2-39

2.2.2

( : )
(( : DC Ammeter)

2.33 ( )



2.34

2.34
2.43
RT = ( )
Efs = (Voltage Fullscale) (V)
Ifs =
(A)

2-40
= ()
= ()

Rm
Rs

2.34

2.34
E fs = R T I fs

(2-44)

= Rs + R m

(2-45)

RT

2-45 2.44

Efs

= ( R s + R m ) I fs

(2-46)

2-46
(Rs+Rm) 10 K 1 mA 10V

Fullscale Current (Ifs) Rs

Ifs Fullscale 2-46 Rs
Rs

E fs

R m
I fs

Input Resistance

Rin()

( )

(2.47)

Rs

Ifs

Rm

2.35 Input Resistance

2-41
2.35 Input
Rs Rm
Rin

= R s + R m ( )

Rs Rs Rm
Input Resistance
Rin
E
R s = fs - R m
( )
I fs
Rin = Rs + Rm
( )
E

Rin = fs
()
I fs
Efs = (Voltage Fullscale)
Ifs = (Current Fullscale)
2.14 Ifs = 1 mA , Rm = 50
50 Volt Fullscale Rs

Rs

Ifs=1mA

Efs=50volt

Rm=50ohm

2.36

(2-47)

Rs =

Rs =

E fs
Rm
I fs
50 V 50

1mA

( )
()

Rs = 50 k - 50 = 49.995 k

2-42
2.15 Ifs = 50 A,
Rm = 2 k 100 Volt Fullscale Rs

Rs

Ifs =50uA

Efs =100volt

Rm =2kohm

2.37

(2-47) Rs =

Rs =

E fs
Rm
I fs
100 V

- 2k
50A

( )
( )

Rs = 2 - 2 k = 1.998

2
1. ( Individual Voltmeter )
2. ( Universal Voltmeter )
1. ( Individual Voltmeter )
Rs

2-43
Rm
-

Rs1
+

Rs2

Im

Rs3

ET

Rs4

E2
E3

E1

E4

2.38
2.38 Rs (Range)

Rs = E fs - Rm
I fs

()

E1;

Rs1 = E1 - Rm
I fs

()

E2;

Rs2 = E2 -Rm
I fs

()

E3;

Rs3 = E3 -Rm
I fs

()

E4;

Rs4 = E4 -Rm
I fs

()

2-44
2.16
50 A3 k
5 Volt, 15 Volt 50 Volt

Rm=3k
-

Rs1
+

Rs2
Rs3

ET

15V
50V

5V

Rs4

2.39

Rs =

E fs
- Rm
I fs

( )

5 Volt:
Rs1 =

5V
50A - 3 k

Rs1 = 97 k
15 Volt:
Rs2 = 15V - 3 k
50A

Rs2 = 297 k
50 Volt:
Rs3 =

50 V
50A - 3 k

Rs3 = 997 k
5 Volt; Rs = 97 k
15 Volt; Rs = 297 k
50 Volt; Rs = 997 k

2-45
2. (Universal Voltmeter)

2.40

Rm
-

Rs1

Rs2

Rs3

Im

ET

E1

E2

E3

Rs4
E4

2.40



Rs =

E fs
I fs

- Rm

( )

Rs

E1;

Rs1

E2;

Rs2

E3;

Rs3

E4;

Rs4

E1
I fs
E2
I fs
E3
I fs
E4
I fs

- Rm

()

- ( Rm + Rs1 )

( )

- ( Rm + Rs1 + Rs2 )

( )

- ( Rm + Rs1 + Rs2 + Rs3 ) ()

2-46
2.17
50 A 3 k RS1 ,
RS2 RS3

2.41

5 Volt:
R1

5V
50A - 3 k

= 100 k - 3 k
= 97 k
15 Volt:
R2

15V
50A

- (3 k + 97 k)

= 300 k - 100 k
= 200 k

50Volt:
R3 =

50 V
50A - ( 3 k + 97 k + 200 k )

= 1 - 300 k
= 700 k
5 Volt, R1 = 97 k
15 Volt, R2 = 200 k
50 Volt, R3 = 700 k

2-47
(Sensitivity of Voltmeter)
(Sensitivity) (
SENS. : / V)


( /Volt )
( /Volt ) Sensitivity
Full scale Current ( Ifs )
1
1
Ohm
1
S =
=
=
=
I fs
A Volt Volt

Ohm
1
I fs =
( 2.48 )
S

S = ( Sensitivity of DC Voltmeter )
/
Ifs = ( Full scale Current )

2.48
Ifs Ifs

RT = fs
I fs
R
S = T

E fs

/V

2-48

1.
2.

3.

RRANGE = ERANGE 1 = E RANGE

I fs

I fs

RRANGE = ERANGE SDC

(2-49)

RRANGE

ERANGE
SDC /

2.18 0 50 A
100 V

(2-48)

S =

S =

I fs
1
50A

S = 20 k/V
(2-49) RRANGE = ERANGE SDC
= 100 V 20 k/V
RRANGE = 2
.

2-49
2.19
50 A , Rm = 3 k 5 V, 15 V, 50
V 150 V
S = 1

S =

I fs
1
50A

S = 20 k
; Efs = 5 Volt
Rs = ( S Efs ) Rm
= ( 20 k/V 5 V ) 3 k
= 100 k 3 k = 97 k
; Efs = 15 Volt
Rs = ( S Efs ) Rm
= ( 20 k/V 15 V ) 3 k
= 300 k 3 k = 297 k

; Efs = 50 Volt
Rs = ( S Efs ) Rm
= ( 20 k/V 50 V ) 3 k
= 1 M 3 k = 997 k
; Efs = 150 Volt

Rs = ( S Efs ) Rm
= ( 20 k/V 150 V ) 3 k
= 3 3 k = 2.997 M
; Efs = 5 Volt, Rs = 97 k
; Efs = 15 Volt, Rs = 297 k
; Efs = 50 Volt, Rs = 997 k
.
; Efs = 150 Volt, Rs= 2.997
Input Resistance

2-50
(Voltmeter Loading Effect)
Input Resistance
(Loading Voltmeter)

2.20 1 M 2
10 Volt 5 Volt

(a) 20 k/V
5 Volt (Rin)= 100 k
R2
(b) 50 Volt
(Rin)= 1 M R2
(c) 5 Volt
(Rin)= 11 M

2.42

2-51

(a.) 5 Volt

Rin = E fs = S Efs
I fs

= 20 k/V 5 V
= 100 k
RT1
(Rin) = 100 k R2 RT1
R 2 R in

R 2 + R in
1 M + 1M 100 k
1M + 100 k

RT1 = R1 +
=

= 1.09 M

I = E = 10 V
R T1

1.09M

I = 9.17 A
R1
ER1 = IR1
ER1 = 9.17A 1 M
ER1 = 9.17 Volt
R2
ER2 = 10 V 9.17 V
ER2 = 0.9 Volt

R1 (9.1 Volt)
5 Volt 0.9 Volt

2-52
(b.) 50 Volt
(Rin)
Rin = S Efs
= 20 k/V 50 V
= 1 M
RT2
(Rin)= 1 M R2 RT2
RT2 = 1 M +

1M 1M
1M + 1M

= 1.5 M

E
I =
R T2
10V
I =
1.5M
I = 6.66 A.
R1
ER1 = IR1
ER1 = 6.66 A 1 M
ER1 = 6.66 Volt
R2
ER2 = 10 V 6.66 V
ER2 = 3.34 Volt
(a) (b)

2-53
(c.) RT3
(Rin) = 11 M R2 RT3
1M 11M
RT3 = 1 M +
1M + 11M
= 1.916 M
E
I
=
R T3
10V
I
=
1.916M
= 5.21 A
R1
ER1 = IR1
ER1 = 5.21 A 1 M
ER1 = 5.21 Volt
R2
ER2 = 10 V 5.2 V
ER2 = 4.8 Volt

2.21 2 .43
2 A B
A : S = 1k/V , Rm = 0.2 k = 10 Volt
B : S = 20 k/V , Rm = 1.5 k = 10 Volt

1. RB (ERB)
2. RB A (ERB)
3. RB B (ERB)
4. 2

2-54

2.43
1. (Voltage Divider)
ERB = I RT
RB
ERB = E

RA + RB
5k
ERB = 30 V
5k + 30k
= 5 Volt
2. ( Rin )
Rin = S ET
= 1 k 10V = 10 k
V
RB A ( RT1 )
R R
RT1 = B in
R B + R in
5k 10k
RT1 =
5k + 10k
RT1 = 3.33 k

RB A
R T1
ERB = E

R T1 + R A

2-55
3.33k
ERB = 30V
3.33k + 25k
ERB = 3.526 Volt

3. B ( Rin)
Rin = S ET
Rin = 20 k 10V
V
= 200 k

RB B ( RT1 )
R R
RT1 = B in
R B + R in
5k 200k
=
5k + 200k
= 4.88 k

RB A
R T1
ERB = E

R T1 + R A
4.88k
ERB = 30V
4.88k + 25k
ERB = 4.9 Volt
4.
Yn X n
100%
Yn
Yn = RB
Xn = RB
5V 3.53
100%

=
5V

2-56
=

=
=

29.4 %
5V 4.9V
100%
5V

2%