Kha hc LTH mn Ha hc Thy Sn ng phn: Quy tc 2- 4- 8

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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I. GHI NH

Cng thc gc Hirocacbon S cng thc cu to
CH
3

- 1
C
2
H
5

- 1
C
3
H
7

- 2
C
4
H
9

- 4
C
5
H
11

- 8
C
6
H
13

- 17

Lu : S lng cc ng phn ca CH
3
v C
2
H
5
l 01 rt d nh, ng phn C
6
H
13
gn nh khng
c s dng trong thi, do vy chng ta cn nh s lng ng phn ca C
3
H
7
- ; C
4
H
9
v C
5
H
11

(2 4 8) l iu quan trng nht.
II. QUY TC 2-4-8 TNH S NG PHN CC HP CHT HU C
1. Dn xut mono halogen v ancol n chc
Cc hp cht c dng R X, s lng ng phn ph thuc gc R V d: C
4
H
9
Cl c 4 ng phn
C
5
H
11
OH c 8 ng phn ancol.
2. Ete v xeton
Chng c dng R
1

O R
2

v R
1

CO R
2
, s lng ng phn ca R
1

v R
2

ln lt l x v y
th: S ng phn cu to = x.y
V d1: ng phn ete c CTPT C
6
H
14
O
C
6
H
14
O S cng thc cu to
CH
3

O C
5
H
11
1.8 = 8
C
2
H
5

O C
4
H
9
1.4 = 4
C
3
H
7

O C
3
H
7
2.2 = 4
Tng 16
V d2: ng phn xeton c CTPT C
6
H
14
O
C
6
H
14
O S cng thc cu to
CH
3

CO C
4
H
9
1.4 = 4

C
2
H
5

CO C
3
H
7
1.2 = 2
Tng 6
Lu : t CTPT ct bt 1C to nhm chc, s thay i v tr ca R
1
v R
2
khng to cht mi.
NG PHN: QUY TC 2 4 - 8
(TI LIU BI GING)
Gio vin: PHM NGC SN
y l ti liu tm lc cc kin thc i km vi bi ging ng phn: Quy tc 2 4 8 thuc kha hc LTH
mn Ha hc thy Sn ti website Hocmai.vn. c th nm vng kin thc lin quan n Tnh s ng phn,
Bn cn kt hp xem ti liu cng vi bi ging ny.
Kha hc LTH mn Ha hc Thy Sn ng phn: Quy tc 2- 4- 8

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
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3. Anehit v axit cacboxylic
Cc anehit v axit cacboxylic R CHO v R COOH: S lng ng phn ph thuc R .
V d: Anehit C
6
H
12
O hay C
5
H
11

CHO c 8 ng phn cu to.
Axit C
6
H
12
O
2

hay C
5
H
11

COOH c 8 ng phn cu to.
4. Este
C cng thc R
1

COO R
2
. Cch xc nh s ng phn tng t ete v xeton. Lu khi thay i v tr
R
1
v R
2
s to ra este mi.

V d: ng phn este c CTPT C
6
H
12
O
2.

C
6
H
12
O
2
S cng thc cu to
CH
3

COO C
4
H
9
1.4 = 4
C
2
H
5

COO C
3
H
7
1.2 = 2
C
3
H
7

COO C
2
H
5
2.1 = 2
C
4
H
9

COO CH
3
4.1 = 4
H COO C
5
H
11
1.8 = 8
Tng 20
5. Amin
Amin c ba bc R
1

NH
2
; R
1

NH R
2

v R
1

N R
2

s lng ng phn ph thuc vo cc gc.

|
R
3

V d: Cc amin c CTPT C
5
H
13
N
C
5
H
13
N S cng thc cu to
C
5
H
11

NH
2
8
CH
3

NH C
4
H
9
1.4 = 4
C
2
H
5

NH C
3
H
7
1.2 = 2
C H
3
NC H
3

C
3
H
7


1.1.2 = 2
C H
3
N
C
2
H
5

C
2
H
5


1.1.1 = 1
Tng 17



Gio vin: Phm Ngc Sn
Ngun: Hocmai.vn