Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club

Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

Cu To: Nhn vo s ta thy, Test board c nhiu l cm c ni sn vi nhau nhm lin kt cc
chn linh kin. Phn nha bn trn c nhim v gi cht chn linh kin, c lm bng nha chu nhit
hoc s, ngoi ra phn nha cn c thit k c mu gi nhm m rng v hn test board thng qua vic
ni ghp nhiu test board li vi nhau (s gii thiu trn lp).
sng ca led (sng m hay sng chi) ph thuc vo
dng i qua led. Dng cng ln th sng ca led cng
tng (khong t 5mA 25mA tu loi).
p ri trn led (in p gia 2 chn LED) tu thuc vo
mu ca led tuy nhin n nm tm khong 2V v vy
trong qu trnh tnh ton chng ta c ly 2V l ok ^^.

I. Ni Dung Chnh
Kin thc c bn v Testboard.
Lm ch c sng ca Led.
Cng dng ca t.
Kin thc c bn v BJT.
Thc hin mch dao ng da hi.
II. Dng c v linh kin
Test board.
Km cc loi.
Dy cm testboard (loi 1 li).
1 bch led.
T: 100uF, 10uF, 1000uF (mang cng nhiu cng tt).
Tr: 100ohm, 560ohm, 1k, 10k, 22k.
4 con BJT C1815 (nn mua nhiu).
Ngun 4.5V (3 cc pin AA + pin 3 vin).
III. Ni Dung C Th
1. Kin thc c bn v Test board

Hnh 1: Hnh thc t Hnh 2: S l chn cm (bn trong)
2. Lm ch sng ca led







Ti liu hc tp SV nm nht bui 3

Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club


Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (s)
0
1
2
3
4
5
V1 V2
in p trn t ko tng hay gim t ngt m cn c 1 khong thi gian thay i trng thi.
Qu trnh in p trn t tng gi l qu trnh np, v qu trnh p trn t gim gi l qu trnh x
t. Thng s c trng cho thi gian cn thit t thay i trng thi, c gi l thi hng.
Thi hng: = RC
Thi gian cn thit t thay i trng thi bng khong S
V vy khi ta tng 1 trong 2 gi tr R hoc C th thi hng ca t cng tng (thi gian np x t
cng di).

* Da vo tnh cht ny m ngi ta dng t lc ngun DC, trnh trng hp nhiu lm
cho p cp cho cc linh kin trong mch thay i 1 cch bt ng, lm h hng linh kin trn
mch



Hnh 2: mch led n gin
3. Tnh cht v cng dng ca t
a. Ngn dng in DC

Hnh 3: K hiu ca t

b. in p trn t khng thay i t ngt

Hnh 4: Qu trnh thay i p trn t ( p ngun p trn t)











Theo nh s bn cnh th ta c cng thc:
V
in
= i.R1 + U
d
=> i=
vn-0d
R1

Trong gi tr U
d
(p ri trn led) chng ta c l 2v
(nh gii thch trn)
Nh vy khi ta thay i gi tr ca tr th tc l thay i c
I => thay i c sng ca Led (qu d ).

Cng thc tnh tr khng ca t |Zc| =
1
oC

Vi l tn s ca in p a vo t v vy i vi in p
DC th = u nn |Zc| s bng v cng v vy t c tc dng
ngn dng DC (dng mt chiu).

Np t X t
Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club


Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

Cu to:
* Gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi
tip gip P-N.
* Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc:
+ Lp gia gi l cc gc hay cc nn (Base) k
hiu l B.
+ Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc
pht (Emitter) k hiu l E v cc thu hay cc
gp (Collector) k hiu l C.

K hiu v phn loi:
+ C 2 loi BJT l NPN
v PNP vi k hiu nh sau:

Cch phn bit khi mua BJT: khi mua cc em s gp
cc loi sau:
+ Transistor ph bin: k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D... V d
A564, B733, C828, D1555
A v B l Transistor thun PNP,thng c cng
sut nh v tn s lm vic cao.
C v D l Transistor ngc NPN, thng c cng
sut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.
+ Transistor k hiu l 2N... v d 2N3055, 2N4073 vv...

* Ngoi ra cn mt s loi khc t ph bin hn.

* Do trn th trng hin nay c rt nhiu loi BJT nn trnh khi s
nhm ln trong vic xc nh ng cc chn ca BJT, cc em cn bit cch
c chn BJT trn Datasheet.
* Datasheet l tp hp ton b cc thng tin d liu v mt con linh kin
in t c th no (IC, transistor, vi iu khin,), n thng c lu
di dng file PDF v cc em c th d dng tm thy cc file ny khi
search ng tn linh kin trn google.
* u tin, v d cc em mun tm cch c chn ca con BJT C1815 th:
Bc 1/ Vo google, g C1815 Datasheet, n s ra mt list cc trang wed
c Datasheet ca con C1815 ny.
Bc 2/ Vo mt trang no , download file Datasheet xung (ui l
PDF).
Bc 3/ Khi m file Datasheet ca con C1815 ln, cc em s thy c mt
phn nh hnh bn.
Bc 4/ Khi tm c hnh ny th cc em ch cn cm con BJT ln, t
con BJT theo ng hng m trong hnh ch thch th l c c th t
chn.

4. Kin thc c bn v BJT:
a. Gii thiu:






b. Cch c chn BJT trn Datasheet:


Mt trc (phng-c ch)
Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club


Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

* BJT thng c nhiu ch phn cc
(hay cn gi l nhiu mode hot ng).
* Trong phn ny ta ch tp trung vo vic
phn cc cho BJT ch ON-OFF (hay
cn gi l ch bo ha tng ng
chc nng mt cng tc in t - Switch)
Thng dng nht
(cc ch hot ng khc s c hc
trong cc mn hc trn trng sau ny)
Kin thc cn bit:
* V
BE
= 0.5 ~ 0.7V (in p mi ni B-E khi
c phn cc)
* V
Cesat
= 0.1 ~ 0.3V (xem nh 0V - y l
in p trn mi ni C-E khi BJT trng thi bo ha)
* I
C
=
DC
* I
B
I
B
= I
C
/
DC

Trong :
I
C
l dng trn cc C, I
B
l dng trn cc B
I
E
l dng trn cc E

DC
l h s khuch i DC ca BJT (thng s c trong
datasheet linh kin).


Trong ch ON-OFF ny, BJT s c 2 giai on: 1 giai on
ON v 1 giai on OFF. thun tin, ta xt mch nh hnh
bn:

* Giai on OFF (tc l BJT h mch
hay ni r hn l mi ni C-E h mch):
iu kin xy ra giai on ny l
I
B
= 0 V
i
= 0V.
Cc em ch cn h mch, khng
cp g vo chn B tc l BJT ch
OFF.

* Giai on ON:
Khi giai on ny, BJT s dn bo ha hay ni r
hn l mi ni C-E ngn mch V
CE
= V
CEsat
0V.
Do in tr mi ni C-E s l R 0 Ohm. Dng I
C

s t cc i v bng I
Csat
trong giai on ny.
iu kin xy ra giai on ny l: I
B
> I
Csat
/
DC


** Hng dn cch chn in tr R
C
v R
B
phn cc cho BJT ch bo ha:
V d: cp dng cho LED sng th ta cn t 4mA - 10mA (ta mc LED chn C), y ta chn
I
C
= 5mA cho d tnh ton (s dng hnh 2.12 pha trn tnh ton).
* Xt vng A, ta c cng thc sau: R
C
= (V
CC
- V
CE
)/I
C
= 1k (Vi V
CE
= 0V, V
CC
= 5V).
I
B
> I
C
/
DC
= 40 uA = I
Bmin
(iu kin BJT bo ha).
* Xt vng B, ta c cng thc sau: R
B
= (Vi - V
BE
)/ I
B
< (Vi - V
BE
)/ I
Bmin
= 107,5k.
Cc em ch cn chn gi tr R
B
nh mt cht, khong t 1k - 10k l BJT hot ng
ch bo ha.
Thc hin mt mch to dng 10mA cho LED trn Test Board s dng ch ON-OFF ca BJT.
c. Phn cc cho BJT:






























d. Game:
Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club


Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

5. Thc hin mch dao ng a hi
a. Cng dng mch dao ng a hi
- Mch dao ng a hi cng l mt mch c bn, n dng nhiu trong
hu ht cc thit b k thut s, trong my thu hnh, u a, my tnh, tr
chi, ng h hay cc thit b qung co trang tr
- Cng dng: to sng vung.
b. Nguyn l hot ng





















Mch dao ng a hi l mt mch c bn c cu to rt n gin,
ch cn ghp ni vi linh kin l mch c th hot ng c ngay,
nhng mch c bn ny l mt trong nhng mch c nguyn l
hot ng phc tp nht.
Nguyn l: Khi ni ngun, dng in i qua in tr Rb1 v Rb2 vo cc cc B1 v B2. Hai transistor Q1 v Q2
u dn in, 2 t C1 v C2 c np. Nhng trn thc t hai transistor khng th cng dn mt lc m phi c
mt con dn trc, mt con dn sau (do sai s t in, in tr, transistor khng ging nhau hon ton).
Gi s con Q1 dn trc lm in p U
Cq1
cc C
Q1
gim ngha l in tr gia 2 chn C
Q1
v E
Q1
gim, t C1
phng in t cc + vo C
Q1
sang E
Q1
.
V in tr gia 2 chn C
Q1
v E
Q1
gim nh nn in p 2 m t t c vo lp tip gip E
Q2
B
Q2
ca Q2 khin Q2
ngng dn, dng qua D2 bng 0, U
Cq2
tng bng gn bng in p ngun np cho t C2 n gi tr max, U
Cq1
gim
xung cc tiu.
Khi t C1 phng ht in tch, c dng t ngun i qua Rb2 vo cc B
Q2
ca Q2. Q2 lp tc dn. Khi Q1 ngng
dn, U
Cq2
li gim, U
Cq1
li tng, t C1 li np v t C2 li phng in.
Qu trnh c tip tc lp li vi s dn ca Q1.
Nh vy, thi gian dn v ngt ca Q1, Q2 gn nh ph thuc hon ton vo thi gian phng in ca cc t C1 v
C2. Q2 bt u dn khi t C1 phng in xong, v ngng dn khi t C2 phng in xong. Q1 bt u dn khi t C2
phng in xong v ngng dn khi t C1 phng in xong.
Thi gian phng ca t C1 v C2 li gn nh ph thuc vo tr s ca t v in tr Rb. Nu gi tr in dung ca t
cng ln thi gian phng in ca t cng lu.
Kt lun: Ni tm li, vi s dn v ngt thay phin ca Q1 v Q2, cc led trn mch s nhp nhy lin tc. Cc t
in c gi tr cng ln th thi gian led nhp nhy cng di.
Cu lc b Nghin cu khoa hc Khoa in - in t - PIF Club


Forum trao i dnh cho sinh vin nm nht (thc mc bt c iu g, K12 hy ln forum, cc anh ch lun nhit tnh
gip ): www.PayItForward.edu.vn forum forum Cc kho hc Dnh cho sinh vin nm nht [K2012]

c. Ch khi thi cng mch
- Chn gi tr t in v in tr thch hp.
- Cch cm linh kin, ch cc tnh cc linh kin.
- Tnh ton dng p qua led.
d. Bi tp v nh
- Pht trin mch, tng s lng led (ghp ni tip, song
song,).
- Thay transistor C1815 bng A1015 (ch cc tnh).
- Tham kho mch a hi 3 nhp (hnh bn).
e. Mt s mch nn xem thm





Mch a hi thay i c nhp chp tt
Thay i v tr LED
Mch a hi dng transistor loi PNP

n sng vnh cu