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    Junior Moral Book

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    Junior Moral Book

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    99 views220 pages

    My Duties

    Uploaded by

    Subrahmanyam Somayajula
    Junior Moral Book

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    MY DUTIES A JUNIOR MORAL TEXTBOOK WITH AN ADDRESS TO TEACHERS COMPILED BY «JOHN MURDOCH, LLD THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY LONDON, MADRASTAND COLOMBO 1912 ‘Final Orders’ of the Government of India ON MORAL TEXTBOOKS ‘Ir beheves that the careful selection and traming of teachers provide the most effectual method of establishing a good moral tone m a school, but 1 also considers that the influence of the teacher may be greatly strengthened, and the mterests of morality promoted by the use in schools of textbooks having a dnect bearmg on conduct either by means of precept or example '? ‘Second Quinquentsal Review of Hducatton wm India, 1887-8 to 1891-2, p 862 TO THE TEACHER IMPORTANCE OF THE TEACHER'S DUTIES Somm of the greatest men that have ever lived, aware of this, have devoted their hives to teaching The goldsmith works in gold and the diamond-cutte: polishes diamonds, but the teacher has to fashion immortal beings, fa. more valuable than the most precious gems In ancient times in India, the Brahméchar: left his father’s house and resided with his Guiu, who watched over him as hisownson The tiue teacher will regard his pupilsin the same lhght He should take the same interest m them asa father doesin bis children Few parents have eithe: the knowledge or the time necessaiy to educate their children themselves, they, therefore, intiust them to teachers, who are mvested witn then authority and with ther duties Home influence, no doubt, is the most powerful , next to 1618 that of the school Hence 1t has been said, ‘What you would put into the lefe of a naton, put nto tts schools’ Let 16 be the giand aim of the teacher to make this influence as useful as possible m every respect DUTIES OF A THACHER TO HIS PUPILS Care of Health—There 1s far more sickness in India than im England and about twice as many people” die every year ‘This 1s partly due to the climate, but more to not observing the laws of health My Dutres shows how to keep well More than half the cases of fevet would be avoided by attending to 2 few simple tules which should be explained Directions ae also given about guarding against small-pox and plague Let Iv THE OBJECT OF THIS BOOK the teacher seek that his pupils grow up stiong and nealthy Active games should be encouraged Proficiency. in School Studies —Childien me sent to school chiefly that they may be able afterwaids to earn their own living ote teaching has to be guarded against Indian children are generally diligent and have good memories, but this 1s not enough Education comes fiom a word meaning to lead, pupils should be trained to think Fon this purpose they should be ques- froned thoroughly on what they ale taught My Dutees contains some hints on studies, and the habits necessary to success in hfe Moral Traimmg,.—If a school only turns out clever 1ogues, 1fdoes mo.e harm than good The grand aim of the teacher should be that his pupils may not only be clever scholars, but that they gow up good men, a, bless- ing to themselves and their country. The oidmary Readers mclude so many subjects that itis impossible to give m those for advanced classes suffi- cient space to moral conduct In My Dutzes the subject 1s taken up in 1egular order, and treated in detail The followmg are some of the chief pomts noticed Parents and Teachers —t Honour thy father and thy mother,’ 1s the first command so far as our fellow- beings are concerned Next to them, respect 1s due to teachers In towns especially, 16 1s complamed that tins duty 1s notso wellobsexvedasformerly Let the Teach do what he can to promote it The aged and persons in authority should also receive due respect Truthfulness—This has been called the ‘Queen of Vutues’ Cyrus, King of Persia, when asked what was the first thing he learned, replied, ‘ to tell the truth ‘— anoble lesson Let the childien be taught to ‘Speak the truth, the whole tiuth, and nothing but the tiuth, Honesty —All cheating, whether 1n school or in play, should be strongly gondemned The boy who cheats will probably tun outa dishonest man, and brig 1uin upon himself Improper Language —There 18, perhaps, no evil cus- fom moe common im this countiy than abusive speech Stienuous efforts should be made to chack if m every THE OBJECT OF THIS BOOK v form ‘The elder boys should be encouraged to warn the younger against 16, Female Educateon —Without this India can no more rise m the scale of nations than a bird can fly with one wing It should be encouraged by all possible means Scholais should try to get their sisters educated The Brothe: hood of Man —At page 129 m My Dutres, the following 1s quoted from the Panchatantia — Small souls inquire, ‘ Belongs this man To our own race, or class, or clan?’ But larger-hearted men embrace As brothers all thethuman race This should be fully explained to the pupils, and they should commit if to memory’ ‘Have we not all one Father ?~Hati hot one God created us?’ We should look upon each othe: as brothers, and no degrading epi- thet. should be used Persons who have disagieeable wouk should be the more kindly treated Duty io God —This, above all, should recetve atten- tion The pupils should be taught that they are contin- ually in God’s presence, that He 1s then best fiend, and wishes then to be happy, here and heeafter Try to make them feel the tiuth of the words quoted at page 180 ’ Tis Religion that can give Sweetest pleasures while we live , ‘Tis Rehgion must supply Sohd comfort when we die In enlightened countries music is taught m schools, and eventually 16 will be mtroduced in India Mean- while, as an inferior substitute, the simultaneous 1eadmg and reeiting of the poetry may be employed with advan- tage Many of the pieces of poetry should be committed to memory The usefulness of ‘My Duties’ will largely depend upon the Teacher explaining and enforcmg its lessons, and watching over the conduct of his pupils, v1 THE OBJECT OF THIS BOOK DUTIES OUTSIDE THE SCHOOL The Teacher, as an educated man, should use his infiuence for the general good of the town or village where he 1s stationed Cleanliness should be promoted A good water-supply 1s of great importance When any pestilence 1s in the neighbourhood, special precautions should be taken Every town should have a dispensary, if not a hospital Thrift should be encouraged by opening Savings Banks Accounts mstead of squandeung money on marriage ceremonies While idiscniminats charity 1s condemned, cases of distress should be relieved A Reading Room should be established 1f one does no& already exist Lectures should be delivered The good of the people should be sought m every possible way THE REWARDS OF THE GOOD TEACHER Some Government servants receive pensions when they retire They have their value, but they are only money and end with the lives ofthe recipients. The re- wards ot the good Teacher axe far higher, and1each into eternity, The Teacher who sets a good example will do much to Bnimete his pups with his sprit They will sbow him love and respect while he hves, and when he 1s teken away, his memory willbe chershed Thus blessed bhim- self and being a blessing to others, when the teacher enters the unseen world, he will have the cheering salatation from God Himself, ‘Well done! good and faithfal servant, enter thou into the joy of thy Lord ° Compared with this, how poor and mean are mere earthly rewards ! J Murpoca CONTENTS t= The Italtes sndrcate Poetcal Preces INTRODUCTION Lesson Page| Lesson Page 1 Why was I made? 1|5 The Golden Rule 9 2 What I sve for 8/6 The Voce Withn . 11 8 How do I differ from 7 ‘The Choice of Heroules 14 the Lower Ammals? 4|8 How to have a Happy 4 MayIdoasI lke? 6 Old Age 16 MY DUTIES TO MYSELF 9 Gare of my Body 17,21 Demosthenes 438 10 How to heep Well 19; 22 Order and Punctual- 11 How to ganrd against ity 51 Sickness 22) 23 Eyes and no Byes’ 53 12 Dr Jenner and Vacei- 24 Hints on Study 55 nation 25|}25 Modesty 58 13 Temperance 27196 SirIsaac Newton ., GL 14 Punty 29/27 Good Manners 63 1§ WhyshouldI Work® 31/28 Bad Habits 66 16 Dot yourself 84,29 May I do as others 17 James Ferguson 87 | do? 69 18 Industry 40180 Moral Courage 71 19 Benjamin Franklin 42/81 Socrates 74 20 Perseverance 45182 Amusements aT MY DUTIES TO OTHERS 88 My Duty to my Pa- 89 My School Duties .. 98 rents ‘ 80/40 Truthfulness 95 34 A Son's Obedvence 83/41 A Roman’s Word 98 85 A Daughter's Love 8442 Honesty 100 36 Brothers and Sisters 86|48 Moses Rothschild 108 37 «Family Affechon 89} 44 The Oauses and Evils 88 The Portuguese of Debt 104 Brothers 90 : + # CONTENTS vill 3 Lesson Page | Lesson Page 45 ‘How to Keep out of 60 Msss Neghtengale vstt- Debt 107 ang the Steck 145 46 The Terrible Red 61 Maharan1 Surnomayi, Dwarf 109 or 147 47 Abusive Speech 111 | 62 Thomas Clarkson 149 48 Story of Two Neigh- 68 Self-Saorifice,I bours 14 The Brave Pilot . 152 49 How fo lillan Enemy 117 | 64 SelfSacrifice, IT 50 Selfishness 120 Leomdas ond his 51 Doing Good 128 Three Hundred 165 52 Gompanionsand 65 Patriotism—False and Friends 125 ‘True 158 58 The Brotherhood of 66 Duty to Government 161 Man 129/67 Rehgious Liberty 164 54 Whotsmy Newhbou 9 181/68 Ahahya Bu, the Mab- 55 Female Education 181 ratta Rani 166 56 John Pounds 134)69 How a wild Tnibe 67 Charity—False and was Oivilized 169 ‘True 186/70 Peter the Great 172 68 Jobn Howard 189} 71 ‘he Patriots of Calais 174 59 Floience Nightingale 142!72 My Duty to Ammals 176 MY DUTY TO GOD 78 The Importance of 77 God, our Father in Rehgion 179 Heaven 188 T4 How do we iknow 78 Gratitude to God 190 there 1s a God? 181|79 Prayer 193 15 God's Wisdom seen nm 80 What Account shall the Lower Animals 183 I give to God? 196 %6 God 1s everywhere 186 DUTIES IN AFTER LIFE 81 Which Employment 88 How to succeed m should I choose? 199 Life 202 82 Work for Every Ons 201|84 My Aims im Lafe 205 MY DUTIES INTRODUCTION 1 WHY WAS I MADE? Iamaliving bemg Idid not make myself Who made me? Why was I made? These are important questions which should be asked by every one ‘When we see a bridge, & boat, 01 a book, we know that 16 was made fo a particular purpose If we saw anything that had been fo.med with gieat care, though we should not be able to tell 1ts particular use, we should neve1theless be quite sure that 16 was intended for some purpose Men do not spend time and labour uselessly Now, in all these examples the object or design may be called the end, which the different labourers have m view The end of the watchmake: is to make a watch, and the watch hasanend It is to tell the time of the day coirectly If 16 does not do this, then 16 does not answei the end—the purpose for which 1¢ was made Two or more ends may be accomplished by the same means When a houses to be built, a number of persons, of different trades, must all unite to build 16 The magon accomplishes his end when all the walls are completed, the carpenter gains his end when the beams are laid and the doors and windows finshed But besides the ends of the mason and carpenter, etc , there 1s another end which the builder of the house has in view, 1618 that he may have a house Thisis the chief end, all those who work in. obedience to his orders accomplish subo.dinate ends. 2 MY DUTIES You weie made by God You have two fatheis, an earthly father, anda heavenly Fathe. It was God, your heavenly Father, who gave you lite and who keeps you in life God has a design in all His woiks When He made man, He had some great object in view Man may tulfil othe: ends than this one He has duties asa child, a fiend, a citizen, a se1vant, a master, but these aie ends of an inferior kind There 1s an end of a far higher nature To know what this end 1s must be impontant, and it 1s our duty to make this inquny We may easily know that God did not send us into the would merely to eat, to sleep, and to work Anirhals do this, but God, by giving us mind and 1eason, clearly teaches us that we aie mtended for. nobler ends God made us to be good and happy hke Himself. It 1s said of Him, ‘Thou ait good, and doest good’ In these 1espects we should try toimitate Him = Our fust duty 1s to be good ourselves If we are not good, we cannot be expected to do good to others. ‘We should ask ourselves How can we best become good ? how can we best do good to othais? The object of this book 1s to answer these questions. Read 1b carefully, and try to do what a tells you What a noble aim it 1s to try to be like God! ‘We should be hke httle mirrors 1eflecting the hght of the glouions sun God 1s the happiest Being in the universe, and the more we are hike Him, the more we shall partake of His happiness If I do not iulfil the end to. which I was made, I shall be like a watch that does not tell the proper time, and 1s useless May this not be my case! Ac com’-plished, gained Nev er the less’, not the less Cit’-l zen, a person hving im a | Par tic’ u lar, single ' WHAT I LIVE FOR 3 2 WHAT I LIVE FOR I live for those who love me, Whose hearts are kind and true, For the heaven that smiles above me, And awaits my spit too, Fo: all human ties that bind me, For the task my God assigned me, Fo the bright hopes leff behind me, . And the good that I can do A live to learn their story, Who suffered fo. my sake, To emulate then glory, And follow 1n then wake , Bards, pati1ots, martyrs, sages, The noble of all ages, Whose deeds crown History’s pages, And Time’s great volume make I hve to hail that season, By gifted minds foretold, ‘When man shall hive by 1eason, And not alone by gold , “When man to man united, And every wiong thing righted, The whole world shall be lighted, As Eden was of old I hve for those who love me, Fou those who know me tive, For the heaven that smiles above me, And awaits my spirit too, For the cause that lacks assistance, For the wrongs that need resistance, Fo. the future in the distance, And the good that I can do As signed’, appomted Hu’ man ties, duties as human As-sist -ance, help beings Bards, poets Mar vtyrs persons who suffer eir beliefs E’-den, the garden in which for tl Adam and Eve were placed Re-sist’-ance, standing against, Em -u late, try to equal Sa'-ges, wise men Wake, example, course 4 MY DUTIES 38 HOW DO IDIFFER FROM THE LOWER ANIMALS? . A pDoG or a monkey and I are alike in some respects. We both see with ou eyes, hear with our ears, eat with our mouth, and smell with ournose Wealhke feel hunger and thnst, and require to be supported by food But though we resemble each othe1 1n some things, there are important differences, which are thus. pointed out by a good English write: One great difterence between man and the other animals consists 1n this, that the forme: has 7eason,. whereas the latte: have only wstnet In onder to- understand what we mean by the terms reason and instinct, 16 will be necessary to mention three things, in which the difference very distinctly appeais To bring the parties as neaily on a level as possible, let us consider man 1n a savage state, wholly occu- pied, like the beasts of the field, in providing for the wants of his animal nature And here the first distinction that appeais between him and the ciea— tures aiound him is the use of wmplements Wher the savage provides himself with a hut, 01 a wigwam: for sheltei, 01 that he may sto1e up his provisions, he does no more than is done by the 1abbit, the beaver, the bee, and buds of every species But man cannot make any progiess in this wouk without tools, he must provide himself with an axe even before he can lop down a tree fou 1ts timbe1 , whereas these animals form their bu1.ows, their cells, or their nests, with no othe: tools than those with which nature has providedthem In cultivating the ground, also, man can do nothing without a spade o1 a plough, moi can he 1eap what he has sown till he has shaped: an mplement with which to cut down his harvest But the infe1io1 animals provide for themselves and. their young without any of these things HOW DO I DIFFUR FROM ANIMALS? 5 * Now for the second distinction Man in all his operations makes mistakes, animals make none Did you ever hear of such a thing as a bird sitting dis- consolate on a twig, lamenting over her half-finished. nest, and puzzling her little poll to know how to complete 16? Ox did you ever see the cells of a dee-hive in clumsy 1regulat shapes, or observe any- thing lke a discussion im the little community as 1f there was a difference of opmion among the archi- tects? The lowe animals are even bette: physicians than we aie, for when they are ill, they will, many of them, seek out some paxticula: herb which they do not use as food, and which possesses a medicinal quality exactly suited to the complaint, whereas the whole college of physicians will dispute fo. a century about the virtues of a single diug Man undertakes nothing in which he is not more o1 less puzzled; he must try numberless experiments before he can bung lus undertakings to anything lke perfection , even the simplest operations of domestic life are not well performed without some experience, and the term of man’s lifeis balf wasted before he bas done with his mstakes, and begins to profit by his lessons The thud distinction 1s that animals make no amp) ovements, while the knowledge, skill, and suc- «cess of a man are perpetually on the inciease Animals, 1n all then. operations, follow that mstinct which God has implanted in them, and hence their works are more perfect and regular than those of men But man, having been endowed with the faculty of thinking or 1.easoning about what he does, as enabled by patience and mdustry to correct the amustakes mto which he at first falls, and to go on constantly improving Monkeys lived on the earth before men At the present time they crack their nuts, swing themselves from branch to branch, shelter themselves, carry then. young, and live just lke then first ancestors, 6 MY DUTIES On the other hand, look at the people of England! Two thousand yeais ago they we1e painted savages, clothed with the skins of beasts, hving 1m caves or wheiever they could find shelte. Compare them now They are well dressed and live in comfortable houses, they are able to 1ead, supplied with books, railways, and all the improvements of civilization Not one of the lowe: animals can be taught to read Not one of them even knows how to kindle a fue* But the great difference between us and the lower animals 1s that we have souls, able to distinguish between 11ght and wong, and to know God’s will (arh’-1-tehts), | Im’-ple-ments, tools Arch’= tects ‘builders In’-stinct, the power which Bur’-rows, holes dug by an- mals Cly-11-1-za’-tion, in knowledge Com-mun’-i-ty, persons hying together Dis con’-sol ate, sorrowful Dis cus’-sion, dispute advancement Dis-tinc’-tion, difference Dis-ting’-uish, know the difference leads ammals to do things without beng taught Op-er-a’-tions, actions Per-pet’-u-al ly, constantly Phy-si’-clans (fi zish’-ans), loctors Poll, head Rea’-son, the power by which we judge of things Re-sem -ble, to be lihe Wig'-wam, an Indian hut 4 MAY IDO ASTI LIKE? Suprosz this question is asked fist by an m- fant A very young child wishes to get everything he sees, not caimg to whom 1t belongs He may cry fo. the moon He does not know the difference between wholesome and unwholesome food, and will! eat anything If a bright sharp knife comes in his way, he wishes to play with it Unless he is watched, he will pull ove: a lamp, or, if water 1s near, go into 1t and be diowned * This 18 a wise provision of Nature as otherwise forests might ‘be burnt down ¥ 8 MAY I DO AS I LIKE? q It will readily be allowed that young childien may not do as they hke, but 1t may be said, that it 1s different with a youth who has perhaps passed the UTniveisity entiance cxamination When a Jad is eighteen years of age, no doubt, experience has taught him to be careful about knives and fue, but thee are othe: dangeis to which he is exposed From sixteen to twenty is about the most critical period of hfe Its then often determined whethe1 the future 1s to be happy 01 miserable At no age 1s wise guidance move 1equired There 1s a proverb, ‘He who says what he likes, will hear what he doesnot hke’ Angiy words lead to angry wordsim.eturn Many a man has lost his situation by saying what he hked when fault was found with him, whereas ‘a soff answer turneth away wrath’ In the same way, if we do to others as we luke, we may expect them to do to us as they ike You will thus see that we require to be very careful about what we say or do to othe1s But may young people do as they hke so far as they are themselves concerned? If so, they must expect to ‘reap as they sow’ A wise man in old times gave the following warning, ‘ Rejoice, O young man, 10 thy youth, and let thy heait chee: thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and im the sight of thmeeyes but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into yudgement’ On the othe: hand, ‘ Wisdom’s ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths ae peace.” Before doing anything, ask yourself if 16 18 mght, After you have begun, it will probably be too late. Some 1ules are given you in this book to help you to decide between ight and wrong There is also a couse you can take which will bea gieat help Do not be guided by companions of your own age, but consult your parents and teachers They are older 6 MY DUTIES On the other hand, look at the people of England! Two thousand years ago they were painted savages, clothed with the skins of beasts, living m caves or wherever they could find shelte. Compare them now They are well dressed and live im comfoitable houses, they aie able to read, supplied with books, railways, ond all the improvements of civilization Not one of the lowé1 animals can be taught to read Not one of them even knows how to kindle a fire * But the great difference between us and the lower animals is that we have souls, able to distinguish between 1ight and wrong, and to know God’s will Arch’-i tects (arh’.-tekts), builders Im'-ple ments, tools In’-stinct, the power which: Bur’-rows, holes dug by am- mals Ciy-1-i-za’ tion, an hnowledge Com-mun’-i-ty, persons hving together Dis con’-sol ate, sorrowful Dis-cus'-slon, dispute Dis-tine’-tion, difference Dis-ting’-uish, Lnow difference advancement the leads animals to do things without being taught Op er-a’ tions, actions Per-pet’ u-al-ly, constantly Phy-si’-clans (fi zish’-ans), loctors Poll, head Rea-son, the power by which we judge of things Re-sem’-ble, to be ihe Wig'-wam, an Indian hut 4 MAY IDO ASI LIKE? Soprosz this question is asked fist by an in- fant A very young child wishes to get everything he sees, not ca1ing to whom it belongs He may ciy for the moon He does not know the difference between wholesome and unw holesome food, and will eat anything Ifa bright sharp knife comes 1n his way, he wishes to play with 1t Unless he is watched, he will pull ove: a lamp, o1, 1f water 1s. near, go into 1t and be diowned * This 18 o wise provision of Nature as otherwise forests might ‘be burt down a MAY I DO AS I LIKE? q It will eadily be allowed that young childien may not do as they hke, but 1t may be said, that 16 is different with a youth who has perhaps passed the University entrance cxamination When a Jad 1s eighteen years of age, no doubt, experience has taught him to be careful about knives and fie, but there are othe: dangeis to which he is exposed From sixteen to twenty is about the most critical period of hfe tis then often determined whether the future 1s to be happy 01. miserable At no age 1s wise guidance more 1equued There 1s @ proverb, ‘He who says what he likes, will hear what he does not like’ Angiy words lead to angry wordsinieturn Many a man has lost his situation by saying what he hked when fault was found with him, whereas ‘a sofi answer tuneth away wrath’ In the same way, 1f we do to others as we luke, we may expect them to do to us as they like You will thus see that we require to be very careful about what we say or do to others But may young people do as they like so fai as they aré themselves concerned? It so, they must expect to ‘1eap as they sow’ A wise man in old times gave the following warming, ‘ Rejoice, O young man, 1n thy youth, and let thy heart cheer thee in the days of thy youth, and walk in the ways of thine heart, and in the sight of thineeyes but know thou, that for all these things God will bring thee into judgement’ On the othe1 hand, ‘ Wisdom’s ‘ways ale ways of pleasantness, and all he. paths ae peace’ Before doing anything, ask yourself if 16 18 right After you have begun, it will probably be too late. Some ules are given you in this book to help you to decide between 11ght and wiong There 1s also a course you can take which will bea gieat help Do not be guided by companions of youn own age, but consult you. paients and teachers They are older 3 MY DUTIES and wiser than you, they only wish your own good, and what will be best for you You will see that we can only do what we like, if we hike to do what 1s ght You have been told that God, our heavenly Father, wishes us to be good and happy hike himself We should therefoue tiy to think as He thinks, and to do what he wishes us to do For this we should ask His help, and then all will be well SOWING AND REAPING Are wa sowing seeds of kindness? They shail blossom bright ere long Are we sowing seeds of discord? They shall ripen into wrong Are we sowing seeds of honour? They shall bring forth golden giain. Are we sowing seeds of falsehood ? We shall yet reap bitter pain Whatso’er our sowing be, Reaping, we its fruit must see ‘We can neven be too careful ‘What the seed our hands shall sow , Love fiom love 1s sure to ripen, . Hate from hate 1s sure to grow, Seeds of good or 111 we scatter Heedlessly along om way , But a glad or grievous fruitage ‘Waits us at the harvest day Whatso’er our sowing be, Reaping, we its fiuit must see Crit’-i cal, dangerous, moment- | Frult’-age, frmts n ons | In’-fant, baby De ter’ -mined, fixed Sight of thine eyes, 28 you hke. Dis'-cord, disagreement Whole -some (hol’-sum),healthy. Ex pe ri-ence, knowledge gained by trial THE GOLDEN RULE 9 5 THE GOLDEN RULE As gold 1s the most precious metal, the word golden 1s applied to anything very excellent ‘All things you would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them,’ has, on this account, been called tthe Golden Rule Buiefly 1t may be expiessed, ‘Do 743 you would be done by ’ This rule 1s so clear that all who wish to know its meaning can understand it Every one must allow that itis fan, and just,and kind. It1s also so shout that 16 can be easilyremembered It has been com- pared to a httle bundle which every one may take and cairy in his bosom It applies to all times, in ‘youth, in manhood, and old age, to rich and poor; to nations as well as mdividuals , to our thoughts as well as to owt actions There is anothe: 1ule which 1s not golden, ‘I will do so to him ashe hath donetome’ If another wrong us, this does not give us a right to wrong him We should 1athe: return good for evil Observe the ‘word ‘would’ We are to do to others as we ‘wesh,’” them to do to us One 01 two examples may be given to show how this rule should be used Before we speak about another person, we should ask ourselves the question, “Should I like him to speak about meas I am going to speak about him?’ If he should, let us speak If vnot, let us keep silence, unless duty requires us to speak for the prevention of evil The same rule applies to ou. actions as well as om words It extends even to ou. thoughts We should watch against thinking evil of others It refers to doing good to others as well as 1efrain- ing from domg harm If we were in tiouble, we should like others to help us, let us do the same to them The Golden Rule should especially be obse1ved in 10 MY DUTIES dealing with the poor and despised No advantage should be taken of poverty , no dis:espectful language should be used to the meanest This 1ule, howeve1, puts a lint to what we may expect from otheis We have no right to ask from any one what we should be unwilling or unable to do in hke cicumstances Another limitation is that we ate not to ask othes to do wrong on our account Noone has a right to utter a falsehood to save himself from punishment, nor to expect another to doit fo. him Suppose a criminal has been found guilty by a judge, who 1s about to pronounce sentence The culprit 1eminds him ofthe Golden Rule The judge, however, cannot set him fuee, fo. he has duties which no one has a right to ask him to violate In geneial, however, the Rule should be followed The same duty is taught in @ veise translatedl from the Sanskrit Whene'er thy acts the source must be Of good or all to other men, ‘Deal thou with them 1m all things then As thou would’st have them deal with thee Iustration.—A poo. widow, with a family of childien to support, eained a scanty living, by sell- img over a table in the street various fancy little aiticles Her friends advised her to rent a small shop, but she still continued to put out he: table In this wa} she began to do very well Just at this time anothe: poor woman, stiuggling to support her children, set out a table on the opposite side of the stieet As soon as the widow saw this, she took in hei table When asked the reasou, she said ‘I am doing veiy well with my shop, and she has buta table I will not divide the custom, for I know how haad 1t 1s to suppot a family of childien with only the sales of a table’ THE VOICE WITHIN 1k Cir’-cum-stances, state of | Il-Ius-tra’-tion, example things In-di-yid'-u-als, single persons Crim’-i-nal, a person who has | Lim-i-ta’-tion, some thing that done & bad act bounds Cul’ prit, a guilty person Pre-yen -tion, hindrance Dis-re spect’-ful, showing want | Re-frain’-ing, heeping from of respect Strug’-gling, trying hard 6 THE VOICE WITHIN An American wuiter tells the following story of himself when he was a child im his fouith year — “One day I saw a hittle spotted tortoise sunning” himself m the shallow water of a hitle pond I lifted the stick I had in my hand to stnke the harm- less reptile , fo. though I had never killed any crea. 12 MY DUTIES ture, yet I had seen other boys, out of sport, destroy birds and the like, and I felt a disposition to follow their wicked example But all at once something checked my little arm, and a voice with me said, loud and clea, ‘It 1s wiong’ ‘I held my uplifted stick in wonder at the new emotion, till the tortoise vanished from my sight ‘I hastened home and told the tale to my mother, and asked what it was that told me it was wrong She wiped a tea: fiom hei eye, and said, taking me an her aims, “ Some people call 1t conscience, but I prefer to call it the voice of God inthesoul If you listen and obey it, then 16 will speak clearer and clearer, and always guide you ught, but, 1f you turn a deaf ear or disobey, then 16 will fade out little by dittle, and leave you all in the dak, without a gmde. Your life depends upon heeding this little voice”’ Conscience wains us before we begin to do wrong ; it 1emonstrates while we ate domg wiong, it re- proaches us afte. we have done wiong, and makes us anxious, unhappy, and afraid Butaf we persist in evil courses, conscience 18, as 16 were, ‘seared with a hot non,’ and we become past feeling The move frequently we do 11ght, the easier will 16 be to do1ight , and the greate1 pleasure will the domg of 11ght give us, the oftener we resist temptation, the easier we can resist not only this temptation, but every othe: And thus, at every step of oun pro- giess in virtue, we shall be prepared to be more and more virtuous, and ou characters will become fixed on a sure1 foundation On the contrary, the oftener we do wiong, the moie difficult 16 1s to resist temptation, the more readily do we fall mto sin, and with the less 1emorse do we violate all the warnings of conscience Hence, the farther we go on in sin, the move difficult it 18 to get backagain, and the less isthe hope of ou 1ecovery He who acis agunst his conscience does wrong, THE VOICE WITHIN 13 but 1¢ does not follow that he who obeys his con- science always does right A child brought up among. thieves does not thmk 1t wrong to steal By associ- ating with bad companions we come to believe that we can do without harm whatothersdo Take care, therefore, what company you keep, and seek to know your duty. Nothing gives so much true happiness as following. in all thigs the voice of conscience The gieatest. English poet says . I feel withm me A peace above all earthly dignities, A still and quiet conscience, CONSCIENCE When a foohsh thought withm Tues to take us in & snare, Conscience tells us, ‘ It 1s sin,’ And entreats us to beware If in something we tiansgress, And are tempted to deny, Conscience says, ‘ You faults confess , Do not dare to tell a le’ ‘When oun angry passions 1186, ‘Tempting to .evenge an ull, ‘Now subdue it,’ conscience cries , ‘Do command your temper still’ But if we should disregard, While those friendly voices call, Conscience soon will giow so hard That it will not speak at all As-so’-cl at-Ing, Joming in com- , Re-proach’-es, blames pany with Rep'-tile, an animal that creeps. Con’-science, knowledge of our or has very short legs actions as right or wrong Seared with a hot fron, lost alb Dig'-ni ties, honours feeling Dis po si’-tion, desiro, wish Temp ta’-tion,any thing leading. E-mo’-tion, feeling ‘us to do wrong Re-mon’-strates, speaks ngamst | Trans-gress’, do wrong Re morse’, pain for haying done | Van’-ished, passed away wrong Yr-o-late, act against 44 MY DUTIES 7 THE CHOICE OF HERCULES Onx day there appemed to Heicules two beautiful women The one who spoke first promised him that if he would listen to he: and follow her advice, he should have no toil or trouble, but live a life of pleasure all ms days He should, so she promised, feast on the 1ichest food, and drink sparkling wine, and he upon soft couches and hsten to cheerful songs, and he should know neither pain noi soriow, nor toil of any kind, but should live all his life long in the enjoyment of every good thing But Hercules, though he listened to hei, did not ‘believe all she said, and asked her what he: name was, fo. he thought he: ways and looks were bold and fo.ward, and not like the speech and looks of a modest and good woman ‘My name,’ she rephed, ‘as my fiends call We 1s Happiness, but those who hate me call me ice ’ ‘Then the othe:, who was tall and beautiful, not so bold as the fist one, but modest m he: looks and Speech, and diessed in a 10be of pure white, said to 7m. ‘I know thee, O Hercules, and thy paents, and thy history, and the toil thatis put upon thee I[ hope, 1f thou wilt follow my advice, and walk in the way I shall pomt out, thou wilt attaim to honour, and men shall speak thy piaise Neither will IT deceive thee with promises of pleasure, but I will tell thee the tiuth according to divine laws Nothing thats good and noble is given to men without labour, If you seek to be honomed by your countrymen, you must stive to benefit them If yon wish to be healthy and robust, you must exercise yourself with labour, and keep the body in subjection to the ‘soul’ ‘You see, Hercules,’ interrupted the one who first THE CHOICE OF HERCULES 15 spoke, ‘ what a had and dificult way of happiness thisis I will show jou a much easier and shoiter 2oad’ ° ‘I'hen the other, hei eyes flashing with indignation, rephed ‘O wretch! what hast thou that 1s good ? or what delight canst thou know who art unwilling totol? Thy mghts are passed in wickedness, and thy days in slumbe. What ae they that follow thy precepts ? In then youth them bodies are feeble ; an age they become squahd and imbecile Those who love me live a life of true pleasute, for they ae stiong to toil, and then rest therefore 1s pleasant and then food sweet to them The young rejoice in the praise of the aged, and the aged rejoice in the honours won by the young Beloved by then duiends, honomed by then country, then names are 1emembered with praise afte: they aredead ‘Where- foie, O Hercules, Jet it please thee, by enduiing hardships and labom, eainestly to seek this tue happiness fo1 thyself’ So she spake, and the othe: one, who falsely called herself Happiness, was silent with shame Then Hercules resolved that he would follow Virtue, for ihe felt that what she had said was tiue, and that to be good and do good, though it often costs touch suffermg and severe toil, 1s the way to tiue Ahappiness This story1s a parable Eve1y one has to make the choice of Hercules—to choose between vutue and vice, and to1eap the fiutsofeach Take care ‘which choice you make En-dur’-ing, bearmg Re-solved’, made up the mind. Her’-cu-ies, o famous Greek | Ro-bust’, strong hero, afterwards ranked | Squal’-id, duty among the gods Sub jec’-tion, state of being Am’-be cile, weoh under in dig na’ tion, anger Vice, bad conduct In-ter-rupt'-ed, brohein between | Vir tue, good conduct Par'-a-ble, companion, a story t9 teach some lesson 16 MY DUTIES 8 HOW TO HAVE A HAPPY OLD AGE © You are old, Father William,’ the young man cried, ‘The few locks which are left you are grey , You are hale, Fathe: Wilham, a hearty old man* Now tell me the reason, I pray ’ In the days of my youth,’ Father William replied, *I 1emember’d that youth would fly fast, And abused not my health and my vigou. at first, That 1 never might need them at last’ ‘You are old, Father Wilham,’ the young man cned, «And pleasures with youth pass away, And yet you lament not the days that are gone Now tell me the 1eason, I pray’ ‘In the days of my youth,’ Father Wiliam rephed, ‘I remembet'd that youth could not last I thought of the future, whatever I did, That I never might grieve fo. the past ’ “You are old, Father William,’ the young man cued, ‘And life must be hastening away, You are cheerful, and love to converse upon death - Now tell me the reason, I pray’ ‘Iam cheerful, young man,’ Father William replied, * Lot tho cause thy attention ongage , In the days of my youth I remember’d my God And He hath not foigotien my age A-bused’, made a bad use of Locks, tufts of hair, Con-yerse’, talk. Vig -our, strength Hale, healthy MY DUTIES TO MYSELF 9- CARE OF MY BODY Ir a beautiful gold watch wee given to you, you know that you must take gieat care of 1t If dust o1 a grain of sand get inside, 1t will soon stop and be of no value for telling the hou. On the other hand, by taking proper care, 16 will seve for a hfe- time A machine, fai. more wonderful and valuable than any watch, has been intiusted to you—yom body. It is much more hable than a watch to get out of order, but, with due care, it will serve you well for many years A useless watch may be 1eplaced by another , but not so with your body Health 1s a great blessing When we are well, we are able to do om own wo1k, and to help others Sickness takes away our strength, and makes us a burden to those aroundus A sick king1s miserable in his palace, while a poor cooly, enjoying health, may find hfe pleasant. We see, then, how needful 1t 1s that we should try tokeep well We never know the value of health till we lose 16 Sickness neve: comes without a cause, We may not know what made us 111, but good doctois can often tell If we put our hand into boiling water, 16 1s scalded , 1f we diink poison, 16 may cause our death. Most cases of sickness alise somewhat in like manne. If we eat large quantities of unripe fimt or other bad food, our stomachs will get out of o1der , if we sit with wet clothes on, we shall probably catch 2 18 MY DUTIES cold, if we use bad marshy water, we aie likely to suffer from fever There are many othe things which cause sickness God has given us five senses and reason If we use them properly and attend to what we learn, we shall be saved f:om much sicknessandso1.ow Most diseases are p7 eventable, or might be kept away We know fiom other countries how much may be done to lessen sickness The most common disease in India 1s ague, 01 fever, with hot and cold stages Neaily every pei- son has 1t occasionally At one time 1t was as com- mon in some parts of England as 16 1s at present in this country, but 16 1s now 1a1e Some hundied ears ago there were so many lepersin England, that ine chet towns had leper hospitals, now there is notone The health of the people of this country would improve as much, if the same means wee used here as in England - STORY OF A DAMP HOUSE A lady once went to see her siste: in a distant part of the county When she asked about the health of the family, the sister said, ‘We have been very unlucky somehow in this house My husband has been so 11] that he can scarcely walk J am sel- dom fiee from colds myself Besides, we all had fever last yea1, when we lost two of om dear chil- dien Icannot tell why we should be so unfortunate here It may have been the evil how at which we entered the house’ ‘Dear sister,’ said the lady, ‘you are not un- fortunate, you are only unwise Yow family dis- tresses all aise fiom yom hving in a damp house nea aswamp It can never be otherwise while you stay here’ *Do you ueally thmk so?’ rephed the sister HOW TO KEEP WELL 19 «If what you say 1s tinue, we will quit the house to-moriow But evils will come upon us wherever we go Who can avoid the decrees of Fate?’ To this the wise sister 1eplied, ‘ There 1s no doubt that we are lable everywhere to evils, but it 1s our duty not to biing mischief upon ourselves by ow own impiudence Your family tioubles have been caused by youn not taking prope: care of yom health This 1s the only kind of fate appointed by God’ After much entieaty the lady got her sister’s family .emoved to a house in a good situation, where all enjoyed excellent health ’Tis a duty to study the 1ules of good health To ourselves, as it gives us ease, vigow, and wealth , To others, because while we give less tiouble, Of service to them we may 1ender the double A’-gue, fever Lep’-er, aperson having leprosy Damp, wet Ma-chine (ma sheen’), an in- Dis tress'-es, troubles strument for doing wok Du’-ties, whit we ought to do Mis‘-er-a-ble, unhappy En-treat'-y, earnest asking Stom’-ach (stum’ ak), the bag Im-pru -dence, want of wisdom imto which our food passes In trust'-ed, given 1n charge Swamp, marsh, watery ground 10 HOW TO KEEP WELL ‘Tue followmg are some of the pimeipal means of preserving health Cleanliness —Filth 1s the mother of sickness and | death , Cleanliness 1s the mothe: of health and long s life Our bodies, clothing, and houses should all be kept clean Our skin 1s full of little drains When we get very waim, the wate comes out of these little drains in the form of sweat Thus water 1s always commng out, not enough to be seen, but just enough to keep 20» MY DUTIES the skin moist andsoft It has been washing waste matter out of the body, so 16 1s not clean The mouths of these little diains aie kept open by wash- ingthe skin Durt chokes them, the waste matter cannot escape properly, itch and othe: diseases often follow Soap helps very much to cleanse the skin After bathing, the body should be welliubbed with a clean towel Waste matte: from the body sticks to the diess, pillows, etc If1ubbed against the skin, it goes mto it, and the health suffers Clothes and beds should, therefore, be kept clean as well as the body Houses should be kept neat and clean ‘hey should be whitewashed at least oncea year No filth should be allowed to gather about them, giving out bad smells, and making people sick Fresh Air—We can live several days without food, but we die in afew nunutes withoutair Every- body knows that we need an, but many think that any kind of an willdo This is @ great mistake We also need water, but every kind of water will not do Water fiom a filthy diam will soon kill us There aie many kinds of poison in the world, but perhaps the poison which kills most people 1s bad au Fresh air cleanses our blood and takes away waste matter that would hut us Pure blood is bight zed, when 16 1s mixed with waste matter 16 becomes daik colomed When people a1ehangedo1 drowned, the blood 1s not purified by fresh air, only the dark blood goes round and round, so they soon lose then senses and die Cattle and othe: animals breathe as we do, and spoil au. in the same way Lamps burning have a hke effect But worse than all, the an is made impure by filth People suffer most fiom want of air at night, Houses should not be so close as to shut 16 out ‘ HOW TO KEEP WELL a1 Nor should the mouth, as a rule, be covered with a cloth when we sleep When working we should try to sit upught, that more fresh ai may enter our bodies It 1s unhealthy to lean fo.waid Pure Water.—The picture shows a drop of impuie par water as seen thiough a glacs fo. looking at small objects It swarms with httle animals and plants Thousands of themaieswallowed by people who drink impme water Pme water 1s as needful as ure all Wells often contam bad wate. The water drams into them thiough giound full of filth Some of the woust kinds of sickness are caused by dunking water containing putrid matte: from drains or fiom the bowels of people ‘Wells should have a low wall around them to keep mud and dirty wate from being washed into them The ground should also slope, that the water may run off Tees should not ovei- hang wells, as their leaves drop into the water The water of tanks which dry up in the hot season 1s unwholesome They should be filled up, and a laige deep tank should be provided fo. dimking wate. only Thee should be another tank for bath- ing, washing, and cattle The best way to get good water. fiom a tank 1s to dig a well near 1t The wate. 1s made pme by diaming though the eaith This is also the best way to get good wate. from rive1s Bad water may often be made wholesome by botl- ing it well before dimking This should’ especially be done when sickness prevails Several of the laige towns of India have now @ supply of pure water, with great advantage to the health of then mhabitants 22 MY DUTIES Wholesome Food —Milk 1s the best food fo. little childien Different kinds of grain me eaten by those who are olde. Wheat, joa, bayra, and maize are more nouiishing than 11ce, but, with dal, rice 1s strengthening Rupe fruit is excellent, but childien often make themselves 11] by eating 16 when unripe 01 over-11pe. Raw gram should not be eaten Cooked food, if kept long, becomes unwholesome In sickly times gieat care should be taken about melons and raw vegetables Rich cake and sweetmeats aie not nealy so good foi us as plain food Too much food of any kind 1s hmiful Food should be well chewed and taken at regular homs Smoking 1s hurtful to young people, and should be avoided by students Clothing —This should be suited to the climate and season In Noth India many of the poor, and especially childien, die1n the cold weatherfrom want of waim clothing The chest should be well covered. Clothing should be kept clean Exercise —The body 1s strengthened by exercise and made able to wok Boys, all the would ove1, are fond of play, but young men piepamng for examinations are apt to suffer fiom want ot exercise Some have thus made themselves weak and sickly all then hves A pait of eve1y day should be spent im the open an, either in walking o1 1n active sports 11 HOW TO GUARD AGAINST SICKNESS Fever —Mote than half the deaths in India aie caused by feve: Besides those who die, many millions suffer, mone 01 less, fiom the disease Much of this sickness might be prevented with a httle care Fever 1s believed to be caused by a very small geim, which 1s mse ted into the blood by the bite of HOW TO GUARD 'AGAINST SICKNESS 238 amosquito very effort should be made to destioy the kind of mosquito that carties feve, This can be done by pouting a little keiosine oil ove: the pools where mosquitoes heed It 18 well to sleep under curtains, so that mosquitoes may not bite us while we sleep Feve1 1s more prevalent in marshy places, because mosquitoes heed in the wate. When fever 1s pe- valent, we should boil the water, and keep ouselves warm Sleeping 1n damp clothes, exposure to extremes of heat and cold, fatigue, and whatever weakens the body, will helptomereasefever Whenthereismuch fever, do not go out in the mouning fasting, but take good food im sufficient quantities Wear warmer clothing than usual The white powder, called quinme, 1s the best medicine for most kinds of fever It 1s now sold in pice packets at most post-offices Many peisons stop taking food when attacked by fever, but this 1s a bad custom making the disease stionge. Peisons il with feve: should take conjee o1 milk, and gradually begin to take then o1dinaiy food athing too freely afte: recovery, or in the cold wind, may bing on a relapse This should be avoided, and the skin should be kept warm Cholera —When cholera 1s prevalent, great care should be taken about food Unripe and ovei-11pe fruit, raw vegetables and articles difficult of digestion should be avoided, cold rice which has stood all night isnotsafe Meals should be taken at regula times. A heavy meal at might may bring on an attack The drinking water should be boiled, because the cholera getm lives in water The clothing should be warm A flannel belt round the belly 1s a gieat protection Exposme to the dew at mght o1 to cold winds should be avoided Quine 1s said to be a good 1emedy D4 MY DUTIES Cleanliness 1s of the utmost consequence Houses should be whitewashed All filth should be taken away The compound should be swept clean and rubbish bunt Duains should be cleansed with water Puivies should be carefully cleaned out every day The body should be kept in good health What- ever weakens 1t should be avoided, as fasting, loss of sleep, fatigue, etc The Plague—Hindu medical books, , wiitten several hundied years ago, tell of the ravages of the plague m India Towns sometimes lost half then population Supposed to have been biought from China, it bioke oué in Bombay in 1896 The inhabitants, fleemg in gieat numbers, cainied the seeds of the disease to othe: parts of the countiy If the cases had been made known and the patients removed to hospitals with plenty of fresh an, 16s pro- gress might have been gieatly checked , but, instead of that, they were concealed, and the disease spread among the people in small, over-c1owded houses Cleanlimess and fresh air are gieat safeguards against the plague, but Di Haffkine has discovered a remedy, somewhat like vaccination, which has been the means of saving many hives It 1s called plague moculation It causes only a slight fever for @ day or two When an outbreak is threatened, all should beinoculated ‘Rats and fleas cairy the germs of plague Con-cealed’, hndden Con’-su-quence, importance Di-ges’ tion, dissolving in the stomach Dr_ Haff’-hine, a Jewish doctor from Russi1 Ex tremes’, highest states Flan'-nel, 0 kind of soft woollen cloth In oc u-la’-tion, putting matter into the body Pa’-ticnts, sick persons Plague (plaig), a very deadly kind of disease Prey’-a-lent, common Pro tec’-tlon, guard Quin-ine’, a medicine for fever Ray’-a-ges, harm, loss Re-cov’ ery, cure . Re lapse’, o falling back, a re- turn of a disease Rub’ bish, waste matter Vac ci-na’-tion, a safeguard against small-pox DR JENNER AND VACCINATION 25 12 DR JENNER AND VACCINATION Smawu-Pox 1s one of the most loathsome and fatal diseases to which men aie hable In former times 16 sometimes depopulated cities, and blinded or dis- figued one-fourth of the human race—slaying m Europe alone half a million of people every year It caused the death of so many children im India, that ib gave 118e to the proverb, ‘A mothe: cannot say she has a son till he has had small-pox’ It had long been known to some cattle-keepers in England that cows were affected with a pustular disease that could be taansfe11ed to those who milked them, and that persons by whom this cow-pox had been taken were unhurt by exposure to the contagion of small-pox When Jenner was a young man study- ing medicine, he heaid a country gulremark that as she had taken a pock fiom the cows, small-pox would not hmt her Jenne. afterwards spoke of this to a leaned physician unde. whom he studied His master gave him his usual advice, ‘ Don’t think, but ty, be patient, be accurate’ This counsel Jenner followed, and sought, by careful expe1zments, to test the correctness of the remaik he heard He found that the matte: of cow-pox could be propa- gated from one human being to anothen, and spread over the earth to the extinction of small-pox. Jenner made known his discovery 11798 It was called vaccination, from vacca, the Latin fo. cow The matte: used was fist taken from a cow, and people are still sometimes vaccinated from cows Committee, appointed by the Buitish Government, investigated and 1eported on 16 m terms of the waimest approval Jennet’s treatise on vaccmation was translated mto several foreign languages, and an expedition spent thiee years in cairying the dis- covery entnely ound the globe In 1807 the British 26 MY DUTIES Pailiament voted Jenner a reward, amounting in value to three lakhs of 1upees Vaccination has been introduced into India by the English Government It has made some piogress near the laige cities, but in many districts itis yet but ttle practised In the Government schools, in the north-east of the Madias Presidency, 1t was found that out of every hundred pupils, to.ty-two were marked with small-pox Vaccmation has more recently been commenced in Rajyputana Out of thuty childien attending two schools in that part of India, twenty-two were marked with small-pox, and two boys had each lost an eye Discredit has been brought, fo some extent, upon vaccination, from 1ts having been carelessly practised Sometimes the proper vaccine matte: has not been employed, o1 the pustule has been broken There should be not Jess than fou punctures im the skin, and foi several days they should be protected fiom rubbing Nothing whatever should be apphed to them Vaccination in infancy and at puberty secures almost perfect protection fiom the disease Small-pox spreads by poison seeds given out by those who have the disease It 1s very catching. None should go near the sick eacept those taking care of them A peison who has had the disease should not be allowed to see others till all the crusts have fallen off The clothes of the sick should not be mixed with other clothes, but boiled and dred separately Con ta’-gion, cvusing disease by touch De-pop’-u-lat ed, people Dis cred st, loss of behef Ex pe di’ tion, a number of per- sons sent out for some object. Ex pet -i-ments, trials Es tine’ tion, putting an end to deprived of In ves ti-ga-ted, examined Loath’-some, hateful Prop'-a ga-ted, spread Punc -tures, small holes made with a sharp point Pus’-tu-lar, having httle bos Pus'-tule, a small hind of bol Trans ferred’, passed from one to ancther TEMPERANCE 27 18 TEMPERANCE THis vitue, in its widest sense, denotes modeia- tion with regaid to every appetite Its especially apphed to modeation in food and dimk Excess of tood 1s to be avoided, but imtoxicatimg liquois demand special care Some classes in India have always been given to the use of stiong dink, but for many centuries the great bulk of the people have been temperate It is much to be regretted that, of late years, drmk- ing habits have been spreading among educated Hindus When English began to be studied in India, some young men thought that they must imitate English habits as well as learn the language Among other things 16 was considered a maik of manliness and a proof of advance in civilization to use intoxicating liquors

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