1

1.1

(Introduction)
(Measurement)

1.1.1

(Properties)

1-2

measure

()

()

(Empirical)

Objective

()
0-10

measure ()

()

Empirical

(Unit) (
) (Measure)

.

1

1 210-7 N
1 10
.

1-3

10

(Electrical unit) 6
1) (Electric current :1) (Ampere: A) 1
1
()
2x10-7 (N/m)
2) (Quantity of charge :Q) (Coulomb :C) 1
1 1
3) (Electromotive force or potential
different:V) (Volt :V) 1
1
1
4) (Resistance :R) (Ohm:) 1

5) (Inductance : L) (Henry : H) 1
1
1
6) (Capacity : C) (Farad : F) 1
1
1

1-4

1.

2.

3.
4. (Remote)
5.
1.1.2

1)
19

1-5

.. 4512
24 ..2418

Bureau
International Poidset Measures (BIPM)

..2440

..119

..119 ..2542
(BIPM)


..2463
2466 17 ..2466

..2504


(



5
..2517


8

..2522

1-6

Electrotechnical
Laboratory (ETL)
2)
.

(BIPM) BIPM

BIPM

..2520
Asia Pacific Metrology Program 17

-
-
-

1-7

- (AC. Voltage and Current)

- (Acoustics)
- (DC.Resistance)
- (DC.Voltage , Standard Cell)
- (DC.Voltage,Electronic Reference)
- (Length)
- (Mass)
- (Photometry)
- (Temperature)
- (Time and Frequency)
(Coordinatingation)
travelling Standards

National Measurement Laboratory (NML) Commonwealth Scientific
Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) National Physics Laboratory
(NPL) , BIPM UNESCO
. (Metrology) -

(legal metrology)

1-8

-

-

-

(... )

1-9

(Traceable to
the national standards)
-
-


.

4
- (International Standards)
- (National Standards)
- (Secondary Standards)
- (Working Standards)
(International Standards) International Bureau
of Weights and Measures (BIPM)

(traceability)

BIPM
(The International
System of Units SI) (base units)
.

1-10

1/299,792

9,192,631,770
-133
2
1
2 x 10-7 1
1/273.15
(Tri-state of water)

0.012 12



540 x 1012
1/683
(derived units) (supplementary units)
(.235 )
(National Standards)

1-11

(Working Standards)

/
/

Bench-type

1.1.3 (Errors Measurement)

(Expected Value) (Measured Value)
.

1-12

3
1.1 (Gross Errors)
1.2 (Systematic Errors)
1.3 (Random Errors)
1) (Gross Errors)


2) (Systematic Errors)

- (Instrument Errors)

- (Environmental Errors)


- (Observational Errors)

3) (Random Errors)

e
=

Yn =

Xn =

Xn - Yn

. (1-1)

1-13

e
100 (%)
Yn

Percent errors =

. (1-2)

1-1 1-2
Xn Yn
100 (%)
Yn

Percent errors =

. (1-3)

(Accuracy and precision)

(Accuracy) (precision)

(Accuracy)

A =
a

1-

Xn - Yn
Yn

= 100% - Percent errors = A x 100 %

. (1-4)
.. (1-5)

A = (Accuracy)
a = (%)
(Precision)

Precision = 1
.

Yn Xn
Xn

. (1-6)

1-14

Xn =
Xn =

1-7
Xn =

X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + ... + Xn
n

. (1-7)

=
n =

1.1 30 V
29 V
1).
2).
3).
4).

1).
1-1
e
=
Xn - Yn
Yn =
30 V

Xn =
29 V

e
=
29 V - 30 V
.

1-15
-1 V

2).

Xn - Yn
100%
Yn
29V 30V
Percent errors =
100%
30V
= 3.33 %

Percent errors =

3).

Xn - Yn
Yn
29V 30 V
= 1
30V
=
0.967
= 1

4).

a
= A x 100
= 0.967 100%
= 96.7 %

1.2 1.1
10 5
1.1

Xn (V)
1
98
2
102
3
101
4
97
5
100
6
103
7
98
.

8
9
10

1-16
106
107
99

x
Xn =
n
98 + 102 + 101 + 97 + 100 + 103 + 98 + 106 + 107 + 99
=
10
Xn =
101.1
Yn Xn
= 1 Precision
Xn
100 101.1
= 1
101.1
Precision
= 1 0.011
= 0.989
5 0.989

Precision
= 0.989
% Precision = 0.989 100%

= 98.9 %

1.3 10 A 8
1.2
4
1.2 ()

(A)
.

1-17

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Xn

Xn

=
=

()
20.10
20.00
20.20
19.80
19.70
20.00
20.30
20.10

20.10 + 20.00 + 20.20 + 19080 + 19.70 + 20.00 + 20.30 + 20.10

8

20.02

Precision

Precision

Yn Xn
Xn
19.80 20.02
= 120.02
= 1 0.011
= 0.989

= 1-

1.4 5
4.5

e
=
Xn - Yn

Yn
=
5 V
Xn =
4.5 V

e
=
4.5V 5 V
.

1-18

- 0.5 V

e
100%
Yn
- 0.5V
100%
=
5V
= 10 %

Percent error =

1.5
200
1% 50 V

(e)
e

Percent error =
100
Yn
1
e
=
200V
100
2 %

=
e
100%

Percent error =
Yn
Yn = 50 V, e
=
2V

2V
Percent error
=
100%
50V

=
4%

1.

1.1 1.4

1-19

1.1 1

1.3 3

1.2 2

1.4 4

2.

1.5
1.8

1.5 1

1.6 2

1-20

1.7 3

1.8
4

1.9

1.9

1.10

1.9


1.10

1.2
1.2.1


1.3

1.3 ()

kWh
A-h

1-21

1-22

1.3 ()

1.5

1.5 %
1.5 %

90
60

1.2.2

2 kV

1-23

2
1. (Analog Instrument)

.
.

. ()
1.11

1-24

2. (Digital Instrument)

Error!

1.12

1.2.3

(Meter movement)

5
1. (Moving-coil movement)
2.
3. (Iron Van Meter)
3.1
3.2
3.3
4. (Thermocouple Meter)
5. (Electrostatic type Instrument)
1)

(Moving-coil movement)

1-25

2

1.13

1.13

1. (Spiral hairspring)
2. (Permanent magnet)
3. (Soft iron pole pieces)
4. (Soft iron cylindrical core)
5. (Pointer)
6. (Moving coil)
7. (Jewelled bearing)
8. (Scale)

1.14

1-26

(moving-coil movement)

(armature)



1.13 (S) (N)

1.13

2)

(Dynamometer)
3

1-27

2 1
1.15
1.15 ()

1.15 ()
1.15() 3 2
1

3)

(Iron Van Meter)

1. (Attraction Movement)
Field coil
(Soft iron plunger)

1-28

()

()

1.16 (Attraction Movement)

(Control Spring)
field coil

field coil
4) (Repulsion Movement)

2 1.17
2 (Moving vane)
(Fixed vane)
(Field Coil)

1-29

(N
()

()

1.17

( )

(Repulsion Movement)

5)
(The Repulsion - Attraction Movement)

250 0
90 0

( )

( )

1.18

1-30

2
( Field Coil)

(Fixed vane ) (Movable vane)
Adjustable vane

1. Self inductance (L)

( I = E/Z )

2.

3.
(Hysteresis
Loss)
6) (Thermocouple Meter)

(Heater) 2
(Insulating bead)

1-31

( )

()

1.19

(Thermocouple Meter)

(Heater)
(I2R) (
)
( mv)
I2R
1 %

input (

)
100 MHz

Over load

Over load

1.6
RS
3
5 V , 10 V
25 V Rm = 200

- (Heater)
Temp ( oC)
200

Imax = 5 mA
Rm = 200

1-32

1.20
-
EMF (mV)
1.5
T ( oC)

200

1.21

RS
5V

RS

IFSD = 50 A
Rm = 200

RS

10 V
25 V

1.22

1.20 5 mA
5 V
RS

RS

- Rh

I m ax

1 k

800

- 200

5 V
5 mA

- 200

1-33

10 V
RS

=
=

RS

- Rh

I m ax
2 k

10 V
5 mA

- 200

25 V
5 mA

- 200

- 200

1 .8 k

25 V
RS

RS
I FSD

- Rh

I m ax

= 5 k - 200
= 4 .8 k
=

Vm
Rm

10 m V
200

50

7) (Electrostatic type Instrument)

(Electrostatic Force)
2

1. 2 (Moving Plate X)
(Stationary Plate Y) ( Y )
2. (Coil Spring)

( X)
(

1.23 (Electrostatic type Instrument)

1.23 input A B

input 2 (E2in)
.

1-34

X
X X Y

2

1. E2in

2.
1000V
(Functions and Characteristics of Instrument)

3
(Indicating) (Recording) (Controlling)


(Industrial Process)
(Control) (Automatic System)
(High Sensitivity)

(Input
Impedance)

(Multimeter)

(Moving coil) PMMC
A.C. D.C.

1-35

VOM Volt Ohm Miliamp

50 A 20 k / V

9
2
8
3
4
5

7
6

1.24 Sanwa YX360 TR

1
2
3 0 Ohmmeter (Zero Ohm Adjust)
4
5 (-)
6 (+)
7 (-)
(dB) (DC)

8
9

1-36

1.3 ()

1.3.1

1.26 3

1
Analog

Digital

ADC
Input

COUNTER

DISPLAY

Signal

1.26
1. (ADC)

(Analogue)
(Digital) 2 ADC
Analogue-to-Digital Converter -

(Bit) 4 64
8 256

.

1-37

2. (Counter) -


amplitudes

50
3. (Display)
(Decoder)

1-38

( Unit Prefixes )
10

1.4 SI
1.4

E
(exa)
1018
P
(peta)
1015
T
(tera)
1012
G
(giga)
1009
M
(mega)
1006
k
(kilo)
1003
h
(hecto)
1002
da
(deca)
10
d
(deci)
10-1
c
(centi)
10-2
m
(milli)
10-3

(micro)
10-6
n
(nano)
10-9
p
(pico)
10-12
f
(femto)
10-15
a
(atto)
10-18


1.7

1-39
milli (m)
micro ()

=
=

0.001
0.000001

1) 0.035 A milliampares
2) 0.0035 A microampares

(1) 0.035 A
= 35 10-3 = 35 mA
(2) 0.0035 A
= 3,500 10-6 = 3,500 A

1.8 : kilo (K) = 1,000, mega (M) = 1,000,000

1) 470,000
2) 470,000

kiloohm
megaohm

1) 470,000
=
=

470 103
470 K

=
=

0.47 106
0.47 M

2) 470,000

10 (Multiplication and Division with power of 10)

10
- 10

105 106
= 105+6 = 1011
- 10
.

105 106

1-40
= 105-6

= 10-1

1.9
(3 106)(4 103)
= 34106 103
= 12 10 6+3
= 12 10 9

1.10
(12 106) (4 103)
= 12/4106-3
= 3 10 3

1.3.2
1. 3
(LCD)
1.1
1.2
1

Overage 1
000 (Buzzer)

1.3 (VA & M)

(Range)
mV, mA, V, A,
1.4
AC

DC/AC AC AC
1.5 LO

.

1-41

LO

1.6 AUTO

(Range)

200
2
AUTO (LCD)
AUTO ,
(V) (Ohm) (HOLD)
2
1.7
MEM
(Memory)

1.8 BAT
9
(BAT)

1.9
XIO
20
1.10 HOLD (HOLD)

1-42

1.25
HC - 774
2.

(OFF)
3.
3.1 (), (k),
(AC) (DC)
3.2 (RANGE)
3.3 (MEM)
2
3.4 (HOLD)
4.
4.1 ,

4.2

(COM)

4.3 (10 A)
10 A
.

1-43

5. (BUZZER)

19 4

2000

15

6. (hfe)

1
1. (Electrical Unit)
a. Ampere
b. Coulomb
c. Volt
d. Ohm
e. Henry
f. Farad
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 50 V
52 V
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8. (Moving Coil)
-------------------------------

1-44