Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE-Part 1
CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE-Part 1
REINFORCED CONCRETE
PROVIDED BY: EMAD BEHDAD LECTURER: PROF.SHAMS
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION CORROSION PROCESS TYPES OF CORROSION CAUSES OF CORROSION PROTECTION METHODS CONCLUSION
Volumetric change
Ca, Na, K hydroxides in hydrated cement raise the pH to ~13.5 A dense protective ferric oxide (Fe2O3) passive film forms around the reinforcement Passive film develops on the bar surface This passive film stops iron dissolution, and is stable at pH >10
pH >13
Yes if:
Concrete is always dry, then there is no H2O to form rust. Also aggressive agents cannot easily diffuse into dry concrete. (b) Concrete is always wet, then there is no oxygen to form rust. (c) Cathodic protection is used to convert all the reinforcement into a cathode using a battery. This is not easy to implement because anodic mesh is expensive, and this technology is not easy to install and maintain
(a)
(d) A polymeric coating is applied to the concrete member to keep out aggressive agents. These are expensive and not easy to apply and maintain. (e) A polymeric coating is applied to the reinforcing bars to protect them from moisture and aggressive agents. This is expensive and there is some debate as to its long- term effectiveness. (f) Stainless steel or cladded stainless steel is used in lieu of conventional black bars. This is much more expensive than black bars.
Can we avoid corrosion? No, not entirely: Concrete is not usually under water or continuously dry. Aggressive agents such as carbon dioxide, de-icing agents and/or sea water can diffuse into the best of moist concrete, and corrosion will eventually result.
Crevice Corrosion of Rebar Has Some Similarities with Filliform Corrosion The head of the advancing filament becomes anodic, with a low pH and a lack of oxygen, as compared with the cathodic area immediately behind the head where oxygen is available through the semipermeable film. Corrosion proceeds as the cathode follows behind the anodic head (from Corrosion Basics NACE).
2) Pitting
Theories of passivity fall into two general categories, one based on adsorption and the other on presence of a thin oxide film. Pitting in the former case arises as detrimental or activator species, such as Cl-, compete with O2 or OH- at specific surface sites. By the oxide film theory, detrimental species become incorporated into the passive film, leading to its local dissolution or to development of conductive paths. Once initiated, pits propagate auto-catalytically according to the generalized reaction, M+n + nH2O + nCl- M(OH)n + nHCl, resulting in acidification of the active region and corrosion at an accelerated rate (M+n and M are the ionic and metallic forms of the corroding metal).
Airborne, marine, industrial, groundwater, castin Cl can penetrate through the passive film At Cl- > threshold, passive film breaks down, corrosion initiates Cl- threshold value is typically 0.05% by wt of concrete (0.02% prestressed concrete) Pitting corrosion
EFFECT OF CARBONATION
It can cause soft surface, dusting and color change It reduces quality concrete It reduces the concrete ability to protect reinforcement from corrosion (in an exposed environment) It will result in additional shrinkage in carbonated region.
DETECTING CARBONATION
Depth of carbonation can be detected using an indicator. A chemical such as Phenolphthalein sprayed on to freshly broken concrete. Areas remaining alkaline will turn in a bright purply-pink color. Carbonated areas of concrete will remain unchanged in color.
Cl-
Cl-
Migration of chlorides, H20 and O2 into the concrete, no corrosion and no damage to concrete
Degree of Corrosion
Initiation
Propagation (corrosion)
. ClClCl. . . . . ClClClClCl. . . . . ClClClCl. . . ClCl. . . pH >~10 . . . . . . . . . Cl. . . . Cl- . Cl- . ClCl. . . ClCle e . Cathode Cathode . . Anode . . . . . . . . . . . . ClClClElectrolyte . Cl- Cl. Cl- . ClClCl. . . . Cl.
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Cl-
Spalling
Rebar loss
Delamination
KISH
ISLAND
BANDAR ABBAS
Corroded rebar from cracked concrete of a parking structure exposed to deicing salts
REBAR COATING SCARIFIED & PATCHED DECK AWAITS ANODE MESH FLY ASH HOT-DIP GALVANIZING WIRELESS SENSOR FOR MONITORING CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE INHIBITORS
REBAR COATING
Advantage of epoxy coated rebar The coating has strong adhesive force to the steel. The coating has good chemical stability. The coating has good tenacity and wear ability. The coating has high insulation and anti-cathode decomposability. The coating has wide range temperature adaptation. The coating has high adhesive force with the concrete. Products have fine Physical Property. Used in the building with high demand and under the corrosive Environment, it can lengthen the use life of the building for more the 50 years.
EPOXYCOATED BARS
Anode Reduces anode area Increases threshold*
Cathode Reduces cathodic area
REDUCED CORROSION
Ionic path
Makes ionic pathway longer
Zinc and zinc alloys are also sprayed directly onto concrete to protect the steel rebar within
Arc spraying of zinc on a concrete bridge pier in the Florida Keys. In this case the zinc acts as sacrificial anode, although it is more frequently used in impressed-current systems. Three impressed-current zinc systems have already been installed by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario in Toronto
FLY ASH
using a Fly Ash concrete with very low permeability, which will delay the arrival of carbonation and chlorides at the level of the steel reinforcement. Fly Ash is a finely divided silica rich powder that, in itself, gives no benefit when added to a concrete mixture, unless it can react with the calcium hydroxide formed in the first few days of hydration. Together they form a calcium silica hydrate (CSH) compound that over time effectively reduces concrete diffusivity to oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and chloride ions. By reducing ion diffusion, the electrical resistance of the concrete also increases
CATHODIC PROTECTION
Impressed current (active) Sacrificial anode (passive)
Mixed Metal Oxide activated Titanium Anodes in the form of a ribbon mesh can be installed in close proximity and parallel to the reinforcement bars (rebar).
1. 2. 3. 4.
Simple to Install. No Power Supply Needed. No Wiring or Conduit. No Long-Term Monitoring or Maintenance
REFRENCES
Concrete Society Technical Reports TR 36 and 37
www.corrocell.co.uk