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Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy 26 Considerations
Key UMTS Radio Design Strategy 26 Considerations
Version 3.1
Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 3G and 2G Design Similarities 3G and 2G Design Differences CDMA Myths and Misconceptions Design Considerations
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GSM1800
44.8 -110 -115 3.9 18 4.7 1.5 52.7 30 -102 0 0 3.0 10 2.0 6.7 133.2 dB 135.0 dB 133.2 dB
Margins
Body Losses Indoor Penetration Factor Overlapping Margin Shadow margin Total Uplink Budget Total Downlink Budget Worst Link Budget 3.0 10.0 2.0 6.7 136.2 dB 135.0 dB 135.0 dB
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Propagation Models
The propagation models and propagation prediction tools used in GSM and UMTS network design are similar Hata model typically used for GSM900 is not suitable for UMTS which is in the range of 2GHz COST231 extended the applicability of the Hata model to higher frequencies including those of the GSM1800 and UMTS frequency bands The COST231 formula is:
L = (44.9 6.55log (hb)) log (d) + 46.3 + 33.9log (f) 13.82log (hb) a (hm) + Cm
a(hm): antenna height gain correction factor
a(hm) = (1.1log(f) 0.7)hm (1.56log(f)-0.8)sf
f: center frequency (MHz) hb: base station antenna height (m) hm: mobile antenna height (m) d: distance (km) Cm: environmental correction factor This model applies under the following conditions:
f: 1,500-2,000 MHz hb: 30-200 m hm: 1-10 m d: 1-20 km
Same model used for UMTS like in GSM1800 after applying a simple correction factor of 33.9log(fumts/fgsm).
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iPlanner
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Multi-carriers Multi-users
Coverage prediction
Pathloss calculations Coverage based on design thresholds
WCDMA simulations
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Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 3G and 2G Design Similarities 3G and 2G Design Differences CDMA Myths and Misconceptions Design Considerations
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Balance: Capacity
COST
QOS
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Coverage
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7. High power PA
In a asymmetric cell design use of high power PA reduces site count significantly
9. Repeater
Repeater is cost effective for addressing indoor or coldspot coverage extension Engineering and optimization of repeater must be done only by experts to avoid polluting the network
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Optimization Metrics
Dropped calls and unsuccessful call attempts: plots, counts, and percentages Actual BLER, uplink and downlink Common pilot Ec/I0 only to indicate poorlyoptimized coverage, pilot pollution, and no dominant server problems Number of cells/radio links per user Mobile transmit power Capacity per cell
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Single Server Two Servers (50% correlation) Two Servers (0% correlation) SHO Gain @ 90% Rel.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20
Log(Signal Power) Required link margin for two servers @ 90% reliability
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Capacity-Coverage Tradeoff
Capacity
Cell splitting : site densification Zone B
Capacity-coverage trade-off represents the relationship between the cell size used for design versus the capacity the cell is able to offer. In GSM, cell size is defined to guarantee a certain quality of coverage. In UMTS cell size is defined by the uplink link budget for a maximum uplink capacity, and downlink capacity is deduced. The larger the cell, the smaller the uplink capacity by definition.but also the bigger the power needed per user, hence the smaller the downlink capacity, PA power being the shared resource. UMTS design calls for an optimum cell size for a maximum capacity.
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The 45W amplifier provides the necessary power, unlike a 20W solution.
Path loss UL
Power
UE Sensitivity
The UL range is limited by low UE TX power (Max = 250mW, Min<1 miW), while the iBTS can transmit at higher power to achieve much higher throughput over the same distance on the downlink.
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
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With asymmetric call profile cell coverage can be enhanced using high power PA, thus reducing site count.
Economics Comparison
(Based on High Power PA) PA cost / Capacity 45W MCPA
,, OTSR ,,, , ,
OTSRSRST2
20W SCPA
100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR2) 100% (STSR1) 100% (STSR2) 100% (STSR3)
38% (OTSR) 38% (OTSR) 96% (STSR1) 55% (STSR2) 96% (STSR1) 55% (STSR2) 75% (STSR3)
STSR1 - STSR3
(CBD), STSR2STSR3 (, TD , )
55% (STSR2) 100% (STSR2) 75% (STSR3) 100% (STSR3) 37% (STSR3TD) 100% (STSR3TD)
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Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 3G and 2G Design Similarities 3G and 2G Design Differences CDMA Myths and Misconceptions Design Considerations
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UE1
x kbps
UE2
x kbps
UE3
x kbps
UE4
BTS
Cell Breathing
UE
1
UE
x kbps
UE
UE
3
x kbps
x kbps
BTS
Cell breathing not a significant issue Cell breathing accounted for in design. Effective service area does not change in full load per design. Link budgets include numerous margins such as cell loading, shadowing margin, body-loss margin, cell loading and in-building penetration margin.
Cell Breathing effects can be captured by including cell loading factor in the link budget
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Dominates
Capacity
Site Spacing
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Cscramb
Sector 1
Sector 3
Cscramb Cch
Channel #i
Cscramb Cch
Cscramb Cch
Channel #i
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Scrambling Code reuse pattern is much simpler than frequency reuse in GSM
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UE transmits at x2 Rate immediately before and after gap using secondary spreading codes (non orthogonal) Other options include reduced interleaving on primary code.
Interleaved sequences required to search GSM RSSI and BSIC
Pattern for GSM RSSI measurements
Pattern for initial BSIC identification Pattern for BSIC reconfirmation
BSIC Reconfirmation
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CM Capacity Impact
Capacity decreases in larger clusters. Tolerable if UMTS deployed initially in small clusters with low traffic expectations. Blind Hard Handoff to GSM should be considered Based on simulations
RSSI CM Measurement Trigger (dBm) GSM Border Handoff Thresh (dBm) % Users in Compressed Mode % PA Power on Secondary Codes Carried Voice Traffic (Erlangs) % Erlang Capacity -95 0 0 42 100.0% -90 -95 5.1 17.5 32 74.4% -85 -95 11.8 33 23 53.5%
RSSI trigger level has a huge impact on the applicability of Compressed Mode
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cdma2000
1.25MHz cdma FDD 1.2288Mcps GPS 20ms QPSK()BPSK( ) IS-95 (based on voice activity) (,) 800Hz
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Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 3G and 2G Design Similarities 3G and 2G Design Differences CDMA Myths and Misconceptions Design Considerations
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Topics
Design targets :
Coverage Availability Capacity Reliability
Interference Control Site Selection Concerns Co-location Concerns Load-Sharing Concerns RF Design Rules Indoor Coverage Strategy Hotspot Coverage Strategy
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Coverage Requirement
Service area
Need to define the most constraining service Need to identify areas of particular importance just like GSM
Service availability
Usually ranges from 75-95% High availability will mean high site count
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Potential interference area, but not critical in Phase 1 due to low traffic
Since UMTS/CDMA network is interference limited, the Ec/Io also need to be evaluated. (see fig. 2)
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During Phase 2, increasing UMTS subscribers requires new capacity cells to be added (see fig. 1) and coverage area is expanded at the same time
The interference area observed in Phase 1 is resolved by adding the new capacity cells (see fig. 2)
Site selection
When reusing existing sites, care must be taken to reduce irregular site spacing and great variation in antenna height Reuse existing site only if it is suitable for UMTS
Traffic management
Experience shows best strategy is to migrate heaviest users to dual mode service Ensure dual mode users use UMTS whenever possible
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UMTS/CDMA Network is Interference limited System In GSM system, RF design is measured by RSSI level in coverage area (see fig. 1) , but in CDMA/UMTS RF design, interference must be evaluated as well (see fig. 2) 100% GSM & UMTS blind co-location may cause problems in UMTS system, such as pilot pollution due to too much interference
Load Sharing
Load sharing between UMTS carriers is essential to optimise UMTS radio resources
Deploy multi-carrier management system for efficient sharing of UMTS carrier capacity
3G/2G Load Sharing is targeted to achieve resource utilisation efficiency across the unified 3G/2G spectrum
Load Sharing is achieved by Overload prevention & Load balancing
In the initial phase of UMTS deployment, primary objective is to achieve network stability and optimisation
Frequent handovers between systems has an impact on network performance and end user experience Standardisation of Iur-g to enable cell loading information transfer between GSM and UMTS not yet mature
Phased approach required to achieve radio resource utilisation efficiency across unified 2G/3G spectrum
3G/2G PHASE II
Enhancements / Segmentation 2G to 3G HO CS domain Maximize UMTS capacity through iMCTA for multi-carriers
Advanced Multi-Layer Management iMCTA based on Load, Priority, & Service unifiedRRM
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Use downtilt and/or reduce height to confine coverage Create dominant server area Pilot Ec/Io is the important threshold, not signal level Analysis result depends very much on traffic distribution
Typical Vertical antenna pattern should be 7 degrees, with 4 degrees electrical downtilt
RF Optimisation
Before After
Nortel use in-house developed RF optimizer to process drive test data RF Optimizer is developed as a result of Nortel Networks experience in CDMA RF optimisation
NORTEL NETWORKS CONFIDENTIAL
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Indoor locations with high isolation (e.g. underground car park) may use repeater or micro cell
Incorrect repeater deployments may cause interference which impact network performance Micro cell solution is more expensive than repeaters for coldspot coverage extension
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Types of interference
Wideband noise Spurious emissions Inter-modulation products Uncoordinated frequency bands
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China-specific considerations
CDMA1900 (WLL) downlink interferes with UMTS uplink UMTS uplink interferes with PHS/TD-SCDMA uplink PHS/TD-SCDMA uplink interferes with UMTS uplink PHS/TD-SCDMA downlink interferes with UMTS uplink
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