6.

5 Graphs of Polar Equations

Graph the following:
1. r = 2secθ
2. r = 2cscθ
3. r = 6cosθ + 4 sinθ
4. r = -2cosθ
5. r = 2sinθ - 4cosθ
6. r = 3sinθ

Title: Jul 13­11:38 AM (1 of 18)
 Symmetry
Three types of Symmetry:
1. the x-axis (polar axis) as a line of symmetry

2. the y-axis (the line θ = π/2) as a line of symmetry

3. the origin (the pole) as a point of symmetry

Title: Jul 13­11:42 AM (2 of 18)
 To test for symmetry about the x-axis (polar axis)

Replace By
(r, θ) (r, -θ) or (-r, π - θ)

Prove that the graph of r = 4 - 4 cos θ is symmetric about the x-axis.

Title: Jul 13­11:48 AM (3 of 18)
 To test for symmetry about the y-axis (the line θ = π/2)

Replace By
(r, θ) (-r, -θ) or (r, π - θ)

Prove that the graph of r = -3 sin 5θ is symmetric about the y-axis.

Title: Jul 13­11:52 AM (4 of 18)
 To test for symmetry about the origin (the pole)

Replace By
(r, θ) (-r, θ) or (r, π + θ)

Prove that the graph of r = 2 cos 2θ is symmetric about the origin.

Title: Jul 13­11:53 AM (5 of 18)
 Analyzing Polar Graphs
Rose Curves: r = a cos nθ or r = a sin nθ where n is an integer > 1.

Look at these two graphs and find the number of petals on each:
r = 4sin 3θ r = 3cos 2θ
# petals: # petals:

Determining the number of petals on a rose curve:

n is odd:
n is even:

Symmetry:
n is even:
n is odd for r = a cos nθ:
n is odd for r = a sin nθ:

Title: Jul 13­11:57 AM (6 of 18)
 Analyzing these rose curves:
r = 4sin 3θ r = 3cos 2θ
domain: domain:

range: (-|a|, |a|) range:

continous: yes continuous:

symmetry: symmetry:

bounded: yes bounded:

maximum r-value: |a| maximum r-value:

asymptotes: none asymptotes:

# petals: # petals:

Title: Jul 13­12:04 PM (7 of 18)
 Limacon Curves: r = a + bsin θ or r = a + bcos θ where a > 0 and b > 0.
(leemasahn - meaning snail)
with an inner loop: a/b < 1 cardioid: a/b = 1
r = 2 + 3cosθ r = 2 - 2 sinθ

dimpled: 1 < a/b < 2 convex: a/b > 2

r = 3 - 2cosθ r = 6 + 2sinθ

Title: Jul 13­12:08 PM (8 of 18)
 Analyzing these limacon curves:
r = 2 - 5sinθ r = 4 + 4 cosθ
domain: domain:

range: [a-b, a+b] range:

continous: continuous:

symmetry: y-axis symmetry: x-axis

bounded: yes bounded:

maximum r-value: a+b maximum r-value:

asymptotes: none asymptotes:

Title: Jul 13­12:04 PM (9 of 18)
 Spiral of Archimedes: r=θ
domain:

range:

continous: yes

symmetry: y-axis

bounded: no

maximum r-value: none

asymptotes: none

Title: Jul 13­12:08 PM (10 of 18)
 Lemniscate Curves: r2 = a2 sin 2θ and r2 = a2 cos 2θ
domain:

range:

continous: yes (on its domain)

symmetry: all 3

bounded: yes

maximum r-value:

asymptotes: none

Title: Jul 13­12:19 PM (11 of 18)
 6.6 De Moivre's Theorem and nth Roots
Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
The trig form of the complex number z = a + bi is
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
where a = rcos θ, b = r sin θ, r = √a2 + b2, and tan θ = b/a.

Find the trigonometric form with 0 < θ < 2π for the complex number:
a. 3 + i √2 b. -5 - 2i c. -1 + 0i

Title: Jul 13­11:38 AM (12 of 18)
 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2). Then
1. z1 z2 = r1r2[cos(θ1 + θ2) + i sin(θ1 + θ2)]
2. z1 = r1[cos(θ1 - θ2) + i sin(θ1 - θ2)], r ≠ 0
z2 r2

Express the quotient z/z in standard form:

z1 = 6(cos 300o + i sin 300o) and z2 = 2√2(cos 135o + i sin 135o)

Title: Jul 14­7:16 AM (13 of 18)
 Powers of Complex Numbers
Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ).

z2 =

z3 =

Title: Jul 14­7:23 AM (14 of 18)
 De Moivre's Theorem
Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) and let n be a positive integer.
Then zn = [r(cos θ + i sin θ)]n = rn(cos nθ + i sin nθ)

Find (1 + i √3)3 using De Moivre's theorem.

Find [(-√2/2) + i(√2/2)]8 using De Moivre's theorem.

Title: Jul 14­7:25 AM (15 of 18)
 Roots of Complex Numbers
A complex number v = a + bi is an nth root of z if
vn = z.
If z = 1, then v is an nth root of unity.

Finding nth Roots of a Complex Number

If z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), then the n distinct complex numbers
n√r(cos θ + 2πk + i sin θ + 2πk),
n n
where k = 0, 1, 2, ... , n-1, are the nth roots of the complex number z.

Find the fourth roots of z = 5(cos (π/3) + i sin (π/3)).

Title: Jul 14­7:31 AM (16 of 18)
 Finding nth Roots of a Complex Number
If z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), then the n distinct complex numbers
n√r(cos θ + 2πk + i sin θ + 2πk),
n n
where k = 0, 1, 2, ... , n-1, are the nth roots of the complex number z.

Find the cube roots of -1.

Title: Jul 14­7:38 AM (17 of 18)
 Try some:
[6(cos 5π/6 + i sin 5π/6)]4

Find the cube roots of the complex number 2(cos π/4 + i sin π/4).

Title: Jul 14­7:39 AM (18 of 18)