The Large Binocular Telescope

J. M. Hill, R. F. Green, D. S. Ashby, J. G. Brynnel, N. J. Cushing, J. K. Little, J. H. Slagle, and R. M. Wagner Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, University of Arizona 933 N Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
ABSTRACT
The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) Observatory is a collaboration between institutions in Arizona, Germany, Italy, Indiana, Minnesota, Ohio and Virginia. The telescope on Mt. Graham in Arizona uses two 8.4-meter diameter primary mirrors mounted side-by-side to produce a collecting area equivalent to an 11.8-meter circular aperture. A unique feature of LBT is that the light from the two primary mirrors can be combined to produce phased-array imaging of an extended eld. This cophased imaging along with adaptive optics gives the telescope the diraction-limited resolution of a 22.65-meter telescope. Binocular imaging with two co-pointed prime focus cameras began in Fall 2007, and science observing continues routinely. We will describe the scientic results and technical challenges of monocular Gregorian focus observations starting in Spring 2008. Commissioning of the rst Gregorian spectrometer (LUCIFER1) has been completed with a rigid secondary mirror, and science observations have begun in December 2009. The telescope uses two F/15 adaptive secondaries to correct atmospheric turbulence. The rst of these adaptive mirrors has been tested in Italy with the adaptive loop closed, and arrived at the telescope in February 2010. The rst adaptive optics images were achieved on-sky in May 2010. The Direct Gregorian focus has been prepared for the arrival of the second Gregorian spectrometer (MODS1). Keywords: binocular telescope, honeycomb mirror, adaptive optics, phased array imaging

1. INTRODUCTION
The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) uses two 8.4-m diameter honeycomb primary mirrors mounted side-by-side on the same mount to produce a collecting area (110m2 ) equivalent to an 11.8-m circular aperture. The two Gregorian telescope sides point at the same object, or groups of objects close together on the sky. A unique feature of LBT is that the light from the two primary mirrors can be combined optically in the center of the telescope to produce phased-array imaging of an extended eld. In practice this extended phased eld can be of order 1-arcminute in diameter. Active and adaptive optics have been designed into the telescope from the beginning to augment the telescope performance from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths. The main wavefront correctors are the two F/15 Gregorian adaptive secondary mirrors. The interferometric focus combining the light from the two 8.4-m primaries will reimage the two folded Gregorian focal planes in a central location. Several of the instruments will implement an additional wavefront corrector at a higher conjugate after the initial Gregorian focus. This cophased imaging gives the telescope the diraction-limited resolution of a 22.65-m telescope in one spatial direction. We will be able to produce images with a resolution of 5 milliarcsec in visible light and 20 milliarcsec in the near-infrared. The binocular conguration of the telescope optics allows us to build a compact and sti mechanical structure. The short focal ratio primary mirrors help minimize the size of the co-rotating enclosure. Figure 1 shows the telescope enclosure open in twilight for observing. The telescope is located at Mount Graham International Observatory in the Pinale no Mountains of Southeastern Arizona at an elevation of 3192-m. Development of the project through First Light has been previously described by Hill, et al. (2008)1 and by Hill (2010)2 and references therein. The two paraboloidal primary mirrors can also be used independently (without optical combination) to obtain seeing-limited images over a wide eld-of-view. The LBT oers instruments mounted at a variety of focal stations
Further author information: Send correspondence to J.M.H.: E-mail: jhill@as.arizona.edu, Telephone: +1 520 621 3940
Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III, edited by Larry M. Stepp, Roberto Gilmozzi, Helen J. Hall Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7733, 77330C 2010 SPIE CCC code: 0277-786X/10/$18 doi: 10.1117/12.856479

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which are described in more detail below. Interchange between the various optical congurations during the night is accomplished with swing arms which hold the secondary and tertiary mirrors and the prime focus correctors. Monocular prime focus science imaging started in Fall 2006, with regularly scheduled science observations using both primary mirrors in parallel starting in January 2007. Commissioning of the Gregorian focal stations began in April 2008 and continues. The rst science observations at the bent Gregorian focus began in December 2009. Commissioning of the adaptive optics system on-sky began in May 2010. The rst cophased binocular observations are planned for 2012. Further discussion of the transition from telescope completion to operations is provided by Green et al. (2010).3 A summary of the LBT instrumentation is provided by Wagner (2010).4

2. BINOCULAR PRIME FOCUS

The rst focal stations implemented on LBT have been the prime focus positions above the paraboloidal primary mirrors. Each of the two prime foci is instrumented with one of the two Large Binocular Camera (LBC) wideeld imagers. These instruments are 36-Mpixel CCD cameras mounted behind 6-element refractive correctors to give a corrected eld-of-view about 25 arcminutes in diameter. The LBC-Blue camera above the left primary is optimized for near-ultraviolet through red light (U - R) with fused silica corrector lenses. The LBC-Red camera above the right primary is optimized for visible through near-infrared light (V - z) with BK7 corrector lenses. Each camera is outtted with a set of 8 broad- or medium-band lters for wide-eld imaging. LBC-Blue saw First Light along with the telescope in October 2005. The performance of LBC-Blue has been described by Giallongo et al. (2008).5 A typical science program doing deep near-UV galaxy counts has been described by Grazian et al. (2009).6 Much of the science being done with the two LBC cameras involves deep survey work ranging from small asteroids in the solar system, to the most distant quasars known. Both cameras have been doing routine science observations together since January 2007. The active optics system using extra-focal pupils at prime focus has been previously described by Hill et al. (2008).7 This system has been improved during 2009 by calibrating and correcting the cross-talk terms in the measurements of focus and spherical aberration (Z4, Z11, Z22). Further operational improvements were made in Spring 2010 by using a small technical CCD adjacent to the science focal plane to measure and correct focus changes during an hour-long science observation block.

3. BENT GREGORIAN FOCUS

The installation of a rigid (non-adaptive) secondary mirror on the left side of the telescope in April 2008 marked the start of commissioning of the Left Bent Gregorian focal station. During 2008-2009, we completed the commissioning of the folded F/15 focal station, the AGw unit (acquisition, guiding and o-axis wavefront sensing), the infrared test camera, and the LUCIFER near-infrared instrument. The installation of the rst adaptive secondary mirror (see below) on the right side of the telescope in March 2010 marked the start of the commissioning of the Right Bent Gregorian focal station (seeing-limited at rst, later adaptive).

3.1 LUCIFER: near-infrared imager and multi-slit spectrometer

LUCIFER1 mounted at the Left Front Bent Gregorian focal station is the rst of two cryogenic near-infrared imagers and multi-slit spectrometers. The seeing-limited imaging mode provides a eld-of-view 4x4 arcmin square with a wavelength range from 0.9 to 2.5 microns. LUCIFER also provides medium resolution (2000-17000) longslit and multi-slit spectroscopic capability. Auxiliary cryostats permit the installation of pre-cut multi-slit masks into the cold instrument for multi-slit spectroscopy. An additional camera to be added in 2010, will implement a diraction-limited imaging capability over a 30 arcsec eld-of-view. The rst engineering image with LUCIFER1 was obtained in September 2008. Additional details on LUCIFER1 commissioning are given by Ageorges et al. (2010).8 Figure 2 shows LUCIFER1 mounted on the telescope. LUCIFER2 is being integrated in the lab, and is expected to arrive at the telescope in early 2011.

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Figure 1. Photo of the Large Binocular Telescope with two 8.4-meter diameter primary mirrors open and ready for observing at sunset with the two prime focus cameras (deployed) and two Gregorian secondary mirrors (retracted). The telescope enclosure with two 10-meter wide shutter openings co-rotates with the azimuth axis of the telescope at speeds up to 1.5 degrees per second. The forest around the telescope is composed of spruce, r and aspen trees.

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Figure 2. Photo of the LUCIFER1 instrument mounted on the Left Front Bent Gregorian focal station of LBT. The cable chain for the instrument rotator can be seen surrounding the instrument. The structure in the left foreground is used to support the auxiliary cryostats when exchanging the cryogenic multislit masks. Instrument rails for mounting the interferometric instruments in the central area of the telescope can be seen to the upper left.

3.2 Science observations with LUCIFER1

Monocular science observations with LUCIFER1 began in December 2009. Figure 3 shows an example LUCIFER image of the eld of J0900+2234 provided by Bian et al. (2010).9 This particular observation takes advantage of gravitational lensing by a foreground cluster of galaxies to magnify the light of the redshift 2 galaxy under study. These magnied images (ux magnied by a factor of 5) were then observed with LUCIFER in the J, H and K bands in the near-infrared to measure the rest frame optical properties of the galaxy. These measurements (images and spectra) allow them to measure the mass, metallicity and star-formation rate for this high-redshift galaxy, and to compare them to local galaxies.

4. DIRECT GREGORIAN FOCUS

The rotator controls and cable chain for the Left Direct Gregorian focal station (below the primary mirror cell) were installed in summer 2008. On-sky commissioning work on that focal station with an AGw unit and the infrared test camera began in May 2009. The rotator and cable chain for the Right Direct Gregorian focal station (the last of four rotators to be populated) were mounted in Spring 2010, with commissioning to follow as the

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Figure 3. This image is a J-H-K false-color composite image of the gravitationally-lensed galaxy J0900+2234. The prominent galaxies at the center of the frame are members of the foreground lensing cluster, while the lensed images of the redshift 2 target galaxy are fairly faint (small arcs). The data for this image was taken with LUCIFER1 on the left side of LBT. Image courtesy of F. Bian, University of Arizona.

telescope schedule permits. The Direct Gregorian focal stations will host the MODS optical spectrographs as well as the polarimeter heads for the PEPSI bench-mounted spectrograph.

4.1 MODS: multi-object double spectrograph for optical and near-ultraviolet

Having completed its laboratory acceptance tests in Columbus during Spring 2010, the rst of two MODS optical and near-ultraviolet spectrographs arrived on Mt. Graham in May 2010. Each of the two spectrographs is internally a double spectrograph with red- and blue-optimized channels. MODS can do imaging and multislit spectroscopy over a 4x6 arcmin eld-of-view with resolutions between 2000 and 8000. Figure 4 shows the 3m diameter by 4m long MODS instrument being unloaded at the telescope. Additional details on MODS are reported by Pogge et al. (2010).10 MODS1 is scheduled to start commissioning on the telescope in September 2010.

5. TELESCOPE PERFORMANCE 5.1 Telescope, Focal Station and AGw Commissioning

As the installation of the rotators and cable chains for the four Gregorian focal stations winds down, the predominant engineering activity on the telescope shifts from deploying new equipment to detailed commissioning activities. Those commissioning activities include o-sky commissioning of various telescope sub-systems, on-sky commissioning of several AGw units, and on-sky commissioning and alignment of focal stations before science instruments are mounted. Telescope subsystems receiving emphasis for commissioning during 2009/2010 are: the primary mirror cells, the mount control system and the hydrostatic bearing system. These are briey discussed below, however Brynnel et al. (2010)11 provide a more detailed discussion of the overall commissioning activities. The majority of the on-sky commissioning time in the past year has gone to starting up new focal stations. We are presently deploying a new focal station for science instrument use about every 6 months, although

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Figure 4. This photo shows the structural shell of the MOD1 spectrograph arriving at the LBT on Mt. Graham on 17May-2010. MODS is a pair of double spectrographs operating in the optical and near-ultraviolet. In the photo, MODS1 is being unloaded along with its handling cart. The large (3-m diameter) end of MODS to the right mounts to the Direct Gregorian focal station, while the smaller end of MODS to the left contains the o-axis collimator. Photo courtesy of M. Midki (LBTO).

the time to complete this commissioning has been heavily impacted by bad weather. Typical focal station commissioning observations start with initial checkout of the hardware and software functions. That checkout becomes faster with each focal station as we gain experience with the hardware and software. This is followed by a detailed calibration and alignment of the AGw unit for o-axis guiding and wavefront sensing. Storm et al. (2010)12 provide a detailed discussion of the AGw commissioning activities. Next, we make a detailed optical alignment to remove binodal astigmatism, and populate the look-up tables for the open-loop collimation of the individual optical elements. This alignment process is becoming more ecient as we adopt the use of a laser-tracker to provide the initial positions of the optics. Finally, we carry out a set of on-sky performance verication observations to assure that all aspects of the focal station are performing properly. Guiding residuals are dominated by the atmospheric image motion when sampling with 2-second exposures. We measure 100 milliarcsec rms guiding residuals in median seeing conditions. Osets of the telescope while guiding have a precision of 50 milliarcsec rms which is limited by the transformation from sky coordinates to AGw guide probe coordinates.

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5.2 Mount Performance Improvements

The main improvements to the system that controls the tracking of the telescope mount have been: a new CPU and backplane to correct some reliability issues, some general upgrades to the encoder electronics, using an absolute encoder to set the incremental strip encoders at the start of the night, and using the motor encoders more eectively in the velocity loop. The system has also been expanded with additional DSPs to control the instrument rotators. We are quite happy with the present mount tracking performance of better than 10 milliarcsec rms when the wind is calm. As expected, tracking degrades to 20-40 milliarcsec rms as the wind increases. The hydrostatic bearing system has been upgraded to improve the mount stiness by moving the capillaries that regulate pocket pressures adjacent to the pads. This eliminates some lengths of rubberized hose from the stiness path. We also took advantage to install mechanically adjustable capillaries to make adjusting the pocket pressures a simpler task. The performance of the hydrostatic system has been signicantly improved by better control of the oil temperature to match the temperature of the C-ring bearing surfaces. This work has eliminated all of the small tracking jumps that we were previously attributing to the HBS system.

5.3 Primary Mirror Hardpoints

The 8.4m borosilicate honeycomb primary mirrors are supported in the telescope on a series of 162 loadspreaders which are glued to the at backplate of the mirror structure. A pneumatic force actuator connects to each of the loadspreaders in order to provide a force to oat the mirror against the changing gravity and wind loads. Six hardpoints provide the kinematic position of the mirror in its cell without carrying a signicant portion of the load. These hardpoints are adjustable in length to provide the collimation and focussing of the mirror in the telescope. The force actuators are controlled by individual servos which allow active correction forces to be applied to adjust the mirror gure. While using the primary hardpoints to focus and tilt the primaries during LBC (prime focus) observations, it was noticed that there was a 1 arcsec p-v hysteresis in the primary mirror position. This small jitter was traced to some friction/hysteresis problems in the breakaway mechanism that allows each hardpoint to collapse if the nominal load is exceeded. The breakaway mechanism has been redesigned to operate at a higher pneumatic pressure and without spring forces. These improved hardpoints were installed under the right primary mirror in January 2010, and are operating nicely without noticeable image jitter. The corresponding improvements will be made to the left hardpoints during the Summer 2010 maintenance period.

5.4 Telescope Control Software

The high level software which controls the mount and various monocular aspects of the telescope is approaching completion. Software development activity is now moving toward the alignment and co-pointing aspects of the binocular telescope. These binocular operations enhancements to the telescope control software have been underway since May 2009, and the rst aspects of the binocular pointing kernel have been tested on-sky on May 2010. Prior to the present, the LBC cameras have been making binocular observations by having one camera guide the mount, and the other camera guide the primary mirror. The binocular Pointing Control System under development will automatically divide the pointing of the two optical trains so that the mount will track the midpoint of where the two sides are pointing. The details of binocular observing are discussed in more detail by De la Pe na, Terrett and Thompson (2010).13

5.5 Vibration and Thermal Management

Now that the basic telescope systems are fully functional, the next activities for the coming year are related to telescope performance enhancement. Our near-term areas of focus are characterizing and reducing telescope vibrations, and improving the thermal condition of the telescope during observations. A facility vibration measurement system is being installed to provide high quality telemetry about vibrations. We are also planning a series of activities to improve the thermal management of the telescope structure during rapidly changing weather conditions. We have also started a program using a laser-tracker to generate collimation information for the optics without being on-sky. All of these improvements will be useful as we transition to the interferometric era with light combined from the two sides of the telescope.

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Figure 5. Photo of the rst LBT adaptive secondary mounted (center) on the right side of the telescope. The 10-m wide shutter openings are open to the twilight sky above. From this view it looks like any other Gregorian secondary and the 672 magnets and voice coils which actuate the thin shell are not apparent. The cylinder to the lower right is the LBC-Red prime focus corrector which is retracted out of the beam on its swing arm. About 20 minutes are required to change the telescope optical conguration by exchanging swing arm positions.

6. ADAPTIVE OPTICS 6.1 Adaptive Secondary Mirrors

Each of two ellipsoidal secondary mirrors is a 911-mm diameter Zerodur shell which is 1.6-mm thick. On the back side of the shell there are 672 small magnets which can be actuated by DSP-controlled voice coils. The magnets and voice coils provide forces to bend the shell relative to a rigid reference body at 1000 Hz rates. Capacitive sensors provide a reference signal for the fast servos that stabilize the shell position. The rst of these units has nished a series of system-level tests of the LBT adaptive optics system during 2009, and was moved to Mt. Graham in February 2010. The adaptive secondary unit was mounted on the right side of the telescope during March, and with a static shape was able to deliver 0.4 arcsec FWHM images in red light (2 second exposures in r). The adaptive secondary mounted on the telescope is shown in Figure 5, although we admit it looks like any other secondary.

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Figure 6. This image from the infrared test camera was taken during early test observations with the adaptive secondary on LBT on 27-May-2010. The adaptive optics loop has been closed on-sky with 400-mode correction and a 1000 Hz frame rate. This H-band exposure (center panel) has a Strehl ratio of 63%, and a FWHM in the core of 40 milliarcsec. The two close components of triple star HD124085 are separated by 0.16 arcsec. The right panel shows the same image displayed with a logarithmic stretch. The left panel shows an image without adaptive correction (not coeval). These data were taken in seeing conditions varying from 0.5 to 0.75 arcsec FWHM (r). Image courtesy of the Adaptive Optics team at Osservatorio Astrosico di Arcetri. Graphics courtesy of F. Manucci, Osservatorio Astrosico di Arcetri.

The aspheric glass-ceramic shells of the adaptive secondaries are manufactured by the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab, while the mechanics are manufactured by ADS International in Lecco, Italy, and the electronics are manufactured by Microgate in Bolzano, Italy. The second unit is now ready to move to Arcetri Observatory to begin its turn for closed-loop system testing. This system is capable of providing a Strehl ratio of 80% at a wavelength of 1.6 microns.

6.2 On-Axis Wavefront Sensors

The LBT adaptive optics system uses an on-axis pyramid sensor to measure the atmospheric wavefront at up to 1 kHz rate. The light for this natural reference star is reected o a tilted dichroic window in front of the science instrument (LUCIFER) or the infrared test camera. The LBTI instrument will use a variant of this system with two pyramids to allow chopping between two adaptively corrected positions for thermal infrared observations.

6.3 Adaptive Optics Results On-sky

Figure 6 shows a diraction-limited image in H-band with the adaptive loop closed on-sky in May 2010. We achieved better than 60% Strehl ratio in H-band (400 modes, 1000 frames/sec) on the rst night of adaptive optics commissioning. The initial performance appears to be limited by residual vibrations in the telescope. See the papers by Esposito et al. (2010)14 and Riccardi et al. (2010)15 for additional recent details of the laboratory acceptance tests and on-sky commissioning.

6.4 Laser Guide Star Development

The LBT consortium is planning to add a constellation of Rayleigh laser guide stars to enhance the adaptive optics performance of LBT. The initial deployment will be to provide ground-layer adaptive optics (GLAO) correction in front of the LUCIFER spectrographs. By averaging the wavefront from several low-altitude laser guide stars, the turbulence in the lower 1-2 km of the atmosphere can be corrected in order to improve the image concentration by a factor of 2-3 over the natural seeing. The system will also include upgrade paths to on-axis and multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) in the near future. Rabien et al. (2010)16 report on the detailed plans for this ARGOS laser guide star system which will go on the telescope in 2012.

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6.5 Beam Combination

Two strategic instruments are under construction to combine the light from the two sides of the telescope and take advantage of the diraction-limit of the 22.65-m baseline across the two primary mirrors. 6.5.1 LBTI The LBTI instrument is designed primarily to do nulling interferometry for detection of extra-solar planets and exo-zodiacal dust at 10 microns. Destructive interference using the light from two sides of the telescope is used to suppress the light from a bright star. However, the LBTI beam combiner allows the option of Fizeau imaging using LMIRcam at 3-5 microns. The LBTI beam combiner will be mounted on the telescope for test observations in Fall 2010, although the second adaptive secondary is needed to give full performance. 6.5.2 LINC-NIRVANA The LINC-NIRVANA instrument is a phased-array imager doing Fizeau imaging in the near-infrared. The light from the two sides of the telescope is combined at a common focal plane to achieve the diraction-limit corresponding to 22.65 meters in one dimension. The instrument also includes an additional set of deformable mirrors and wavefront sensors to allow multi-conjugate adaptive optics. LINC-NIRVANA is scheduled to go on the telescope in early 2012 after the second adaptive secondary is commissioned.

7. OBSERVATORY PARTNERS
The international partners in the Large Binocular Telescope Corporation include Arizona (25%), Germany (25%), Italy (25%), Ohio State (12.5%) and Research Corporation (12.5%). The Arizona portion of the project includes astronomers from the University of Arizona, Arizona State University and Northern Arizona University. The German portion is represented by the LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft which is composed of Max-Planck-Institut f ur Astronomie in Heidelberg, Zentrum f ur Astronomie der Universit at Heidelberg, Max-Planck-Institut f ur Radioastronomie in Bonn, Max-Planck-Institut f ur Extraterrestrische Physik in Munich and Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam. National participation in Italy is organized by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrosica (INAF). Partners at individual institutions include the Ohio State University in Columbus, Research Corporation in Tucson, the University of Notre Dame, the University of Minnesota and the University of Virginia. Astronomers and engineers at all of these institutions are involved in building instruments and auxiliary equipment for the telescope.

8. SUMMARY
While the construction of the LBT has been completed several years ago, the stream of new instruments and focal stations to be commissioned on-sky is becoming a ood. The nighttime schedule of the telescope is divided evenly between science observations and commissioning new focal stations and instruments. Science observations at prime focus continue with the LBC wide-eld imaging cameras. The rst science observations at the Left Bent Gregorian Focus began in December 2009 with the LUCIFER near-infrared imager and spectrometer. The rst MODS optical/near-ultraviolet imager and spectrometer arrived on Mt. Graham in May 2010. The rst of two adaptive secondary mirrors was installed on the right side of the telescope in March 2010. Recent photos and other news can be found on the LBTO web site: http://lbto.org

REFERENCES
[1] J. M. Hill, R. F Green, J. H. Slagle, D. S. Ashby, G. Brusa-Zappellini, J. Brynnel, N. J. Cushing, J. Little and R. M. Wagner, The Large Binocular Telescope, Proc SPIE, 7012, 701203-15 (2008). [2] J. M. Hill, The Large Binocular Telescope, Applied Optics, 49, 115-122 (2010). [3] R. F. Green, J. M. Hill, J. Brynnel, J. H. Slagle, D. Ashby, N. J. Cushing, J. Little, R. M. Wagner, M. Pedani, Mixing Completion, Commissioning, and Operations at the LBT, Proc SPIE, 7737 (this symposium), (2010). [7737-5] [4] R. M. Wagner, An overview of instrumentation for the Large Binocular Telescope, Proc SPIE, 7735, (this symposium) (2010). [7735-5]

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Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7733 77330C-11

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