 2 |CL|
= 2 (x + 5) + 2 (2x + 3) + 2 (2x + 5)
= 2x + 10 + 4x + 6 + 4x + 10
= 10x + 26
P(AABC) = 10x + 26 = 46 = x = 2 cm
So |MC| = 2x + 5 = 9 cm.
O
K
L
M
A
B C
171
Circles
a
r
2
O
2
O
1
r
1
C
1
C
2
=
r
1
r
2
> a
O
1
r
1
a
r
2
O
2
C
1
C
2
=
r
1
+ r
2
< a
O
C
1
C
2
=
a = 0
nonintersecting circles
D. RELATIVE POSITION OF TWO CIRCLES IN THE SAME
PLANE
Tangent circles can be externally tangent or internally tangent, as shown in the figure.
Definition
nonintersecting circles
Two circles which have no common point are called nonintersecting circles.
Definition
tangent circles
Two circles which have only one common point are called tangent circles.
If two or more circles
share the same center,
then they are called
concentric circles.
concentric circles
l
O
1
O
2
a
r
1
r
2
A
C C
2
= {A} and r
1
+ r
2
= a
externally tangent circles:
l is the common tangent
l
O
1
a
r
1
A
r
2
O
2
C
1
C
2
= {A} and r
1
r
2
= a
internally tangent circles:
l is the common tangent
172
Geometriy 7
r
1
+r
2
+r
3
=21
16+r
3
=21
r
3
=5 cm.
r
1
+ r
2
+r
3
=21
r
1
+12=21
r
1
=9 cm.
r
1
+r
2
=16
9+r
2
= 16
r
2
=7 cm.
|AB| = r
1
+ r
2
= 16
|BC| = r
2
+ r
3
= 12
|CA| = r
1
+ r
3
= 14
2 (r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
) = 42
r
1
+ r
2
+ r
3
= 21
+
EXAMPLE
8
The circles in the figure with centers A, B, and C are
externally tangent to each other.
|AB| = 16 cm, |BC| = 12 cm, and |AC| = 14 cm are
given. Find the radii of the circles.
Solution
Let the radii of circles A, B, and C be r
1
, r
2
and r
3
respectively. Then we can write,
B
A
C
O
1
O
2
r
1
r
2
a
B
A
C
1
C
2
= {A, B} and r
1
+ r
2
> a
O
1
O
2
B
A
[AB] is the common chord
[O
1
O
2
] ^ [AB] and |AH| = |HB|
H
intersecting circles
Definition
intersecting circles
Two circles which have two common points are called intersecting circles.
173
Circles
1. Describe each line and
line segment in the
figure as an element of
the circle.
2. The points in the figure
are in the same plane as
the circle. State the
position of each point
with respect to the
circle.
E
D
F C
B
O
G
A H
5. In the figure, X, Y, and Z are
points of tangency.
|AX| = 6 cm,
|CZ| = 4 cm, and
|BY| = 2 cm.
Find the perimeter of
AABC.
O
A
B
C
E
F
G
D
6. In the figure,
[OA] J [BC],
|AK| = 2 cm, and
|KC| = 4 cm.
Find |OK|.
O
2
4
K
B
C
A
10. In the figure,
|O
1
O
2
| = 3 cm and
r
1
+ r
2
= 11 cm.
Find r
1
and r
2
.
O
1
O
2
A
B
r
1
r
2
11. In the figure,
|AB| = 3x + 4,
|CD| = 2x + 9, and
|OM| > |ON|.
Find the greatest possible
integer value of x.
A
B
C
D
N
M
O
7. In the figure,
|AC| = 6 cm and
|AB| = 3 cm.
Find |OB| = r.
O B A
C
r
8. In the figure,
|BC| = 12 cm and
|AD| = 8 cm.
Find the radius of the
circle.
O
A
B
C
D
E
8
12
9. In the figure,
|AP| = 63 cm and
m/APB = 60.
circle.
C
O
A
B
P
3. In the figure, the radius
of circle O is 15 cm,
|CD| = 24 cm, and
|OH| = 12 cm.
a. Find |OI|.
b. Find |AB|.
H
O
I
A
B
D
C
4. Complete each state-
ment about the figure
with a suitable symbol.
a. If |OE| = |OF|, then
|AB|...|CD|
b. If |OE| > |OF|, then
|AB|...|CD|.
E
O
F
A
B
D
C
O
X
Z
Y
A
B
C
EXERCISES 4.1
174
Geometriy 7
We use the

sign over two or more points to denote the
arc which includes the points. For example, in the fig-
ure, we write AB to denote the arc between A and B, and
ACB to denote the arc ACB.
Notice that any two points of a circle divide the circle into
two arcs. If the arcs are unequal, the smaller arc is called
the minor arc and the larger arc is called the major arc.
In the figure on the right, AB is the minor arc and ACB
is the major arc.
minor arc
A
B
O
C
A
B
O
After studying this
section you will be
able to:
1. Describe the
concepts of arc and
central angle.
2. Name inscribed
angles and calcu-
late their measure.
3. Use the properties
of arcs, central
angles, and
inscribed angles to
solve problems.
Objectives
A. ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES
Definition
arc of a circle
An arc of a circle consists of two points on the circle and the unbroken part of the circle
between these two points.
We use the

sign over two or more points to denote
the arc which includes the points. For example, in the
figure, we write AB to denote the arc between A and B,
and ACB to denote the arc ACB.
Notice that any two points of a circle divide the circle
into two arcs. If the arcs are unequal, the smaller arc is
called the minor arc and the larger arc is called the
major arc.
In the figure on the right, AB is the minor arc and ACB is the major arc.
O
A
B
C
Definition
central angle of a circle
An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle is called a central angle of the circle.
175
Circles
EXAMPLE
9
Find the measure of the
indicated central angle of
each circle.
Solution
Remember that the measure
of a minor arc is equal to the
measure of its central angle.
a. m/AOB = mAB = 50
b. m/COD = mCD = 120
c. m/AOB = mAB = 180
A
B
O
50 120
O
C
D
O
180
A B
B. INSCRIBED ANGLES
Property
In the same circle or in congruent circles, if two chords
are congruent, then their corresponding arcs and cen-
tral angles are also congruent.
For example, in the figure, if [AB] = [CD] then AB = CD
and m/AOB = m/COD.
O
A
B
C
D
r
r
r
r
Property
If a line through the center of a circle is perpendicular
to a chord, it bisects the arcs defined by the endpoints
of that chord.
For example, in the figure, if [PK] J [AB] then
[AH] = [HB]
AP = PB
AK = KB.
O
r r
K
A B
P
H
For example, angle /ABC in the figure is an inscribed
angle. [AB] and [BC] are both chords of the circle.
The arc AC in the figure is called the intercepted arc of
the inscribed angle /ABC.
Definition
inscribed angle of a circle
An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides
contain chords of the circle is called an inscribed angle.
a. b. c.
O
A
C
B
intercepted
arc
176
Geometriy 7
m/OBC = m/OCB = a
m/OAB = m/OBA = b
m/ABC = m/OBA + m/OBC
= a + b
m/COE = m/CBO + m/OCB = 2a
m/AOE = m/OAB + m/OBA = 2b
m/AOC = m/AOE + m/EOC
= 2 (a + b)
So m/ABC =
2
Z m AOC
.
Property
The measure of an inscribed angle is half of the measure
of the central angle which intercepts the same arc.
Proof
In the figure, let m/BCO = a and m/BAO = b.
Since the triangles ABOC and AAOB are isosceles
triangles, we can write
a
a
b
b
2b
2a
B
C
O
A
E
Now remember that the measure of a minor arc is the same as the measure of its central
angle. So we can write the property in a slightly different way:
Property
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to the half
the measure of its intercepted arc.
For example, in the figure, m/ABC = .
2
mAC
B
C
O
A
a 2a 2a
EXAMPLE
10
Find the measure of x in each figure.
x
O
A
C
B
120
50
O
A
C
B
x
x
O
A
C
B
a. b. c.
177
Circles
Solution
a. m/ABC =
50 =
mAC = 100
m/x = 100
2
mAC
2
mAC
b. m/ABC =
m/x =
m/x = 60
120
2
2
mAC
c. m/ABC =
=
m/x = 45
90
2
2
Z m AOC
Solution a. m/CAD = m/CBD =
x = y =
x = y = 20
40
2
2
mCD
b. m/BAC =
x =
x = 25 and y = 50
50
=
2 2
y
2 2
Z m BOC mBC
=

Property
If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc of a
circle, then the angles are congruent.
For example, in the figure, /ABC = /ADC, because
they both intercept AC.
C
A
D
B
EXAMPLE
11
Find the value of x and y in each figure.
x
y
A
B
C
D
40
x
y
O
A
B
C
50
A
B
C
D
y
x
20 O
a. b. c.
178
Geometriy 7
Property
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
For example, in the figure,
if mALB = mAMB = mANB = 180, then
m/ALB = m/AMB = m/ANB = 90 or
m/L = m/M = m/N = 90.
O
A B
M
N
L
c. m/BAC =
20 =
y = 40
2
y
2
Z m BOC
m/BDC =
x =
x = 20
40
2
2
Z m BOC
EXAMPLE 12
Find the value of x in each figure.
Solution
a. Since AC is the diameter, the arc ABC is a semicircle.
So ZABC is inscribed in a semicircle, and therefore m/ABC = x = 90, x = 90.
A
B
C
O
x
A
D
B
O
20
x
y
60
C
A
D
B
O
x
C
10
a. b. c.
b. m/DAC =
=
= 30
60
2
mDC
2
y = 2 m/BAC
= 2 20
= 40
mAD + mDC + mCB = 180
x + 60 + 40 = 180
x = 80
179
Circles
Property
The measure of the angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to the half of the meas-
ure of its intercepted arc.
For example, in the figure, mZCAB = mZAOB.
1
2
Proof
Let us draw the diameter [AD] and the chord [BD].
[AC] J [AD] (a radius is perpendicular to a tangent at
the point of tangency)
[AB] J [BD] (definition of a semicircle)
m/DAB + m/BAC = 90
m/DAB + m/ADB = 90 (in triangle AABD)
m/ADB = m/BAC
m/ADB =
(inscribed angle rule)
m/BAC = (inscribed angle rule)
2
mAB
2
mAB
A
C
D
B
O
A
C
B
O
Rule
Let [AB] and [CD] be two chords of a circle.
If [AB]
[CD], then
m/ABC = m/BCD (alternate interior angles).
So mAC = mBD.
A B
C D
c. Let us draw the chord [BD].
m/ADB = 90
m/CAB = m/CDB = 10
m/ADC + m/CDB = 90
x + 10 = 90
x = 80
A
D
B
O
x
C
10
180
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE 13
Find the value of x and y in each figure.
Solution
C A
O
B
30
x
y
O
A C
D
B
E 15
x
[AB] || [CD]
O
E
30
x
A F
C
D
B
a. Let us draw the radius [OA].
Then [AC] J [AO]. AAOB is isosceles triangle.
m/OAB = 30 and
m/OAB + m/BAC = 90
30 + x = 90
x = 60
y = 2 60 = 120
b. [AB]
[CD] and m/BAD =

mBD = 2 15 = 30
mAC + mCD + mDB = 180
30 + mCD + 30 = 180
mCD = 120
m/DCE = x =
= = 60
120
2
2
mCD
mBD
2
C A
O
B
30
x
y
30
r
r
O
A C
D
B
E 15
x
30
30
a. b. c.
[AD] J [BC] and [AF] J [AD]. So [AF]
[BC]. Therefore, m/ABC = m/BAE and

m/EAB = x = 30, x = 30.
c. m/ADC =
mAC = 2 30 = 60
m/ABC =
m/ABC = = 30
60
2
mAC
2
mAC
2
O
E
30
x
A F
C
D
B
181
Circles
mP =
mCD mAB
2
mP =
mCB mAB
2
O P
A
B
D
C
O
P
A
C
B
O
P
B
C
A
angle formed by two secants:
mP =
mACB mAB
2
mP + mAB = 180
angle formed by a secant
and a tangent:
angle formed by two
tangents:
Rule
The measure of an angle formed by two secants, a
secant and a tangent, or two tangents drawn from a
point in the exterior of a circle is equal to half of the
difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs. b
mBAC + mBOC = 180
mBAC + mBC = 180
a + b = 180
O
A
B
C
a b
Rule
The measure of an angle formed by two chords that
intersect in the interior of a circle is equal to half the
sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
E
A
B
C
D
a
x
y
b
a
b
For example, in the figure, m/AED = m/BEC = and
m/AEB = m/CED =
and
2
o J =
x+y
a+b
= .
2
2
mAB +mCD
2
mBC + mAD
182
Geometriy 7
EXAMPLE
14
Find the value of x in each figure.
Solution a. m/BED =
70 =
mAC = 140 60 = 80
m/ADC =
b. m/CAE =
m/CAE = x = = 35, x = 35
c. m/QPR + mQR = 180
60 + mQR = 180
mQR = 120
mQR + mQTR = 360
mQTR = 240
m/QSR = x = = 120, x = 120
240
=
2 2
mQTR
70
2
100 30
2 2
Z
mCE mBD
= (mBD =2m BCD)

80
= =40, =40
2 2
mAC
x
+60
( =2 )
2
Z

mAC
mBD m BAD
2
mAC + mBD
A
B
C
D
E 70
30
x
60
O P
Q
T
R
x S
E
15
x
O
A
B
C
D
100
a. b. c.
183
Circles
4. In the figure,
m/BOC = 100 and
m/ACO = 20.
Find m/AOC.
O
20
100
x
A
B
C
9. In the figure,
m/AOC = m/ABC = 3x.
O
3x
3x
B
A
C
5. In the figure,
[AB] is a diameter and
m/OCB = 40.
Find m/OAC.
O
A
B
C
40
x
10. In the figure,
m/AOC = 100 and
m/OAB = 70.
Find m/OCB.
O
A
B
C
100
70 x
12. In the figure,
m/DPA = 50.
Find m/BCA.
O 50
D
C
B P
A
x
11. In the figure,
m/APD = 30,
m/DKA = 60,
m/BAC = a, and
m/DCA = b.
Find a and b.
A
D
C
P
B
a
K 60
b
30
7. In the figure,
mAD = and
m/DPC = 75.
Find m/BAC.
2
mBC
x
75
P
A
B
C
D
8. In the figure,
[AE is tangent to the
circle at the point B,
and m/EBC = 75.
Find m/A.
O
A
D
B
E
x
75
C
6. In the figure,
m/CDB = 10
and m/ABD = 50.
Find m/P.
O
50
10
A
B
P
C
D
K
x
1. In the figure,
m/AOC = 120.
Find m/ABC.
O
120
A
B
C
x
3. In the figure,
m/CBD = 120.
Find /AOC.
O
120
x
A
B D
C
2. In the figure,
m/BAC = 30 and
m/BKC = 70.
Find m/OCA.
O
K
70
30
A
B
C
EXERCISES 4.2
184
Geometriy 7
1. Circumference of a Circle
Remember from chapter 4 that the distance around a polygon is called the perimeter of the
polygon.
C = 2r .
A. CIRCUMFERENCE AND ARC LENGTH
If you measure the circumference and diameter of a circle and divide the circumference by
the diameter, you always get the same constant. This constant is approximately equal to
3.14, and denoted by .
Definition
circumference
The distance around a circle is called the circumference of the circle.
Note
Pi (, pronounced like the English word pie) is a Greek
letter. It is the first letter of a Greek word that means
measure around.
d
r r
C
Property
For all circles, the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is always the same number. The
number is called r (pronounced likepie).
This is the formula for the measure of the circumference of a circle.
So if the circumference of a circle with a diameter d is C, then we can write or C = d or r
C
=
d
1. Describe the concepts of circumference and arc length.
2. Find the area of a circle, an annulus, a sector, and a segment.
Objectives
185
Circles
1. Find five different circular objects. Use a piece of string to measure their
circumference (C), and use a ruler to measure their diameter (d). Write
the values in a table.
2. For each circular object calculate the ratio and then calculate the
average of all the ratios.
3. How do the number and the formula C = d relate to this activity?
C
d
2. Arc Length
Remember that an arc is a part of a circle. The measure of an arc is equal to the measure of
its central angle.
arc length of
= ,
circumference of the circle 360
arc length of
so = .
2 r 360
o
AB
mAB
AB
arc length of AB = 2 r
o
360
In the above formula the measure of the arc is given in degrees. The length of the arc is given
in a linear unit such as centimeters.
We can rewrite this as .
EXAMPLE
15
a. Find the diameter of a circle with circumference 24 cm.
b. Find the circumference of a circle with radius 5 cm.
c. Find the circumference of a circle with diameter 9 cm.
Solution
a. Let the diameter of the circle be d, then the circumference of the circle is C = d:
24 = d
d = 24 cm.
b. C = 2 5 = 2 5 = 10 cm
c. C = 2r = 2r = d = 9 cm
Rule
In a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc AB to
the circumference is equal to the ratio of the measure
of the arc to 360.
a
A
B
O
r
186
Geometriy 7
a. The length of a semicircle is half
of the circumference.
arc length of AB
= 2r = 2 6
= 2 6 = 6 cm
1
2
180
360 360
o
b. The length of a 90 arc is a quarter of

the circumference.
arc length of CD
= 2r = 2 10
= 2 10 = 5 cm
1
4
90
360 360
o
c. arc length of EF
= 2r = 2 12
= 2 12 = 4 cm
1
6
60
360 360
o
d. arc length of GTH

= 2r = 2 18
= 2 18 = 21 cm
21
36
210
360 360
o
Solution
Check Yourself 3
1. Find the circumference of the circle with the given radius.
a. r = 3 cm b. r = 5 cm c. r = 7 cm d. r = 10 cm
2. Find the radius of the circle with the given circumference.
a. 12 cm b. 24 cm c. 36 cm d. cm
3. Find the length of the minor arc in each figure.
Answers
1. a. 6 cm b. 10 cm c. 14 cm d. 20 cm
2. a. 6 cm b. 12 cm c. 18 cm d. cm
3. a. cm b. cm c. cm d. 8 cm
8
3
10
3
3
2
1
2
O
3 cm
A
B
O
5 cm
120
C
D
O
8 cm
60
E
F
O
9 cm
200
G
H
K
L
a. b. c. d.
EXAMPLE
16
Find the length of each arc.
O
6 cm
A B
O
C
D
10 cm
O
E
F
60
12 cm
O
G
H
18 cm
210
T
a. b. c. d.
187
Circles
1. Area of a Circle
To understand why this property is true, let us divide a
circle into 16 equal parts, and rearrange them as
follows:
O
r
C
2
= pr
r
As the number of equal parts increases, the area of the circle gets closer and closer to the
area of a parallelogram.
The area of a parallelogram is
So the area of a circle with radius r is A = r
2
.
2 2
r
r
2 C 2 r
A=r =r = r .
A = r
2
B. AREA OF A CIRCLE, A SECTOR, AND A SEGMENT
Property
The area of a circle is times the square of the radius.
O
r
A
b. Let the radius of
the circle be r, then
A = r
2
16 = r
2
,
r
2
= 16
r = 4 cm.
c. The formula for the
circumference of a
circle is C = 2 r:
10 = 2 r
r = 5 cm.
So the area of the
circle is
A = r
2
= 5
2
= 25 cm
2
.
EXAMPLE
17
a. Find the area of a circle with radius r = 6 cm.
b. Find the radius of a circle with area 16 cm
2
.
c. Find the area of a circle with circumference 10 cm.
Solution
a. Let the area of the
circle be A, then
A = r
2
A = 6
2
A = 36 cm
2
.
188
Geometriy 7
2. Area of an Annulus
O
R
r
=
O
area of the annulus area of the big circle area of the small circle =
r
O
R
A(annulus) = R
2
r
2
= (R
2
r
2
)
How can we find the area of an annulus? Look at the
diagram.
Definition
annulus
An annulus is a region bounded by two concentric circles.
O
r
R
an annulus
EXAMPLE
18
Find the area of the annulus bounded by concentric
circles with radii 5 cm and 3 cm long.
Solution The radius of the big circle is R = 5 cm.
The radius of the small circle is r = 3 cm.
A = R
2
r
2
A = (R
2
r
2
)
A = (5
2
3
2
)
A = (25 9)
A = 16 cm
2
O
5 cm
3 cm
189
Circles
EXAMPLE
19
Find the area of each shaded sector.
O
A
B
5 cm
72
O
8 cm
6p
P
S
O
A C
15
B
6 cm
l r
A=
2
or
|AB| r
A=
2
2
360
| |
=
2 360
| |
=
2 360

a
AB r
AB
a
r
A B r
a
r
In the figure,
(|AB| = l ).
3. Area of a Sector
For example, in the figure, the smaller region AOB is a sec-
tor of the circle. If the degree measure of arc AB is
mAB = a then the area of sector
We can also calculate the area of a sector in a different
way:
2 a
= .
360
AOB p r
Definition
sector of a circle
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and their intercepted arc.
O
r
a
A
B
In the above formula the measure of the arc is given in degrees. The length of the arc is given
in a linear unit such as centimeters.
Rule
The area of a sector of a circle is half the product of the length of the arc and the length of
its radius.
O
r
a
A
B
l
a. b. c.
190
Geometriy 7
4. Area of a Segment
O
A
B
a
b
r
h
b
h
=
a
A
B O
A
O
B
A
B
a
area of segment =
A = A(sector AOB) A(AAOB)
area of
triangle
area of
sector

2
b h
a
A= r
360 2
Solution
a. r = 5 cm and m/a = 72.
b. r = 8 cm and l = 6 cm.
c. m/BOC = 2 m/BAC, so
m/BOC = 30 and r = 6 cm.
2 2 2 30 1
(sector )= = 6 = 36=3 cm .
360 360 12
Z

m BOC
A BOC r
2
6 8
(sector )= = =24 cm
2 2
r
r
l r
A POS
2 2 2 72 1
(sector )= = 5 = 25=5 cm
360 360 5
r r r r
a
A AOB r
Definition
segment of a circle
A segment of a circle is a region bounded by a chord and its intercepted arc.
EXAMPLE 20
Find the area of each shaded segment.
O
1
2

c
m
120
A
B
45
C
B
A
12 cm
O
6

c
m
A
B
a. b. c.
191
Circles
Check Yourself 4
1. Find the area of a circle with the given radius.
a. r = 3 cm b. r = 5 cm c. r = 12 cm d. r = 16 cm
2. Find the area of a circle with the given circumference.
a. 4 cm b. 12 cm c. 20 cm d. cm
3. Find the circumference of a circle with area 36 cm
2
.
4. The ratio of the radii of two circles is 5 : 3. What is the ratio of their areas?
5. The area of the shaded region in the figure is 32r cm
2
and
R = 9 cm. Find r.
O
r
R
Solution
a. Since m/AOB = 90,
A(segment) = 9 18 cm
2
.
b. |OH| = 6 cm and
|AB| = 123 cm.
A(sector AOB) =
=
= 48 cm
2
.
A(AAOB) =
2
.
c. A(sector AOC) =
A(AAOC) =
2
.
2
6 6
36
18 cm
2 2
= =
2
2
36
= =9 cm
4 4
r
2
| | | | 12 3 6
36 3 cm
2 2

= =
AB OH
1
144
3
2 120
12
360

2
2 36
( )= = =18 cm
2 2
A
r
A AOB
2 2 90 1
(sector )= = 36=9 cm
360 4
r r r A AOB r
O
12
30
60
H
B
A
6
63
45
C
B
A
6 6
6
O
192
Geometriy 7
6. Find the area of the shaded region in each circle.
r = 5 cm
O A B
r
P Q
r
O
120
A
B
r = 8 cm
r
O
60
A
B
r = 5 cm
r
O
r = 12 cm
A
B
r
O
A B
r = 5 cm
|AB| = 52 cm
r
R = 10 cm
r = 7 cm
O
120
A
B
r
R
O
A B
r
r = 8 cm
O
r
R
R = 10 cm
r = 8 cm
Answers
1. a. 9 cm
2
b. 25 cm
2
c. 144 cm
2
d. 256 cm
2
2. a. 4 cm
2
b. 36 cm
2
c. 100 cm
2
d. cm
2
3. 12 cm
4.
5. 7 cm
6. a. cm
2
b. cm
2
c. 36 cm
2
d. cm
2
e. 36 cm
2
f. 25 cm
2
g. 17 cm
2
f. 16 cm
2
25 50
4
- 64
3
25
6
25
9
4
193
Circles
3. In the figure,
m/AOB = 120 and
r = 6 cm.
Find the length of arc
AXB.
O
120
6 cm
A
B
X
4. In the figure, B is the
center of a circle and
ABCD is a square with
|AD| = 5 cm.
Find the area of the
shaded region.
A B
C D
6. In the figure,
|OB| = 5 cm,
m/DOB = 60, and
|BA| = 3 cm.
shaded region.
B A
C
D
60
O
7. In the figure,
m/BAC = 30 and
the radius of the
circle is 6 cm. Find the area
of the shaded region.
30
A
B
C
8. In the figure, ABCD is a
rectangle and
A and B are the
centers of two circles.
Given |AD| = 6 cm,
find the area of the
shaded region.
A B
D C
E
5. In the figure, m/AOB = m/COD = m/EOF = 20
and r = 6 cm. Find the
sum of the areas of the
shaded regions.
O
20
20
20
F
E
D
C
B A
EXERCISES 4.3
1. In the figure,
m/AOB = 30 and
r = 6 cm.
shaded region.
O
30
A
B
r
2. In the figure,
m/AOB = 45 and
r = 10 cm.
shaded region.
O
45
A
B
r = 10
r
9. In the figure, A, B, and C
are the centers of three
congruent tangent circles.
If the sum of the
circumferences of the
circles is 24 cm, find
the area of the shaded
region.
A B
C
10.
B, C, P, and K are the centers of four circles in the
figure. Given |AB| = |BC| = |CD| = 4 cm,
find the area of shaded region.
A P
B
C
K
D
square with perimeter
64 cm. Find the area of
the shaded region.
A B
C D
194
Geometriy 7
13. In the figure,
A(AAOB) = 48 cm
2
,
|OC| = 8 cm, and
[OC] J [AB]. Find r.
O
A B
C
8 cm
r
19. In the figure,
m/BCD = 130 and
m/OAC = 40.
Find m/CBO.
O
40
x
C
A
B
130
D
20. In the figure,
m/OAB = 45 and
m/OCB = 60.
Find m/AOC.
O
45
60
x
A
B
C
21. In the figure,
m/AOC = 160 and
m/ABC = x.
Find m/ABC.
O
A
B
C
160
x
22. In the figure,
m/OAD = 40 and
m/BOC = 50.
Find m/COD.
O
A B
C
D
40 50
x
23. In the figure,
B is the point of
tangency and
m/OAB = 30.
Find m/ABC.
O
x
30
B
C
A
14. In the figure,
|AB| = |CD| = 8 cm and
|OH| = 3 cm.
Find the radius of
the circle.
O
8 cm
A B
C D
H
r
15. In the figure,
|CE| = 3x 2,
|FB| = x + 4, and
|OE| = |OF|.
Find x.
O
C
D
E
A
B
F
16. In the figure,
m/AOB = 60 and
|AB| = 5 cm.
circle.
O
r
A
B
C
17. In the figure,
|AB| = 9 cm,
|BC| = 8 cm, and
|CA| = 5 cm.
Find the radius of
circle A.
C
B A
18. In the figure,
m/OAB = 50 and
m/BCO = 35.
Find m/AOC.
O
50
35
x
A B
C
12. In the figure, B and D
are the centers of two
circles.
If ABCD is a square
and the shaded area
is 16 cm
2
, find
|DE|.
P
E
F
A
B
C
D
195
Circles
25. In the figure,
m/BAD = 60 and
|AD| = |DC|.
Find m/BCD.
O
60
x
A
B
C
D
31. In the figure,
|OB| = r = 4 cm.
shaded region.
O
A
B C
32. In the figure,
|AB| = 8 cm and
|AC| = 6 cm.
shaded region.
O
6

c
m
8

c
m
A
B
C
33. ABCD is a square with sides 10 cm long. Find the
area of each shaded region.
26. In the figure,
m/AOE = 60 and
|OA| = |DC|.
Find m/ACE.
O
x
60
A
B
C
E
D
27. In the figure,
m/BAD = 30.
Find m/ACD.
O
30
x
A B
C
D
28. In the figure,
m/BAC = 20 and
m/DFE = 30.
Find m/COD.
O
30
x
20
A
B
C
D
E
F
29. In the circle in the
figure,
|OA| = 6 cm,
m/AOB = 50,
m/COD = 30,
and m/EOF = 40.
Find the sum of the areas of the shaded regions.
O
40
30
50
A
B
C
D
E
F
of the circle is 6 cm and
the length of arc AXB is
4r cm. Find the area of
the shaded region.
O
X
r
=
6

c
m
A
B
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
A
B
C D
24. A and C are points of tan-
gency on the circle in the
figure.
Given m/ABC = 60 and
m/BCD = 70,
find m/BAE.
x
70
60
A
E
C
D
B
a. b.
c. d.
e. d.
Angles
196
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW TEST
1. In the figure,
|OA| = 4 cm and
|OC| = 7 cm.
What is |BC|?
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 5 cm
O
l
A
B
C
6. In the figure,
line l is tangent to the
circle at point C and
|OA| = |AB| = 5 cm.
Find |BC| = x.
A) 4 cm B) 5 cm C) 53 cm D) 6 cm
O 5 5
x
l
A B
C
7. Find m/ABC in the figure.
A) 49 B) 50 C) 51 D) 52
O
A
B
C
98
x
8. In the figure,
m/ABD = 60 and
m/CED = 80.
Find m/CDE.
A) 10 B) 20 C) 25 D) 40
O
x
D
A
B
60
80
C
E
9. In the figure,
m/BDC = 70.
Find m/ACB.
A) 20 B) 25 C) 30 D) 40
O
70
B
A
C
D
10. In the figure, line l is
tangent to the circle at
point A and
|AB| = |AC|.
Find m/CAD.
A) 65 B) 55 C) 50 D) 45
O
80
l
A
D
B
C
2. Find |AB|in the figure if
|CH| = 4 cm.
A) 8 cm B) 7 cm C) 6 cm D) 5 cm
O
A
B
C
D
H
G
of the circle is 10 cm
and |OH| = 6 cm.
Find |AB|.
A) 8 cm B) 12 cm C) 16 cm D) 20 cm
O
A
B
H
4. In the figure,
|OC| = 32 cm,
|AC| = 1 cm, and
|BC| = 7 cm.
What is the length
of the radius?
A) 3 cm B) 33 cm C) 42 cm D) 5 cm
7

c
m
O
1 cm
32 cm
C
A
B
5. In the figure,
|OK| = |OH| = 5 cm,
|AB| = 2a + 2 cm, and
|CD| = a + 13 cm.
What is the length of
the radius?
A) 13 cm B) 12 cm C) 11 cm D) 10 cm
O
A
B
C
D
K
H
197
11. In the figure,
[PE and [PD are
tangent to the
circle at the points
A and B, respectively.
Find m/ACB if
m/APB = 50.
A) 60 B) 65 C) 70 D) 75
O
A
B
C x
50
E
D
P
13. In the figure,
m/DCE = 30 and
mAB = 80.
A) 65 B) 70 C) 75 D) 80
O
x
30
A
E
B
D
C
14. In the figure,
|AB|= 2 cm and
|AC| = 23 cm.
What is the length of
the circumference?
A) 3 cm B) 4 cm C) 6 cm D) 8 cm
O
2 cm
23 cm
A
B
C
15. In the figure,
the perimeter of the
circle is 10 cm and
|OH| = 3 cm.
Find |AB|.
A) 5 cm B) 6 cm C) 7 cm D) 8 cm
O
3 cm
A
B
H
12. In the figure,
m/APC = 35 and
mBD = 100.
Find m/ADC.
A) 15 B) 20 C) 30 D) 40
O
35
x
P
A
B
C
D
16. In the figure,
m/ABC = 35,
m/ACB = 55, and
|BC| = 4 cm.
What is the area of the
circle?
A) 2 cm
2
B) 3 cm
2
C) 4 cm
2
D) 8 cm
2
4 cm
35 55
A
B C
19. In the figure, the circle
has radius 6 cm and
mZABC = 75.
shaded region.
A) 6 cm
2
B) 9 cm
2
C) 12 cm
2
D) 15 cm
2
O
6 cm
A
B
C
75
square. |BE| = 4 cm,
|DF| = 6 cm, and B and
D are the centers of two
circles. Find the area of
the shaded region.
A) 40 10 cm
2
B) 50 13 cm
2
C) 36 12 cm
2
D) 64 20 cm
2
A B
C D 6 cm
6 cm
4 cm
4 cm
F
G
E
H
17. Find the length of the
arc AB in the figure if
the radius is 3 cm and
m/ACB = 60.
A) cm B) cm C) 2 cm D) cm
5
2
3
2
O
60
3 cm
A
C
B
square with sides 6 cm
long. Find the area of
the shaded region.
A) 9 2 cm
2
B) 16 cm
2
C) 36 9 cm
2
D) 49 12 cm
2
9
4
O
A B
C D H
E
F
G
196
Geometriy 7
1. Because there are no simpler concepts for us to buid on. Therefore, we need to understand these concepts
without a precise definition.
3. A ray has closed enpoint but a half line has an open endpoint.
4. 2 5. 3 7. a. size, length, width, thickness b. line c. plane d. skew lines
8. a. true b. true c. true d. false e. true
9. a. 10 b. 21 c. 210 d. 5050
10. lines: HL, HG rays: [LC, [LH, [HL, [HG, [GH half lines: ]LC, ]LH, ]HL, ]HG, ]GH
11. a. line segment CD b. half open line segment PQ c. open line segment AB d. ray KL e. half line MN
f. line EF
12. a. l (E) = l b. d (F) = {C} c. n (G) = , 13. M, N and P, R and S, and L and K, are coplanar
points.
Q
P
l
14.
m
d
l
D
E
F
O
15.
(D) (E) = m
(D) (F) = l
(E) (F) = d
m d l = {O}
16. a. 5 b. (P) (Q) = EB, (P) (S) = EA, (P) (T) = AB, (Q) (T) = BC, (Q) (R) = EC, (T) (R) = DC,
(S) (R) = ED, (T) (S) = AD c. 3 lines pass through point A, B, C, and D, 4 lines pass through point E.
EXERCISES 1.1
1. a. , b. , c. {K, O, M} d. , e. {N} f. , g. , h. {P} i. , j. , k. ,
2. a. {A} L [CD b. ]AC[ L ]AD[ c. ]CD[ d. ]CE ]DF e. ]AB] L [BC[ L ]AH L ]DG
5. a. acute angle b. right angle c. obtuse angle d. straight angle e. complete angle
6. a. 20 b. 12 c. 20 7. a. 32 b. 20 c. 10
8. a. 115 b. 65 c. 115 d. 65 e. 115 f. 65 g. 65
9. 130 10. 40 11. 25 12. 50 13. 100 14. 70 15. x = y + z 16. 160 17. 35 18. 140 19. 80
20. 90 21. 35
EXERCISES 2.1
197
Answers to Exercises
1. ADE, DEK, DKF, BDF, CKF, CKE, DEC, ADC, DFC, BDC, CEF, ABC
2. eight triangles: GDT, DTE, ETF, FTG, GDE, GFE, GDF, DEF 3. 51 cm 4. 10 cm
5. 28.2 cm 6. a. B, E, F, C b. F c. segment AC and point E d. segment FC without
endpoints
7. 8. 12 9. 7 cm
10. a. b. c. 11. a. Hint: Construct medians for each
side. b. Hint: Construct angle bisectors for
each angle. c. Hint: Construct altitudes
for each vertex.
d. Hint: Construct perpendicular bisectors for each side. 14. 15. a. BFC b. CEF, BEF,
ABC c. BFC d. ABF e. ABF 17. a. yes b. no c. yes d. yes e. no 18. a. x {4, 9, 14} b. none 19.
20. a. in the interior b. in the interior c. in the interior d. in the interior e. on the triangle f. in the interior
g. in the interior h. on the triangle i. in the exterior j. in the interior k. in the interior l. in the exterior
21. a. sometimes b. always c. never d. sometimes e. never f. never g. always h. always

2
121
cm
2
56 168
= ; =
5 13
b c
h h
A
n
a
r
1
B C
r
2
r
2
r r
A
V
a
B C
A
B C
h
a
r
2
r
2
r
1
A
B
C
D
A B
C
E
A B
C
D
A B
E D
F C
D E
F
G
T
EXERCISES 3.1
22. a. b. c. d. e. f.
23. a. b.
isosceles
equilateral
obtuse triangle
isosceles scalene right equilateral
198
Geometriy 7
1. a. 36 b. 114 c. 54 d. 20 e. 100 f. 50 g. 90 h. 64 2. 40, 60, 80 3. x = 120, acute angles: 85, 5
4. 50 5. 136 6. 60 7. 72 8. 117 9. 12 10. 8 11. 36 12. 106
13. a. b. c. not possible d. e. not possible
14. a. no b. no c. no d. yes 15. 55 17. a. 2 < a < 14 b. 4 < p < 20 c. 1 < m < 7 18. a. 4 < x < 12
b. 4 < x < 11 c. 3 < x < 10 19. three 20. 9 21. 12 22. 29 23. 36 24. 9 25. five 26. a. yes b. no c. no
d. no e. yes f. yes 27. x 28. a. 1 = 2 > 3 b. 1 > 2 > 3 c. 3 > 2 > 1 d. 1 > 3 > 2 29. a. false b. false
c. true d. false e. true f. false g. false 30. a. AC b. AC c. DC d. BC 31. a. 5 b. 8 32. 49 33. 25
34. there are no values 35. 11 36. four triangles with side lengths (1, 5, 5), (2, 4, 5), (3, 4, 4), (3, 3, 5) 38. a. A
b. D c. D d. D 39. a. A b. B 40. a. A b. B c. A d. A 41. a. A b. B 42. a. D b. A
D M F
E
80
40
20
80
40
D M F
E
60 40 60
60
20
D M F
E
150
70
80
EXERCISES 3.3
2. a. 70 b. 1 c. 60 d. 6 e. 3 3. A K; D L; E N; AD KL; DE LN; AE KN
4. a. 6 b. 20 c. 22 d. 5. a. BC = 3, MN = 8 9. 10 cm 11. 2 12. m(OKM) = 10, m(OML) = 60,
m(OLK) = 20 13. 8 14. 15 15. 84 16. 17. 84 18. 38 19. 9.6 cm 20. 20 21. 22. 33 23. 8 cm
24. 33 25. 4 cm 26. 14 27. 15 28. 83 29. 3 cm 30. 16 31. 2 cm 32. 6 cm 33. 2 cm 34. 2 cm
35. 43 cm 36. 70 37. 12 38. 99 39. 9 cm 40. 33 3 41. 24 cm 42. yes 43. 200 km 44. 25 45. 7 5
46. 6 47. 70 48. 57 49. 150 50. 8 cm 51. 16 cm 52. 18 53. 8 and 12 54. 8 55. 45 58. 4 cm 59. 10
60. 32 60. 72 62. 6 cm 63. 12 cm 64. 12 cm 65. 8 66. 6 cm 67. 6 cm 68. 6 cm 69. 8 cm 70. 9 cm
71. 72. 6 73. 2 74. 18 75. 15
3
2
1
4
5
2
11
8
EXERCISES 3.2
EXERCISES 3.4
1. 2. {21, 31} 3. 4. {49, 31} 5. 6. 7. a. 13 b. c. 8.
9. 3x + 4y 10 = 0 ; 3x + 4y + 30 = 0 10.
53
15
12
43
5
2
15 2
4

35 25
{ , }
9 9
16
29
3
4
13
10
199
EXERCISES 4.1
1. radii: [OF], [OC], [OA], [OB] diameter: [FC] chords: [ED], [FC], [GB] tangent: AH secant: GB center: O
2. Points C, O, and D are in the interior region of the circle. Point E is on the circle. Points A, B, G and F are in the
exterior region of the circle 3. a. 9 cm b. 18 cm 4. a. = b. > 5. 24 cm 6. 3 cm 7. cm 8. 46 cm
9. 6 cm 10. r
1
= 4 cm, r
2
= 7 cm 11. 4 cm
9
2
EXERCISES 4.2
1. 120 2. 10 3. 120 4. 30 5. 50 6. 40 7. 70 8. 60 9. 40 10. 60 11. a = 15 b = 45
12. 20
EXERCISES 4.3
1. 33 cm
2
2. cm
2
3. 4 cm 4. cm
2
5. 6 cm
2
6. cm
2
7. (6 93) cm
2
8. (72 18) cm
2
9. (163 8) cm
2
10. 12 cm
2
11. (256 64) cm
2
12. (82 8) cm
13. 10 cm 14. 5 cm 15. 3 16. cm 17. 3 cm 18. 170 19. 10 20. 150 21. 100 21. 30 22. 60 23. 50
24. 120 25. 20 26. 120 27. 80 28. 12 cm
2
29. 12 cm
2
30. 4 cm
2
31. cm
2
32. a. 50 cm
2
b. (50 100) cm
2
c. (100 25) cm
2
d. (50 100) cm
2
e. cm
2
f. cm
2
25
(75 )
2
25
( +25)
4
25 - 48
2
5 3
3
13
2
25
(25 )
4
25
2
200
Geometriy 7
TEST 1
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. D
11. C
12. D
TEST 2
1. C
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
11. D
TEST 2A
1. E
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. E
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. C
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. C
15. E
16. C
TEST 2B
1. C
2. A
3. E
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. C
11. C
12. A
13. C
14. C
15. A
16. E
TEST 2C
1. E
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. E
6. E
7. D
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. C
16. C
TEST 2D
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. E
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. E
11. E
12. C
13. A
14. A
15. C
16. D
TEST 2E
1. D
2. E
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. C
14. C
15. B
16. B
Symbol Meaning
= is equal to
= is not equal to
> is greater than
is greater than or equal to
< is less than
is less than or equal to
= is approximately equal to
|x| absolute value of x
pi
square root
/A angle A
/A exterior angle of A in a triangle
m/A measure of angle A in degrees
degrees
minutes
seconds
right angle
m/ABC measure of angle ABC in degrees
AB minor arc with endpoints A and B
mAB measure of minor arc AB in degrees
ACB major arc with endpoints A and B
mACB measure of major arc ACB in degrees
AB line AB, passing through the points A
and B
[AB] line segment AB or segment AB, with
endpoints A and B
|AB| length of segment AB
[AB ray AB with initial point A, passing
through B
]AB half line AB
]AB] half-open line segment AB, excluding
point A and including point B
]AB[ open line segment
[AB] closed line segment
Symbol Meaning
= is congruent to
=/ is not congruent to
is parallel to
is not parallel to
J is perpendicular to
- is similar to
AABC triangle with vertices A, B and C
h
a
length of the altitude to side a
is an element of
is not an element of
L union
intersection
C is contained by
A C B A is contained by B
A B A is not contained by B
A.S.A angle-side-angle
S.A.S side-angle-side
S.S.S side-side-side
A.A angle-angle
(E) plane E
(int ABC) interior of the triangle ABC
(ext ABC) exterior of the triangle ABC
A(ABC) area of the triangle ABC
P(ABC) perimeter of the triangle ABC
ABCD quadrilateral ABCD
ABCD paralelogram ABCD
O circle with center O
C circumference
sin o sine o
cos o cosine o
tan o tangent o
cot o cotangent o
sec o secant o
cosec o cosecant o
202
Geometriy 7
acute angle: An acute angle is
an angle with measure greater
than 0 and less than 90.
acute triangle: An acute triangle has
three acute angles.
adjacent angles: Two angles
are adjacent if they share a com-
mon vertex and side, but have
no common interior points.
adjacent sides: In a triangle or
other polygon, two sides that share a common vertex are
adjacent sides.
alternate exterior angles: Two angles
are alternate exterior angles if they lie
outside l and m on opposite sides of t,
such as /b and /g.
alternate interior angles: Two angles are alternate
interior angles if they lie between l and m on opposite sides
of t, such as /d and /e. (See figure for alternate exterior
angles.)
altitude of a triangle: An altitude of a
triangle is a segment from a vertex that
is perpendicular to the opposite side or
to the line containing the opposite side.
An altitude may lie inside or outside the triangle.
angle: An angle consists of two different
rays that have the same initial point. The
rays are the sides of the angle and the ini-
tial point is the vertex of the angle.
angle bisector: An angle bisector is a
ray that divides the angle into two con-
gruent angles.
C
O
B
A
[OB is an angle bisector
[AN] is an angle bisector
A
C
B
vertex: point A
sides: [AC and [AB
altitude
b
a
c
d
g
e
h
f
l
m
t
a
b
c
b and c are adjacent angles
a and c are not adjacent angles
50
60
70
20
85
angle bisector of a triangle: An angle
bisector of a triangle is a segment that
bisects one of the angles of the
triangle. Its endpoints are points on the
triangle.
angle of depression: The angle formed
by the horizontal and the line of sight to
an object below the horizontal.
angle of elevation: The angle formed
by the horizontal and the line of sight to
an object above the horizontal.
area: The number of square units that cover a given surface.
base: The lower face or side of a geometric shape.
center of a circle: The center of a circle is
the point inside the circle that is
equidistant from all the points on the
circle.
central angle of a circle: A central angle of a circle is an
angle whose vertex is the center of the circle.
circle: A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are
equidistant from a given point, called the center of the
circle.
circumference of a circle: The circumference of a circle is
the distance around the circle.
collinear: Points, segments,
or rays that are on the same
line are collinear.
complementary angles: Two angles are complementary if
the sum of their measures is 90. Each angle is a
complement of the other.
concave polygon: See non-convex polygon.
A B C D
A, B, C, and D are collinear
r
O
O is the center of
the circle
horizontal
angle of
elevation
horizon
(horizontal)
angle of
depression
A
B N C
203
concurrent: Two or more lines or segments are
concurrent if they intersect at a single point.
congruent angles: Two angles are congruent if they have
the same measure.
congruent arcs: On the same circle or on congruent circles,
two arcs are congruent if they have the same measure.
congruent polygons: Two polygons are congruent if there is
a correspondence between their angles and sides such that
corresponding angles are congruent and corresponding sides
are congruent. Congruent polygons have the same size and
the same shape.
congruent segments: Two segments are congruent if they
have the same length.
consecutive interior angles: Two
angles are consecutive interior angles if
they lie between l and m on the same side
of t, such as /b and /e.
convex polygon: A polygon is convex if
no line that contains a side of the
polygon contains a point in the interior of
the polygon.
coplanar: Points, lines, segments or rays that lie in the same
plane.
corresponding angles: Two angles are
corresponding angles if they occupy cor-
responding positions, such as /a and /e
in the figure.
concentric circles: Circles that have
different radii but share the same center
are called concentric circles.
cone: A solid figure that has a circular
base and a point at the top.
cube: A square prism that has six equal
square sides.
cylinder: A solid with circular ends and
straight sides.
a
d
c
b
g
h
f
e
l
m
t
convex polygons
a
d
c
b
g
h
f
e
l
m
t
decagon: A decagon is a polygon that has
ten sides.
degree: A unit of angle and arc measure.
diameter of a circle: A diameter of a circle is a chord that
passes through the center. The diameter, d, is twice the
radius: d = 2r.
diagonal: A line segment joining two
non-adjacent vertices of a polygon.
equiangular triangle: An equiangular triangle has three
congruent angles, each with a measure of 60.
equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle has three con-
gruent sides.
exterior angles of a triangle:
When the sides of a triangle are
extended, the angles that are
adjacent to the interior angles of the
triangle are the exterior angles. Each
vertex has a pair of exterior angles.
exterior of an angle: A point D is in the
exterior of /A if it is not on the angle or in
the interior of the angle.
half line: A ray without an endpoint
(initial point).
half planes: Two halves of a plane that are
separated by a line
hexagon: A hexagon is a polygon with six
sides.
hypotenuse: In a right triangle, the side
opposite the right angle is the hypotenuse
of the triangle.
h
y
p
o
t
e
n
u
s
e
P
P
1
d
P = P
1
P
2
P
P
2
A B
]AB = half line AB
D
C
A B
interior
angle
exterior
angle
exterior
angle
d
ia
g
o
n
a
l
204
Geometriy 7
inscribed angle of a circle: An angle is
an inscribed angle of a circle if its vertex is
on the circle and its sides are chords of the
circle.
interior of an angle: A point D is in the
interior of A if it is between points that lie
on each side of the angle.
intersecting lines: Coplanar lines which have only one
point in common.
intersecting planes: Planes which have one common line.
isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle has at least two
congruent sides.
isosceles trapezoid: A quadrilateral with one pair of
parallel sides and at least two sides the same length.
kite: A convex quadrilateral with two pairs of
equal adjacent sides.
legs of a right triangle: Either of the two
sides that form a right angle of a right tri-
angle.
legs of an isosceles triangle: One of the
two congruent sides in an isosceles
triangle.
line: A line is an undefined term in geometry. In Euclidean
geometry a line is understood to be straight, to contain an
infinite number of points, to extend infinitely in two direc-
tions, and to have no thickness.
line segment: See segment.
leg leg
leg
leg
A B
D
C
AOB is an
inscribed angle
A
O
B
major arc: On circle P, if m/APB < 180,
then the points A and B together with the
points of the circle that lie in the exterior
of m/APB form a major arc of the circle.
Major arcs are denoted by three letters, as
in ACB.
midpoint of a segment: The midpoint
of a segment is the point that divides the
segment into two congruent segments.
minor arc: On circle P, if m/APB < 180,
then the points A and B, together with the
points of the circle that lie in the interior of
m/APB form a minor arc of the circle.
Minor arcs are denoted by two letters, such
as AB.
noncollinear: Points, segments, or rays that are not
collinear.
non-convex polygon: A polygon is
non-convex (concave) if at least one
line that contains a side of the polygon
contains a point in the interior of the
polygon.
non-coplanar: Not coplanar.
oblique lines: Lines are oblique if they
intersect and do not form right angles.
obtuse angle: An obtuse angle is an angle with measure
greater than 90 and less than 180.
obtuse triangle: An obtuse triangle has exactly one obtuse
angle.
octagon: An octagon is a polygon with
eight sides.
AB is a minor
arc of the circle
P
C
A B
R S T
|RS| = |ST|
midpoint
ACB is an major
arc of the circle
P
C
A B
205
parallel lines: Two lines are parallel if
they are coplanar and do not intersect.
parallel planes: Two planes are parallel
if they do not intersect.
parallelogram: A quadrilateral with
opposite sides parallel, and hence equal in
length.
pentagon: A pentagon is a polygon with
five sides.
perimeter of a polygon: The perimeter of a polygon is the
sum of the length of its sides.
perpendicular lines: Two lines are
perpendicular if they intersect to form a
right angle.
perpendicular line and plane: A line
is perpendicular to a plane if it is
perpendicular to each line in the plane.
plane: A plane is an undefined term in geometry. In
Euclidean geometry it can be thought of as a flat surface that
extends infinitely in all directions.
point: A point is an undefined term in geometry. It can be
thought of as a dot that represents a location in a plane or in
space.
polygon: A polygon is a plane figure formed by three or more
segments called sides, such that the following are true:
1. each side intersects exactly two other sides, once at each
endpoint, and
2. no two sides with a common endpoint are collinear.
l
l ^ P
P
k
l
k ^ l
E
A and B are
parallel planes
postulate: A postulate is a statement that is accepted as true
without proof.
proof: A proof is an organized series of statements that show
that the statement to be proved follows logically from known
facts (given statements, postulates, and previously proven
theorems).
protractor: A device used to determine the
measures of angles.
pythagorean triple: A set of three positive
integers a, b, and c that satisfy the equation
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
is a pythagorean triple.
prism: A solid figure that has two
bases that are parallel, congruent
polygons and with all other faces
that are parallelograms.
pyramid: A solid figure with a
polygon base and whose other
faces are triangles that share a
common vertex.
quadrilateral: A polygon with four sides. The sum of the
angles is 360.
radius of circle: A radius of a circle is a segment that has
the center as one endpoint and a point on the circle as the
other endpoint.
ray: The ray AB, or [AB, consists of the
initial point A and all points on line that
lie on the same side of A as B lies.
rectangle: A rectangle is a parallelogram that has four right
angles.
rectangular prism: A solid figure
that with two bases that are rectangles
and with all other faces that are
parallelograms.
A B
[AB
A B
[BA
100
120
60 80
45
135
135
45
c
b
a
a
2
+ b
2
= c
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90 100
120
130
140
150
160
170
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80 90 100 110 120
130
140
150
160
170
180
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
180
110
70
regular polygon: A polygon whose
sides are equal and whose angles are
equal.
right prism: A prism that has two
special characteristics: all lateral
edges are perpendicular to the bases
and all lateral faces are rectangular.
rhombus: A rhombus is a parallelogram that has four
congruent sides.
right triangle: A triangle with exactly one right angle.
scale factor: In two similar polygons or two similar solids,
the scale factor is the ratio of corresponding linear
measures.
scalene triangle: A scalene triangle is a triangle that has no
congruent sides.
segment: A segment AB, or [AB],
consists of the endpoints A and B and
all points on the line AB that lie
between A and B.
similar polygons: Two polygons are similar if their
corresponding angles are congruent and the lengths of
their corresponding sides are proportional.
sine: The ratio of the length of the side
opposite an angle to the length of the
hypotenuse in a right triangle.
surface area: The sum of all the areas of the surfaces of a
solid figure.
skew lines: Two lines are skew if they
do not lie in the same plane.
space: The set of all points.
sphere: A sphere is the set of all points
in space that are a given distance r from
a point called the center. The distance r
is the radius of the sphere.
O
d
k
d and k
are skew lines
A B
C
sin a =
|AC|
|BC|
a
A B
AB or BA
A B
[AB] or [BA]
square: A square is a parallelogram that
is both a rhombus and a rectangle; that
is, it has four congruent sides and four
right angles.
straight angle: A straight angle is an
angle that measures 180.
supplementary angles: Two angles are supplementary if
the sum of their measures is 180. Each angle is a
supplement of the other.
tangent: The ratio of the length of the
side opposite an angle to the length of the
side adjacent to the angle in a right trian-
gle.
tangent to a circle: A line is tangent to
a circle if it intersects the circle at exact-
ly one point.
theorem: A theorem is a statement that must be proved to
be true.
transversal: A transversal is a line that
intersects two or more coplanar lines at
different points.
trapezoid: A quadrilateral with exactly
one pair of opposite parallel sides. The
sum of the angles is 360.
vertex of a polygon: A vertex of a polygon is a common
endpoint of two of its sides.
vertical angles: Two
angles are vertical if their
sides form two pairs of
opposite rays.
volume: The number of cubic units needed to occupy a
given space.
b
c
d
a
a and c are vertical angles
b and d are vertical angles
l
k
d
l is the tranversal
B
A
C
A B
C
tan a =
|AC|
|AB|
a
straight angle

7 Geometry

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7 Geometry

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8

6. Find x in each figure if the angles are

10. The distance between the parallel lines

[CD] and m/BAD =

[BC]. Therefore, m/ABC = m/BAE and

b. The length of a 90 arc is a quarter of

d. arc length of GTH

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