6.

3 Parametric Equations
A rock is dropped from a 1200 ft cliff. The rock's height y in feet
above the ground t seconds later (ignoring air resistance).

The modeled equation: y = 0.5gt2 + vot + ho

Let's say that the rock falls on the line x = 2.

The rocks original position and its position after each of the first 5
seconds are:

These are the parametric equations with parameter t.

Title: Jul 13­6:47 AM (1 of 18)
 Parametric Curves

The graph of the ordered pairs (x, y) where

x = f(t) and y = g(t)
are functions defined on an interval I of t-values is aparametric curve. The
equations are parametric equations for the curve, the variable t is a
parameter, and I is the parameter Interval.

Graph parametric equations:

x = t2 - 2 y = 3t
(a) -3 < t < 1 (b) -2 < t < 3 (c) -3 < t < 3

Title: Jul 13­6:52 AM (2 of 18)
 Eliminating the Parameter
Eliminate the parameter and identify the graph of the parametric
curve.
1. x = 1 - 2t, y = 2 - t, -∞ < t < ∞ 2. x = t2 - 2, y = 3t

3. x = 2 cos t, y = 2 sin t, 0 < t < 2π.

Title: Jul 13­6:56 AM (3 of 18)
 Try some:
Eliminate the parameter and identify the graph.
1. x = 2 - 3t, y = 5 + t

2. x = 5 - 3t, y = 2 + t, -1 < t < 3

3. x = t, y = t2 - 3

4. x = t + 2, y = 4/t, t > 2

5. x = 3 cos t, y = 3 sin t, 0 < t < π

Title: Jul 13­6:59 AM (4 of 18)
 Lines and Line Segments
Find a parameterization of the line through the points A = (-4, 1) and
B = (4, 5).

Title: Jul 13­7:02 AM (5 of 18)
 OP - OA = t(OB - OA)

OP = OA + tAB

Find a parameterization of the line segment through the points

A = (-2, 3) and B = (3, 6).

Title: Jul 13­7:02 AM (6 of 18)
 Try some:
Find a parameterization for the curve.
1. The line through the points (-2, 5) and (4, 2).

2. The line segment with endpoints (5, 2) and (-2, -4).

3. The circle with center (-2, -4) and radius 2.

Title: Jul 13­7:08 AM (7 of 18)
 6.4 Polar Coordinates
Polar Coordinate System
- a plane with a point 0 (the pole) and a ray from O (polar axis).

- each point P in the plane is assigned polar coordinates as follows:

r is the directed distance from O to P
θ is the directed angle whose intial side is on the polar axis and
whose terminal side is on the line OP.

Plot points in the polar coordinate system:

P(2, π/3) Q(-1, 3π/4) R(3, -45o)

Title: Jul 13­6:47 AM (8 of 18)
Find all polar coordinates for a point.
Let P have polar coordinates (r, θ). Any other polar coordinates of P must be
of the form
(r, θ + 2nπ) or (-r, θ + (2n + 1)π)
where n is any integer. In particular, the pole has polar coordinates (0,θ),
where θ is any angle.

Example:
If the point P has polar coordinates (3, π/3), find all polar coordinates.

Title: Jul 13­7:17 AM (9 of 18)
 Coordinate Conversion
Let the point P have polar coordinates (r, θ) and rectangular coordinates
(x, y). Then
x = r cosθ, y = r sinθ, r2 = x2 + y2, tanθ = y/x

Find the rectangular coordinates of the points with the give polar
coordinates.
(a) P(4, 4π/3) (b) Q(6, -200o)

Find two polar coordinate pairs for the points with given rectangular
coordinates.
(a) P(-1, 1) (b) Q(-4, -4√3)

Title: Jul 13­7:22 AM (10 of 18)
 Try some:
1. Find all of its polar coordinates. P(1, -π/4)

2. Find all polar coordinates of P that satisfy -π < θ < π.

P(-1, -2)

3. Find the rectangular cooridnates of the point.

a. (-2, -14π/5) b. (-3, 360o)

Title: Jul 13­6:59 AM (11 of 18)
 Equation Conversion
Convert r = 4 secθ to rectangular form and identify the graph.

Convert (x - 3)2 + (y - 2)2 = 13 to polar form.

Title: Jul 13­7:22 AM (12 of 18)
 Try some:
1. Convert to rectangular form.
a. r = -2 cscθ
b. r = 4 cosθ - 4 sinθ

2. Convert to polar form.

a. x = 5
b. 3x + 4y = 2
c. (x - 1)2 + (y + 4)2 = 17

Title: Jul 13­6:59 AM (13 of 18)
 7.4 Partial Fractions

5x - 1
x3(x + 3)(x2 + 1)

3x - 4
x2 - 2x

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 -x2 + 2x + 4
x3 - 4x2 + 4x

Title: Jul 13­7:37 AM (15 of 18)
 x2 + 4x + 1
x3 - x2 + x - 1

Title: Jul 13­7:38 AM (16 of 18)
 2x3 - x2 + 5x
(x2 + 1)2

Title: Jul 13­7:38 AM (17 of 18)
 Try some.
4x - 11
2x2 - x - 3

3x2 + 4
(x2 + 1)2

-6x + 25
x3 - 6x2 + 9x

2x2 - 4x + 3
x3 + 1

Title: Jul 13­7:41 AM (18 of 18)