BIOLOGIC OXIDATION

BIOENERGETICS = ENERGY METABOLISM

THE STUDY OF THE ENERGY CHANGES ACCOMPANYING BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS ; eg.: - TO FIND ENERGY - FUNCTIONS OF ENERGY - ENERGY CHANGES IN METABOLISM

ANIMALS HUMANS PLANTS

ENERGY

PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIVITIES * GROWTH * TO BUILD CELL or ORGANS * ACTIVE TRANSPORT

LOW OF THERMODINAMIC :
THE TOTAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM = CONSTANT WE DO NOT MAKE ENERGY, BUT ONLY TO BE ABLE TO TAKE AND CHANGES THE ENERGY TO THE OTHER PHOTON ( SUN LIGHT ) CHEMICAL ENERGY

PLANT

CO2 + H2O ( ANORGANIC C6H12O6 ( ORGANIC )

BIOLOGIC OXIDATION
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ENERGY CHEMICALS ENERGY PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

HUMAN / ANIMAL

Transfer of energy and coupling :

Biologic systems Isothermic (Living organism) The Energy changes are indirect process, but step by step with use mediators == so not influence body temperature

FREE ENERGY IS THE USEFULL ENERGY IN A SYSTEM. FREE ENERGY ( G ) IS THE PORTION OF TOTAL ENERGY CHANGE IN A SYSTEM FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES G (-) TO PRODUCE ENERGY = EXERGONIC G (+) REQUIRE ENERGY = ENDERGONIC

EXERGONIC

COUPLE

ENDERGONIC

GLYCOLYSIS OXIDATION CAC ( TCA cycle ) RESPIRATORY OXI DATION

SYNTHESIS ACTIVE TRANSPORT NERVE CONDUCTION MUSCLE CONTRACTI

CATABOLISM ProduceEnergy

G (-)

MEDIATOR

G (+)

ANABOLISM Energy (-)

Role of High Energy Phosphate in Energy Capture & Transfer :

Free energy in the body = High Energy Phosphate Store & carriers Exergonic Endergo nic Physical activity. Eg. : - ATP ( Adenosine Triphosphate ) - GTP ( Guanosine Triphosphate ) - CTP ( Cytosine Triphosphate ) - TTP ( Tymine Triphosphate ) - Creatine phosphate High Energy Phosphate = P

ATP CYCLE :

ENERGY CAPTURES ( ATP Synthesis ) :

1. SUBSTRATE LEVEL. eg.: - Succinyl-CoA Succinate ( CAC ) - PEP Pyruvate ( Glycolysis )

2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION LEVEL. eg.: - KetoGlutarate Succinyl-CoA 3. PHOTO PHOSPHORYLATION LEVEL - CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 ( in PLANT )

G L Y C O L Y S I S

BIOLOGIC OXIDATION / RESPIRATORY OXIDATION.

OXIDATION ELECTRON REMOVE REDUCTION ELECTRON CAPTURE BIOLOGIC OXIDATION is oxidation in the living organism to produce free energy, which needed for normal physiological .function of living organism

BIOLOGIC OXIDATION :
1. AEROBIC CONDITION - also called Respiratory Oxidation - in the mitochondria - produce energy >> - eg.: -KG Succinyl-CoA 2. ANAEROBIC CONDITION - in the cytoplasma - produce energy << - eg.: Succinyl-CoA Succinate

The Principal of Respiratory Oxidation :

Substrate H+ + ee- + O2 OO- + H+ H2O During H+ and e- flow through the resoiratory chain to O2 , free energy is

released, which at the certain sites able to produce ATP.

RESPIRATORY CHAIN :
COMPONENTS OF RESPIRATORY CHAIN ARE CONSIST OF SUBSTANCES WITH MORE NEGATIVE REDOX POTENTIAL FORWARD MORE POSITIVE REDOX POTENTIAL SUBSTANCES

REDOX POTENTIALS IN MAMMALIAN OXIDATION SYSTEMS

SYSTEMS
H+ / H2 NAD+ /NADH LIPOAT OKS/RED ASETOASETAT / 3-HIDROKSI BUTIRAT PIRUVAT / LAKATAT OKSALO ASETAT / MALAT FUMARAT / SUKSINAT SITOKROM b ; Fe + + + /Fe + + UBIQUINON; OKS/RED SITOKROM c ; Fe + + + /Fe + + SITOKROM a ; Fe + + + /Fe + + OKSIGEN / AIR Eo Volt -0.42 --0.32 --0.29 --0.27 --0.19 --0.17 + 0.03 + 0.08 + 0.10 + 0.22 + 0.29 + 0.82

THE ENERGY CAPTURE IN RESPIRATORY CHAIN : THERE ARE 3 SITES :

1. BETWEEN 2 FLAVOPROTEIN 2. BETWEEN CYTOCHROME b and CYT. C1 3. BETWEEN CYT. a and CYT. a3
NAD FP CoQ Cyt b Cyt C1 Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 O2

SITE 1

SITE 2

SITE 3

PHOSPHORILATION OXIDATION
Glutamate Malate Isocitrate
ADP + Pi

ATP Sintetase
ATP

NAD FP
phosphorylation oxidation

ADP + Pi

ATP Sintetase
ATP

FP
Pyruvate keto glutarate

KoQ

Sit.b FP

phosphorylation oxidation

Sit.c1 Sit.c

ATP Sintetase
ADP + Pi ATP

Glicero 3-P Succinate Acyl-CoA

Sit.a Sit.a3

O2

ENZYMES OF BIOLOGIC OXIDATION :

Enzymes involved in biologic oxidation is called OXIDOREDUCTASE ( oxidation & reduction reactions ) and classified into 5 groups : Oxidase, Aerobic dehydrogenase, Anaerobic dehydrogenase, Hydroperoxidase and Oxigenase. 1. Oxidase : This enzyme catalyze the removal of hydrogen from a substrate using Oxigen as hydrogen acceptor. H2O Ex. : - Cytochrome Oxidase - Phenolase - Mono amin oxidase - Laccase - Ascorbic acid oxidase - Uricase

2. Aerobic dehydrogenase : produce H2O2 Ex. : - Amino acid dehydrogenase - Xantin dehydrogena se - Aldehyde dehydrogenase

3. Anaerobic dehydrogenase : 3.1. This enzyme transfer H+ fgrom a substrate to redox reaction ( not involve respiratory chain ) Ex. : - Glyceraldehyde-3P dehydrogenase - Lactate dehydrogenase

3.2.1. NAD / NADP dependent 3.2.2. FMN / FAD dependent Some enzyme in Glicolysis, -Oxidation, CAC.

4. Hydroperoxidase : - Peroxidase glutathion - Catalase 5. Oxigenase : - Dioxigenase / oxigen transferase / True oxigenase - Monooxigenase / Hydroxilase / Mixed function oxidase

THE CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY :

Inhibition of Respiratory oxidation and Phosphorylation oxidation :

1. Inhibition of respiratory chain : inhibit of site 1 : -. Pierecidin -. Barbiturates inhibit of site 2 : - Dimercaprol - Antimycin A inhibit of site 3: -. H2S, Co, CN. -. Rotenon -. Steroids

2. Inhibition of Phosphorylation oxidation chain : > Oligomycin > Dinitrophenol > Atractyloside
3. Inhibition of coupling from respiratory oxidatio and phosphorylation oxidation : =. 2,4 dinitrophenol =. m-Chlorocarbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazon