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Hidrogeologi & Air Bawah Tanah (Hydrogeology and Groundwater)
Hidrogeologi & Air Bawah Tanah (Hydrogeology and Groundwater)
3. Tanah
4. Now AIR pulak
Objectives
Memahami perbezaan bidang hidrogeologi dgn hidrologi Meninjau sumber air dan kitar air Memahami konsep asas: keliangan (porosity), ketelapan (permeability), akuifer, akuitard, akuiklud. Memahami konsep paras air dan faktor yg mengawal kedudukannya
Hydrogeology vs hydrology
Sama saja dalam segala segi Kalau beza sikit sangat
Agriculture
Aquitard - Rock that is impermeable, acts to hinder or prevent water movement (examples)
RESERVOIR AIR
Infinite tapi pasti Luas tetapi terhad
Hydrologic cycle
Hydrologic cycle
Powered by solar energy and gravity Evaporation and precipitation Continuous recycling of water Where does water go that falls on the land? Runoff (air larian) Infiltration Evaporation (penyejatan) Temporary storage as snow and ice Temp. storage in lakes Temp storage in plants (evapotranspiration) and animals Chem reactions with rocks and minerals
Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and mudflows as meltwater mixes with ash
97.2% in oceans
2.15% in glaciers (largest source of fresh (nonsaline) water on Earth) 0.62% in groundwater (underground aquifers) 0.017% in lakes 0.005% in soil moisture
0.001% in atmosphere
0.0001% in stream channels
Water budget
Of all the water that comes out as rain on land: 50% is evaporated and transpired by plants 30% goes into runoff, eventually reaching the ocean
Porosity (keliangan) is the amount of pore space in a rock (the spaces between the grains) Porosity = volume of pores/total volume
Pores (liang)
Tazkirah/peringatan
Tahukah anda semua jenis batuan mendak, igneus dan metamorfik?
Tahukah anda ciri2 asas pada ketiga-tiga jenis batuan tersebut? (struktur kimia, sifat fizik dan kimia, proses kejadiannya/pembentukkannya)
sorting
Packing?
Wentworth scale
Particle name Boulders Cobbles Pebbles
Sand
Silt Clay
1/16 2 mm
1/256 - 1/16 mm (or 0.004 - 0.0625 mm) < 1/256 mm (or < 0.004 mm) <2 mikron
2 Chemical/biochemical Rendah/tinggi Evaporites Carbonate sedimentary rocks (limestones and dolostone) Siliceous sedimentary rocks
3 Organic (coals) Other ironstones
Permeability (ketelapan) is the ease with which fluids flow through a rock or sediment
A rock is permeable if fluids pass through it, and impermeable if fluid flow through the rock is negligible
Definition of permeability
Grain shape
Packing (controls pore size)
What are some examples of a rock with high permeability? What are some examples of a rock with low permeability?
JAWAPAN ANDA?
REGIONAL
Rumus
Changes that occur in the transformation to become metamorphic rocks
FACIES GRADE
Note that some impermeable rock types may serve as aquifers if they are highly jointed. Water may be in the joints or cracks in the rock
Water table
Excess water penetrates downward until it reaches the water table. Below this point, all of the pore spaces are filled with water (zone of saturation (ZON TEPU), also called the phreatic zone).
The water table is not flat. It mimics the topography, but is more subdued. It stands somewhat higher under hills, and lower under valleys.
Where the water table intersects (or lies above) the ground surface, springs, lakes, swamps, or rivers are present. In humid areas, groundwater movement supplies a flow of water to a stream or river.
If a well is drilled, the waterlevel in the well is at the water table.
Processes
Recharge-precipitation and infiltration Discharge-rivers, runoff, pumping Relation to topography Relation to seasonality
groundwater
Artesian Wells
Perched water
Groundwater as resource
Seasonal changes Effects of pumping
Pollution of groundwater
Ogallala aquifer
groundwater
groundwater
Ogallala Aquifer
PUMPING TEST
DRAWDOWN