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com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
T.E.T
Mrphpah; jFjpj; Njh; T
gj; jhk; tFg; G
caphpay;
ghlf; Fwpg; Gfs;
(PAPER I AND II)
Njh;T vOJk; Mrphpah; fSf; fhf
kalvisolai.com JizAld;

ELA.BABU VELAN, B.Sc, B.Ed, M.L.I.Sc, (M.A),
DISTRICT PRESIDENT,
TAMILNADU GRADUATE TEACHER FEDERATION,
TIRUNELVELI - (DIS),

CELL : 9952329008
E.MAIL : raamanesh143@gmail.com





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kuGk; ghpzhkKk;
1. ghuk; ghpak;
- jiyKiw jiyKiwahf flj; jg; gLk; cly; mikg; G kw; wk; nraypay; epfo;Tfs;
ghuk; ghpak; MFk;
- ,J Njhw; wk; cly; nraypay; cly; cs;sikg; G ,dg;ngUf; f nray; Nghd; wtw;iw
xj; jpUf; Fk;
2. ghuk; ghpa flj; jy; epfo;it Kjypy; ntspapl; lth; - fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz; ly; fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz; ly; fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz; ly; fphpfh; N[hfd; nkz; ly;
3.nkz; ly jd; Muha; r; rpf;F vLj; Jf; nfhz; l jhtuk; - gl; lhzp (igrk; rl; iltk; ) gl; lhzp (igrk; rl; iltk; ) gl; lhzp (igrk; rl; iltk; ) gl; lhzp (igrk; rl; iltk; )
4.nkz; ly; gl; lhzpr; nrbapy; fz; lwpe; j NtWghLfs;
- tpij tbtk; - cUz;il RUf; fk;
- tpijepwk; - kQ; rs; /gr; ir
- kyhpd; epwk; - Cjh/nts; is
- fdp tbtk; - KOikahdJ/RUq;fpaJ
- fdp epwk; - gr; ir/kQ; rs;
- kyh; miktplk; - Nfhzk; /Edp
- jz; bd; cauk; - nel;il/ Fl; il
5.nkz; ly; gl; lhzp jhtuj;jpy; cauk; vd; w gz; gpid kl; Lk; nfhz; L Ma;T nra; jjhy; ,e; j Ma;T
xU gz; G fyg; xU gz; G fyg; xU gz; G fyg; xU gz; G fyg; G vd; W miof; fg; gl; lJ.

6.nkz; lypd; Ma;T Kbtpy; fpilj; j caug; gz; G 3:1 (nel; il : Fl; il 3:1 (nel; il : Fl; il 3:1 (nel; il : Fl; il 3:1 (nel; il : Fl; il) vd; w tpfpjj; jpy; ,Ue; jJ.
7. 7. 7. 7.gP Ndhilg gP Ndhilg gP Ndhilg gP Ndhilg; - Njhw; wjpy; ntspg; gilahf fhzg; gLk; gz; Gfshd nel;il (m) Fl;il Cjh (m)
nts;is Nghd; wit Gwj; Njhw; wg; gz; G (m) gPNdhilg; MFk;

8. 8. 8. 8.[P [P [P [P Ndhilg Ndhilg Ndhilg Ndhilg; - Gwj; Njhw; wg; gz; GfSf; F fhuzkhd FNuhNkhNrhk; my; yJ [Pd; fspd; mikg; G
9. 9. 9. 9.m mm my; yP y; fs y; yP y; fs y; yP y; fs y; yP y; fs; - ,U NtWg; gl; l gz; gfisf; nfhz; Ls;s [Pd; fspd; mikg; G.
10. 10. 10. 10.m mm my; yP Nyh khh; Gfs y; yP Nyh khh; Gfs y; yP Nyh khh; Gfs y; yP Nyh khh; Gfs; - my;yP y; fs; ntspg; gLj; Jk; gz;G
11. caphpd NtWghL
- ghypyh ,dg; ngUf; f caphpdq; fspy; rpwpa msT khw;wk; ,Uf;Fk;
- ghypd ,dg; ngUf; f caphpdq; fspy; ed; F njhpaf; $ba NtWghLfs; ,Uf; Fk;
12. khWghLfs; tiffs;
- clw; nry; khWghLfs; - clw; nry; ypy; Vw; gLk; . mLj; j jiyKiwf;F flj; jg; glhJ.
- ,dr; nry; khWghLfs; - mLj; J jiyKiwf;F flj; jg;gLk; (Gjpa rpw; wpdk; cUthf
kw; Wk; ghpzhkj; jpw; F fhuzk; )
13. ,aw; if Njh; T nfhs; if ,aw; if Njh; T nfhs; if ,aw; if Njh; T nfhs; if ,aw; if Njh; T nfhs; if
- rhh; y]; lhh; tpd;
- caphpdq; fspd; tho; tpay; xU Nghuhl; lk; ,jpy; ntw; wp ngUgitNa epiyepWj; jg; gLk;
14. ghpzhkk; - vspa jd; ikf; nfhz; l caphpdq; fspy; ,Ue; J Nkk; gl; l jd;ikf; nfhz; l
caphpdq;fshf khw gbg; gbahf Vw; gLk; khw; wq; fshFk; .
15. rpw; wpdkhjy;
- xU ,dk; neLq;fhyj; jpw; F jdpikg; gLj; jg; gLtJ
- fhuzk; : Gtpf;fhuzp kw; Wk; ,dg; ngUf; ff; fhuzp
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16. kdpj ghpzhkk;
- 15kpy; ypad; Mz;LfSf; F Kd; - Nuhkj; Jld; $ba rpk; gd; ]p kw; Wk; nfhhpy; yh
(Mg; gphpf; fh)
- 3-4kpy; ypad; Mz; LfSf; F Kd; - N`hkpdpl; Lfs N`hkpdpl; Lfs N`hkpdpl; Lfs N`hkpdpl; Lfs; (kdpj Kd; Ndhb- N`hNkh n`gpyp]; )
(fpof; F Mg; gphpf; fh)
- 1.5 kpy; ypad; Mz; LfSf; F Kd; - N`hNkh vuf; l; l]; N`hNkh vuf; l; l]; N`hNkh vuf; l; l]; N`hNkh vuf; l; l]; (khkpr cz; zp kdpjd; )
- 1kpy; ypad; Mz; LfSf; F Kd; dh; - epahd; lh; jhy epahd; lh; jhy epahd; lh; jhy epahd; lh; jhy; (kj; jpa Mrpah)
- Mh; f; fp n`hNkhNrg; gpad; ]; Mh; f; fp n`hNkhNrg; gpad; ]; Mh; f; fp n`hNkhNrg; gpad; ]; Mh; f; fp n`hNkhNrg; gpad; ]; (ciwgdp fhy kdpj ,dk; )
- 75000 10000 Mz; LfSf;F Kd;dh; - jw; fhy; N`hNkhnrg; gpad; fs N`hNkhnrg; gpad; fs N`hNkhnrg; gpad; fs N`hNkhnrg; gpad; fs;
- 18000 Mz; LfSf; F Kd; - Ntl; ilahb Fifapy; tho;e; j kdpjd;
- 10000 Mz; LfSf; F Kd; - tptrhak; , jdpf;FbapUg; G tho; kdpj ,dk; .
17. kuG nghwpapay; ( b.vd;.V khw; W njhopy; El; gk; )
- caphpfspd; FNuhNkhNrhk; fspy; cs;s b.vd;.V tpy; khw; wk; nra; Ak; El; gk;
- Gjpa kugpay; gz; Gfs; Nrh;f; fg; gLk; (m) Fiwf; fg; gLk;.
18. kuG nghwpapay; - ed;ikfs;
- [P dpd; mikg; G nray; ghl;il mwpayhk;
- ,d; Rypd; cUthf; fjpw; F cjTk;
- ,d; lh; nguhd; cUthf; fjpw;F (ituRf; nfjpuhd Gujk; )
- iel; u[id cUthf; Fk; ep/g; [P d; fis ghf; BhpahTf; F khw; w (iel; u[d; epiyepWj; jy; )
19. 19. 19. 19. nu]; l; hpf; ~d; vz; Nlh epA+f; spa]; nu]; l; hpf; ~d; vz; Nlh epA+f; spa]; nu]; l; hpf; ~d; vz; Nlh epA+f; spa]; nu]; l; hpf; ~d; vz; Nlh epA+f; spa]; - b.vd;.V it xU gFjpapy; ntl; lg; gad; gLk; nehjp.
20. b.vd; .V. ypNf~; b.vd; .V. ypNf~; b.vd; .V. ypNf~; b.vd; .V. ypNf~; - ntl; lg; ggl; l b.vd; .V Jz; Lfis xl; l itf;fg; gad; gLk; nehjp
21. caphp njhopy; El; gk; kw; Wk; FNshdpq; gad; ghL
- rhuha njhopw; rhiy gP h; kw; Wk; xapd;
- nehjp njhopy; El; gtpay; - kUe; J cw; gj; jp
- caphp vjph; g; Gg; nghUs;fs; - Neha; vjph; g; Gg; jd;ikia Cf; Ftpf;Fk; kUe; Jfs;
- fhpk mkpyq; fs; - tpdpfh; cw; gj; jp
- itl; lkpd;fs; - Mw; wy; khw; wk; kw; Wk; tsh; rpij khw;w xOq; FgLj; Jjypy; gq; F ngWk;
- jLg; G+rp Fwpg; gpl; l Neha; f;F vjpuhf nray; gLk; nghUs; . Mz; bn[d;dhf
(vjph; g; Gj; Njhd; wp) nray; gl; L Md; bghb (vjph; g; Gg; nghUs; ) cw; gj; jpf; F.
- ]; Buha; Lfs; - ypg; gpLfspy; ,Ue; J ngwg; gLk; .
- khNdhFNshdpay; vjph; g; Gg;nghUs; - Gw; W Neha; f;F vjpuhf gad; gLk; vjph; g; Gg; nghUs;.
FNshd; nry; fshy; cw; gj;jp nra; ag; gLk;
22. lhyp FNshdpq; Kiwapy; cUthf; fg; gl; l nrk; kwp ML. cUthf; fpath; Iad; tpy; Kl;
23. %yr; nry; (]; nlk; nry; )
- khWghL milahj xU nry; FOkk;
- tpyq; F kw; Wk; jhtuq; fspy; ,Ue; J ngwg; gLk;
- ikl; lhrp]; Kiwapy; gpsTngw; W mjpf nry;fis cUthf; Fk;
- xU Fwpg; gpl; l nray; jd;ikAilaJ ,Utifg; gLk;
- M) fUtpd; %yr; nry; - nraw; if Kiwapy; cUthFk; fUtpy; ,Ue; J vLf;fg; gLk;
M) cly; %yr; nry; - kdpjd; kw; Wk; cah; epiy tpyq; Ffspd; jpRf;fspy; ,Ue; J
gphpf; fg; gLk; (jha; vgpjPypa jpR, jirjpR, vYk; Gk[;i[, gdpf; Fl jputk; , fUr; nry; ,
njhg; Gs; nfhb ,uj; jk; )
24. caphp czhp
- nehjp vjph; g; nghUs; `hh;Nkhd; epA+f;spf; mkpyk; kw; Wk; nry; fSld; nghUj; jg; gl; L
czhpAld; ,izf; fg; gl; l xh; fUtp
- caphpay; Jz; ly; kpd; Jhz; lyhf khw; wg; gLfpwJ
- ,jd; %yk; ,uj;j FSf; Nfh]; msit mwpayhk;
- clypd; er; Rj; jd; ik mwpayhk;
- FbeP h; khRghil mwpayhk;. cztpd; kzk;, Rit Nghd; wtw;iw mwpayhk;
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25. kugZ kUj; Jtk;
- kuG topahfNth my;yJ ngwg; gl; l Neha; fSf; F fhuzkhd [Pd; fis rhpnra; jy; my; yJ Gjpa
[Pd; fis GFj; Jjy; %yk; Neha;fis Fzg; gLj; Jjy; (va; l; ]; Gw; WNeha; )
- clw; nry; kugZ kUj; Jtk; - FiwghLs;s KO [P d; njhFjpia khw; Wjy; (mLj; j
jiyKiwf; F nry; yhJ)
- ,dr; nry; kugZ kUj; Jtk; - mz; lk; (m) tpe;J nry; fspy; nra; ag; gLk; khw; wk; (mLj; j
jiyKiwf; F nry; Yk; )
26. ngh; dP~pa]; - xU tif ,uj; j Nrhif Neha; (Fzg; gLj; j itl; lkpd; gp
12
gad; gLfpwJ)
27. mikNy]; Nehjp Ngf; Bhpahtpd; miky; Nyh GNuhl; bd;fs; %yk; ngwg; gLfpwJ
28. gpul;dpnrNyhd; - xU tif ]; Buha;L. iuNrhg]; vd; w G+Q; irapy; ,Ue; J ngwg; gLfpwJ.
29. clYWg; Gg; gad; ghL tpjp
- [P d; ghg; jP ]; yhkhh; f; vd; gth; ntspapl; lJ
- NjitAk; vz; zKNk cly; cWg; Gfspd; tsh; r; rp
khw; wj; jpw; F fhuzk; (xl; lfr; rptpq; fpapd; fOj; J)

Neha; j; jilf; fhg; G kz; lyk;

1.Neha; fs; tiffs;
m) Neha; f; fpUkpfs; my;yhJ Njhd; Wk; Neha; fs;
M) Neha; f; fpUkpfshy; Njhd; Wk; Neha; fs;
2. Neha; fpUkpfs; my; yhJ Njhd; Wk; Neha; fs; (tsh; rpijkhw; wr; nray; ghl; Lf; FiwT)
m. lahgl; b]; nkypl];
M. lahgb]; ,d;rpgpb];
,. ,ja Neha; fs;
<. rpWePufr; nraypog;G
c. cah; ,uj; j mOj; jk;
C. clw; gUkd;
v. my; rpkh; kw; Wk; %isia jhf; Fk; gf; f thj Neha;
3. guk; giu Neha; fs; (m) kugpay; Neha;fs;
- FiwghLs; s (m) jpBh; khw; wkile; j [P dhy; Njhd; Wk;
(m) my; gdprk;
- nkyhdpd epwkp ,y; yhjjhy; cUthFk;
- jpBh; khw; wkile; j xLq; F [Pd; fshy; Vw; gLk;
- ghy; Nghd; w ntz; ik epwk; clypy; Njhd; Wk;
- xsp fho; g; G epiy (Nghl; Nlh Nghgpah)
(M) `PNkhgpypah ( ,uj; jk; ciwahik)
(,) rpf; fps; nry; mdpkP ah (fjph; mhpths; ,uj;jNrhif)
(<) jhykP rpah
(c) lTd; FiwghL
(C) Fkpopr; rpWtd; Neha;
4. czTr; rj; Jg; gw; whf; Fiw Neha; fs; (Gujk; )
(m) kuhRk];
- Foe;ijapd; vilFiwT
- fLikahd tapw; Wg; Nghf; F
- vYk; G kP J Njhy; Nghh; j; jg; gl; lJ Nghy; cly; mikg; G
(M) Fth~pNahh;fhh;
- Foe;ijfSf;F cg; gpa tapW
- Kfk; fhy; fspy; tP f;fk;
5. fpUkpfs; fhuzkhf Njhd; Wk; Neha; fs;
itu]; fs; : NghypNah, ntwpeha;f; fb, fy; yP uy; tP f; fk; , %is ciw tPf; fk; , %isf; fha; r; ry;.
ghf; Bhpah : fhrNeha; , njhONeha; , fhyuh, ilgha; L, ff;fthd; ,Uky; , nll; ld]; , gpNsf; ,
epNkhdpah, rpgpyp]; , NfhNdhhpah.
G+Q;ir Neha; : gilNeha; (Njhy; fNuhl; bd;fs; rpijT), nghLF
GNuhl; NlhNrhth : kNyhpah, rP jNgjp, Jhf; f tpahjp




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6. itu]; Neha;fs;
(m) rhjhuzr; rsp iundh itu];
(M) ,d; GSad; ]h
- 1970y; cyif Ml; b gilj; j nfhba Neha;
- A(H1 N1) vDk; iturhy; Njhd; Wk;
- Nehahspapd; Neub njhlh;G ,Ue; jhy; guTk;
7. ghf;Bhpah Neha;fs;
(m) fhrNeha;
- ikf; Nfhghf;Bhpak; bA+gh; FNshr]; (Fr;rp tbtk; ) ghf; Bhpahthy; guTk;
- fhw; W %yk; guTk;
- EiuaP uy; vYk; Gfs; %l; Lfs; epzeP h; Rug; gpfs; nrhpkhd cWg; Gfs; fy; yP uy;
rpWePufj;ij ghjpf; Fk;
- tuhky; jLf;f Foe;ijfSf; F Nghlg; gLk; jLg; G+rp BCG
(M) ilgha; L
- rhy;Nkhndy;yh vd; w ghf;Bhpah %yk; cUthFk;
- khrile; j eP h; czT %yk; guTk;
- Flw; gFjpapy; tpf; fk; Gz;fs; Njhd; Wk;
- kz; zP uy; tPf; fk; Vw; gLk;
8. GNuhl;NlhNrhthd; fs; %yk; guTk; Neha;fs;
(m) kNyhpah
- gpsh]; Nkhbak; vDk; xl;Lz; zp %yk; cUthFk;
- ngz; mdhgpy]; nfhR %yk; guTk;
- gpsh]; Nkhbaj; jpd; ghy; ,dg; ngUf; fk; nfhRtpy; elf; Fk; .
ghypyh ,dg; ngUf; fk; kdpjdpy; elf; Fk;
- nfhRtpy; ];NghNuhNrhtha; Lthf cUthFk;
- kdpj clypy; ];NghNuhNrhtha; Lfs; , rptg; gZit jhf; fp `PNkhNrhapd; vDk; er;ir
cUthf; Fk; .
- `PNkhNrhapd; kNyhpahTf; F fhuzkhd er; R
(M) mkpgpf; rP jNgjp (mkpgpahrp]; )
- vz; lkpgh `p]; liybfh vd; Dk; GNuhl; NlhNrhth cUthf; Fk; ;. ngUq; Flypy; guTk;
- eP h; kw; wk; cztpd; %yk; guTk; (<f; fs; %yk; )
- kyk; ,uj; j JspfSld; fhzg; gLk;
9. G+Q; irfs; %yk; guTk; Neha; fs;
(m) glh; jhkiu
- vgpnlh;Nkhigl;lhd; , ikf; Nuh]; Nghuk; , biuf; Nfhigl; lhd; Nghd; w G+Q;irfs; cUthf;Fk; .
- ,we; j nry;iy jhf; fp mhpg;ig Vw; gLj; Jk;
10. Neha; guTk; topfs;
(m) Neubahf guTk; Neha; : bg; jP hpah, epNkhdpah, fhyuh, ilgha; L, kP ry; ]; (kzy; thhp mk;ik),
Gl; lhyk;ik.
(M) kiwKfkhf guTk; Neha; fs; : fpUkpfshy; khRw; w nghUs; fs; %yk; guTjy;
(,) tpyq;Ffspd; %yk; guTk; Neha; fs; : cz; zpfs; , rpuq; F cz; zpfs; (bf;];), gwitfs; ,
G+r; rpfs; , ghYhl; bfs; %yk; guTk; (kNyhpah, ntwpeha; f; fb)
11. Md; bn[d; - clYf; Fs; GFe; j fpUkpapdhy; cUthFk; er; R my;yJ Neha;fSf; Ff; fhuzkhd
ntsp Gujk; .
12. Md; bghb
- Md; bn[d; fSf;F vjpuhf cUthf;fg; gLk; Gujg; nghUs;
- ,uj; j gpsh]; kh epzeP h; ypg;Nghigirl; Md; ghbfis cUthf;Fk;
13. Neha; j; jLg; ghw; wy; tiffs;
(m) ,aw;ifahd Neha;j; jLg; ghw; wy; - Fwpg; gpl; l Neha; fSf; F; vjpuhf ,aw;ifahf ngwg; gl; l
jLg; ghw; wy;
(M) ngwg; gl; l Neha; jLg; ghw; wy; - Kjypy; NehAw;W gpd; G mjw;F vjpuhf ngwg; gl; l jLg; ghw; wy;
,U tifg; gLk;
(1) nray; kpF ngwg; gl; l jLg; ghw; wy;
(2) ke; jkhd ngwg; gl; l jLg; ghw; wy;
14. nraw;ifahd ngwg; gl; l nray; kpF jLg; ghw; wy;; cjhuzk; -
(m) NghypNah jLg; G+rp NghLtjhy; fpilf; Fk; jLg;ghw; wy;
(M) Kj; jLg; G+rp NghLtjhy; fpilf;Fk; jLg; ghw; wy;
15. MNuhf; fpa kdpjdpd; ,uj; j rh; f; fiu msT 80- 120kp.fp/100kp.yp
16. fpUkpfspdhy; Neha; guTk; nfhs;if : ,uhgh; l; Nfhr; kw; Wk; Yhap]; gh]; lh;
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17. ,e; jpahtpy; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; jLg; G+rpfSk; mjd; ngah; fSk;
BCG fhrNeha; j; jLg; G+rp
DPT njhz;il milg;ghd; , ff; Fthd; ,Uky;, nll; ld]; , kP ]y;]; , &ngy;yh
MMR Gl; lhsk;ik kP]y; ]; &ngy;yh
DT - bg; jPhpah (njhz;il milg; ghd; ), nll; ld]; (,U jLg; G+rp)
TT - nll; ld]; lhf; i]L
18. ,e; jpahtpy; gad; gLj; jg; gLk; Neha; j; jLg; G+rpj; jpl; lk;

gpwe; j
Foe; ijf; F
BCG
Kjy; jtiz
15 ehl; fs; NghypNah nrhl;L
kUe; J
Kjy; jtiz
6tJ thuk; Kj; jLg; G+rp Kjy; jtiz
10tJ thuk; Kj; jLg; G+rp
kw; Wk; NghypNah
2tJ jtiz
14tJ thuk; Kj; jLg; G+rp
kw; Wk; NghypNah
3tJ jtiz
9-12 khjk; kP ry; ]; Kjy; jtiz
18-24 khjk; Kj; jLg; G+rp
kw; Wk; NghypNah
Kjy; Cf;Ftpg; Gj;
jtiz
15khjk; 2tUlk;
MMR
Kjy; jtiz
2-3 tUlk; ilgha; L 1khj
,ilntspapy;
,U jtizfspy;
4-6 tUlk;
D.T kw; Wk;
NghypNah
,uz; lhtJ
Cf; Ftpg; G
jtiz
10 tJ tUlk;
T.T kw; Wk;
ilgha; L
Kjy; jtiz
16tJ tUlk;
T.T kw;
Wk; ilgha; L
,uz; lhtJ
Cf; Ftpg; Gj;
jtiz

19. HIV
- ,uhgh; l; NfNyh (mnkhpf; fh) kw; Wk; Yf; khd; lfpdpah; (ghhp]; ) MfpNahh; gphpj; njLj; jdh;
- RNA kuGg; nghUshf nfhz; l fpisf;Nfh Gujj; jhy; #og; gl; l nul;Nuh itu]; MFk;.
- ,uj; j nts;isaZf;fis Fiwj; J Neha; jLg; ghw; wiyf; Fiwf; Fk; .
- viyrh ( viyrh ( viyrh ( viyrh (ELISA) Nrhjid %yk; fz; lwpayhk;
- n nn nt]; lhd; gpshl t]; lhd; gpshl t]; lhd; gpshl t]; lhd; gpshl; cWjpg; gLj; Jk; Ma; T.

kdpj cly; cWg; G kz; lyq; fspd; mikg; Gk; nray; ghLfSk;

1.epAuhd; fs;
- euk; G kz; lyj; jpd; nray; myF
- euk; G nry; fs;
- Jhz; ly; fis fz; lwpjy; , ngWjy; flj; Jjy; Nghd; wit ,jd; nray; fshFk;
2.euk; G ,io euk; G nry;fspd; eP l; rpahd mikg; G
3.euk; G nry; mikg; G
m) nry; clyk;
- irl; ld; vd miof;fg; gLk;
- xOq;fw; w tbtk; nfhz; lJ
- nry; Ez;ZWg; GfisAk; ep]py; JfisAk; irl; Nlhgpahrj; jpy; ngw; Ws;sd.
M) nld; biul; Lfs;
- nry; clypy; ,Ue; J ntspNa eP l; bf; nfhz; bUf; Fk;
- nry; cliy Nehf; fp kpd; Jz; liy flj; Jk;
,) Mf; ]hd;
- nry; ,iofspy; kpf ePz; l fpisj; j ,io
- Mf;]hd; KbAk; gFjp gpd; Kid Fkpo;
- Mf;]hd; , epA+hpnyk; kh vd; w Nghh;itahy; %lg; gl; Ls;sJ
- epA+hpnyk; kh kP J cs;s ciw ikaypd;
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- ikaypd; Vw; gLj; Jk; ,ilntsp ud; tPhpd; fZf; fs;
- ikaypd; ciw kP J fhzg; gLk; nry; fs; ]; Rthd;
4. euk; G nry; tiffs;
m) ntz;ik epA+uhd; fs;
- ntz;ikahd nfhOg; G ikaypdhy; Mf; ]hd; %lg; gl; bUf; Fk;
- ikapypDiw (m) nkLy; Nyl; ll; vdTk; miof; fg; gLk;.
- %isapd; Gwzpia cUthf; Fk;
M) rhk; gy; epA+uhd;fs;
- ikaypd; ciwapdhy; %lg; gl; bUf; fhJ
- ngU%isapd; ntz;ik gFjpapy; cs;sJ
,) xU Kid epA+uhd; fs;
- fUtpd; euk; G nry;fs; ,ijf; nfhz; Ls;sd
- xNu xU eP l; rp kw; wk; nfhz; Ls;sJ
- me; j eP l; rpNa Mf; ]hd; kw; Wk; nld; buhdhf nray;gLk;
<) ,U Kid epa+uhd; fs;
- xU nry; clyk; kw; wk; ,U eP l; rpfs; cs; sd.
- xU eP l; rp Mf; ]hdhfTk; xU eP l; rp nld; buhdhfTk; nrayhw; Wk; .
- tpopj; jpiuapy; cs;s $k; G kw; wk; Fr; rp nry; fspy; cs;sJ.
c) gyKid epA+uhd; fs;
- ngU%is Gwzpapy; fhzg; gLk;
- gy nld; biuL xU Mf; ]hd; cs;sJ
5. euk; G nry; ,izg; G kw;Wk; euk; G czh;T Jhz; ly;
- xU epA+uhdpd; nld; biuL mUNf mike; j kw; nwhU epA+uhdpd; ,ilntsp FkpopAk;
,izahky; cly; njhlh; G nfhz; Ls;sJ
- nld; biuLfs; czh;Tfis ngw; W kpd; Jhz; ly; fshf irl; lhd; topNa Mf; rhDf; F
flj; Jk; . ,izg; G gFjp topNa ,izg; G Fkpopfs; mUNf mike; j epA+uhDf; F flj; Jk; .
6. kdpj euk; G kz; lyk; tif
m) ika euk; G kz; lyk; - %is jz; Ltlj; ij cs;slf; fpaJ
M) Gw mikT euk; G kz; lyk; - ika euk; G kz;lyj; jpd; euk; Gfis cs;slf; fpaJ
,) jhdpaq; fp euk; g kz; lyk;
7. %is ciwfs;
m) bA+uhNkl; lh;
- ,ul;il fbd ciw
- kz;ilNahL mbapy; ikaeuk; G kz; lyj; jpw;F ntspapy; cs;sJ.
M) muf;dha; L ciw
- nky;ypa ciw. eLciw
- ,uj; j ehsq;fisg; ngw; Ws;sJ
,) igahNkl; lh;
- cl; Gw nky;ypa ciw
- %is kw; wk; jz; Ltlj;ij Rw; wp neUf;fkhf cs;sJ
8. %is
- nra; jpfis Ma; e; jwpAk; ika cWg; G
- fl; lis kw; Wk; fl;Lg; ghl; L mikg; ghfTk; cs;sJ
- %d; W ghfq; fisf; nfhz; lJ
m) Kd; %is -ngU%is, jyhk]; , i`Nghjyhk];
M) eL %is -
,) gpd; %is - ghd; ]; , rpW%is, KFsk;
9. ngU%is
- Kd; %isg; gFjpapy; mike; Js;sJ
- %isapd; ngUk; gFjp ,Jjhd; (3y; 2gq; F)
- ,U miuf; Nfhsq; fshfg; gphpf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ
- miuf; Nfhsq; fis mbg; gFjpapy; ,izf; Fk; euk; G gl; il fhh; g]; fy;Nyh]k;
- ngU%isapd; ntspg; gFjp ngU%isg; Gwzp (rhk; gy; nghUs; ).
- ngU%isapd; cl; Gwg;gFjp ntz; ikg; nghUs; vdg; gLk;
10. ngU%isg; Gwzp (rhk;gy; nghUs; )
- euk; G nry; fshy; Md cly; mikg; G
- rhk; gy; epw nry;fis nfhz; Ls;sd
- ngUk; gFjpapy; RUf;fq; fis nfhz; L nkLgs;sq; fshf cs;sJ. ,jpy; mike; Js;s gFjpfs;


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m) ,af; fg; gFjpfs;
- ngU%isapd; fl; lis kw; wk; xOq; FgLj; Jk; gFjp
- cly; nray; fis fl; LgLj; Jk; fl; lis ,q; fpUe; J nry; Yk;
M) czh; Tg; gFjp
- czh; r; rp euk; gpd; topNa czh; Tfis ngWk; gFjp.
,) ,izg; Gg; gFjp
- gyNtW czh; jYf; F ,ilNaAs; s epidthw; wy; , jfty; ghpkhw; wk; Nghd; w gzpfs;
nra; Ak; gFjp
11. ngU%is ntz;ik gFjp (ngU%is cl; gFjp)
- ngU%isg; Gwzpapd; mbg; gFjpapy; cs;sJ
- ikapypd ciw ngw;w euk; G ehhpiofshy; MdJ
- rpy ehhpiofs; ngU%isapd; ghfq; fis ,izf; Fk;
- rpy ehhpiofs; ngU%isia vQ; rpAs;s %is kw; Wk; jz; Ltlj; Jld; ,izf; Fk;.
12. ntz; l;hpf; fps;
- ngU%is miuNfhsfSf; Fs; cs;s Fopfs;
- %is jz;Ltlj; jputj; jhy; epug; gg; gl; Ls;sJ
13. ngU%is gzpfs;
- czh;T, mwpTf;$h;ik, epidthw; wy; , fw; gidj; jpwd; , fhuzfhhpak,; Ma; e; jhpjy; Nghd; w
gzpfis nra; fpwJ
- Jhz; ly; nray;fisg; ngw; W mjw; Nfw; w Jyq; fs; nray;fis Jtf; fp itf; fpwJ.
14. jyhk];
- jyhkir Rw; wpNa ngU%is mike; Js;sJ
- czh;T kw; Wk; ,af;F czh; tiyfis flj; Jk; gzp
15. i`Ngh jyhk];
- jyhkrpd; mbg; Gwj; jpy; cs; sJ
- ghYwT elj;ijia xOq; fgLj; Jjy;
- fpsh; r; rp, Nfhgk; , gak; , Jhz; Ljy; Nghd; w kdntor; rp ntspg; ghLfis fl; LgLj; JfpwJ
16. eL%is
- jyhkrpw; Fk; gpd; %isf; Fk; ,ilNa cs;sJ
- eL%isapd; ,ilNa nry; Yk; fhy; tha; ngU%is Foy;
- eL%isapd; KJFgf;fk; fhzg; gLk; miutl; lf; Nfhsq; fs; fhh; Nghuh Fthl; hpn[kpdh fhh; Nghuh Fthl; hpn[kpdh fhh; Nghuh Fthl; hpn[kpdh fhh; Nghuh Fthl; hpn[kpdh.
- ghh; j; jypd; mdpr;ir nray; fisAk; ghh;itapd; rhh; G ,af; fj;ijAk; fl; LgLj; JfpwJ.
17. %isj; jz; L
- eL%is kw; Wk; gpd;%is Nrh; e; j mikg; G.
18. gpd; %is - gpd; %isapy; fhzg; gLk; gFjpfs;
m) rpW%is
- ngU%isf;F fPo; Gwk; cs;sJ
- eLikag; gFjp kw; wk; ,uz; L gf;fthl; L fjg; G cs;sJ
- ,af; F jirfspd; ,af; fq; fis xOq; FgLj; Jk; (xLjy; kw; Wk; elj; jy; )
M) ghd; ];
- rpW%isapy; cs;s fJg; Gfis ,izf;fk; euk; G ehhpio ghyk;.
- ngU%isapy; ,Ue; J rpW%isf; F nra; jpfis flj; Jk;.
- cwf; fk; , Rthrpj; jy; njhlh; ghd nraYf;Fk; cjTk;
,) KFsk;
- jz; Ltlj; Jld; ,izAk; %isapd; gFjp
- ,jaj; Jbg; G ,uj; jf; Foy; RUf; fk; %r; R tpLjy; Nghd; w nray; fis xOq; FgLj; Jk; gyNtW
mdpr; ir nray; fspd; ikak; .
- KFsj; jpd; ntz; l;hpf; fps; ngU%is miuf; Nfhs ntz; l;hpf; fpSld; ,ize; Js; sJ.
19. jz; Ltlk;
- %isapd; njhlh; r; rpahd Foy; Nghd; w mikg; G
- KJFjz; bd; euk;G FoYf; Fs; mike; Js;sJ
- igahNkl; lh; , muf;dha; Lrt;T, bA+uhNkl; lh; Nghd; w rt;Tfshy; %lg; gl; Ls;sJ
- fOj; J Gilg; G kw;Wk; ,Lg; G Gilg; G gFjp mfd; Ws; sJ.
- ,e; j Gilg; Gfspy; ,Ue; J jz; Ltl euk; G Njhd; Wk;
- jz; Ltlj; jpd; fP o;Kid KbTehh; eP l; rp vdg; gLk; .
- jz; Ltl KJFgf; f ikaj; jpy; FWfyhd gs;skhd KJFgf; f gpsT cs; sJ
- jz; Ltl khh; G gf;f ikaj; jpy; mfd; w gs;skhd khh; Ggf;f gpsT cs; sJ.
- jz; Ltl ikag; gFjp neLfpYk; %isj; jz; Ltl jputj; jhy; Md ikaf;Foy; cs;sJ. ,J
%isapd; ntz; l; hpfpspd; njhlh; r; rpahFk;
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- jz; Ltl Gwg; gFjp nkLy; yh ciwAs;s ntz; ik epA+uhd; fshy; Mf; fg;gl; Ls; sJ
- jz; Ltl cl; gFjp nkLy; yh ciwaw; w rhk; gy; epA+uhd;fshy; Mf; fg; gl; Ls; sJ
- %isf; Fs; Sk; ntspNaAk; euk; Gj; Jhz; ly;fisf; flj; Jk; . kw; Wk; mdpr; ir nraypd;
ikakhf cs;sJ.
20. Gw mikT euk; G kz; lyk;
- %is kw; Wk; jz; Ltlj; jpy; ,Ue; J cUthFk; euk; Gfs; ,ij cUthf; Fk;
21. %is euk; Gfs;
- %isapy; ,Ue; J 12 ,iz fghy euk;Gfs; cUthFk; .
m) czh; r; rp euk; Gfs; - c.k; . ghh;it euk; G
M) ,af; F euk; Gfshf - c.k; : Ntf]; euk; G (,jak; )
,) fyg; G euk; Gfs; (czh; r; rp kw; Wk; ,af; fk; - Kfk; )
22. jz; Ltl euk; Gfs;
- 31 ,iz jz; L tl euk; Gfs; cUthFk;
- czh; r; rp Nth; kw; Wk; ,af; f Nth; cz;L
- midj; Jk; fyg; G euk; Gfs;
23. jhdpaq; fp euk; G kz; lyk;
- ghpT kw; wk; vjph; ghpT euk; Gfs; cs; sd
- xd; Wf; nfhd; W vjpuhf nray; gLk;
- midj; J cWg; GfisAk; fl; LgLj; Jk; .
24. ehskpy; yh Rug; gp kz; lyk;
- clw; nraypay; epfo; Tfis Ntjpapay; Kiwg; gb xUq; fpizj; jy; ;
- tsh; r; rp, ,dg; ngUf; fk; , tho;it njhlh; e; J NgZjy; Nghd; w ,ay; ghd nray; fis fl; LgLj; Jk;
kw; Wk; xUq; fpizf; Fk;.
- ehskpy;yh Rug; gpfisAk; mit Ruf; Fk; `hh; Nkhd; fisAk; cs; slf; fpaJ
- vd; Nlhfpiud; Rug; gpfs; vd; Wk; miof; fg; gLk;
25. ehskpy; yh Rug; gpfs; mike; Js;s ,lq; fs;
m) jiy gpl; A+l; lhp kw; Wk; gpdpay; Rug; gp
M) fOj; J ijuha; L kw; wk; ghuhijuha; L Rug; gp
,) khh; G ijk]; Rug; gp
<) tapw; Wg; gFjp
fizak; - yhq; fh; `hd; ]; jpl; Lfs;
ml; hP dy; Rug; gp - ml; hP dy; fhh; nlf;]; kw; wk; ml; hP dy; nkLy; yh
,dg; ngUf; fr; Rug; gp - tpe; jfk; (Mz; ) mz; lk; (ngz; )
26. `hh; Nkhd; fs;
- ehskpy; yh rug; gpfs; Ruf;Fk;
- ,it Ntjpapay; Kiwapy; GujkhfNth, mkpNdh mkpykhfNth, ]; buha;LfshfNth ,Uf; Fk;.
27. gpl; A+l; lhp Rug; gp
- %isapd; i`NghjyhkRld; ,ize; Js;sJ
- gl; lhzp msT cs;sJ
- ehskpy;yh FOtpd; elj; Jdh; vd miof; fg; gLk;
- Kd; gFjp mbNdhi`Nghrp]; vdg; gLk;
- gpd; gFjp epA+Nuhi`Nghrp]; vdg; gLk;
28. mbNdhi`Nghrp]; (gpl; A+l; lhp) Ruf; Fk; `hh; Nkhd;fs;
m) nrhkl; Nlhl; Nuhgpf; `hh;Nkhd; (STH/GH)
- tsh; r; rp `hh;Nkhd; vdg; gLk; tsh; r; rpia fl;LgLj; Jk;
- Fiwthf Rue; jhy; - Fs;sj; jd; ik (Foe;ijfspy; )
- mjpfk; Rue; jhy; - mRuj; jd;ik (Foe;ijfspy; )
- mf; Nuhnkfyp - nghpath; fspy; mjpfk; Ruj; jy; (eP z; l if, fhy; fs; )
M) ijNuhl; Nuhgpf;
- ijuha; L Jhz; Lk; `hh; Nkhd; (TSH)
- ijuha; L rug; gpapd; tsh; r; rpia Jhz; Lk;
- ijuhf; rpd; cw; gj;jpia Jhz; Lk;
,) ml; hpNdh fhh; l; bf;NfhbNuhgpf; `hh; Nkhd;
- ml; hPdy; Gwzpia Jhz; Lk; `hh; Nkhd; (ACTH)
- My; Nlh]; BNuhd; kw; Wk; fhh; bN]hd; cw; gj; jp nra; a ml; hPdy; Gwzpia Jhz; Lk; .



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<) ghypf;fps; nry; fis Jhz; Lk; `hh;Nkhd; (FSH)
- Mz; fspy; tpe; J cUthjiy Jhz; Lk;
- ngz; fspy; mz; lr; Rug; gp Kjph; tiljiy Jhz;Lk;
c) Yl; bdprpq; `hh;Nkhd; (LH)
- ngz; fspy; Ruf; fk; `hh; Nkhd;
- mz; lr; nry; ypy; (fpuhgpad; ghypf; fps; ) ,Ue; J mz; lk; (Kl;il) ntspg; gLtij Jhz; Lk; .
- <]; l; Nuh[d; kw; wk; Gnuhn[]; l; uhd; Nghd; w `hh;Nkhd; fspd; cw; gj; jpf;F fhuzkhf cs;sJ.
C) ,ilaP l; Lr; nry;fis Jhz; Lk; `hh; Nkhd; (ICSH)
- Mz; fspy; Ruf; Fk; `hh; Nkhd;
- nl]; Nlh];BNuhid (Mz; ,d `hh; Nkhd; ) Ruf; fr; nra; Ak;
v) Nyf;Nlh[Pdpf; `hh; Nkhd; (LTH)
- ghy; Rug; gpapd; tsh; r; rpia Jhz; Lk;
- Foe;ij gpwe; j gpwF ngz; fSf; F ghy; cw;gj; jpia Jhz; Lk;
29. epA+Nuhi`Nghigrp]; Ruf; Fk; `hh;Nkhd; fs;
m) Mf; ]pNlhrpd;
- ngz; zpd; fUg;igia RUf;fTk; tphpf; fTk; nra; J kfg; NgW epfo; it Jhpjg; gLj; Jk;
M) thN]hgpu]; ]pd; (Md; b il A+hpbf; `hh;Nkhd; - ADH)
- mlh; j; jpahd rpWeP iu Fiwe; j msT cUthf; Fk;
- ,uj; j Foy; fis RUq; fr; nra; J ,uj; j mOj; jj; ij cah; j; Jk;
- ,J Fiwthf Rue; jhy; ilahngb]; ,d; rpgpbir Njhw; Wtpf; Fk;.
30. ijuha; L Rug; gp
- fOj; J Fuy; tisapd; gf; fj; jpw; F xd; whf mike; Js; sJ.
- ijuhf;]pd; vd; w `hh; Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk; .
- ijuhf;]py; ilNuhrpd; vd; w mkpNdh mkpyKk; mNahbd; fye; j gujKk; cs;sJ.
31. ijuhf; rpd; gzp
- MSik `hh; Nkhd; vd miof; fg; gLfpwJ.
- ,uj; jj; jpy; rh; f;fiu kw; Wk; mNahbd; msit xOq; FgLj; Jk; .
- rpWeP uf nray; ghl;ilAk; rpWeP h; Nghf;ifAk; fl;LgLj; Jk; .
32. ijuha; L FiwghLfs;
m) i`Nghijuha; b]k; (ijuhf; ]pd; Fiwthf Ruj; jy; )
(1) vspa fha; lh; (Kd; fOj; J foiy)
- mNahbd; gw; whFiwthy; Vw; gLk;
- fha; lh; vd;gJ ijuha; L tPq; fp fhzg; gLk; epiy.
(2) kpf; ]pbkh (nghpath; fspy; Njhd; Wk; )
- Fiwe; j tsh; rpij khw; w tP jk;
- cly; kw; Wk; kd mstpy; Ntfk; Fiwe; J fhzg; gly;
- vil $Ljy; , Njhy; fbdkhjy; , , Fiwthd ,ja Jbg; G
(3) fphpbdp]k; - (rpwpath; fspy; cUthFk; )
- Fs; sj; jd;ik kw; Wk; Fd; wpa tsh; r; rp
- FiwghLs;s gw; fs; , JUj; jpa ehf; F
M) i`gh; ijuha; b]k; (ijuhf; ]pd; mjpfk; Ruj;jy; )
(1) vf;Nrh/g; jhy; kpf; fha; lh; (fpNutpd; Neha; )
- cah; ,uj; j mOj; jk; kw; Wk; glglg; G
- kpifahd tsh; rpij khw; wk; kw; Wk; fisg; giljy;
33. fizak; Rug; gp
- ,U tpjkhd gzpfis nra; Ak; ehskpy;yh Rug; gp
- vf; Nrhfpiud; , vz; Nlhfpiud; vd; w ,U gFjp cs;sJ.
34. vf; Nrhfpiud; gFjp (ehsKs;s Rug; gp gFjp fizak; )
- fiza ePiu Ruf; Fk;
35. vz;Nlhfpiud; gFjp (ehskpy;yh Rug; gp gFjp fizak; )
- ,J yhq; fh;`hd; ]; jpl; Lfis cs;slf; fpaJ.
- ,jpy; ,U tifahd nry; fs; cs;sd.
(1) gP l; lh nry; fs; - ,d; Rypd; kw; Wk; mikypd; Ruf; Fk;
(2) My; gh nry; fs; - FSf;Nfhfhd; `hh;Nkhid Ruf; Fk;





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36. ,d; Rypd; `hh; Nkhd;
- ,ay; ghd ,uj; j rh;f;fiu msit guhkhpf;Fk; (80-120kp.fp. / 100 kp.yp. ,uj; jk; )
- nry;fs; FSf;Nfh]; vLj; Jnfhs; tij Cf; Ftpf;Fk;
- FSf; Nfhir fpisf; Nfh[dhf khw; wp fy;yP uypy; Nrkpf; fg; gLjiy mjpfhpf; Fk;
- ,J Fiwthf Rue; jhy; lahgb]; nkypl]; vd; w Fiwghl; L Neha; cUthFk; (FSf; Nfh];
rpWeP hpd; %yk; ntspg; gLk; )
37. FSf; Nfhfhd; `hh; Nkhd;
- fiza yhq; fh; `hd;]; jpl; Lfspy; cs;s My; gh nry; fs; Ruf; Fk; `hh; Nkhd;
- ,uj; jj; jpy; rh; f;fiuapd; msT FiwAk; NghJ Ruf; Fk;
- fpisf;Nfh[d; FSf;Nfhrhf khWtij Jhz; b ,uj; j rh; f;fiu msit cah; j; Jk; .
38. ml; hPdy; Rug; gp
- rpWePufj; jpd; kP J mike; Js;sJ.
- fhh; nlf; ]; , nkLy;yh vd; w ,U gFjpfs; cs;sd.
39. ml; hPdy; fhh; nlf; ];
m) My;Nlh];BNuhd; (kpduNyh fhh; bf; fha; l; `hh;Nkhd; )
M) fhh; bNrhd; (FSf; Nfhfhh; bfha; L `hh;Nkhd; ) ,itg; Nghd; w `hh; Nkhidr; Ruf; fpd; wd.
(1) My; Nlh]; BNuhd; `hh; Nkhd;
- nghl; lhrpak; gh]; gu]; madpfis fopTeP f; fk; nra; Ak;
- eP h; kw; Wk; Nrhbak; cwpQ; rg; gLjiy Cf; ftpf; Fk;
(2) fhh; bN]hd; `hh;Nkhd;
- fpisf; Nfh[d; FSf; Nfhrhf khWtij Jz; LfpwJ
- ,uj; j rh;f;fiu msit cah; j; Jk;
- mow; rp jLg;G tpidfis Njhw; Wtpf; fpwJ.
40. ml; hPdy; nkLy;yh
- cUkhwpa euk; G Gwg; gilr; nry; fshy; MdJ.
- ,J Ruf; Fk; `hh;Nkhd; fs;
(m) ml; hPdypd; (vgpne/g; hpd; )
(M) ehh; ml;hP dypd; (ehh; vgpne/g; hpd; )
- ,uz; L `hh; Nkhd; fSk; mtrufhy `hh; Nkhd; fs; kw; Wk; rz;il `hh; Nkhd; fs; vdg; gLk; .
- ,jaj; Jbg; gpd; Ntfj;ij mjpfhpf; Fk;
- Rthr tP jj;ij mjpfhpf; Fk;
- fpisf; Nfh[d; FSf; Nfhrhf khWtij Cf;Ftpf;Fk;
41. tpe; jfRug; gp
- irl; Nlh[pdpf; cWg; G (,dnry;fis cUthf; Fk; cWg; G)
- ,jd; ehskpy;yh gFjp Mz; l; Nuh[d; (Mz; ,d) `hh; Nkhidr; Ruf; fpd; wJ.
- mjpfg; gbahd Mz; l; Nuh[d; , nl]; Nlh]; BNuhd; vdg; gLk; .
- ,dg; ngUf;f cWg; Gfspd; tsh; r; rp kw; Wk; tpe; J cw; gj; jpia ,e; j `hh;Nkhd; Jhz; Lk;.
- fufug; ghd; Fuy; , Kf cNuhk tsh; r; rp Nghd; wtw;wpw; Fk; fhuzkhfpd; wJ.
42. mz; lr; Rug; gp
- mz; lfKk; xU irl;Nlhn[dpf; cWg; G.
- ,J <]; l;Nuh[d; , GNuhn[]; l; uhd; kw; Wk; hpyhf; ]pd; vDk; `hh;Nkhidr; Ruf; Fk; .
(m) <]; l;Nuh[d;
- ngz; ,dg; ngUf; f cWg; Gfspd; tsh;r; rpf; F cjTfpwJ.
- cNuhk tsh; r; rp nkd;ikahd Fuy; nkd;ikahd clyikg; Gf;F fhuzkhfpd; wd.
(M) GNuhn[]; l; uhd;
- khjtplha; epiy kw; Wk; fh; g; gepiyia guhkhpf; Fk;
(,) hpyhf;]pd;
- kfg; Ngwpd; NghJ ,Lg;ig jsh; tila nra; J Foe; ij gpwg;ig vspjhf; Fk;.
43. ghuh ijuha; L Rug; gp
- ,J ijuha; L Rug; gpapd; cs; NsNa cs; sJ.
- ,uz; L ,uz; lhf ehd;F cs;sJ
- fhy; rpNlhdpd; (m)ghuhjhh; Nkhd; vd; w `hh; Nkhid Ruf; Fk; .
- jhJ cg; Gfspd; tsh;rpij khw; wj;ij guhkhpf; Fk;
- Fiwthf Rue; jhy; Njhd; Wk; Neha; nll; lhdp MFk; .
44. ijk]; Rug; gp
- ijuha; L Rug; gpapd; fPo; gFjpapy; ,jaj; jpd; Nky; gFjpapy; mike; Js; sJ.
- 15 taJf; F gpwF kiwaj; njhlq; FfpwJ.
- ijNkhrpd; (m) ijkpd; vDk; `hh; Nkhidr; Ruf;Fk;
- ,uj; j ypk; Nghirl; nry; fs; mikjiy Jhz; LfpwJ
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
45. gpdpay; Rug; gp
- %isapd; fhh; g]; fy;Nyhrj; jpd; mbapy; cs;sJ.
- nkyNlhdpd; vDk; nghUisr; Ruf; Fk;
- khh; G fhk; G khw; Wk; tpijg; igapd; epwkp mlh; j; jpf; F fhuzkhFk;.
46. nry; gphpjy;
- ];dP lh; vd; gth; Kjd; Kjypy; kiwKf nry; gphpjiy fz; lwpe; jhh; (1873)
- nry; gphpjy; ,U nray; fspd; %yk; elf;Fk;
(1) cl; fU gphpjy; (2) irl;Nlhgpshrk; gphpjy;
- nghJthf nry; fspy; 3tif nry; gphpjy; elf; Fk;
(1) Neh; Kfg; gphpT Vikl; lhrp]; (Amitosis)
(2) kiwKfg; gphpT ikl; lhrp]; (Mitosis)
(3) Fd; wy; gphpT kpahrp]; (meiosis)
|. 0+ _+n n+q (ja. .++a )
- 6+oom . +_ _a nm , a+_ _o _+ ,- .++ n+a.
- _m_ 6_+.+ +. 0.+na++a ,- .++n n+a
- _m _oa 0_+m a 0++ 6+o +a 0, a+_+ _+ _a
- _0,+a. m aonmmoo aa a_ a+ _a o o.
- n++c+++ ,0,+. 0.+0++a+ 0n+m _ 6+o ++m +ao n+omn 6n_++a .6na 0n+
0+ _+n n+q .+ _a.
|. a_+n n+q (a. .++a )
- a. .++a am 6++o o naaa am na+ _a+++m++.
- _+a, ao _+am . 6+o +ao .6na
- 6+o n+a 6_+.+ _a+_a 0++ 6+o+ao 0, _0,+0a+0++a a- -+ + _+ _a
an no a+n+[ _+ _a.
- a. .+++ _ __+ o .o (Interphase).
|v. _m o n+q (a+++a )
- mn 6n_+ + n no aa an_ o+ 6+o +ao a .6na.
- _m _oa m+ 6+o +a _a++m m.
- mn 6n_+ + n ,+ao aa _a+ 6+o +a +m _ a+ 6+o +a _a++ _a
- _o a+++a -I aa a+++a -II am ,-[ n+a++ .+ _a .
- _m o n+q .+ _a 6+o +a a0+++. [+a amn n[a .
c. a+++a - I
- _o _0,+0a+0++a +am a- -+ + n+_+++ _++n n[a_+o _ _m o n+q am
n n+ +m _ o+ao .6na
() ,0,+o -I
(_) 6a. .+o - I
() m+o - I
(+) c0o+o - I
() ,0,+o I
- _0,+a. m ao+an no _ n+a
- _0,+0a+0++a +a _m_ _m0+ a[n[a
- _0,+0a+0++a +a _a aaa an no a+ +a 6na.
- (:) 0on 0.+cm , (z) ++ 0++cm , (1) n++ +cm , (|) n 0a+cm , () .+++m+a 0n+m
- o+a - [
(:) 0on 0.+cm o
- _0,+0a+0++a +_++a. +o 0n+o 0_+m a
- nm , aa++ +o n+a .
(z) ++ 0++cm o
- _ _+a+m _0,+0a+0++a +a -a . +m+n +a amn n[a .
- - _0,+0a+0++a+a ,.. amn n[a .
- -_o m oo [n n__+o 6_+. + aa+++o .+ _a .
(1) n+++cm o
- _0,+0a+0++a +a 0a_a +_ + _. .++_a .
- _0,+0a+0++a ,..+a +m _ _0,+0a+. +a 6++- _+ _a . 6..,[ ()
_a+.+0ao- [ amn n[a .
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
- _ _+a+m _0,+0a+0++a - +++a 0a. .+ am ,aa+o -
++-n n[a .
- _0,+0a+. - [ n+a+ a .+ _a (_+ 0+ +o_ _o )
(|) cn 0a+m o
- _0,+0a+0++a +a n+a m ._o amnn[a .
- +++a 0a. .+ao 6_+. _a .
() .+++mam
- . +_ +a q a a . +_ a- aa .
- +_+ an , +. 0.+na++_ _o 0_+m a
(_) 6a. .+o - I
- - _ _0,+0a+0++ao aa _0,+0a. [+a [n n__+ 0++ +a 6+m . 0,+a++
_a n__+ 0++ +a aa.
() m+ o I
- +_+ +a _0,+0a+0++a +a _ +a 0++ + + _a .
- ,- [ _0,+0a+. [+a 6++- . _a++m _0,+0a+0++a +a n+ _a+a
.a .
- _ o+o _0,+0a+0++a +am a--+ + __o j n[a.
- a 6a+_ _a_ __a n+_ a- -++a a _ _0,+0a+0++a _+ +a _a+_a .
(+) c0o+o I
- a 0a+_ _a_ __a a a _0,+0a+0++a _+ +a + . +_+ +a q _a+_a.
- a a+ a 6a+_ _a___a n+_+aq _0,+0a+0++a +a a a _ 0++ . +_
_a+_a .
- +. 0.+na++_ _o +_+ +a j n. [ 6+o n_n n.a .
- +. 0.na++ n+_o +.0.++m+a amn n[a.
:. a+++a - II
- a. .++a 6+o n+_o 0n+m am0a 0+++ a. .++a am + +n n[+.
- ,0,+o II, 6a..+ o II, m+o II, c0o+o II, am +m _ o - [.

() ,0,+o
- _0,+0a+. _..+++qa +ma+m_++ a+a
- . +_ a- aa
- 6+m . +0++o n+ 6+o om a_+ _a__ .a
- 6+m . 0,+0++ao _ _a .+ 0_+ma . a n- o +a _a++ _a
(_) 6a. .+o
- _0,+0a+0++a +a a++ 0++. m . a n- o +ao _, an no aa
- a n- o +a _0,+0a+0++am 6+m. 0,+a+_.m -a.
() m+o
- _ _0,+0a+0++am _0,+0a+.+a n+ _ _0,+0a+0++a+_a (0++ )
- _0,+0a+0++a +a 6+o om a_6,_+ _aa 0++ + 6+o _a .
- 0++ _0,+0a+0++a +a _aa 0++ + + +n n[a .
(+) c0o+o
- _ o
- _0,+0a+0++a +a 6ao o+ +o 0n+o a+a
- .+_ a- a- [a 0_+m a.
- a n- o a a _a .+ aa
- ,_+ .+_ n.oa _a+_a.
- _ 0++ .+_ _a++ +. 0.+na++ n+q 6na .








Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
_+a, +ao mn 6n_+ +a

:.mn 6n_+ +a
- 0_ + m_ _ 0++ _ ,_+ +++a_ 0_+ a+ _a +++o + q
z._ 6+o +++ao mn 6n_+ +a
na_ _o () _ +an+q .a a n+ a a n++c+++
1. no 6+o +++ao .6na mn 6n_++a
() .o mn 6n_+ +a
(_) n+oo+ mn 6n_+ +a
() n+om mn 6n_+ +a
|. .o mn 6n_+ +a
_+a, +a _ +a .o n ,+ao _ ,_+ _+a, +a 0_+ a_ _o .
() - .+_o
- a 0n+0,++,+ n+++m .oa - [+a++ . _o _ ,_+ a n0,++,+
_a+_a
(_) _a ,_o o o 6a+. [_o
- _,+ao 0_+m a 6a+. .+m ,aa++a++ a+a
- 6a+. [ __+ + + . _++ .oo _ n+ ,_+ _,+a _a++ _a
- n,0++no oa _+a,_ _o o+o 6a+.[+a 0_+m + 0 a ,_+ _+a,a++
aa_a.
. n+oo+ mn 6n_++a
- + o_ _+a,+ao .+ _a
- a 0n++ +a _oa .+ _a
- a 0n++ +a +,n n,n no a ,_+ _+a,a++ aa_a
e. a 0n++ +am a++a
() jna+0m+a 0n++
- 6+oom ,0,+.0.+na++a m _,- [ a 0n+,+_a.
- 6ao o+ +a, .+.
- +_a _ma+ .a. _o ++
(_) _a 0n++
- ++++a n+m n[_ _ +_a _m a - [ .a . _o++ ,_+ n++ c++++ +a
() j+m . [+a
- n+++ao _a+_a
- n++ 6+o +a+o _a++ +n n[a +a+ [+_+a a+m . [+a++ a+a
(+) 6++m++
- 6nm+o+a ,_ ++o _a+_a
- +_a _ma+ a 0n++
. n+omn 6n_++a
- ,- [ +++a +[n. [ _ +_.+ + __+a _a++ _a 0++ + +.
. ao+
- a+n+[ . _ a,a ,.+ aa+ + ++m .+ _- [ 6_+_n ,
v. ao+m n++ +a
) ,o o a. .a
_) oo a. .a
) a+, __ _+a a. .a - ao+m _- n++a
+) _o+ a. .a - ao+m 6n- n++a
:c. a+, __ _+a a. .a - _- n++a
- no a+, __ _+a +am 6_+_n ,
- a+, __ _+a _ ++a na m+o n 0n+m an ,a _+ _a.
- ++a , a+, _+ +an amn n[a . n a+,_n n amn n[a
- a+, _n+_a a+, __ +a aa.
::. _o+ a. .a - 6n- n++a
- _o+n n, _o _- [, _o _ am n++ +a 6++- ..
- _o+n n+o _o +a aam.
- _o_a +_nn aa. __a - .6+o () 0+a. aa.
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
:z. a+, _+ 0++ + +
- a+, _n n+o _ a+, _+a _o+ _+ .a 6++o.
- +m a_ _a++ +_ _m __o _+ ++ + q
- a+, _+ 0++ +++ 6_+.+ +_q_o .+ _a .
a+ .
. _m a+, _+ 0++ ++ (_. 0.+0+a)
- _ ao+m a+,__ +a 0_ ao+m _o+ _+0++ () 0_ _+a,_ _+ 0++ _
a 6+_ ao+m _o+ _+0++ .a + q.
- _ n+o ao+ +ao 6n_a n+_a .6na
- ,+++,-+ ++,+.
- oa. _ _+a, +a0+ _a++ + _a
- ,_+ _+a,+a _a++ a o o
_. +o a+, _+ 0++ ++ (o 0o+0+a)
- _ ao+m a+,__ +a a 6+_ _+a, ao+m _o+ _+ .a + q () 0_
m__+ 0++ _ a 6+_ _+a, ao+m _o+ _+ .a + q.
- _.a+m _+a, +a _a+_a. ,_+ ,+ +a 0_+m a .
- ,+++,-+am _a 0_a (++ , + , ,+ ++a )
:1. na+a _oa .+ _a a+, _+ 0+++ + - _+ m_ 0_+no.
:|. ,+ ++a _oa .+ _a a+, _+ 0++ ++ - am .0a+no
:. ao _+a a a _oa .+ _a a+, _+ 0++ ++ - _.no
:e. ++ a a+, _+ 0+++ +
- m0a+no amn n[a.
- a+, __ +a ++ o 6+o o o+ __++ _+_a .
- +o a+, __ +ao +_+a - [.
- +o ao+m _o+ _ a+,__ a 6n 6n++_++ _+ _a (a+ +++ 0++aa )
- .a , +a a a nm
:. + a+ a++, _+ 0++ ++
- + a+ _+a, +ao 6n_a n+_a .6na .
- _0,+no am + +n n[a
- ao+ ++_++qa - -+_++qa _+ _a
:. a+, __ +a +a
- a+, __ +a 6n aa n+++n , +a
- a+am - 6aa __ _+_a . aa+ a+a aa.
- m .m - a _ 6ao o+ aa_ma.+.
:v. a+, __ +ao aa 6+o +a
.o+ 6+o - 6n++
n_ _6+o - ++ (6_m0,. a 6+o ).
zc. a+, _+ _o
- .o 6+o aa+ a+m a0+ _o+_ _- m .0+ _o 0n+o aa++ aa_a.
a+, _+ _o __a.
- a+, _+ _o _o+ +_n n a, _a
- n_ _ 6+o a+, _+ _o a0+ + + a 0a0+ n_n , _ _- 0+a. [+a++
a+a.
z:. +_q_o
- a+, _+ _oo aa _ 0+a . [+a _o+ +_n n+_a 6+o _a .
- _o+_ _o aa - ._ .m _ 0+a . [a ,- .+a o .+_q.m a 6+_ 0+a . [a
-a. +_q_o amn n[a .
z:. ,. . +_q_o
- a+, _+am _ 0+a . [+ao m _o+_ _o a a - ._ ._a a 6+m ,- .+a
o . +_q._a -_o.
zz. _a-q
- a+, _+am _ 0+a . [+ao m ,- .+a o . +_q.m -a . j +m0a
_ a+ . +_ 6++- .. _ .m _- 0+a . [a -a _a-q amn n[a .



Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
z1.+_q__+ _n nm
_o - a_+++ a+a
__ - a_ ++_a
_o+n n - +m+++ a+a
z|. n++ _ _0m++++ n+ +m+a
- +_q_o .6n+a0o0+ _a+_a +m+a (a_+o+ _,+. + a a 6+++ ++)
z. +m - a+
() _m+ +m
(_) _a +m
() +. [+ +m
ze. _m+ +m a+
()+_n n aa _m++m
(:)_ +_+ +m (n+ 6+. )
(a) 6n+ + - _+ ++a
(b) 6_a6n++a - _,_ +
(c) 0n+a - _n na & 0n+
(d) 6n0n+ - ,+- & 6aa a+

(z)a . [ +_+ +m
(a) . _n - a+ (+o +m)
(_)o+ _m++m
(:)o+ 6a +m
(a)_, 6a+m - a, & n. .+-
(6o+a )
(b)_ , 6a+m - a_+ _
(c)++n _o
(:) 6a+m - n__ _
(z) _[n ,+ +a+ 6a+m - 6a- .
(z)o+ 6a+++ +m
(a)+ m -+aa+. a _a _+,
(b)0++++n +a - 6o, 0++a, 0++aa
(c)+n 6+o+ - .,.++ a , _++++ _
(d)6++.. - _ _+
(1) naq+ +m
(a)6o+6a-.a - +_0aoa
(c)++0a++++n - 6++_ ao o
(d)6,+ a+ - _a-+ _
z. _,a +m
- _m_ _ a 6a+_ _ooa + +m+++ aa++ ++.a .
- _ 6n+a+m ++a no no ++m+a 6++_ _++ _+ _a . .a. 6. o +a
- _oo+am aaa,+a - _+ +m++_a . .a m 0m+m+ a _a+0a+++ (+ _ _+na )
z. +.[+ +m
() 0++0,++a - no+
(_) +0++ma - _o , _ _
zv. a_
- +_q _o a_ __a
- a_+o +_ -qn 6n+_. +a aam.
1c. _a_ _o _+a, +a
- a_+_a _ a__o+a _+ _a (n. .+- a a a,)
1:. _ a_ _o_ _+a,a
- a_+_a _ a_ _o a.[a _+_a . .a 6o 0++a 6a +++a



Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
1z. a, an ,
- a, _ a_ _o_ _+a,a
- a. . () + ,+ an ,.+
- ,.0n ,.0n ,.0n ,.0n . a a. ._ _o 6a- a _ _o aa an ,
- a+ 0,+no a+ 0,+no a+ 0,+no a+ 0,+no . ,.0n+o a a a (aa+ a)
- +_ao a+ + aa (_ m+o _a0a_a a 6+_ m+o _a+ ___ a aa)
- _a+ ___ _ a_ _o+_ [ao a a.
- _a+ ___ _o a+_ _- [ ++ 6a+. [ ,-[ ++ o+a aam.
11. 6o an ,
- 6o _ a_ _o_ _+a,a
- 6o 6a++ _ a_.+ _m+ +m (+++ ++n +a ) (+++ ++n +a ) (+++ ++n +a ) (+++ ++n +a )
- a aa a +. .o oa +. .o oa +. .o oa +. .o oa . 6o +_ao aa a_ _o
- 0++o0++,++ 0++o0++,++ 0++o0++,++ 0++o0++,++ . 6o +_ao a a _a0a, _aa .
- 0++o++n .o 0++o++n .o 0++o++n .o 0++o++n .o . 6o +_ao a a _a+ ___ _ _aa .
- __oo 0++o0++,++ 6aaa_a . _m_ 6_+.+ _a0a+ 6aaa_a.
- __oo 0a .0a+ 0_+m a nm , +o o0a+ 6_+_n n++ a+a.
1|. _. 0.+0+++ _. 0.+0+++ _. 0.+0+++ _. 0.+0+++ _+m+ + _+o a_ n,qa _ - n+o +a
1. m0a+0+++ m0a+0+++ m0a+0+++ m0a+0+++ ++ o a_ n,qa _ (a_+_, __+, .,.++a )
1e. _0,+0+++ _0,+0+++ _0,+0+++ _0,+0+++ +o a_ n,qa _ (6_mm, _+a,)
1. _0+++ _0+++ _0+++ _0+++ ao _+a _oa a_ n,qa _ (++ _+a , +_a)
1. +.o +o a_+a + _a am+ +- .a+ - .++am
1v. 6a++++ n 6a++++ n 6a++++ n 6a++++ n
- naq +m a++o +m __+ _n nm _ a_+ 6++- . no n+++a++n n+a .
6a++++ n amn n[a .
|c. ao _+ao mn 6n_++a
,0,+. 0.+0++a+ - na__o
_.o+a - _a,_o
. .,+ +a - -.+_o
n+_+. +a - n+omn 6n_+ +a
|:. _+a, +ao mn 6n_++a
n++ c+++ - na_ _o
+a . - _a ,_o
_o++ - - .+_o
,_+ - a 0n++ +a
,+ _a _+a,+a - +_q_o (a+, _a a a _o+a )
|z. am_+ +ao a_a,_+ + 0++ 0_+ a+ _a n++c+++
- a+ 0++n++c++a n+ _0o++a
|1. +. 0n+. .+o _. 0n+[a am + +n n[a _+a,a
n,0++no oa
||. _+a, +am _+a,a+o 6n++ a a 6n+n 6n++

6a- . jno a+a +a aa _6o- .a
++++++ 0++++ +++ +m++
+_a +,+ _a _a 6n,+
_ _+ m+++ +a _+ +6.- 0.o
+ _+n na 0m+m+ a 6++++0a+++
no+ _+ 0.+ +++ na m .++.0n+o++
a_+ _ +0o+. 0,+na _6_m ++
++_ + _ +. ,a +6mm +a
6_m m 0+++ +a +.6n,+
6++_ _aoo 6+++++m . ,a +..aa
n__ _ +++n n+a _+ 0n+++a
6aa a++ +++ _+ _aa +..aa
,+-+ +++ _+ ++ n. .+ 0a+ +a+
_ _ .n+a +a+a0,. .+
n+o +a a 0n++m a n+o ++a++
_a, o+n o+n n+ ,++a
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
_+ ++a o0++6n+ +++m aa_0o- .a
a+ a+_ +6n,+ - ++
6_+. .+o +_+ a0a+++ ,++
_a _+, a,+noa _on+
_+a, oa 0n+ +.6n,+
6o ,0+ +..a+
n. .+- n+a +..aa
6. o +a n+o++o _++ o++0n+o++
_n na n,a 0aoa
_a-+ _ J+ma +a ma
6a. [+ +++n ,- [+ 6+ c,.++ a ,0,+_a nma
_ _+ m+++ +a _+ +6.- 0.o


n+_. +a

: n+_+. +a n _6+_a ,aa ao+.a_ n++ _a n- ,
- , [+_ 0,+a+a
- n+o +,n n+a
z. , [+ _ 0,+a+a o o+_a
- _a +oa a a .+o nm
- _+ +m m+o -+ +++a aam.
1. n+o +,n n+a am nm a+n+.. _ a++a+ +,nn
|. a+.a
() ++ _ ao . ao++[, 6++a ,.+ 6+a a++[, +,+a
(_) +a6aa a a ++[+a . _aaa nm , ao-o , a+m+a, ++m+a , ,o+a,
+_ _, ++- .+ a_+a , + ++m.
() + _,n,0_+a . ao++[ a_a ao
(+) n+oama . _+ am+ +_, na++ n+ a+m +a
() m m + . na+. na , + ++
(o) +.o + . _a +oa , .+o nm , a+o ,a , +. n+, +. + +a (+o )
. _a +oa .+o nm +am _m ++a [n ,+a++ a+a am.
e. nom _. [+a - _a +o_ _m +o o.n 0n+m _+.
. _a +o_ _m a_n n -q ++o (a_a ao _)
. _a a+. + 6+o - . .+_ _m 0_+oo a a 6+o
v. ++m_ _ _+a - 6a. [n n +0a _ _+a+_a
:c. a+ o n+a aa ao _+a - + ++_ a++_n+o
::. n+_+. +ao _ _.m n+ _a na 6aaa a+o
:z. n+_. +am .o 6an no+ + ,++ _a n,+a
- 0_+oo aa a++ a +,n n+a
- +,+a
- ,+ ,o
- ,_ _a
:1. n+_. +am ,_ _ ++n n_ao .+_ o o _o _ 0a+_0a+nm aa
:|. ,_ _ + + a- .oa n ,+a - am_m
- _+a
- _am+a ++a _++a (,_ _+ _++ +a )
- ,_ _a (_,a _+) a a - +
:. am_mo ,_ _ + ++ +- .a+ - ao o+a _++ a
:e. _+a an ,
- aa . _+ ++ an ,.+ n ,
- +a , oo n,a . aaa .+
- 6n++++ +a - _+__ + aa ,- [ [+ _
- _+a +++ +++ _++m+o _a++ +n n. [a a


Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
_+ +a _+ +a _+ +a _+ +a
) _++ +a (j. ++ +a ) _++ +a (j. ++ +a ) _++ +a (j. ++ +a ) _++ +a (j. ++ +a )
- ,_ ___ 6n+++ n ,+a
- _+++o++ _[n , ao a a . _+++a .0+ aa _[n , +a+
- + a a 0a 6n__ +, _oa +_ _+++ +nn.+_ ,_ __ _ ao _++ +a 6na .
- +m _ ,+,o +,+am _oa ,+ ,oo _ _+a_m a+ + ,_ __ _ .
_+++a 6na .
_) 6a- . ++ +a 6a- . ++ +a 6a- . ++ +a 6a- . ++ +a
- 6a- . ++ _o++ _[n , +a+ - . a a ao 6a- . ++ _o++_+_ .0+ aa
_[n , +a+
- __ _ +a+ +a+o _m
- 6a- . +++a ,_ __ _ 6aa0+ a n ,
- ao 6a- . ++ +a ao _+++ao _ _+ a_m ,_ __ _ 6na . ,+ ,o
_am _oa ,+ ,_+ _ 6+__ a .
- . 6a- . ++ +a . _+++ao _ _+ a_m a_ _ ,_ ___ 6na .
6n_ _am _oa .om n__+_+ _ 6+__ a .
:. _+_ _m a+a
() ao _++ _0o+ 6a- . ++ _o++ a ao _+++a a a ao 6a- . ++_+_
.+o aa a.
(_) . _++ _0o+ 6a- . ++ _o++ a . _++ +a a a . 6a- . ++_+ _
.+o aa a.
:. _+ a+o q+a
() _a_o a+o q
- ao _++ +a a a ao 6a- . ++_+_ .0+ aa.
- ao _++ _0o+ 6a- . ++0o+ a+ n+++++.
(_) ++_ a+o q (a. ,o a+o q)
- . _++ +a a a . 6a- . ++_+_ .0+ aa.
- . _++ _0o+ 6a- . ++0o+ a+ n+++++.
() n aa no 0a+m+ a+o q
- ao 6a- .++_+ +a ,+ ,_+ _a .0+ aa.
(+) 6n_ _am a+o q
- . 6a- .++_+ _a 6n, _am+ _a .0+ aa.
:v. +a 0.+o - _+ +_ _a o
.+a 0.+o - _+ a+a.a o
_++_o++ .+a 0.+o - _++ +a ,_ ___ 6na 0n+ a+a o.
0a- . +_o++ +a 0 .+o - 6a- . ++a ,_ ___ 6aa0+ a 0n+ +__a o.
on o - 6a- .++ +a +_ _a 0n+ j n[a
.n o - 6a- . ++ +a _[a 0n+ j n[a
zc. ,_ _+ _++ +a
) _am+a
- _+_ _o _ o o ,_ __ _ a[_ + 6+o _a
- ,+ ,o _am a.[a 6+. . ,_ _a a[_ + 6+o _a .
- 6n_ _am - _am+a++ n+a (_+ . +0++o +a )
- - _am 0a_a n+ 6a. .+ _+ . +0++o +a++qa _ ++a++qa a+a
_) _ ++a
- a++ ++ ,_ _+ _++ +a
- _++ +a+ + ao0n+o a aa
- _++ +_+ _ ,_ __ _o _ 6n+_a +a a _a .
) +,+a
- _ ++a - - +,+a+_a (6am o+a )
- _++ +ao _ 6+. . ,_ __ _ 0++++ _a
- - +,+a - +,+++ a+a
- +, + 6n__ +,+++qa 0a 6n__ +,+++qa a++ ,_ __ _ 0+++_
_+_ __a 0++ + _a.

Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
z:. ,_ _a
- ,_ _a _,a o+o a a -n ,_ _+
- _o na+a a+ a_a _,an n__a 6+o +_a - [.
zz. na+a a+
- ,_ __ _o a a _,an 6n+_a
- 90% + :c%+ma aa ++a 6n+_a +a aam
- na+a a+ao aa ,,_ +a
:. _0a+nom - 0++ a_+ n+ _+ _ 0_a
z. nn+0m+_m - ,_ _a _oo n _ a++ +
1. _o ,am - + + +ao+ + ,++ _a .
|. ,0,+_ ,+a nm .
z1. ,_ _6+o +a (,_ _ _++a )

) ,_ _+ +an n_+ +a ( a+_ 0,++. [+a )
- _,_a _ _ _. [n 0n+m an ,
- . +_ a
- _ 0a+_0a+nm a a_+o ++n , a++ a a.
- +,+++ _+.++oa :cc-:zc +.+a
- a_a, a__+o _a+_a. a- -,o a a +o o ,oo + +n n[a
- _ _+o ,_ _0+++ 0++ j n[a
- _+++ _a 0n+ n+o+_ a++ j n[+.
_) ,_ _ 6aaa+_++a (o+ 0+++. [+a)
- . +_ - [. an+ 0n+m +++a 6++- .
- ++n n_aa. a- -+ ++o _ _a.
- ++n n_aa. aao 6n++a.
- __o zc a+ ,+m a. .a .+a.
- 0++ + +_a+o _ .on n++++ +
- _ _+o o+ 0++nm++ amn n[a
- _+a+m+o o+ 0+++. 0.++a a_a 0++ j n[a
_ a+n n[a _ a+n n[a _ a+n n[a _ a+n n[a
( (( (a) +a 6++- . 6aa a+_ ) +a 6++- . 6aa a+_ ) +a 6++- . 6aa a+_ ) +a 6++- . 6aa a+_
(:) . 0,+no +a
(z) ++0m+no +a
(1) 0n0++no +a
( (( (b) +a 6aa a+_ ) +a 6aa a+_ ) +a 6aa a+_ ) +a 6aa a+_
(:) oa0n++. [+a
(z) 0a+0m++. [+a
) ,_ __ _. .+ 6+o +a (_ ,+a 0n++. [+a )
- a_a nm ++n , a__+o _a+_a
- ,_ _a _o _a++ _a
- _ a.o ,_ __ _o 1o. +a 6+o +a aam.

z|. am_mm +q + + n ,+a
(:) + ,+a - +++ aa ++ ao__ 6aa0+ a
(z) ,+ ,o - co2 6aa0+ a a a + _a++_o
(1) 0_+o - _++ a a n ,+a

z. + ,+a
- _+++ +q + + n ,
- a+a .+ 6+aa . amnn[a
- 0+n +o - + ,+_ _ + a a ao[_qa n.oa
- +mo_oa - + ,+_ _m _ _ . ,n n__
- + + +aa - + mo_oa n__+o _ 6aaa_a +aa .
- + + n +a +a _+ _a (_a ) _+n n
- +mo +++ 6.+ a - +,+_ _m .+ ++n , n__
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
- +mo 6a[o o+ + ,+_ _o aa 6aa+ n n__
- +mo n,a[ 6a[oo+ao ++-n n[a n,a [ aa an ,
- + ,+n 0nn no++ +a - + mo n,a m _mn n__
- +mo 6no aa - _oa n__+o +aa ,mo aao aa + mo 6no aa amn n[a
ze. 6n ,+m
- + ,+_ _m an, a a 6++o o_
- a+o n _+m 0+n _o , - _o +a am _ an ,a a
() a+o n _+m 0+n _o
- 6naamm +- -a - a+o n _+m 0+n_oo aa ,.. +a_.+ +- -a
0n+m an ,.
- _0a+a_oa - 6naamm +- -_ __a a a +a_ _am+a .
(_) + ,+ - _o +a
- 6naamm +- -_ .m - aa - _o
- _m n__+a aam
(:) -a +_- .n n__
(z) U aa 6_m 0o aaq
(1) 0++a +_- .+ _o - ++ 0++++ _a _+.m -a .
z. +,+a n+a . + +,+a n+a . + +,+a n+a . + +,+a n+a . +
_ + m__ +++ _ _. + a 6+_ + m__+ +++ _ 6n 0++ n,+a+_ _o .

a+ + + ++ ++ 6++o +a

:.a+ ++ ++++ 6++o +a
- .om o _ a_ +++ no 0a n ,+am _ +- 6++o n.+++
6++o+o + q (.a . -q. .a , +a++a , +._ _o , +q ++a )
z.-q. .a
- -q . 6++a _a_m _oa _ o 6na + q
1._ +++ , -q. .a
- ++m +a _+a++0a -q _++++ _a _
- 6n_a n+_a _+a,+0a a am.
- _++ a, n+++a _++a n+m n[_ _ co2 , a a ,+m, +++ 0n+_. 0,..++
a+ n n[a .





|.n o. ._
-a + +++ n _+a, +a0++ ++m +a0++ +++ aam.
) . [- -+a
- -q+a n +_aa _+a,a o o ao _+ao _ 6na .
- a _ ++m_ _o _ -an 6n+0_+ _ ++ma a ,++ a ,++ a ,++ a ,++ amn n[a .
- +o _+a, +a 0a+ +a _oa -am n _+a, +ao _ 6na . _
0a+ +a _+a 0.++ +a _+a 0.++ +a _+a 0.++ +a _+a 0.++ +a amn n[a . (.a . +a_. .+, aa +a )
_) a. _- -+a
- -q+a _ _+a, ao _ .oo _ 6na .
- .a . ,_++a n++ c++++ +a
- a+0m+. 0,+n+ 0n+m __ +0++a 6n+ a+a a+ 0++,++ 0a+ +a _oa -a
_ +a.
.6+o _+ _a 6++a+ma
)0n0+++. 0.++a . _6+_a n+am ,_ _ 6aaa+_++a +_a+a
6n++ +++o+a _oa a + 6++_ _o
_) a n+ . 6n++ + ++o +a _oa -a (.++. .a+a ) a _a
) n+,a ++a _m_.+ +. 0.+n++ a _oa -a a + 6+o_+ _a 6++a+ma
6++ a.
n+ ++a
6CO2+12H2O C 6 H 12 O6+ 6 H2O + 6O2
_++a
Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
e.6++a+ma
- +ma+m -qn 6n+_a aaa++m 0a_n 6n+_a++ a+ _m . +,+_
_m a+a++ _a + q.
.0+a .+0++ am . +++o_
- -q a- .o_ _m an,, 6++o n+[, ,n n aa -q+ _oo 0_+m a
0++ +a a a _m +++ + _+a a.
._+a,+ao +a++a
- +a++_ _om 0n+ -qn6n+_a _+a+,-a .a
- -ao a a _ o a[a+ +n n. [ ATP+o 0+a_ a+ +n n[+.
- C 6 H 12 O6+ 6O2 CO2+ 6 H2O +2900KJ _ o (ATP)
- +a++_ _ + _ __+,a++ n+m n[a +a++_ _an 6n+_a +++ 0n+_. 0,+. , 6++n ,+a
a a ,,_ +a
v.++ aa +a++a
- +a++_ _m 0n+ _+a_m n+m n[_ _n n[a
- _m o+o .+ _a
) +a+ ++o+a
_) n_a+ ao _+ a_0m +++ nm + +a _) n_a+ ao _+ a_0m +++ nm + +a _) n_a+ ao _+ a_0m +++ nm + +a _) n_a+ ao _+ a_0m +++ nm + +a
(+a+ ++o+a (+a+ ++o+a (+a+ ++o+a (+a+ ++o+a - -- - +0,n + + -n , am) +0,n + + -n , am) +0,n + + -n , am) +0,n + + -n , am)
) +0,n + +
+) a6o+ . ,+m +._ + ++o
) +a+ ++o+a +a+ ++o+a +a+ ++o+a +a+ ++o+a
- _+ +_m aa 0n+a o o+_ 0n+a .+ _a
- +. 0.+na++_ _o .+ _a
- __+ 0++a ,- [ n_a+ aoa++ a+a (1+++ nm _+ +a+ 6++- .)
_) n_a+ ao _+a_0m _a +++ nm + +a
- co2 6aa0+ _ _+o +++ nm + +n n[a
- +..o 0++ am+a a_a 6n+_a _a+_a
- a. 0.+++- . +++am 0a. ++ a ([n n__) .+ _a .
) +0,n + + +0,n + + +0,n + + +0,n + +
- ., +++ n++ +o+ ao am a a +. ++ ao + + amqa + +n n[a .
- 6_+.++ ++++ am +a +am _a++o .+ _a :c no+a+ 6++-..
- +..o 0++ am +a _ 6_+.+ am+am+o +. 0,. .++ a+ n n[a
- 0_ am+o .m no +. [n 6n+_a a a _ _a 6aan n[a
(2ATP, 6NADH a a 2FADH2)
+) a6o+. ,+m +._ + + +o a6o+. ,+m +._ + + +o a6o+. ,+m +._ + + +o a6o+. ,+m +._ + + +o
- a. 0.+++- .+++am . n__+o .+_a
- _+ a_mm 0+. 6_+.+ nm+o _ o (ATP) _m _a+_a .
:c. ,0,+0++++. 6+o +ao _ _o+ + __+ 0++a
_+ a_0m a . 1 ATP _a+_a
::. 0++++. 6+o +ao _ _o+ + __+ 0++a
_+ a_0m a . 1e ATP _a+_a
:z. _+ a_m _oo .+ _a +a++a (+a . )
a_ _m+o , +++ nm . _+a[ a a _ o _a+_a .
:1. _+ a_m _oo .+ _a +a++a (_+6+o )
o++ + aoa a a _ o _a+_a .
:|. .om 0a n,n , 6+o +a q a +a++a
- a n+, _. ,+, +. n_ + ( + a+ ++m+a )
:. 6+qa a +a++a
- a m +a
:e. 0_+o a a ,+ ,o a +a++a
- _aa




Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
:. am_+ +ao +a++a
- +++ _
- 6_+- .+ _
- o++ a o++ a o++ a o++ a (on 6n.)
- ,+ +++ ,+ +++ ,+ +++ ,+ +++ (_+ ++ _o )
- n,+ a +a n,+ a +a n,+ a +a n,+ a +a (+a _+ ++ _o )
- ,+ ,o
- _o a0++oa +a _o a0++oa +a _o a0++oa +a _o a0++oa +a (,+ ,oo aa - -+ n)
0a+- . n__+a a a.+ ++. ++ _ n__+a+ +. _o a0++o+
.+. _ ++ n+a+ a .6n+.
- n _,+ n _,+ n _,+ n _,+ ,+ ,o _aa n.oa
- a ++a ma a ++a ma a ++a ma a ++a ma - _ ,+ ,oa n++ _a n__
- an n+a+. a an n+a+. a an n+a+. a an n+a+. a - 6_+- ._+o a _aa -q o++ ++_a 6+o o+ao n++++ _a.
- _oa _oa _oa _oa - ,+ ,oo _ ,+ ,o +, 6aa0+a n__.
- c,ccc,ccc _o a0++oa +a am_ .oo aam.
:. _+a, +ao + a a -q +._ _o
) + +._ _o
- +oa _+ao aa +o+_++ a a ,+ + [ a0+ +._ _n n[a .
- a+ +, a,+ao + +._ _n n. ,+an0n++ _a ++,-a .
_) -q +._ _o
- ,0a++a _+ao aa ,0a++a +o o.+ _++ & - 6+o +am _oa .+ _a.
- 0ao a a + 0++ ++ _ _++a_a .+ _a .
:v. - +
- _ _ aq ,,__ _+ 6++- [aa
- _ + an 6n+_a
- ,_ _ _+ +a oo. _m+o na+a a+an 0n+o aa.
zc. ao _+ao +q ++a
) 6+o +a q a 6aa0+ a (+o- .0,. .+ a_a _.o+a )
_) +q+ + _o a +q + +a (_.. , a a _-.,)
) 6n + + +a _oa +q ++a (aa_+n ,+ +a )
+) +q ++ n ,+a _oa +q + +a (_6+_a n+a am_m . n.)
z:. +q + +_ _m n n.+o ao _+a - a+n n+[
) 0a+m++ ++ +++a (Ammonotelic animal)
,0,+. 0.+0++a+, _+ 0m+0++a+, _+ 0.+na , a m +a
_) +++ ++ +++a (ureotelic animal)
a- ,++a , a+ + ++o+a, __+ _ _a+ a+a , _a+a , n+_.+a.
am_ + +o :cca.o+ _ za.o +++ aa.
) ++ ao + + +++a (urecotelic animal)
na+a , oa+ ,+ ++a, no o+a, n+a ,+a
zz. _+a, +ao ++ +a
) aa+ + + ++,+ +++a
- 6_+[ -+ am+o +a
- aa+ + + _n n_o o (.a . 6_+. .+o +_ + _+a, ++ +a )
_) aa+ + + +++ ++ +a
- - ._+ _ j n _+a, +a _n n. . _++o aa_a .
- _+ +++ aa+ ++ amqa ++n n[a
) a_+ +++ , +++a
_) ++ n ,_ _+ +++, ++ +a
) + _ _+ +++ , +++a
+) 0a_ _+ +++ , ++ +a
z1. .++o+a
- 6+++ _+o ,_ __ _o a a +qn 6n+_a+a 6aa0+ _o
- .++o+ao n+m n[a n+n , _,aa .+0o+ _,aa
- + ,+_ _m 6++o 0n+m a - [a _ +_o 6++o _o _++.

Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
z|. _ +ao :c o. .+ ,_ _a + ,+_ _+o a+..n n[+. _o :-:.o. .+ +qn 6n+_a
.++ + a. [0a 6aa0+ n n[a . a _a aa a - [a + ,+_ _+o _ +n n[a .

+ + _o n++n ,

:.+q+a
) + + +_a.a +q+a (a. _a )
- +++_a 0_+o 0n+m a
_) ++ +_a.+++ +q+a (a. ++_)
- 6+ (na+a + ) 0o+++ +q
z. a++n[_o
- ++ oa + _++a o .+ _a +++o 0a_++o + n+o a+ +a.
- _ + aaa+ ++++ a_a n_ _++_ a+ +a.
1. .+ n+[ __a +q+a n ,n n[_ _o
) o_ _o ,n ,_o (,a+ _ +o ) ( - +_+ a + + +q+a )
_) _ +- n++ + +o (o_ _ + n,n ,+ _a + 0)
- _,a+ +q+a
) a+_ ++a no++__o
- a__ a +q+a am_+q+a ao _+am +q+a -_+++o +q+a
|. .+ n+. +q+a +++__o
) +++_a
- | +_a _a ana n+m n[_ _o+a
- ++++ a+ + n+mn[_ _ _a
_) +- -+
- :cc +_a _a a+ + 6++ + _a
- ,+ +- -+ ++a+m +a _++++ _a
- ++m++ . +oa+o 0+++ + _a
- _a n+o . +oa (++o0n+. n+m n[a o+ +o +oa) _+++++ _a
) -q a a 0_+. .+ +q - a_a++ a+ _a .
. +
) 0a n,n , + - _ j+ 0,+.+o _ 6nn n[a +
_) o_ _ + - a- [+_+_+ _ + 0+ ++-n n[a +
e. + +.n n_ ++m a+a
) 0a+_ _o 0a_n 6n+_a +q_o (o+ nm () 6n+. .+++a 0++.[ +q_o )
_) n ,,+ _ ,++ __o
- _+ 6+oq aa _. .a
- _a++_o aa a - [a _a+ a_ _o .6na
) -+a + _ 0_+ +a ++o a++ n+m n[_ _o .
+) + n n+ _+[ 0ao+- a
- -+a _ + +a+a _oa + a -+a _[+ +o+a
- + 0_+ + a+ +o+a . am ao _ ,+.a++ a+ o+a .
) a + 0+an ,
- aaa++m
- 6n+_a+_+, ++ +ma a++ _
- a + a -+a _[+ +n n[+
o) +, o +ao 0+an ,
a) a [+ao _ _aq ++ +ma++ n+m n[_ _o
. _ o a- .oa .
- no 0an. . ++m+a _+_+ _a m6++m +++ a+a
- _ _n n. . ._ _o + + __.m - a+a .






Kalvisolai.com
ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
. _ o a- .oa - _aa (an ,+ ++a )
) +, + ++,-+a . _++ a, 6an no co2 , o2 , H2 0n+m a.
_) +_aa+ ++,-+a
(:) n_ _++a+ +a
- + a+ _+a, +a (_+oo+, a+oa0+++, +a+a0.0a+m+a , a n0,++,+,
a+o a++a )
(z) ++ 0a++ +a
(a) __o o ++ 0a++
_+a, a_a+a -_a ao _ a_a. (.a. + ,+ +, _. .+m )
(b) ,- .+a o ++ 0a++
__o o ++ 0a++a /_+a,- -+a -_a ++m +a
(+a m , _aa, ,+ +)
(c) _m +a o ++ 0a++
,- .+a o ++ 0a++ +a - [ a+a (6n++a m+a , a m 6++_ _)
(1) +_n na+a
_+a, ao _ .o +a +_+ _a .a . n++c++ +a a a ,_ ++a
v. -q+ ++o
- -__o /- -n n[_o _oa _ o [_ _[_ _ ++m+_+ _ a+ n n[_o
:c. -q ao
- no -q+ + +o+a m .m m a+o ao 0n+m ann _a++__o .
::. o+ ++++o j n[a n+_n ,+a
- o+ +++o aa + _+_ +a ao a+ _a++ _a .
- o_ _ + __+, +an n+_+ _a
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ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
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ELA.BABU VELAN 9952329008 kalvisolai.com
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