STOICHIOMETRY

- the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical reactions.

Counting Atoms
Chemistry is a quantitative sciencewe need a counting unit.

MOLE
1 mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles (atoms, molecules) as C atoms in 12.0 g of 12C.

Particles in a Mole
Avogadros Number

Amedeo Avogadro 1776-1856

6.02214199 x

23 10

There is Avogadros number of particles in a mole of any substance.

Molar Mass
1 mol of 12C = 12.00 g of C = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of C 12.00 g of 12C is its MOLAR MASS Taking into account all of the isotopes of C, the molar mass of C is 12.011 g/mol

One-mole Amounts

PROBLEM: What amount of Mg is represented by 0.200 g? How many atoms?

Mg has a molar mass of 24.3050 g/mol.
1 mol 0.200 g = 8.23 x 10-3 mol 24.31 g

How many atoms in this piece of Mg?

23 6.022 x 10 atoms 8.23 x 10-3 mol 1 mol

= 4.95 x 1021 atoms Mg

MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLAR MASS

Molecular weight = sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule. Molar mass = molecular weight in grams per mol.

What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O?

1 mol contains
2 moles of C (12.01 g C/1 mol) = 24.02 g C

6 moles of H (1.01 g H/1 mol) = 6.06 g H

1 mol of O (16.00 g O/1 mol) = 16.00 g O

TOTAL = molar mass = 46.08 g/mol

How many moles of alcohol (C2H6O) are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
(a) Molar mass of C2H6O = 46.08 g/mol (b) Calc. moles of alcohol

1 mol 21.3 g = 0.462 mol 46.08 g

How many molecules of alcohol are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
We know there are 0.462 mol of C2H6O.
6.022 x 1023 molecules 0.462 mol 1 mol

= 2.78 x 1023 molecules

How many atoms of C are there in a standard can of beer if there are 21.3 g of C2H6O?
There are 2.78 x 1023 molecules. Each molecule contains 2 C atoms. Therefore, the number of C atoms is
2 C atoms 23 2.78 x 10 molecules 1 molecule

= 5.57 x 1023 C atoms

Empirical & Molecular Formulas

A pure compound always consists of the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight. Therefore, we can express the molecular composition as PERCENT BY

WEIGHT

Ethanol, C2H6O 52.13% C 13.15% H 34.72% O

Percent Composition
Consider NO2, Molar mass = ? What is the weight percent of N and of O?
Wt. % N = 14.0 g N 100% = 30.4 % 46.0 g NO2

Wt. % O 2 (16 .0 g O per mole ) x 100 % 69 .6% 46 .0 g

What are the weight percentages of N and O in NO?

Determining Formulas
In

chemical analysis we determine

the % by weight of each element in a given amount of pure compound and derive the EMPIRICAL or SIMPLEST formula.

PROBLEM:

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

Because it contains only B and H, it must contain 18.90% H. In 100.0 g of the compound there are 81.10 g of B and 18.90 g of H. Calculate the number of moles of each constitutent.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

Calculate the number of moles of each element in 100.0 g of sample.

1 mol 81.10 g B = 7.502 mol B 10.81 g 1 mol 18.90 g H = 18.75 mol H 1.008 g

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

Now, recognize that atoms combine in the

ratio of small whole numbers

Find the ratio of moles of elements in the compound.

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. What is its empirical formula?

Take the ratio of moles of B and H. Always divide by the smaller number.

18.75 mol H 2.499 mol H 2.5 mol H = = 7.502 mol B 1.000 mol B 1.0 mol B
But we need a whole number ratio. 2.5 mol H/1.0 mol B = 5 mol H to 2 mol B

EMPIRICAL FORMULA = B2H5

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula ?
Is the molecular formula B2H5, B4H10, B6H15, B8H20, etc.?

B 2H 6

B2H6 is one example of this class of compounds.

How to Determine the molar mass?

Mass spectrometer

A compound of B and H is 81.10% B. Its empirical formula is B2H5. What is its molecular formula?

We need to do an EXPERIMENT to find the MOLAR MASS.

Here experiment gives 53.3 g/mol Compare with the mass of B2H5
= 26.66

g/unit

Find the ratio of these masses.

53.3 g/mol 2 units of B2H5 = 26.66 g/unit of B2H5 1 mol

Molecular formula = B4H10

Law of conservation of mass [Lavoisier, 1743-1794]

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Law of definite proportion [Joseph Proust, 1754-1826]

A given compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass

Law of multiple proportions [John Dalton, 1766-1844]

When 2 elements form multiple compounds, the mass of the second element per gram of the first one can always be reduced to small whole numbers
ELEMENTS are composed of identical particles, atoms
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other: A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms

Chemical Equations
Because the same atoms are present in a reaction at the beginning and at the end, the amount of matter in a system does not change. The Law of the Conservation of Matter
Demo of conservation of matter, See Screen 4.3.

Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the conservation of matter, an equation

must be balanced.

It must have the same number of atoms of the same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788

Balancing Equations
___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(liq) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s)

Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and products and their relative amounts in a reaction.

2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(g) ---> Al2Br6(s)

The numbers in the front are called

stoichiometric coefficients
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of compounds.

Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 Al2O3(s)
This equation means 4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules ---give---> 2 molecules of Al2O3
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 ---give---> 2 moles of Al2O3

STOICHIOMETRY
It rests on the principle of the conservation of matter.

2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(liq) ------> Al2Br6(s)

PROBLEM: If 454 g of NH4NO3 decomposes, how much N2O and H2O are formed? What is the theoretical yield of products?

STEP 1 Write the balanced chemical equation NH4NO3 ---> N2O + 2 H2O

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 2 Convert mass reactant (454 g) --> moles
1 mol 454 g = 5.68 mol NH4NO3 80.04 g

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) --> moles product

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant --> moles product
Relate moles NH4NO3 to moles product expected. 1 mol NH4NO3 --> 2 mol H2O Express this relation as the

STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR.
2 mol H2 O produced 1 mol NH4NO 3 used

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 3 Convert moles reactant (5.68 mol) --> moles product

2 mol H2O produced 5.68 mol NH4NO 3 1 mol NH4NO 3 used

= 11.4 mol H2O produced

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 4 Convert moles product (11.4 mol) --> mass product

Called the THEORETICAL YIELD
18.02 g 11.4 mol H2O = 204 g H2O 1 mol

ALWAYS FOLLOW THESE STEPS IN SOLVING STOICHIOMETRY PROBLEMS!

GENERAL PLAN FOR STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS

Mass reactant Mass product

Moles reactant

Stoichiometric factor

Moles product

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 5 How much N2O is formed?
Total mass of reactants = total mass of products

454 g NH4NO3 = ___ g N2O + 204 g H2O mass of N2O = 250. g

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield
If you isolated only 131 g of N2O, what is the percent yield? This compares the theoretical (250. g) and

actual (131 g) yields.

454 g of NH4NO3 --> N2O + 2 H2O

STEP 6 Calculate the percent yield

actual yield % yield = 100% theoretical yield 131 g % yield = 100% = 52.4% 250. g

PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g of H2O2, what mass of O2 and of H2O can be obtained?
2 H2O2(liq) ---> 2 H2O(g) + O2(g)
Reaction is catalyzed by MnO2 Step 1: moles of H2O2

Step 2: use STOICHIOMETRIC FACTOR to calculate moles of O2

Step 3: mass of O2

LIMITING REACTANT
In a given reaction, there is not enough of one reagent to use up the other reagent completely. The reagent in short supply LIMITS the quantity of product that can be formed.

Reactions Involving a

LIMITING REACTANTS

Reactants

Products

2 NO(g) + O2 (g)

2 NO2(g)

Limiting reactant = ___________ Excess reactant = ____________

LIMITING REACTANTS

Demo of limiting reactants on Screen 4.7

LIMITING REACTANTS
(See CD Screen 4.8)

React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl (aq) Zn + 2 HCl ---> ZnCl2 + H2
1 2 3
Rxn 1: Balloon inflates fully, some Zn left * More than enough Zn to use up the 0.100 mol HCl Rxn 2: Balloon inflates fully, no Zn left
* Right amount of each (HCl and Zn)

Rxn 3: Balloon does not inflate fully, no Zn left.

* Not enough Zn to use up 0.100 mol HCl

LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100 mol HCl (aq) Zn + 2 HCl ---> ZnCl2 + H2
Rxn 1 7.00 Rxn 2 3.27 Rxn 3 1.31

mass Zn (g) mol Zn 0.107 0.050 0.020 mol HCl 0.100 0.100 0.100 mol HCl/mol Zn 0.93/1 2.00/1 5.00/1 Lim Reactant LR = HCl no LR LR = Zn

Reaction to be Studied
2 Al + 3 Cl2 ---> Al2Cl6

PROBLEM: Mix 5.40 g of Al with 8.10 g of Cl2. What mass of Al2Cl6 can form?
Mass reactant Mass product

Moles reactant

Stoichiometric factor

Moles product

Determine the formula of a compound of Sn and I using the following data.

Reaction of Sn and I2 is done using excess Sn. Mass of Sn in the beginning = 1.056 g Mass of iodine (I2) used = 1.947 g Mass of Sn remaining = 0.601 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

Find the mass of Sn that combined with 1.947 g I2. Mass of Sn initially = 1.056 g Mass of Sn recovered = 0.601 g Mass of Sn used = 0.455 g Find moles of Sn used:

1 mol 0.455 g Sn = 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn 118.7 g

Tin and Iodine Compound

Now find the number of moles of I2 that combined with 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn. Mass of I2 used was 1.947 g.
1 mol 1.947 g I2 = 7.671 x 10-3 mol I2 253.81 g

How many moles of iodine atoms?

2 mol I atoms -3 7.671 x 10 mol I2 1 mol I2

= 1.534 x 10-2 mol I atoms

Tin and Iodine Compound

Now find the ratio of number of moles of moles of I and Sn that combined.

4.01 mol I = 1.00 mol Sn 3.83 x 10-3 mol Sn

1.534 x 10-2 mol I

Empirical formula is

SnI4