Passive Voice

Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present

Active: Passive :

Rita A letter Rita A letter

writes is written wrote was written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Simple Past

Active: Passive :

Present Perfect

Active: Passive :

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

has written has been written will write will be written can write can be written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Future I

Active: Passive :

Modals

Active: Passive :

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Continuous

Active: Passive :

Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter Rita A letter

is writing is being written was writing was being written had written had been written will have written will have been written would write would be written would have written would have been written

a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita. a letter. by Rita.

Past Continuous

Active: Passive :

Past Perfect

Active: Passive :

Future II

Active: Passive :

Conditional I

Active: Passive :

Conditional II

Active: Passive :

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject

Verb

Object 1

Object 2

Active: Passive: Passive:

Rita A letter I

wrote was written was written

a letter to me a letter

to me. by Rita. by Rita.

.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. Thats why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped). Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Exercise 1
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. 1. Jenny would congratulate you. 2. We would pick you up. 3. She would order a pizza. 4. He would build a new house. 5. They would take the opportunity. 6. You would not recognize Jim. 7. I would not do that kind of job. 8. Would they decorate the room? 9. Would the DJ play this song? 10. Would Simon open the window? Exercise 2
Write passive sentences in Simple Present.

1. 2. 3. 4.

the documents / print the window / open the shoes / buy the car / wash

5. the litter / throw away 6. the letter / send 7. the book / read / not 8. the songs / sing / not 9. the food / eat / not 10. the shop / close / not Exercise 3
Write passive sentences in Simple Past

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

the test / write the table / set the cat / feed the lights / switch on the house / build dinner / serve this computer / sell / not the car / stop / not the tables / clean / not the children / pick up / not

Exercise 4
Write passive sentences in Present Perfect

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

the postcard / send the pencils / count the door / close the beds / make the mail / write the trees / plant the money / spend the room / book / not the rent / pay / not the people / inform / not

Exercise 5
Write passive sentences with the Future

1. the exhibition / visit 2. the windows / clean

3. the message / read 4. the thief / arrest 5. the photo / take 6. these songs / sing 7. the sign / see / not 8. a dictionary / use / not 9. credit cards / accept / not 10. the ring / find / not Exercise 6 Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice). 1. In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) his provinces in Britain. 2. 3. 4. 128. 5. high. 6. 7. 8. The Wall (guard) by 15,000 Roman soldiers. Every 8 kilometres there (be) a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers (find) shelter. The soldiers (watch) over the frontier to the north and (check) the people who (want) to enter or leave Roman Britain. 9. 10. In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) to one of the small forts that (serve) as gateways. Those forts (call) milecastles because the distance from one fort to another (be) one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres). It (be) 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) him that Pictish tribes from Britain's north (attack) them. So Hadrian (give) the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) in

11. 12.

Between the milecastles there (be) two turrets from which the soldiers (guard) the Wall. If the Wall (attack) by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run) to the nearest milecastle for help or (light) a fire that (can / see) by the soldiers in the milecastle.

13. 14. 15. Site.

In 383 Hadrian's Wall (abandon) Today Hadrian's Wall (be) the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. In 1987, it (become) a UNESCO World Heritage