REACTIONS OF ALKENES AND ALKYNES

CHARACTERISTICS REACTIONS OF ALKENES Alkenes addition to the carbon-carbon double bond in such a way that the pi bond is broken and, in its place, sigma bonds are formed to two new atoms or group of atoms. Reaction \ / | | C = C + HX C C / \ | | X = Cl, Br, I H Cl (X) \ / | | C = C + H2O C C / \ | | H OH (X) Br \ / | | C = C + X2 C C / \ | | X2 = Cl2, Br2 Br (X) \ / | | C = C + BH3 C C / \ | | H BH2 \ / | | C = C + H2 C C / \ | | H H Descriptive Names Hydrochlorination (Hydrohalogenation)

Endothermic reaction reaction in which the energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants; heat is absorbed

Hydration

Bromination (Halogenation)

Hydroboration

Hydrogenation (reduction)

*Most important reaction of ethylene and other low-molecularweight alkenes production of chain-growth polymers *In the presence of certain catalysts called initiators, many alkenes form polymers by the addition of monomers to a growing polymer chain REACTION MECHANISM a step-by-step description of how a chemical reaction occurs. - describes which bonds break and which new ones form - order and relative rates of the various bond-breaking and bond-forming steps Bond breaking corresponds to an increase in energy Bond forming corresponds to a decrease in energy Energy diagram a graph showing the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction; energy is plotted on the y-axis, and the progress (change) of the reaction is plotted on the x-axis. Reaction coordinate measure of the progress of a reaction, plotted on the x-axis in an energy diagram. Heat of reaction () difference in energy between the reactants and the products Exothermic reaction reaction in which the energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants; heat is liberated