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Noozle
Noozle
Noozle
Outline
Definition Types of nozzle Flow analysis Ideal Gas Relationship Mach Number and Speed of Sound Isentropic flow of an ideal gas De Laval nozzle Nozzle efficiency Calculation examples
Definition
Nozzle is a duct by flowing through which the velocity of a fluid increases at the expense of pressure drop. A duct which decreases the velocity of a fluid and causes a corresponding increase in pressure is called a diffuser
Types of Nozzles
There are three types of nozzles a. Convergent nozzle
b. Divergent nozzle
c. Convergent-divergent nozzle
Flow Analysis
Incompressible flow Compressible Flow
The variation of fluid density for compressible flows requires attention to density and other fluid property relationships. The fluid equation of state, often unimportant for incompressible flows, is vital in the analysis of compressible flows. Also, temperature variations for compressible flows are usually significant and thus the energy equation is important. Curious phenomena can occur with compressible flows.
Flow Analysis
For simplicity, the gas is assumed to be an ideal gas. The gas flow is isentropic. The gas flow is constant The gas flow is along a straight line from gas inlet to exhaust gas exit The gas flow behavior is compressible
Thus,
Since for an ideal gas, enthalpy is a function of temperature only, the ideal gas specific heat at constant pressure, Cp can be expressed as
And,
Thus,
Since,
so,
where T is absolute temperature, s is entropy, is internal energy, p is absolute pressure, and is density
If Cp and Cv are assumed to be constant for a given gas, can be integrated to get
Thus,
which is a useful relationship between temperature, density, and pressure for the isentropic flow of an ideal gas. We can conclude that
This discussion about pressure wave patterns suggests the following categories of fluid flow: 1. Incompressible flow: Ma 0.3. Unrestricted, nearly symmetrical and instantaneous pressure communication. 2. Compressible subsonic flow: 0.3 < Ma < 1. Unrestricted but noticeably asymmetrical pressure communication. 3. Compressible supersonic flow: Ma > 1. Formation of Mach wave; pressure communication restricted to zone of action.
When the continuity equation is applied to the flow through this control volume, the result is
Neglecting the product d.dV, both being very small, dV = cd The momentum equation for the control volume gives, (p-(p+d))A = Ac((c-dV)-c) so., we obtain
And
If we form the logarithm of both sides of the continuity equation the result is
Since the flow being considered is isentropic, the speed of sound is related to variations of pressure with density, repeated here for convenience as
The streamwise equation of motion for steady and frictionless flow can be expressed for an ideal gas as since the potential energy term, dz can be considered as being negligibly small in comparison with the other terms involved.
results in
We can also develop an equation for pressure variation. Since p/ =RT then
we obtain
We can get a relationship for the critical temperature ratio, T*T0, by substituting Ma = 1. Thus,
De Laval nozzle
Its operation relies on the different properties of gases flowing at subsonic and supersonic speeds. The speed of a subsonic flow of gas will increase if the pipe carrying it narrows because the mass flow rate is constant. The gas flow through a de Laval nozzle is isentropic (gas entropy is nearly constant). At subsonic flow the gas is compressible; sound, a small pressure wave, will propagate through it. At the "throat", where the cross sectional area is a minimum, the gas velocity locally becomes sonic (Mach number = 1.0), a condition called choked flow. As the nozzle cross sectional area increases the gas continues to expand and the gas flow increases to supersonic velocities where a sound wave will not propagate backwards through the gas as viewed in the frame of reference of the nozzle (Mach number > 1.0).
De Laval nozzle
De Laval nozzle
A de Laval nozzle will only choke at the throat if the pressure and mass flow through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds, otherwise no supersonic flow is achieved. In addition, the pressure of the gas at the exit of the expansion portion of the exhaust of a nozzle must not be too low. Because pressure cannot travel upstream through the supersonic flow, the exit pressure can be significantly below ambient pressure it exhausts into, but if it is too far below ambient, then the flow will cease to be supersonic, or the flow will separate within the expansion portion of the nozzle, forming an unstable jet that may 'flop' around within the nozzle, possibly damaging it. In practice ambient pressure must be no higher than roughly 2-3 times the pressure in the supersonic gas at the exit for supersonic flow to leave the nozzle.
Nozzle efficiency
Due to friction between the fluid and walls of the nozzle, the expansion process is irreversible, although still approximately adiabatic. In nozzle design, the usual practice is to base all calculation on isentropic flow and then to make an allowance for friction using a coeficient or efficiency.
Nozzle efficiency
The nozzle efficiency, n, is defined as the ratio of the actual enthalpy drop to the isentropic enthalpy drop
Nozzle efficiency
If the actual velocity at exit from the nozzle is V1 and the velocity at exit when the flow is isentropic is V1s, then :
Calculation examples
1. Steam is expanded in a set of nozzle from 10 bar. 300 0C to 2 bar. Are the nozzle convergent or convergentdivergent? Neglecting the initial velocity, find the minimum area of the nozzle to flow 1 kg/s of steam, Assume isentropic expansion.
Calculation examples
No.1
Calculation examples
2. Steam expands in a set of nozzle from 10 bar, 300 0C to 1 bar. The convergent parts of the nozzle are sharp and frictionless. In the divergent parts, the friction loss may be taken as 0.15 of the isentropic enthalpy drop. If the steam floe rate is 1 kg/s and the initial velocity of steam is negligible, find the minimum area of the nozzle. If the exit diameter of nozzle is 25 mm, find the number of nozzles.
Calculation examples
No.2
Calculation examples
3.
Air at 7.8 bar and 180 0C expands through a convergent divergent nozzle into a space at 1.03 bar. The flow rate of air is 3.6 kg/s. Assuming isentropic flow throughout and neglecting the inlet velocity, calculate the throat and exit areas of the nozzle.
No.3
Calculation examples
Calculation examples
4. Combustion gases expand in a propulsion nozzle from 3.8 bar and 450 0C to a back pressure of 1 bar at the rate of 16 kg/s. Assuming the inlet velocity to be negligible and taking the coefficient discharge of 0.98 and a nozzle efficiency of 0.93, calculate the required throat and exit areas of the nozzle. For the gases take Cp = 1.11 kJ/kg K and = 1.333
Calculation examples
No.4
Calculation examples
Calculation examples
5. Steam at 20 bar and 300 oC enters a convergent-divergent nozzle at the
rate of 0.3 kg/s with negligible inlet velocity and expand into a space at 3 bar. a. Assuming that the steam expands isentropically according to a law pv1.3 = constant, estimate the throat and exit areas of the nozzles without using a h-s chart b. Re-calculate the throat and exit areas of the nozzle using the hs chart and taking a coefficient of discharge of 0.98 and a coefficient of velocity as 0.92
Calculation examples
No.5
Calculation examples