MODULE E: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM EXERCISE 1

SPATIAL MODELLING IN DETERMINING SUITABLE LOCATION FOR WASTE DISPOSAL AREA

Lecturer: Muhammad Kamal, S.Si., MGIS.

by :
IQBAL PUTUT ASH SHIDIQ 10/309435/PMU/6813

GEO-INFORMATION FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND RISK MANAGEMENT MASTER PROGRAM GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2010

PROBLEMSTATEMENTS 1. 2. METHODOLOGY Data Therearethreekindsofdatainputthatusedinthispaper,whichare: a.Roadnetwork. b.Informationofexistinglanduse. c.Informationofslopethatcanbeobtainedfromelevationdata. SpatialModelling The spatial modeling is used to achieve the purposes of this assignment. There are several aspects that used to determine the suitable location for waste disposal area. These aspects are geographical features and treated as variables which will be adapted to make any kinds of application. These variables can be transformed or combined into new variables by way of specified function. This method refers to Tomlins (1991) statement, that cartographic modelling is a geographical data processing methodology that purports to address diverse applications in a clear consistent manner, by decomposing data sets that can be recombined with relative ease and great flexibility. Since it is use geographical data, and to answer a locational problem, then we can assumeitisaSpatialModelling. WeightedOverlay Weighted Overlay is a technique for applying a common measurement scale of values to diverse and dissimilar inputs to create an integrated analysis (ESRI, 2010). Geographic problems often require the analysis of many different factors. For instance, in this paper we need choose the suitable location for waste disposal area which means assessing such things as land use, road network, and slope. This information exists in different value scales. So we need to give a different treatment to each of them by considering their contribution. In other word, we need to give weight for each of them. Thescorewillindicatethelevelofcontributionofvariablestotheproblem. Therearetwoproblemswithinthispaper,whichare: Whereisthesuitablelocationforthewastedisposalarea? Whereisbestsitelocation,baseontheselectedarea?

CostDistance The Cost functions are similar to Euclidean functions, but instead of calculating the actual distance from one point to another, the Cost functions determine the shortest weighted distance (or accumulated travel cost) from each cell to the nearest cell in the setofsourcecells(ESRI,2010).

ZonalStatistic Zonal statistic is used to summarize the values of a raster within the zones of another dataset (either raster or vector) and reports the results to a table (Murayama, 2009).

RESULTS UsingSpatialModeltoDeterminetheSuitableLocationforWasteDisposalArea There are three variables that used to determine the suitable location for waste disposal area, such as road networks, slope degree, and land use feature. Beside the variable, we also need to consider the criteria or requirements, in order to make a properplaceofwastedisposalarea.Thenthevariablesshouldmeetthecriteria. Thecriteriaforsuitablewastedisposalareaare: 1) Cannotbesitednearbytheroadnetwork,byatleast300meters. 2) Must be located on gentle slope area, with the slope range between 2 and 5 degrees. 3) Locatedonexistingagriculturallanduse. 4) Mustbecoversalargeenougharea,i.e.areagreaterthan15hectares. Datatreatment Bothofvariablesandcriteriaareadaptedinthemodel.Sincemostofthisinputdata

areinthevectorformat,thentheconversiontorasterdataformatisneeded,inorderto accelerate the overlay process. The road network data are transformed into raster data format by Euclidean distance process. This process results area type of road feature, which directly be classified into two class, i.e. 0 300 meters, and above. Similar steps are applied for land use data. This data are converted into raster data format by Featuretorasterprocess.

A different treatment applied for slope data. The slope data are generated from

elevation data. Using Slope process in ArcGIS, elevation can be transformed to generate the slope. After the slope data are created, then we need to classify it into threeclass,i.e.02degree,25degree,andabove. Weighting The variables are different in their scale of value and level of influence. Different

weight also gave to each of them. This paper is using Weighted Overlay provided by ArcGIS9.3.
Table1.WeightingProcess.

Variables Road

%Influence 33

Value <300meters >300meters 25 >5 Residential Industrial

ScaleValue Restricted 1 1 Restricted Restricted Restricted 1 Restricted Restricted Restricted

Slope(degree)

33

LandUse

34

Agriculture Park School Commerce

Source:DataProcessing,2010.

AscanbeseeninTable1,eachvariableanditsvaluearebeingweightedseparately. The weighting process is based on the criteria that have been mentioned above. Scale value of one (1) means that the value of studied variable is suitable to the criteria. In the other hand, restricted scale value means that it is not the suitable value for the waste disposal area. Another thing that should be considered is the percentage of influence. In this case, we assume that each variable are same in their contribution. Thenweputthesamepercentageineachofthem.

TheModel Theexplanationofthemodelcanbesimplypresentedbydiagrambelow.Thismodel createdbythehelpofModelBuilderinArcGIS9.3.

Figure1.ModelofSuitableLocationforWasteDisposalArea(Source:DataProcessing).

SuitableArea There are five areas that might be suitable for waste disposal area. Those areas are

mostlylocatedinthecentertonortheastsideofthestudyarea(seeMap).Theattribute of each area can be viewed in Table 1. These are the area which meet the requirement orcriteriathathavebeenmentionedabove.
Table2.AttributeofWasteDisposalArea.

Name PolyA PolyC PolyB PolyD PolyE

Source:DataProcessing,2010.

Area(Ha) 56.628 51.074 55.097 34.580 23.409

Using Cost Distance and Zonal Statistic to Determine The Best Location for Waste DisposalArea After finding the suitable location for waste disposal area, then we need to choose the best location from the selected area. The selection of the best location based on land use feature. In this assignment, we consider the susceptible area and peoples perceptualdistanceofawastedisposalareawithinitsrelationwiththelandusefeature. Therelationshipcanberepresentedbytablebelow.
Table3.AdditionalCriteriaforDeterminingTheBestLocationofWasteDisposalArea. Landuse Residential Industrial Agriculture Park School Commerce Susceptible Susceptible NotSusceptible NotSusceptible NotSusceptible Susceptible NotSusceptible PerceptualFrictionValue Low High Low Low Low Low

Source:Kamal(2010)byModified.

TheexplanationabovecanbesimplyviewedasFigure3.

Figure2.ModeltoDetermineTheBestLocationBasedOnTheSelectedArea (Source:DataProcessing,2010).

Thebestlocation The best location of the waste disposal area must have the minimum cost distance. Theminimumcostdistanceindicatestheshortestweighteddistanceortheaccumulated travel cost, which will be paid for a certain location. From the map (see Map), we can assume that Poly B is the best location best it has the minimum value of cost distance. Since its close by the road network and the settlement area, Poly B also near by the Industrialareawhichhasthehighfrictiononpeoplesperception. Different situation occur with Poly C. Although this area is near by the settlement andtheroadnetwork,butitisnotbestone.Becauseitislocatedonornearbytheland use, which has less value of friction based on peoples thought. That is the reason why thisareahashighervalueofcostdistancecomparedtoPolyB. CONCLUSIONS 1. Theconclusionsofthispaperwilltrytoanswertheproblemstatements. There are five areas which suitable for waste disposal area, which located in the center to the north east part of the studied area. These areas are determined by threevariables,i.e.roadnetwork,slopedegree,andlandusefeature. 2. PolyBisthebestlocationforwastedisposalarea,becauseithastheminimumvalue of cost distance. The cost distance is measured by consider the peoples perception aboutlandusesusceptibilityandfriction.

REFERENCES ESRI. (2009). Cost Distance Algorithm. Retrieved on 21:20 WIB, October 28th, 2010, from http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Cost%20Distance %20algorithm. ESRI. (2010). How Weighted Overlay Works. Retrieved on 16:10 WIB, October 29th, 2010 fromhttp://webhelp.esri.com/arcgiSDEsktop/9.3/index. Kamal,Muhammad.(2010).GISExercise1:SpatialModelling.GISExerciseIndividual.Gadjah MadaUniversity,Jogjakarta. Murayama, Yuji. (2009). Use of Zonal Statistic Function. SIS Tutorial Series. University of Tsukuba.Japan. Tomlin, C. D. (1991). Cartographic Modelling. In: D. Maguire et al. (eds), GIS Principles and Applications,LongmanScientificandTechnical,NewYork.