Bai Giang Matlab 8596

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC KINH T - K THUT CNG NGHIP

KHOA IN-IN T
BI GING
TIN NG DNG NGNH K THUT IN
i tng:
HSSV trnh i hc, Cao ng, TCCN
Ngnh o to: Dng chung cho Khi ngnh Cng ngh
Lu hnh ni b
MC LC
LI GII THIU.....................................................................................................................4
CHNG 1: C S MATLAB..............................................................................................1
MC TIU CA CHNG..........................................................................................................1
1.1.Khi nim v Matlab.................................................................................................................1
1.1.1.nh ngha..............................................................................................................1
1.1.2. Ci t chng trnh.............................................................................................2
1.1.3 Khi ng v thot khi Matlab..............................................................................5
1.2.Bt u lm quen vi Matlab...................................................................................................6
1.2.2.Hiu chnh, sa i dng lnh................................................................................7
1.2.3.Xo ca s lnh.....................................................................................................7
1.2.4.Dng mt chng trnh ang chy........................................................................7
1.2.5. Ngn khng cho hin th kt qu tnh ton ra mn hnh........................................7
1.2.6.Dng lnh di......................................................................................................... 8
1.2.7. Cc Menu ca Matlab...........................................................................................8
1.2.8. Mt s phm chuyn dng v lnh thng dng...................................................10
1.3.S dng cc lnh trc tip t Matlab.....................................................................................14
1.9. Lu v ly d liu...................................................................................................................19
1.10. Cc ton t Logic v cc lnh iu kin..............................................................................19
1.10.1.Cc ton t logic................................................................................................19
1.10.2. Cu trc cu lnh iu kin:..............................................................................20
1.11.Vng lp.................................................................................................................................23
1.11.1.Vng lp for........................................................................................................23
1.11.2.Vng lp for lng nhau.......................................................................................24
1.11.3.Vng lp While...................................................................................................24
1.11.4 Cc lnh break, return, error:.............................................................................25
1.12. Bin ton cc (global variables)...........................................................................................25
1.13.Mt s hm ton hc.............................................................................................................26
1.14. nh dng s..........................................................................................................................27
CHNG 2: SYMBOLIC TOOLBOX..................................................................................29
MC TIU CA CHNG........................................................................................................29
2.1. Gii thiu v symbolic............................................................................................................29
2.2. Lnh v hm trong Symbolic Matlab....................................................................................29
2.2.1. Cu trc : ............................................................................................................ 29
2.2.2 Bin symbolic mc nh........................................................................................29
2.2.3. Php o hm.....................................................................................................30
2.2.4. Php tch phn....................................................................................................31

2.2.5. Tm gii hn........................................................................................................32
2.2.6. Tnh tng ca dy s symbolic............................................................................33
2.2.7. Tch t s v mu s ca mt biu thc symbolic.............................................34
2.2.8 Thay th.............................................................................................................. 34
2.2.9 Biu din biu thc symbolic di dng ton hc ..............................................35
2.2.10. Gii phng trnh i s....................................................................................36
2.2.11. Phng trnh vi phn.........................................................................................36
2.2.12 Bin i laplace v laplace ngc.....................................................................37
CHNG 3:MA TRN V MNG TRONG MATLAB..........................................................39
MC TIU CA CHNG........................................................................................................39
3.1 Nhp ma trn trong Matlab....................................................................................................39
3.6 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh.............................................................................................43
3.6.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh :...............................................................................43
3.6.2 H Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng ng nht......................................................44
3.6.3 H phng trnh tuyn tnh ng nht.................................................................45
3.6.4 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng Matlab(Dng ton t \)..............................45
3.7 iu kin c nghim ...............................................................................................................46
3.8 H iu kin yu.....................................................................................................................47
Cch gii h phng trnh iu kin yu A*X=B.................................................................48
3 .9 Lnh cond Tnh iu kin ca ma trn.................................................................................49
Cu hi n tp................................................................................................................................50
CHNG 4 : HO TRONG MATLAB.............................................................................52
MC TIU CA CHNG........................................................................................................52
4.1 Mn hnh th .....................................................................................................................52
4.2.Cc lnh trn menu ha:....................................................................................................52
4.2.1 File: .................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.3 Tools ( Ctrl + t) : ................................................................................................58
4.3.Thc hnh v th 2- D.........................................................................................................64
4.3.1. th tuyn tnh:..................................................................................................64
4.3.2. th dng nh du: ........................................................................................65
4.3.4 Ch thch v kim sot th:.............................................................................65
4.3.5. th hnh thanh:.................................................................................................67
4.3.6. th to cc: ................................................................................................68
4.3.7. th hnh Pie:.....................................................................................................68
4.3.9.Lnh staris:........................................................................................................... 69
4.4 Thc hnh v th 3- D.........................................................................................................69

CHNG 5: C S PHNG PHP TNH.....................................................................71
MC TIU CA CHNG........................................................................................................71
Gi s c n im o ri rc tng ng vi kt qu o nh sau:.........................................71
5.1.2 Ni suy cho bi ton hai chiu..............................................................................74
5.2 Gii phng trnh phi tuyn ..................................................................................................75
5.3 Dng Laplace gii bi ton trong L thuyt Mch..........................................................79
5.4 Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh ................................................................................81
5.5 Phng trnh vi phn thng.................................................................................................82
MC TIU CA CHNG................................................................................................85
6.1 Khi nim v simulink.............................................................................................................86
6.2 Th vin simulink v mi trng lm vic ...........................................................................86
TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................................ 95
LI GII THIU
Hc phn Tin ng dng thuc khi kin thc c s chung ca cc ngnh i hc
k thut chuyn ngnh in. Trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v: Phn
mm Matlab v ng dng ca n m phng cc bi ton iu khin cc qu trnh
cng ngh thng dng
Sau khi ci t xong, chng ta hy xem MATLAB c th lm c nhng g.
Trong phn ny chng ta s trnh by mt s nhng ng dng ca n; v trnh by
tt c nhng ng dng ca MATLAB s rt di v tn thi gian. Nu bn c quyn
hng dn ny, bn s thy MATLAB l ngn ng rt mnh gii quyt nhng vn
quan trng v kh khn ca bn. N s rt hu ch khi bn c phn hng dn c
bn v n s cung cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn bn hiu r MATLAB v
pht trin c nhng kh nng ca mnh sau ny.
C l cch d nht hng dung v MATLAB l n c y cc c im ca
my tnh c nhn: ging nh cc my tnh c bn, n lm tt c cc php tnh ton hc
c bn nh cng, tr, nhn, chia; ging nh my tnh k thut, n bao gm: s phc,
cn thc, s m, logarithm, cc php ton lng gic nh sine, cosine, tang; n cng
ging nh my tnh c kh nng lp trnh, c th lu tr, tm kim li d liu, cng c
th to, bo v v ghi trnh t cc lnh t ng php ton khi gii quyt cc vn ,
bn c th so snh logic, iu khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca php

ton. Ging nh cc my tnh hin i nht, n cho php bn biu din d liu di
nhiu dng nh: biu din thng thng, ma trn i s, cc hm t hp v c th thao
tc vi d liu thng cng nh i vi ma trn.
Trong thc t MATLAB cn ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v n
cng s dng rt nhiu cc php tnh ton hc. Vi nhng c im v kh nng
thn thin vi ngi s dng nn n d dng s dng hn cc ngn ng khc nh
Basic, Pascal, C.
N cung cp mt mi trng phong ph cho biu din d liu, v c kh nng
mnh m v ho, bn c th to cc giao din ring cho ngi s dng(GUIs)
gi quyt nhng vn ring cho mnh. Thm vo MATLAB a ra nhng cng
c gii quyt nhng vn c bit, gi l Toolbox (hp cng c). V d Student
Edition ca MATLAB bao gm c Toolbox iu khin h thng, Toolbox x l tn
hiu, Toolbox biu tng ton hc. Ngoi ra bn c th to Toolbox cho ring mnh.
Vi nhng kh nng mnh m, rng ln ca MATLAB nn n rt cn thit cho
bn bt u t phn c bn. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng phn, v cun sch
ny s gip bn hiu c chng. Trc tin, mt cch n gin nht l chng ta quan
nim nh l mt my tnh c bn, tip theo l nh my tnh k thut v nh my tnh
c th lp trnh c, cui cng l nh my tnh hin i nht. Bng cch quan nim
ny bn s d dng hiu c nhng cch m MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn
thng thng v xem MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn v s phc mm do nh
th no.
Tu thuc vo kin thc ca bn, bn c th tm thy nhng phn trong cun sch
hng dn ny hng th hay bun t...
Nhm bin son
Nhm sa cha
K tn
K tn
Nguyn Vn A
Nguyn Vn B
K tn
K tn
Nguyn Th A
Nguyn Th B
CHNG 1: C S MATLAB
MC TIU CA CHNG
- Hiu r khi nim v cch ci t phn mm Matlab

- Nm c cc menu v cc lnh c bn trong Matlab
- V thi : Hc sinh, Sinh : Bit cch khai bao bin trong Matlab, to v s
dng function v script file.
NI DUNG BI GING L THUYT
1.1.Khi nim v Matlab
1.1.1.nh ngha
MATLAB l 1 phn mm ng dng chy trong mi trng Windows do hng
MathWorks sn xut v cung cp. C th coi Matlab l ngn ng ca k thut. N tch
hp cc cng c rt mnh phc v tnh ton, lp trnh, thit k, m phng,... trong mt
mi trng rt d s dng trong cc bi ton v cc li gii c biu din theo cc
k hiu ton hc quen thuc.
Cc ng dng in hnh l: - Ton hc v tnh ton.
- Pht trin thut ton.
- To m hnh, m phng v to giao thc.
- Kho st, phn tch s liu.
- ho khoa hc k thut.
- Pht trin ng dng, gm c xy dng giao din ngi dng ho GUI.
Matlab l mt h thng tng tc m phn t d liu c bn l mt mng (array)
khng cn khai bo kch thc. iu ny cho php bn gii nhiu bi ton tnh ton
k thut c bit l cc bi ton lin quan n ma trn v vc t.
Matlab l vit tt ca hai t ting Anh Matrix Laboratory (Phng th nghim ma
trn). Ban u Matlab c vit ch phc v cho vic tnh ton ma trn. Tri qua
thi gian di, n c pht trin thnh mt cng c hu ch, mt ngn ng ca k
thut. Trong mi trng i hc, n l mt cng c chun cho cc kho hc m u
v cao cp v ton hc, khoa hc v k thut. Trong cng nghip, n l cng c c
la chn cho vic phn tch, pht trin v nghin cu hiu sut cao.
Matlab cung cp mt h cc gii php theo hng chuyn dng ho c gi l
cc Toolbox (hp cng c). Cc toolbox cho php ngi s dng hc v p dng cc
k thut chuyn dng cho mt lnh vc no . Toolbox l mt tp hp ton din cc
hm ca Matlab (M-file) cho php m rng mi trng Matlab gii cc lp bi
ton c th. Cc lnh vc trong c sn cc toolbox bao gm: X l tn hiu, h
thng iu khin, logic m, m phng,...
H thng Matlab gm c 5 phn chnh:
- Ngn ng Matlab: l mt ngn ng ma trn/ mng cp cao vi cc cu lnh,

hm, cu trc d liu, vo/ ra, cc tnh nng lp trnh hng i tng. N cho php
lp trnh cc ng dng t nh n cc ng dng ln v phc tp.
- Mi trng lm vic Matlab: y l mt b cc cng c v phng tin m
bn s dng vi t cch l ngi dng hoc ngi lp trnh Matlab. N bao gm cc
phng tin cho vic qun l cc bin trong khng gian lm vic Workspace cng
nh xut nhp khu d liu. N cng bao gm cc cng c pht trin, qun l, g ri
v nh hnh M-file, ng dng ca Matlab.
- X l ho: y l h thng ho ca Matlab. N bao gm cc lnh cao
cp cho trc quan ho d liu hai chiu v ba chiu, x l nh, nh ng,... N cng
cung cp cc lnh cp thp cho php bn tu bin giao din ho cng nh xy
dng mt giao din ho hon chnh cho ng dng Matlab ca mnh.
- Th vin ton hc Matlab: y l tp hp khng l cc thut ton tnh ton t
cc hm c bn nh cng, sin, cos, s hc phc,... ti cc hm phc tp hn nh
nghch o ma trn, tm tr ring ca ma trn, php bin i Fourier nhanh.
- Giao din chng trnh ng dng Matlab API (Application Program Interface):
y l mt th vin cho php bn vit cc chng trnh C v Fortran tng thch vi
Matlab.
Simulink, mt chng trnh i km vi Matlab, l mt h thng tng tc vi
vic m phng cc h thng ng hc phi tuyn. N l mt chng trnh ho s
dng chut thao tc cho php m hnh ho mt h thng bng cch v mt s
khi trn mn hnh. N c th lm vic vi cc h thng tuyn tnh, phi tuyn, h
thng lin tc theo thi gian, h gin on theo thi gian, h a bin,...
1.1.2. Ci t chng trnh
a. Khi ng windows.
Matlab l mt phn mm chy trong mi trng Windows nn qui trnh ci t
Matlab cng tng t nh vic ci t cc chng trnh phn mm khc trong
Windows, ch cn lm theo cc hng dn ca chng trnh ci t.
b.Tin hnh ci t
- a a CD vo a (nu ci t a CD-ROM)
Do chng trnh c cu hnh theo ch Autorun (t chy) nn khi a a
CD vo a th trnh Setup t ng c kch hot. Trng hp ch Autorun
khng c kch hot (do tp tin Autorun b li), dng. Hoc ta c th kch chut vo
nt Start trn thanh tc v (Task bar) ca windows, chn lnh run, g vo ng dn
ca file, nhn Enter hoc kch vo nt lnh Run. Sau lm theo cc hng dn ca
trnh ci t ca Windows.
- Trng hp ci t Matlab t a cng:
Hnh 1. Ci t Matlab trong Windows v mn hnh Welcome
Trng hp ny yu cu phi c sn b ci t trong a cng. Khi , ta

s dng Windows Explorer hy My Computer duyt cng, tm n th mc
(folder) ci t ri kch p chut vo file (tp tin) Setup.exe. Sau lm theo cc
hng dn ca trnh ci t ca Windows.
Sau khi file setup.exe c kch hot, ca s Welcom to MATLAB Setup hin ln
trong giy lt. Kch vo nt lnh Next chuyn sang ca s ci t k tip.
Hnh 1.2. Ca s Software License Agreement v ca s thng tin v khch hng
c.Nhp thng tin ca ngi dng v Personal License Password

Ca s th hai th hin cc thng tin v bn quyn ca chng trnh. Kch Yes
sang ca s ci t k tip. Trong ca s thng tin v khch hng Customer
Information (hnh 1.2), nhp h tn vo khung Name, a ch hoc tn cng ty vo
khung Company. Nhp m kho (Serial Key) ca chng trnh vo khung Personal
License Password. Kch chut vo Next tip tc qu trnh ci t.
d) La chn cc thnh phn s ci t

Trong ca s Select
Matlab Components (hnh
1.3), b nh du nhng
thnh phn khng cn thit
trong chng trnh tit
kim dung lng a cng.
Mun kim tra dung lng
ca chng trnh, kch vo
Disk Space quan st.
Mun thay i th
mc ci t Matlab, kch
chut vo nt Browse v
to ng dn ti a ch
cn t th mc Matlab.
Th mc mc nh l
C:\MATLABR11.
Hnh 1.3. La chn cc thnh phn ca Matlab s c ci t
tip tc kch Next,

mn hnh hin khung thng
tin Setup v trnh setup bt
u copy cc tp tin vo th
mc ci t.
e.Hon thnh ci t
Sau khi hon thnh
qu trnh Copy cc file ca
chng trnh vo th mc
ci t, mn hnh hin
khung
thoi
Setup
Hnh 1.4. Qu trnh copy file ca chng trnh
Complete. B nh du
vo th mc ci t
Yes, launch the Help Desk to view the Release Note nu khng mun trnh setup
khi ng Help Desk (phn tr gip). B nh du Yes, launch Matlab nu
cha mun khi ng Matlab ngay. Kch Finish kt thc qa trnh ci t.
Sau khi kt thc ci t ca s k tip l Internet Explorer (nu khng b nh
du Yes, launch the Help Desk to view the Release
Note).
Kch
Close tr v ca s nn Desktop ca windows, biu tng ca Matlab s c t
ng a ra Desktop ca windows..
1.1.3 Khi ng v thot khi Matlab
a) Khi ng MATLAB
Cng nh cc chng trnh ng dng khc chy trn nn Windows, c rt nhiu
cch khi ng Matlab.
Kch p chut vo biu tng Matlab5.3 trn mn hnh Desktop ca Windows:
hoc kch chut theo trnh t nh sau:
Start/ Programs/ Matlab/ Matlab 5.3
Sau khi khi ng xong ca s Matlab Command Window hin ra nh hnh 1.4.
Cng nh cc chng trnh chy trong mi trng Windows khc Matlab
cng c nhng thnh phn giao din ca chng trnh.
Dng trn cng l thanh tiu gm:
+ Tn tri l biu tng chng trnh. Khi kch vo biu tng ny Matlab
hin menu x cha cc lnh lin quan ti vic x l khung ca s chng trnh cng
nh thot khi chng trnh.
+ K tip biu tng l tn chng trnh cng vi ca s chng trnh. Tn
cng l ba biu tng c chc nng phong to, thu nh v thot khi chng trnh.
Dng th hai l thanh menu (Menu bar thanh thc n) ca chng
trnh gm cc menu chnh cha cc lnh lin quan n vic to, x l, gn
thuc tnh,... cho cc i tng, thit lp cu hnh phn mm,...
Dng th ba l thanh cng c (Tool bar thanh cng c) cha biu
tng ng tt (Shortcut) ca cc lnh thng s dng, gip ngi s dng
truy cp nhanh vo cc lnh ca Matlab.
Phn chim gn chn mn hnh l ca s lnh, l ni nhp cc lnh
v hin th kt qu cng nh cc thng tin khc.
Cui cng l thanh tc v hay thanh trng thi (status bar) hin thng
tin v tnh trng ang x l, thc hin i vi i tng.
Hnh 1.4. Ca s Command Windows ca Matlab
b) Thot khi MATLAB

Trong Windows, c rt nhiu cch thot khi mt chng trnh ng dng,
thot khi Matlab ta c th s dng mt trong nhng cch sau:
T ca s lnh Matlab Command Window nh lnh quit hoc kch biu tng
close
nm ngay gc phi trn thanh tiu Matlab. Hoc kch chut theo ng
dn sau:
File / Exit MATLAB
Hoc nhn t hp phm : Ctrl + Q.
1.2.Bt u lm quen vi Matlab
1.2.1. Ca s lnh
Ca s lnh l ca s chnh trong ngi s dng giao tip vi Matlab. Trnh
dch ca Matlab hin th mt du nhc >> biu th rng n sn sng nhn v
thc hin lnh ca bn. V d, khi mun nhp dng lnh gn bin x=5, ta g nh sau:
>>x=5
Sau khi nhn phm enter (), Matlab p ng nh sau:
>>x=5
x=
5
1.2.2.Hiu chnh, sa i dng lnh
Cc phm mi tn, cc phm iu khin trn bn phm cho php gi li, sa i
v ti s dng cc lnh g vo trc . V d, gi s ta g vo dng lnh:
>>a=(1+sqt(5))/2 %sqrt(x) l hm tnh gi tr cn bc hai ca x
Do ta g thiu ch r trong c php ca hm sqrt nn Matlab bo li nh sau:
Undefined function or variable sqt c ngha l hm hoc bin sqt khng c
nh ngha. Thay v g li c dng lnh, n gin l ta nhn phm , cu lnh b sai
trn s c hin th li. S dng phm (hoc dng chut) di chuyn con tr n
v tr gia ch q v ch t ri chn vo ch r sau nhn enter, kt qu l:
>>a=(1+sqrt(5))/2
a=
1.6180
Ta c th s dng phm nhiu ln tm cc lnh g trc . Cng c th
gi nhanh li mt cu lnh thc hin trc bng cch g k t u ca dng
lnh ri nhn . V d, gi li chnh xc lnh trn nh sau:
>>a
1.2.3.Xo ca s lnh
S dng lnh clc xo ca s lnh (xo mn hnh). Lnh ny khng xo ni
dung trong khng gian lm vic Workspace, m ch xo mn hnh. Sau khi s dng
clc ta c th s dng phm gi li lnh c.
1.2.4.Dng mt chng trnh ang chy
V nguyn tc c th dng mt chng trnh ang chy trong Matlab ti bt k
thi im no bng cch nhn t hp phm Ctrl + C. Tuy nhin, ta vn c th phi i
cho n khi mt hm ang thc thi bn trong hoc MEX-file kt thc hot ng ca
n.
1.2.5. Ngn khng cho hin th kt qu tnh ton ra mn hnh
Nu bn ch n gin l g vo mt cu lnh (php tnh) v nhn , Matlab s t
ng hin th kt qu ca cu lnh (php tnh) ra mn hnh. Tuy nhin nu bn kt
thc dng lnh vi mt du (;) th Matlab s thc hin vic tnh ton nhng khng
hin th kt qu ra mn hnh. iu ny c bit c ch khi thc hin tnh ton vi cc
vc t hoc Matlab trn c s phn t rt ln.
1.2.6.Dng lnh di
Nu mt cu lnh qu di, khng va trn mt dng, ta s dng mt ton t ba
chm () sau nhn biu th rng cu lnh cn tip tc dng k tip. V d:
s = 1 1/2 + 1/3 1/4 + 1/5 1/6 + 1/7 ...
1/8 + 1/9 1/10 + 1/11 1/12;
S k t ti a cho php trn mt dng l 4096 k t. Cc khong trng (du
cch) xung quanh cc du =, +, -, *, /, l tu (khng nht thit phi c) nhng
chng gip ta d c hn.
1.2.7. Cc Menu ca Matlab
a.Menu File
Kch chut vo File hoc nhn t hp phm
Alt-F, xut hin menu x cha cc lnh lin quan n
vic to mi, qun l, gn thuc tnh cho i tng
(cc tp tin - file) c sn, thit lp cu hnh phn
mm....
- New (hnh 2.1): Hin menu cha ba lnh
to i tng mi. i tng y c th l mt
script, mt ca s ho hay mt m hnh m phng
h thng.
+ M-file: Hin ca s Editor/ Debugger. y
l mi trng bn to mi cng nh sa i, g ri
cc tp tin chng trnh nh M-file hoc MEX-file
hoc cc i tng no thc hin mt nhin v
no . c th to c cc tp tin ny, bn phi Hnh 2.1. Menu File v menu con ca
lnh New
dng ngn ng lp trnh C hoc FORTRAN.
+ Figure : y l mi trng ho bn t v cc i tng hoc Matlab
v cc th theo hm lnh bn nhp t khung ca s lnh ca MATLAB hoc m
th c vi lnh Open ca Matlab.
- Open (hnh 2.5): M tp tin th hoc hnh nh trong ca s Figure x
l.
8
Hnh 2.2. Ca s MATLAB Editor/Debuger
Hnh 2.3. Ca s ho ca MATLAB
+ Trong ca s Matlab Command

windows kch: File/Open. Xut hin khung
thoi Open.
+ T khung thoi, g a ch ca file vo
file name, nhn open hoc kch chn tn tp
tin cng kiu tp tin (file type) mun m v
kch Open.
- Run Script :
Chy mt chng trnh lu thnh mt
tp tin.
Hnh 2.7. Ca s Open files
Trong ca s Matlab Command window kch: File/Run Script.
Hnh 2.9. Khung thoi Run Script v hp thoi Browse
Trn mn hnh xut hin khung thoi Run Script (hnh 2.9).
G a ch v tn tp tin vo trong khung nhp lnh Run ri kch OK. tm
kim cc tp tin lu trong my, kch vo nt duyt.
T khung thoi Browse chn ngun cha v tn tp tin cn m ri kch vo
Open v khung thoi Run Script vi
ton b ng dn cng tn tp tin
mun m. Kch OK.
- Print Setup :
Hin khung thoi Print cng
cc chc nng ph lin quan n vic in
n (hnh 2.18).
-Exit MATLAB ( Ctrl + Q ):
Thot
khi
chng
trnh
MATLAB v tr v Windows
Hnh 2.18. Ca s Print setup
B.MENU EDITS
Hin menu con cha cc lnh lin quan n vic x l cc i

tng (hnh 2.19).
Hnh 2.19. Menu Edit
- Undo: Hu lnh hoc thao tc thc hin trc . Sau khi chn lnh
Undo hu lnh, lnh s i thnh Redo ngi s dng khi phc nhng g
hu trc vi lnh Undo.
-
Cut (Ctrl +X):
Xo tm thi i tng trong khung ca s lnh hin hnh v a vo b nh

m ca chng trnh, sau c th dn i tng tr li vo v tr c chn. i
tng c ct c th l mt cng thc, mt chui k t, hm lnh
+ Chn i tng mun ct trong khung ca s lnh MATLAB v n Ctrl + X
hoc chn Cut t menu Edit. i tng s tm bin mt ti v tr hin hnh.
+ Chn v tr cn dn ri nhn Ctrl + V hoc Paste. i tng s c dn vo
v tr chn.
-
Copy (Ctrl + C):
Sao chp i tng trong khung ca s lnh MATLAB v sau dn vo v tr

chn. i tng c Copy c th l mt cng thc, mt chui k t, hm lnh
+ Chn i tng cn Copy ti ca s lnh MATLAB v sau n Ctrl + C
hoc Copy.
+Chn v tr cn copy n v n Ctrl + V hoc chn Paste t menu Edit.
-
Paste (Ctrl + V):
Dn i tng c Cut hoc Copy vo v tr chn. Ngoi ra , , bn cn

c th dng lnh Paste ca MATLAB dn cc i tng khc vo MATLAB.
- Clear:
Xo i tng c chn trong khung ca s MATLAB.
- Select All: Chn ton b ni dung trong khung ca s lnh ca MATLAB.

- Clear Session:
Xo ton b ni dung ca ca s lnh MATLAB sau khi chn vi lnh Select
All. Lnh ny cho php xo tt c cc thng tin trong b nh ca chng trnh, tng
t nh vic ta ng Matlab li sau khi ng li Matlab.
C.MENU VIEW
nh du chn hin hay n thanh cng c trong khung ca s lnh
MATLAB COMMAND WINDOW.
D.MENU WINDOW
Hnh 2.20. Menu View
Hin thng tin v s tp tin ang m trong khung ca s lnh MATLAB.

1.2.8. Mt s phm chuyn dng v lnh thng dng
-
Hoc Ctrl + p : Gi li cc lnh thc hin trc .
Hoc Ctrl +n : Gi li lnh va thc hin trc .
Hoc Ctrl + f : chuyn con tr sang bn phi 1 k t.
10
hoc Ctrl + b: chuyn con tr sang tri mt k t.
Du ; dng trong [] kt thc mt hng ca ma trn hoc

kt thc mt biu thc hoc cu lnh m khng hin th kt qu ra m hnh.
-
nhy xung dng di
Ctrl + A hoc Home : chuyn con tr v u dng.
Ctrl + E hoc End: Chuyn con tr n cui dng.
BackSpace: Xo k t bn tri con tr.
Esc: xo dng lnh.
Ctrl + K : Xo t v tr con tr n cui dng.
Ctrl + C : Dng chng trnh ang thc hin.
Clc : lnh xo mn hnh.
Clf: Lnh xo mn hnh ho.
Input: lnh nhp d liu vo t bn phm.
Demo: lnh cho php xem cc chng trnh mu.
Help: lnh cho php xem phn tr gip.
Ctrl c: Dng chng trnh khi n b ri vo trng thi lp

khng kt thc.
Dng lnh di: Nu dng lnh di qu th dng
chuyn xung dng di.
1.2.9.Bin trong Matlab
a.c im ca bin trong Matlab:
- Khng cn khai bo bin v kiu ca bin. Tuy nhin trc khi gn mt bin
thnh mt bin khc th cn m bo rng bin bn phi ca php gn c mt gi tr
xc nh.
- Bt k mt php ton no gn mt gi tr vo mt bin s to ra bin nu
cn (bin cha xc nh) hoc ghi ln gi tr hin ti nu n tn ti trong
Workspace.
- Tn bin bao gm mt ch ci sau mt s bt k cc ch ci, ch s v du
gch di. Matlab phn bit ch in hoa v ch in thng, v vy X v x l hai bin
phn bit.
- Tn bin l mt dy k t bao gm cc ch ci hay cc ch s hoc mt s k
t c bit dng ch tn ca bin hoc tn ca hm. Chng phi c bt u bng
ch ci sau c th l cc ch s hoc mt vi k t c bit. Chiu di ti a ca
tn l 31 k t.
11
- Bnh thng Matlab c s phn bit cc bin to bi ch ci thng v

ch ci in hoa. Cc lnh ca Matlab ni chung thng s dng ch ci thng. Vic
phn bit c th c b qua nu chng ta thc hin lnh : >> casensen off
b. Mt s lnh vi bin
clear: lnh xo tt c cc bin c nh ngha trc trong
chng trnh .
-
clear bin1, bin 2... : xo cc bin c lit k trong cu lnh.
Who: hin th cc bin c nh ngha trong chng trnh.
Whos: hin th cc bin c nh ngha trong chng trnh

cng vi cc thng s v bin.
Size (tn bin c nh ngha): cho bit kch c ca bin
di dng ma trn vi phn t th nht l s hng ca ma trn, phn t th
2 l s ct ca ma trn.
-
Save: Lu gi cc bin vo mt File c tn l Matlab. mat.
Load: Ti cc bin c lu gi trong mt File a vo vng

lm vic.
c.Mt s bin c nh ngha trc

ans: Answer - t ng gn tn ny cho kt qu ca mt php
tnh m ta khng t tn. VD >> [ 1 2]
ans =
2
- pi
= 3.1415926535897...
realmax: a ra gi tr ca s ln nht m my tnh c th tnh

ton c.
realmin: a ra gi tr ca s nh nht m my tnh c th tnh
ton c.
-
i, j: n v o ca s phc.
inf: infinity- v cng ln.
1.2.10. Cc php ton trong Matlab
a.Php ton s hc
Matlab c hai kiu php ton s hc, l php ton ma trn (matrix
arithmetic operation) v php ton mng (array arithmetic operation). Php ton ma
trn c nh ngha bi cc lut ca i s tuyn tnh. Php ton mng c thc
hin tng ng tng phn t, chng hn php nhn mng hai ma trn A c cc phn t
l a(i,j) v B c cc phn t l b(i,j) c thc hin bng cch nhn tng ng tng
phn t ca A v B:
12
c(i,j) = a(i,j)b(i,j)
phn bit gia php ton ma trn v php ton mng ngi ta a thm vo
trc cc ton t mt du chm ..
Php ton ma trn
Php ton mng
Php
Php ton
Ton t
ton
To
n t
Cng
Cng
Tr
Tr.
Nhn
Nhn.
.*
Chia
Chia phi
./
Chia tri
.\
Lu tha.
.^
Php gn.
phi
Chia
tri
Lu
tha
Php
gn
b.Th t u tin trong php ton s hc

ngoc n.
lu tha
nhn, chia.
Cng, tr.
c.Cc php ton quan h v php ton logic

Cc php ton quan h bao gm:
-
Nh hn:
<
Nh hn hoc bng: <=
Ln hn:
Ln hn hoc bng: >=
Bng:
Khng bng (khc): ~=
>
==
Biu thc c cc ton t quan h nhn gia tr ng l (true) hoc sai (false).
Trong Matlab, biu thc ng s c gi tr l 1, biu thc sai c gia tr l 0.
V d 1
13
>>12.2>12
>> A=[ 1:3;4:6;7:9]
ans =
A=
1
>>1~=1
ans =
>> A=[ 1:3;4:6;7:9]

A=
0
>>
B=[1:3;2:4;10:12]
>> A==B
ans =
B=
1
10
11
4
12
1.3.S dng cc lnh trc tip t Matlab
V d 1: Gii phng trnh bc hai ax2 +bx +c = 0
Ta bit cc nghim ca phng trnh ny c dng:

2
x = b b 4ac
2a
V Matlab l mt chng trnh tnh ton s nn chng ta phi xc nh cc gi tr

a, b, c.
Du = c s dng gn gi tr ca a, b, c nh sau ( g phm Enter cui mi
hng)
>>a = 2
a=
2
>>b = 5;
>>c = -3; %Du ; cui dng th Matlab s khng hin th li gi tr
va nhp.
>> x1= (-b + sqrt(b^2- 4*a*c))/(2*a)
x1 =
0.5000
14
>> x2= (-b - sqrt(b^2- 4*a*c))/(2*a)

x2 =
-3
V d 2: Tnh gi tr ca a thc.
>> a = x^3 -2*x^2 - 6;
>>b = x^2 + 5*x -7;
>>x=3;
>> w = a/b
w=
0.1765
1.4. S dng cc lnh t file lnh

Nhng lnh ca Matlab c th c a vo mt file. Sau bn s hng
dn Matlab lm vic vi cc lnh . By gi, vi v d 1, chng ta s a ton b cc
lnh trn vo mt file ly tn l vidu.m. Tn ca file phi c bt u bng mt k t
v phn m rng l .m. Cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: File / New/ M-file, Mi trng son tho Editor / Debugger s xut
hin
Bc 2: Trn mn hnh son tho, ta g cc lnh ca Matlab.
a = 2;
b = 5;
c=-3;
x1= (-b + sqrt(b^2- 4*a*c))/(2*a)
x2= (-b - sqrt(b^2- 4*a*c))/(2*a)
Bc 3: Ghi li ni dung tp tin vi tn vidu.m ri thot khi mi trng son
tho tr v ca s lnh (Matlab Command window).
Bc 4: Ti ca s lnh ta g tn tp tin.
>>vidu.m
1.5. Dng nhc gn gi tr cc bin
thay i cc gi tr a,b,c ta phi son tho li file vidu.m ri chy li. Ta sa
li chng trnh c dng nhc nhp a,.b,c vi cc ln chy chng trnh khc nhau.
Bc 1: File / New/ M-file, Mi trng son tho Editor/Debugger s xut hin
(hnh 3.1)
Bc 2: Son tho nhng dng lnh sau trong ca s Matlab Editor/Debugger:
a=input('nhap a= ');
15
b=input('nhap b= ');
c=input('nhap c= ');
x1=(-b+sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/2*a)
x2=(-b-sqrt(b^2-4*a*c))/2*a)
Bc 3: Lu li ni dung
tp tin vi tn vidu.m
Bc 4: Quay li ca s Matlab
Command Windows. Ti ca s lnh ta g tn
tp tin.
Hnh 3.2. Kt qu khi chy tp tin Vidu
>>vidu
nhap vao a= 3
nhap vao b= -4
nhap vao c= 1
x1 =
1
x2 =
0.3333
Hai nghim ng vi cc gia tr a,b,c
va nhp vo v l nghim thc.
Hnh 3.3. Minh ho trng hp nghim o
Hnh 3.3 l trng hp phng trnh c nghim o.

VD v Script file: Gii bi tp mch: cho mch in nh hnh v
L
u
Hy tnh dng trong mch v in p trn tng phn t .

Hy vo ca s son tho v trong ca s ny ta vit chng trnh nh sau:
R=input( 'nhap gia tri cho R = ')
C=input( 'nhap gia tri cho C = ')
L=input( 'nhap gia tri cho L = ')
U=input( 'nhap gia tri cho U = ')
ZL=2*50*pi*L*i
ZC=1/(2*50*pi*C*i)
16
Z=R+ZL+ZC
i= U/Z
UR=i*R
UL=i*ZL
UC=i*ZC
Sau khi vit xong chng trnh ta kch vo biu tng save trong ca s son
tho v tn l vd1.
Mun chy ta tr li ca s MATLAB command Window v t du nhc lnh:
>> vd1
nhap gia tri cho R = 1000
R=
1000
nhap gia tri cho C = 0.1

C = 0.1000
nhap gia tri cho L = 0.2
L = 0.2000
nhap gia tri cho U = 220
U = 220
ZL =
0 +62.8319i
ZC =
0 - 0.0318i
Z = 1.0000e+003 +6.2800e+001i
i = 0.2191 - 0.0138i
UR = 2.1914e+002 -1.3762e+001i
UL = 0.8647 +13.7687i
UC = -0.0004 - 0.0070i
1.6. Cc to mt hm
Mi mt file hm ca Matlab (M - file) u c khai bo nh sau:
Function [Tn kt qu] = tn hm (danh sch cc bin).
Phn thn ca chng trnh trong hm l cc lnh ca Matlab thc hin vic tnh
ton gi tr ca i lng c nu trong phn tn kt qu theo cc bin c nu
tronhg phn danh sch bin. Cc bin ch c tc dng ni trong hm va c khai
bo. Tn ca cc bin dc cch nhau bnh du phy (,).
V d ta thnh lp hm i t sang radian:
function rad = change(do)
rad = do*pi/180; % doi do sang radian
17
Trong Matlab cc dng ghi ch sau du % khng c tc dng thc thi,

chng n gin l nhng dng nhc ngi c chng trnh d hiu m thi.
File.m thng ly tn l tn ca hm, ta t tn file hm va lp l change.m. Nu
mun i 450 sang radian, ch cn g:
>>rad = change(45)
rad =
0.7854
V du: to hm gii phng trnh bc hai, tn tp tin c t l bachai.m.
function [x1,x2] = bachai(a,b,c)
delta = b^2-4*a*c;
x1 = (-b + sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
x2 = (-b - sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
>>[x1,x2]=bachai1(4,6,-7)
x1 =
0.77707
x2 =
-2.2707
1.7. S dng hm c sn
C rt nhiu hm c sn, l cc hm c lp trnh sn v c a vo
th vin. xem mt hm cng nh cu trc v cch s dng ta dng lnh
>>help tn_hm
V d Ta mun xem cu trc hm ode23
>>help ode23
1.8. V cc hm
Khi mun v mt hm no , phi xc nh
hm trong mt file.m sau s dng lnh :
Fplot(tn hm,[khong v])
V d v hm y = 4x2+6x-7 trong on [-6,
6], ta lp file bachai1.m.
function y = bachai1(x)
a = 4;b = 6; c = -7;
y =a*x^2 + b*x + c;
>>fplot(bachai1, [-6,6])
18
Hnh 3.4. Kt qu ca lnh fplot(bachai1, [-6,6])
1.9. Lu v ly d liu
Ta c th c th to lp mt file d liu, sau khi cn dng th ly ra. V d to
lp mt ma trn A:
1
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.2
3.2
Sau ta lu ma trn vo mt file c tn l dulieu1.

>>A = [1 1.1 1.2;2 2.1 2.2;3 3.2 3.2]
A=
1.0000 1.1000 1.2000
2.0000 2.1000 2.2000
3.0000 3.2000 3.2000
>>save dulieu1
Nh vy, ta c mt file d liu (file ny nm trong th mc work ca
Matlab). Khi cn s dng file d liu ny, ta ly nh sau:
>>load dlieu
Sau lnh load, ta c th ly d liu s dng:
>>A
A=
1.0000 1.1000 1.2000
2.0000 2.1000 2.2000
3.0000 3.2000 3.2000
1.10. Cc ton t Logic v cc lnh iu kin
1.10.1.Cc ton t logic
a.Php v( and): K hiu l &
VD: php & 2 ma trn cng c A, B l mt ma trn c cc phn t bng 1 nu
cc phn t tng ng ca c 2 ma trn u u khc 0 v bng 0 nu 1 trong 2 phn
t tng ng ca 2 ma trn bng 0.
>>A=[1 2 7; 0 4 9;1 3 5]; B=[0 2 4; 2 4 6; 3 0 7]; C=A&B
C=
0
b. Php hoc (or) : K hiu l |
19
VD : php or 2 ma trn cng c A,B l mt ma trn c cc phn t bng 0 nu

cc phn t tng ng ca c 2 ma trn u u bng 0 v bng 1 nu 1 trong 2 phn
t tng ng ca 2 ma trn khc 0.
>>A=[0 2 7; 0 4 9;1 3 0];
>> B=[0 2 4; 2 4 6; 3 0 0];
>> C=A | B
C=
0
c.Php o( not): K hiu l ~

V D : php o ca mt ma trn l mt ma trn c cng c vi cc phn t c
gi tr bng 1 nu cc phn t ca ma trn u c gi tr bng 0 v bng 0 nu cc
phn t ca ma trn u c gi tr khc 0.
>>A=[0 2 7; 0 4 9;1 3 0]
>> B=~A
B=
1
1.10.2. Cu trc cu lnh iu kin:

a.Lnh if n:
C php: if <biu thc logic>
Nhm lnh;
end
Nu biu thc logic ng nhm lnh s c thc hin. Nu biu thc logic sai
th chng trnh chuyn n lnh sau end.
VD:
function y=f(a,b,c)
if a<b
disp(' hinh thang nguoc')
end
y=(a+b)*c/2;
Sau ghi (save) vo file c tn l ht.m
20
Quay li ca s MatLab command Window, g vo dng lnh sau:

>> ht(2,4,2)
hinh thang nguoc
ans =
6
b. Cu trc lnh if lng nhau:
C php: if <biu thc logic1>
Nhm lnh 1;
if <biu thc logic 2>
Nhm lnh 2;
end
Nhm lnh 3;
end
Nhm lnh 4;
Nu biu thc logic 1 ng th
- Thc hin nhm lnh 1.
- Kim tra biu thc logic 2.
-
Nu ng thc hin nhm lnh 2
Nu sai b qua nhm lnh 2

Nu biu thc logic 1 sai th
c.Lnh else:
C php: if <biu thc logic>
Nhm lnh A;
else
Nhm lnh B;
end
Nhm lnh A s c thc hin nu biu thc logic ng. Nu khng
nhm lnh B s c thc hin.
d. Lnh elseif
C php: if <biu thc logic1 >
Nhm lnh A;
elseif < BT logic 2>
21
Nhm lnh B;
Nhm lnh C;
......
end
Nu BT logic 1 ng nhm lnh A s c thc hin. Nu sai kim tra
Btlogic 2, nu ng thc hin nhm lnh B. Nu sai kim tra BT logic3,nu ng thc
hin nhm lnh CNu khng c biu thc logic no ng th khng c lnh no
trong cu trc trn c thc hin.
e.Kt hp cu trc elseif v else
C php: if <biu thc logic1>
Nhm lnh A;
Nhm lnh B;
Nhm lnh C;
......
else < BT logic n>
Nhm lnh n;
end
Nu BT logic 1 ng nhm lnh A s c thc hin. Nu sai kim tra Btlogic
2, nu ng thc hin nhm lnh B. Nu sai kim tra BT logic3, nu ng thc hin
nhm lnh CNu khng c biu thc logic no ng th nhm lnh n c thc
hin.
a=input(' vao a=')
b=input(' vao b=')
c=input(' vao c=')
d=b^2-4*a*c
if d < 0
disp(' pt vo nghiem')
elseif d==0
disp (' pt co nghiem kep')
x12=-b/2*a
else
22
disp (' pt co 2 nghiem phan biet')

x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2*a
x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2*a
end
f.Cu iu kin v lnh Break
C php: if< biu thc logic> break
end
thot khi vng lp nu iu kin logic ng. Ngc li s thc hin lnh tip
theo trong vng lp.
1.11.Vng lp
1.11.1.Vng lp for
c php:
for ch s = biu thc

nhm lnh ;
end
V d 1: Tnh tng ca n s t nhin lin tip, n vo t bn phm (vit trong

Script file):
n=input('vao so tu nhien n=');
s=0;
for i=1:n;
s=s+i;
end
disp(s)
V d 2: bc tnh ca bin c th khc 1:
n=input('vao so tu nhien n=');
s=0;
for i=1:5:n;
s=s+i;
end
disp(s)
23
1.11.2.Vng lp for lng nhau

c php: for ch s 1 = biu thc 1
for ch s 2 = biu thc 2
nhm lnh 2
end
nhm lnh 1;
end
V d:
n=input(' vao n=');
m=input(' vao m=');
for i=1:n;
for j=1:m;
a(i,j)=i+j;
disp([a(i,j)])
end
disp(i)
end
VD3:
n=4
a = zeros(n,n) % To ma trn khng
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
a(i,j) = 1/(i+j 1);
end
end
disp(Ket qua =)
disp(a)
1.11.3.Vng lp While
C php: while < biu thc>
Nhm lnh A;
end
Nu biu thc ng th thc hin nhm lnh A. Khi thc hin xong th kim tra
la iu kin. Nu iu kin vn ng li thc hin nhm lnh A. Nu sai vng lp kt
thc.
24
1.11.4 Cc lnh break, return, error:

Lnh break: kt thc s th thi vng lp for hoc while
Lnh return: thng c s dng trong cc hm ca Matlab. Lnh return s
cho php quay tr v thc thi nhng lnh nm trong tc dng ca lnh return.
Lnh error (dng nhn): kt thc thc thi lnh v hin th dng nhn trn mn
hnh.
V d:
Chn mt s dng bt k. Nu s l s chn th chia ht cho hai. Nu s
l s l th nhn vi 3 ri cng 1. Lp li qu trnh cho n khi kt qu l 1.
Chng trnh:
while 1
n=input ('Nhap vao mot so : ');
if n<=0
break
end
while n>1
if rem(n,2)== 0% phan du cua n chia cho 2
n=n/2
else
n= 3*n+1
end
end
Khi chy chng trnh ta s thy tc dng ca lnh break (dng chng trnh khi
nhp s m hoc s 0)
1.12. Bin ton cc (global variables)
Matlab cho php s dng cng mt bin cho cc hm hoc gia cc hm
v chng trnh chnh ca Matlab, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic khai bo
bin ton cc:
Global tn1 tn2 tn3 .
(Tn cc bin cch nhau bng du khong trng, khng s dng du phy).
Vic khai bo bin ton cc phi c thc hin chng trnh chnh
hoc file lnh (script) hoc file hm (function) c s dng cc bin. Bin ton cc
c tc dng cho n khi kt thc qu trnh tnh ton hoc khi ton b Workspace c
xo. Khng c a tn bin ton cc vo danh sch cc i s ca hm. Khi s
dng bin ton cc cc lnh sau t ra rt cn thit:
25
Clear global : Lnh ny cho php loi b cc bin ton cc.

Isglobal(Tn bin) : Lnh ny cho php kim tra xem mt bin no
c phi l bin ton cc hay khng. Nu l bin ton cc th gi tr tr v s l
1.
1.13.Mt s hm ton hc
Mc ny ch gii thiu mt s hm n gin v thng gp trong khi lp
trnh:
Tn hm
C php
Gii thch
sin
sin(x)
hm sin
cos
cos(x)
hm cos
tan
tan(x)
hm tang
asin
asin(x)
hm arcsin
acos
acos(x)
hm arccos
atan
atan(x)
hm arctang
acos
acos(x)
hm arccos
sinh
sinh(x)
hm sin hyperbolic
cosh
cosh(x)
hm cos hyperbolic
tanh
tanh(x)
hm tang hyperbolic
asinh
asinh(x)
hm arcsin hyperbolic
acosh
acosh(x)
hm arccos hyperbolic
atanh
atanh(x)
hm arctang hyperbolic
abs
abs (x)
Ly gi tr tuyt i hoc ln ca s phc
round
round(x)
lm trn n s nguyn gn nht
fix
fix(x)
lm trn hng v khng
floor
floor(x)
lm trn hng v -
ceil
ceil(x)
lm trn hng v +
rem
rem(x)
phn d sau khi chia
gcd
gcd(x)
c s trung ln nht
lcm
lcm(x)
bi s trung nh nht
exp
exp(x)
lu tha e
26
log
log(x)
logarit c s e
log2
log2(x)
logarit c s 2
log10
log10(x)
logarit c s 10
1.14. nh dng s
Cc php tnh trong Matlab c thc hin vi chnh xc rt cao. Ta
c th nh dng cho cc s xut ra mn hnh tu theo mun bng cch s dng lnh
format. Lnh ny ch nh hng n vic hin th ca cc s m khng nh hng n
vic tnh ton v lu gi ca Matlab ngha l khng nh hng n chnh xc ca
php tnh.
Ta ly v d vi s 4/3: ti ca s lnh g vo dng lnh >>4/3
format short ( y l ch mc nh ):
a = 1.3333
format short e
a = 1.3333e + 000
format long
a = 1.33333333333333
format long e
a = 1.33333333333333e + 000
format bank
a = 1.33
format hex
a = 3ff5555555555555
format rat
a=4/3
thay i ch nh dng mc nh ta c th Preferences t menu File, chn
nh dng s mong mun t th (tap) General.
Ngoi cc nh dng s trn, cn c hai nh dng b i hoc thm vo cc
dng trng gia cc kt qu ca lnh hoc gia cc dng lnh:
format compact
lnh ny xo b cc dng trng lm cho ta c th quan st c nhiu thng tin

hn trn mn hnh hoc ca s.
format loose s thm vo cc dng trng.
NI DUNG THO LUN
27
1. Ni dung phn tho lun 1: ci t v khai bao bin trong Matlab,

2. Ni dung phn tho lun 2: to v s dng function v script file.
TM TT NI DUNG CT LI
Cch ci t phn mm Matlab v thc hin cc lnh c bn trong Matlab
BI TP NG DNG, LIN H THC T
1. Bi tp ng dng, lin h thc t 1.
Lp trnh M_file thc hin v cc th sau
y1=10sin(x)+cos(2x);
y2=4x2+6x-7
Vi x nm trong khong [-5,5] trn cng 1 trc to
Lp trnh dng M_File nhp vo mt s n nguyn dng sau tnh v a ra
kt qu tng : S=1+2+3+....+n;
HNG DN T NH
Xem trc phn Symbolic Math Toolbox .
28
CHNG 2: SYMBOLIC TOOLBOX

MC TIU CA CHNG
- Hiu r khi nim v kiu d liu Symbolic Math Toolbox

- Vn dng c cc lnh vo vic gii cc bi ton
- V thi : Hc sinh, Sinh : nm c cc cu lnh v vn dng gii cc bi
ton
2.1. Gii thiu v symbolic
Symbolic Math Toolbox nh ngha mt kiu d liu mi ca Matlab gi l i
tng Symbolic. Mt i tng Symbolic l mt cu trc d liu lu tr mt i din
kiu su k t ca mt biu tng (Symbol). Symbolic Math Toolbox s dng cc i
tng Symbolic biu din cc bin, biu thc v Matlab trn Symbolic.
2.2. Lnh v hm trong Symbolic Matlab
2.2.1. Cu trc :
- Lnh sym cho php xy dng cc bin v biu thc symbolic.
V d:
>> x = sym(x); y = sym(y) % lnh ny to ra x,y l cc bin symbolic.
- To cc bin thc:
>> x = sym(x, real);y =sym(y,real)
%x,y l bin kiu thc symbolics
hoc
>> x = sym(x, real)
% x l bin kiu thc
>> y = sym(y)
%y l bin bt k kiu symbolic
xo c tnh real ca cc bin x, y ta dng lnh sau: syms x y unreal

hay:
>>x = sym(x, unreal)
>> syms t
>> Q = sym(Q(t));
% t bin symbolic v Q l hm symbolic.
2.2.2 Bin symbolic mc nh

Khi vn dng cc hm ton hc, vic chn bin c lp thng l r rng t ng
cnh. V d, ta xem xt biu thc ton hc f = sin(a.t + b) c biu din trong Matlab
nh sau: f =. Nu ta cn tnh o hm ca biu thc ny m khng xc nh bin c
lp th theo quy c ton hc ta nhn c f = a.cos(a.t + b). Gi thit rng bin c
lp trong biu thc ny l t th cc bin cn li a, b c xem nh cc hng s hoc
29
tham s. Theo quy c ton hc th bin c lp thng l cc ch in thng nm

cui bng ch ci (v d: x, y, z, t, u, v,).
>>syms a b t
>>f = sin(a*t + b);
>>diff(f) %Lnh ny tnh o hm ca biu thc symbolic f.
trong cu lnh diff(f), ta khng xc nh l o hm biu thc f theo bin no (a,
b hay x). Lm th no Matlab xc nh c ta mun o hm theo bin t m khng
phi l a hoc b. Trong symbolic math toolbox s dng mt bin symbolic xc nh
bin c lp mc nh trong trng hp chng ta khng xc nh bin c lp, l
mt hm tin ch findsym. Bin symbolic mc nh c s dng trong cc php ton
tnh ton, n gin ho biu thc, gii phng trnh v cc php bin i.
>>findsym(f,1)
ans =
t
y, i s th hai trong hm findsym biu th s bin symbolic m ta mun
tm trong biu thc f. Nu khng xc nh i s th hai th findsym s tr v mt
danh sch lit k tt c cc bin trong biu thc. V d:
>> findsym(f)
ans =
a, b, t
Lut findsym: Bin c lp trong mt biu thc symbolic l mt ch ci gn ch
x nht trong bng ch ci. Nu c hai ch gn ch x th ch sau x trong bng ch ci
c chn.
v d: >>findsym(a+c-v*y,1)
ans=
y
2.2.3. Php o hm
tnh o hm ca mt biu thc symbolic ta s dng hm diff()
+ diff(S): o hm biu thc symbolic S vi bin t do c xc nh bi hm
findsym(S)
+ diff(S,v) hay diff(S,sym(v)): o hm biu thc symbolic S vi bin ly o
hm l bin symbolic v ngha l thc hin php ton dS/dv
+ diff(S,n) : o hm cp n biu thc S, n l s nguyn dng
V d:
30
>>syms x t
>> y = sin(x^2);
>>z = diff(y);
z = 2*cos(x^2)*x
>>pretty(z) %hin th dng quen thuc
2.cos2x.x
>>y = diff(t^6,6) % o hm bc 6 ca hm t6.
y = 720
>>syms u v
>>y = u^2*v - u*v^3;
>> y2u = diff(y,u,2) %dao ham cap 2 theo u
y2u = 2*v
>> y3u = diff(y,v,3) %dao ham cap 3 theo v
y3u = -6*u
2.2.4. Php tch phn
tnh tch phn ca mt biu thc symbolic ta s dng hm int()
+ int(S) : tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin mc nh
xc nh bi findsym.
+ int(S, v): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin tch
phn v.
+ int(S,a,b): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin t do
v cn ly tch phn t [a,b].
+ int(S,v,a,b): Tch phn khng xc nh ca biu thc symbolic S vi bin tch
phn v v cn ly tch phn t [a,b].
Vid:
>>syms x t z alpha
>>int(-2*x/(1+x^2)^2)
ans = 1/(1+x^2)
>>int(x/(1+z^2),z)
ans = x*atan(z)
>>int(x*log(1+x),0,1)
31
ans = 1/4
>>int(-2*x/(1+x^2)^2)
ans = 1/(1+x^2)
>> int([exp(t),exp(alpha*t)])
ans = [ exp(t), 1/alpha*exp(alpha*t)]
Vd: Tnh tch phn I = e ( sx )
dx
>>Syms x s real
>>f = exp(-(s*x)^2);
>>I = int(f,x,-inf,inf)% inf - Infinity l v cng ln
I=
Signum(s)/s*pi^(1/2)
Hm signum chnh l hm sign (hm du), ngha l sign(s) cho ta:
sign(s) = 1 khi s>0; sign(s) = 0 khi s =0; sign(s) = -1 khi s<0;
2.2.5. Tm gii hn
tm gii hn ca mt biu thc symbolic ta s dng hm limit()
+ limit(F, x, a) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F khi x a.
+ limit(F, a) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F vi bin c lp.
+ limit(F) : Tm gii hn ca biu thc F khi a = 0.
+ limit(F, x, a, right) hoc Lim it(F, x, a, left) : Tm gii hn phi hoc bn
tri
V d:
>>syms x a t h
>>limit(sin(x)/x)
ans = 1
>>limit(1/x,x,0,right)
ans = inf
>>limit(1/x,x,0,left)
ans = -inf
>>limit((sin(x+h)-sin(x))/h,h,0)
ans = cos(x)
>>v = [(1+a/x)^x,exp(-x)];
32
>>limit(v,x,inf,left)
ans = [exp(a),0]
2.2.6. Tnh tng ca dy s symbolic
tnh tng ca mt biu thc symbolic ta s dng hm symsum()
+ symsum(S): Tng ca biu thc symbolic theo bin symbolic k , k c xc
nh bng lnh findsym t 0 k -1.
+ symsum(S,v): Tng ca biu thc symbolic S theo bin symbolic v,v c
xc nh t 0 k - 1.
+ symsum(S,a,b), symsum(S,v,a,b): Tng ca biu thc symbolic S theo
symbolic v, v c xc nh t v = s n v = b.
V d:
>>syms k n x
>>symsum(k^2)
ans = 1/3*k^3-1/2*k^2+1/6*k
>>symsum(k)
ans = 1/2*k^2-1/2*k
>>symsum(sin(k*pi)/k,0,n)
ans = -1/2*sin(k*(n+1))/k+1/2*sin(k)/k/(cos(k)-1)*cos(k*(n+1))-1/2*sin(k)/k/
(cos(k)-1)
>>symsum(k^2,0,10)
ans = 385
>>symsum(x^k/sym(k!), k, 0,inf)
ans = exp(x)
Vi d: Cho tng ca 2 dy
S1 = 1 +
1
1
+ 2 + .
2
2
3
S2 = 1 + x + x2 +..
>>syms x k
>>s1 = symsum(1/k^2,1,inf) %inf l v cng.
s1 = 1/6*pi^2
>>s2 = symsum(x^k,k,0,inf)
33
s2 = -1/(x-1)
2.2.7. Tch t s v mu s ca mt biu thc symbolic
[n,d] = numden(A): bin i mi phn t ca A thnh dng hu t trong t s
v mu s l cc a thc (tng i) nguyn t vi cc h s nguyn
V d:
>>syms x y a b
>>A= (4-x)/5;
>>[n,d] = numden(A)
n = 4-x
d= 5
>>[n,d] = numden(x/y + y/x)
n = x^2+y^2
d = y*x
>>A = [a, 1/b]
>>[n,d] = numden(A)
n = [a, 1]
d = [1, b]
2.2.8 Thay th
Ta c th thay th cc bin trong biu thc bng cc bin hay cc s thuc kiu
khc bi lnh subs hoc lnh subexpr.
Lnh subs c cc dng sau:
+ subs(S): Thay th tt c cc bin symbolic trong biu thc bng cc gi tr c
c t vic gi hm hoc t Workspace ca Matlab.
+ subs(S, new): Thay th bin symbolic t do trong S bng new.
+ subs(S, old, new): Thay th old bng new trong biu thc S. Old l mt bin
symbolic, mt su i din cho mt tn bin, hoc mt biu thc su k t. New c
th l mt bin, mt biu thc symbolic, bin s hoc biu thc s.
V d:
>>subs(a+b,a,4)
ans = 4+b
34
gi thit trong Workspace tn ti a = 980 v C = 3, cu lnh y=dsolve(Dy =

-a*y) tr v y = exp(-a*t)*C, khi cu lnh:
>>subs(y)
ans = 3*exp(-980*t)
Ta c th thay th nhiu bin mt lc bng cch s dng c php sau:
+ subs(S, {old1, old2, ,oldn}, {new1, new2,, newn})
v d: >> subs(cos(a)+sin(b),{a,b},{sym('x'),2})
ans = cos(x)+sin(2)
Hm (S) vit li biu thc S theo cc biu thc con chung:
[Y,SIGMA]
subexpr(X,SIGMA)
hoc
[Y,SIGMA]
subexpr(X,'SIGMA') vit li biu thc X theo biu thc con chung ca n.

2.2.9 Biu din biu thc symbolic di dng ton hc
S dng hm pretty(S) hin th S di dng d c hn nh trong quy c
ton hc thng thng. V d:
>>s=2*cos(x)^2-sin(x)^2
s=
2*cos(x)^2-sin(x)^2
>>pretty(s)
2
2 cos(x) - sin(x)
>>syms x a
>>s=solve(x^3+a*x+1);
>>pretty(s)
35
2.2.10. Gii phng trnh i s

S dng lnh solve gii h phng trnh i s. Gi s S l mt biu thc
symbolic. Lnh solve(S) s c gng tm cc gi tr ca bin symbolic trong S (c
xc nh bi findsym(S)) lm cho S bng khng. Lnh solve( ) c cc c php nh
sau:
+ solve(PT1, PT2, , PTn)
+ solve(PT1, PT2, , PTn, v1, v2,, vn)
+ solve(PT1, PT2, , PTn, v1, v2,, vn) trong PT l phng

trnh, v1, v2,,vn l cc bin hay n. Cc bin symbolic khng c lit k
trong danh sch i s c coi l cc tham s.
2.2.11. Phng trnh vi phn
Hm dsolve tnh ton li gii symbolic cho cc phng trnh vi phn thng.
Cc phng trnh c xc nh bi biu thc symbolic cha ch D biu din k
hiu vi phn d/dt. Cc k hiu D2, D3,, Dn tng ng vi o hm bc 2, 3,, n.
V vy, D2y tng ng vi d2y/dt2. Trong li gii dsolve th bin c lp mc nh
l t. Lu rng tn ca bin symbolic khng c cha k t D.
iu kin u c th c xc nh bng cch b xung thm cc phng trnh.
Nu iu kin u khng c xc nh th li gii s cha cc hng s tch phn C1,
C2,...
C php ca lnh dsolve: dsolve(PT1, PT2,, PTn)
V d:
36
>>y = dsolve('(D2y) =1','y(0) = 1')

y = 1/2*t^2+C1*t+1
>>[x,y] = dsolve('Dx = y', 'Dy = -x')
x= cos(t)*C1+sin(t)*C2
y = -sin(t)*C1+cos(t)*C2
2.2.12 Bin i laplace v laplace ngc
Php bin i laplace ca hm f(t) c nh ngha nh sau:
+
L[f](s)= f ( t) etsdt
L-1[f](t)=
v php bin i laplace ngc l:
1 c+i
f (s) estds
2j
+ L = laplace(F): Bin i Laplace ca hm F vi bin c lp mc nh l t. Kt

qu tr v l mt hm ca s. Nu F = F(s) th Laplace tr v mt hm ca t: L = L(t).
Theo nh ngha, L(s) = int(F(t)*exp(-s*t),0,inf) v php tch phn c thc hin vi
t
+ L = laplace(F,t): L l mt hm ca t thay th bin mc nh s
TM TT NI DUNG CT LI
- p dng matlab trong tnh ton mch in, gii mch in nhanh chng tin
li- p dng gii phng trnhv h phng trnh tuyn tnh.
- Gii cc phng trnh phi tuyn v PT tham s.
- Gii h PT vi phn.
Cho hm s :
y=
ae x
b(sin x) d
a. Hy nhp hm y vo trong mt file Matlab t ca s son tho.

b. Hin th hm y sau khi nhp cc h s.
Dng Matlab tnh cc php ton sau:
1
x
a) I = a dx
0
b) I = lim
ax bx
khi x 0.
x
c ) Gii h phng trnh sau :
37
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
2
x 4x + 3 = 0
HNG DN T NH
Xem trc phn Ma trn
38
CHNG 3:MA TRN V MNG TRONG MATLAB

MC TIU CA CHNG
- Hiu r khi nim v ma trn v mng trong Matlab

- Vn dng c cc lnh vo vic gii cc bi ton
ton
3.1 Nhp ma trn trong Matlab
3.1.1 Cc Cch nhp matrn trong Matlab
Matlab cung cp mt vi phng tin cho ngi s dng to ra mt matrn, mi
phng tin c nhng u im ca n v c s dng tu theo tng yu cu bi
ton.Ni chung Matlab cung cp ba phng tin.
Nhp Matrn trc tip t ca s command Window.
Nhp Matrn t mt file( s dng M-file hoc load)
Nhp matrn t nhng hm c sn trong Matlab.
a. Nhp Matrn trc tip t ca s command Window
Trong mn hc ton cao cp chng ta bit nhp mt matrn nh sau
A=
1 2
4 5
7 8
3
6
9
y l mt ma trn c s hng m = 3 v s ct n= 3
nhp matrn trn trong Matlab ta nhp trc tip nh sau
T dng nhc lnh trong ca s command Window >> ta nhp
>> A=[ 1,2,3 ; 4 5 ,6;7 8 9]; hoc >>A=[ 1 2 3
456
7 8 9];
Cc hng c cch nhau bng mt du chm phy (;) nh trn,cc phn t trong
mt hng c cch nhau bng du cch(thanh space) hoc du phy(,) . Kt thc
dng lnh c hoc khng c du ;
Nu khng c du chm phy cui dng th Matlab s in ra kt qu matrn va
nhp
Nh v d trn:
>> A=[ 1,2,3 ; 4 5 ,6;7 8 9] nhn Enter s cho kt qu l
A=
123
456
39
Trong trng hp s phn t trn mt hng qu di ta c th xung dng bng du ba

chm ...
V d
>> b=[1,2,3,4,...
5 6 7 8 9] % y matrn 9 hng v mt ct
Lu rng trong mt s trng hp matrn hoc mng d liu di th vic khng
thm du chm phy sau cu lnh nhp, Matlab s in ra s liu di trong ca s
command Window, gy kh nhn cho ngi dng
b. Nhp Matrn t M-file
Ta c th nhp mt matrn bng ca s son tho M-file, m ca s ny bng cch
vo File- New- M-file. Mt ca s son tho s c hin ra cho php bn son
tho di dng text, do l ca s son tho dng text cho nn bn c th son tho t
file word sau copy vo ca s M-file. nhp matrn ta son tho tng t nh
trong ca s command window sau lu vo file nh sau:
V d:
A=[1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7, 8,9];% khng c du chm phy s in ra kt qu
Cng tng t nh trn nu s phn t trn mt hng qu nhiu th ta c th xung
dng
A=[1 2 3 4 ...
5 6 7 8 9 10];
Sau khi kt thc son tho ta lu vo tn_file .
thc thi cc lnh nhp trong M-file ta dng lnh sau trong command window
nh sau: >> ten_file ;
c. Nhp matrn t cc hm c sn
Matlab c mt th vin cc hm cho php to ma trn.Sau y l mt s hm
ones(m,n) to ma trn m hng v n ct ,vi cc phn t u bng 1, ones(m) to
ma trn vung cp m, vi cc phn t u l 1.
zeros(m,n) to ma trn kch thc m x n, vi cc phn t u bng 0, zeros(m) to
ma trn vung cp m.
eyes(m,n) to ma trn kch thc m xn vi cc phn t u bng 1, eyes(m) to ma
trn vung cp m .
v d:
ones(2,3)
ans=
1 1 1
1 1 1
eyes(2,3)
40
ans=
1 0 0
0 1 0
zeros(2,3)
ans=
0 0 0
0 0 0
3.2 Ma trn s phc
S phc trong matlab c vit nh sau:
V d s phc 3+4*i dng i ch s o
>> a=3+ 4*i
a=
3+ 4*i
Nu mun ii ch s o
Ta nh ngha ii= sqrt(-1)
Sau bn vit:
>> a=3+ 4*ii
a=
3+ 4*i
>>A=[ 1+2*i , 3+4*i ; 5+6*i, 4+5*i ]
A=[ 1+2*i 3+ 4*i
5+6*i 4+5*i ]
3.3 To vec t
Khi ta cn kho st c tnh ca th no trong mt khong xc nh, khong xc
nh ny c biu din di dng vect
V d kho st c tnh th trong khong x=1 n 100
>> x= 1:100; % x ly gi tr t 1 n100, bc tng ca x l 1
>>t=0: 0.1 : 10;% bc nhy l ca t l 0.1
Cng thc chung to vec t l X=Xmin : bc_tng: Xmax
3.4 Truy nhp cc phn t ca ma trn
truy nhp cc phn t ca ma trn ta lm nh sau:
Gi s ma trn
1 2
A= 4 5
7 8
3
6
9
Th >> A(i,j) ; s truy nhp n phn t hng th i v ct th j
41
V d truy nhp n phn t th nht ta :

>> A(1,1)
ans=
1
c bit gi ton b s hng hoc ton b s ct dng ton t (:)
>> A(:,1) % gi ton b s hng tng ng vi ct 1
ans=
1
4
7
>>A(1,:) % gi ton b s ct tng ng hng 1
ans=
2 3
>> A(1:2,1) % gi hng 1 n hng 2 tng ng vi ct th nht
ans=
1
4
>>A(1:2,:) % gi hng 1 n hng 2 tng ng vi tt c cc ct
ans=
123
456
3.5 Php tnh ma trn v mng
a. Php tnh ma trn
Php tnh cng , php tnh tr :iu kin hai ma trn A v B phi c cng kch
thc hoc mt trong hai l s v hng
v d:
>>a=[1 2 3 ;4 5 6; 7 8 9];
>>b=[2 3 4; 5 6 7; 8 9 10];
>>a+b;
ans=
5 7
9 11 13
15 17 19
Nhn hai ma trn
42
A*B lu rng s ct ca ma trn A phi bng s ct ca ma trn B, ngoi tr mt

trong hai l s v hng
Chia tri ma trn (\)
X=A\B tng ng vi vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh A*X=B, gn tng
ng vi X=inv(A)*B
Chia phi ma trn(/)
X=B/A tng ng vi vic gii phng trnh tuyn tnh
X*A=B gn tng ng vi X= B*inv(A)
b. Php tnh dy
Cho hai mng sau:
>>x=[1 2 3];
>>y=[2 3 4];
Php tnh cng , tr ging nh php tnh i vi ma trn
>>x+y
ans=
5 7
Php tnh nhn(.*)
>>x.*y
ans=
2 6 12
Php tnh chia(./ hoc .\)
>> x./y
ans=
0.5 0.66 0.75
>>x .\y
ans= 2 1.5 0.75
3.6 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
3.6.1 H phng trnh tuyn tnh :
Xt h phng trnh sau:
a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1
a21*x2 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2
.
.
am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm
Bi ton t ra l tm vc tor x=[x1;x2;x3....;xn] sao cho tho mn bi ton trn
43
3.6.2 H Phng trnh tuyn tnh khng ng nht

Phng trnh nh sau gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh KN
a1*x1 + a2*x2 + . . . + an*xn = b
b ng c lp (n khng nhn vi bin no c)
Xt h thng sau:
a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1
a21*x2 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2
.
.
am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm
Vit theo ma trn A= [a11 a12...a1n; a21 a22...a2n,....am1 am2...amn]
X=[x1 x2.... xn]; B=[b1 b2 ... bn];
Trong A c gi l ma trn h s, X l vector kt qu
3.6.2.1 Gii h phng trnh bng hm nghch o inv
Nu m=n th A l ma trn vung, v nu det(A) l khc 0 th tn ti A -1 v vector kt
qu X c cho bi :
A-1*A*X=X=A-1*B
V d Gii h sau:
2*x1 - x2 = 2
x1 + x2 = 5
Matlab command
>> A=[ 2 -1 ; 1 1 ];
>> B=[ 2 ; 5];
>> X= inv(A)*B
>> X=
2.3333
2.667
>> X= rats(X)
X=
7/3
8/3
Tuy nhin chng ta khng th p dng phng php trn cho
2*x1 - x2 = 2
2*x1 - x2 = 0
Ma trn h s A=[ 2 -1 ; 2 -1];
V det(A)=0 => khng p dng c hm nghch o cho ma trn A
44
3.6.3 H phng trnh tuyn tnh ng nht

Biu din di dng ma trn nh sau
A*x=0
Nu det(A)#0 h c nghim duy nht l X=0
V d xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau
2*x1 - x2=0
x1+ x2=0
y det(A)= 3 cho nghim x1=0 , x2=0
i vi h phng trnh thun nht c det(A)=0 th h ny c v s nghim
V d Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau
-6* x1 + 3*x2 = 0
2* x1 - x2 = 0
Ma trn h s A= [ -6 3 ; 2 -1] , det(A)= 0 biu din trn th thy rng hai ng
ny trng nhau do vy h trn c v s nghim
Trng hp s bin n< s phng trnh m
V d nh sau:
3*x1 + 4*x2 - 2*x3= 0
-2*x1 + 3*x2 - 4*x3= 0
5*x1 + x2 + 2*x3= 0
-9*x1 + 5*x2 - 10*x3= 0
Ma trn h s l ma trn 4 x 3 ,nh thc ln nht c th c xy dng t ma trn A
l nh thc ma trn 3 x 3, nhng nh thc ca ma trn kch thc 3 by 3 =0 ( A1=[ 3
4 - 2; -2 3 - 4 ; 5 1 2]=> det(A1)=0 )
Do ta xc nh tip ma trn 2 x 2
V d nh sau
A2=[ 3 4; -2 3] v det(A) # 0 ta ni rng hng ca ma trn A(ma trn h s) l bng 2
ng ngha vi vic ta ch gii hai phng trnh bt k trong s tt c cc phng
trnh trn, v s bin chng ta gn gi tr tu l = n- r ( trong n l s bin cn r l
hng ca ma trn A)
Gii hai phng trnh :
3*x1 + 4*x2 - 2*x3= 0
-2*x1 + 3*x2 - 4*x3= 0
Kt qu : x1= (-10/17)*x3 v x2=(16/17)*x3 , vi x3 ly gi tr tu
3.6.4 Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh bng Matlab(Dng ton t \)
2*x1 - x2 = 2
45
x1 + x2 = 5
>> A=[ 2 -1 ; 1 1];
>> B=[2 ; 5];
>>X=A\B
Phng php gii ny gi l phng php Gaussian elimination
Ton t (\) thng thng cung cp mt kt qu trong Matlab , trong mt s trng
hp n l phng php gii ring
3.7 iu kin c nghim
Theo Kronecker-Capelli th
Mt h phng trnh c mt li gii khi v ch khi ma trn h s A v ma trn [A B]
c cng hng.
Gi s hng ca hai ma trn u l r th xy ra cc trng hp sau y
r=n H phng trnh c nghim duy nht,
r< n H phng trnh c v s nghim, chng ta c th gii cho r bin nh l hm
ca n-r bin khc ,cc bin khc ny c th ly gi tr tu
V d trn
rank(a)= rank([a b]) = n cho nn h nghim duy nht
>> rank(A), rank([A B])
ans=
2
ans=
2
Chng ta xem xt v d sau:
2* x1 + 3* x2 + 4*x3 = 4
x1 + x2 + x3 = 5
>> A=[ 2 3 4 ; 1 1 1];
>>B=[ 4 ; 5];
>>rank(A), rank([A B])
ans=
2
ans=
2
>> X= A\B
X=
8
0
46
3
Hng ca hai ma trn A v [A B] bng nhau v bng 2 cho nn h c mt li gii ,
nhng do rank(A) < n cho nn ta ch gii cho hai bin nh l hm ca bin cn li.
Kt qu Matlab cho trn ch l mt trng hp ring (n-r bin c gn =0)
Xt h sau
x1 + 2 *x2 + 3 *x3 = 12
3* x1 + 2 *x2 + x3 = 15
3*x1 + 4 *x2 + 7 *x3 = 13
10*x1 + 9 *x2 + 8 *x3 = 17
Tnh ton bng Matlab nh sau
>> A=[1 2 3 ; 3 2 1 ; 3 4 7; 10 9 8];
>>B= [12 ; 15; 13 ; 17 ];
>>rank(A), rank([A B])
ans=
3
ans=
4
>> X= A\B
ans=
1.0887
-0.2527
1.5349
Khi th li nh sau
>> A* ans
ans= 5.1882
4.2957
13.0000
20.8925
Kt qu khng bng B
H phng trnh trn v nghim ,tuy nhin Matlab vn cho nghim ,nghim ny
khng phi nghim ng m l nghim xp x gii theo tiu chun bnh phng ti
thiu( ta khng cp ti)
3.8 H iu kin yu
Chng ta ni rng mt vn c coi l iu kin yu nu mt s thay i nh trong
d liu s dn n thay i ln trong kt qu. iu ny l rt nguy him i vi cc k
s lm vic vi cc thit b , sai s cc thit b , sai s do lm trn (iu ny chc
47
chn xy ra) Nu d liu ny l u vo i vi vn trn th kt qu thu c s

khng khip Vn chng ta bn ti l iu kin yu ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh
Ma trn yu in hnh l ma trn Hibert c dng nh sau:
A=[ 1 1/2 1/3.....1/n;1/2 1/3 ...1/(n+1)
1/3 1/4 1/5....
1/(n+2)
1/n ..
1/(2n)]
V d sau y: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh c ma trn h s sau
A=[1 1; 1 1.01] B=[2 ; 2.01];
>> X= A\B
X=
1.0000
1.0000
Mt sai s nh c th hin trong long format
>> format long; X= A\B
X=
1.000000000002
0.999999999998
Nu ta thay i mt phn t ca A v d A(1, 2)=1.005
>> A(1,2)=1.005 ; X= A\B
X=
-0.0000000099991
1.9999999999991
Thay i A(1,2) =1.005 so vi gi tr c l 1 tc l tng 0.5% tng ng vi gi tr
x(1) gim 101%, v tng x(2) tng 100%
Cch gii h phng trnh iu kin yu A*X=B
Nu A l ma trn Hillbert s dng hm tnh nghch o invhilb(n) trong n l kch
thc ca ma trn
V d >>A= [ 1/1 1/2 ; 1/2 1/3];
>> B=[1 ;1/2]
>>X= invhilb(2)* b
Nu A khng phi l ma trn hilbert th s dng hm symbolic
V d A= [ 1 1.01; 0.5 1.02];
A=sym( [1 1.01 ; 0.5 1.02] );
B=[ 1.1; 1.2];
X= A\b
48
3 .9 Lnh cond Tnh iu kin ca ma trn

Cu trc:
>> cond(A) % A l ma trn
kt qu tr li dng nh sau: a* 10k ; 0 < a < 9
k l s digits khng tin cy trong kt qu gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh v trong vic
nghch o ma trn. Nu k xp x 1 th l ma trn c well -condition
V d >>A=[1/2 1/3 1/4 ; 1/3 1/4 1/5; 1/4 1/5 1/6];
>> cond(A)
ans=
1.3533e+003
Ta thy rng k= 3 tc l c 3 s khng ng tin cy
Tng kt
nh ngha :Hng ma trn
Ar l mt ma trn r hng r ct c xy dng t A , khng nht thit theo th t trong
ma trn A v det(Ar)#0 .Nu bt k ma trn Ar+1 no c xy dng t r+1 hng v
r+1 ct ca A, det(Ar+1)=0 th chng ta ni rng Matrn A c hng bng r
Mt h thng m phng trnh tuyn tnh trong n bin (cha bit)
a11*x1 + a12*x2+ . . . +a1n*xn=b1
a21*x1 + a22*x2+ . . . +a2n*xn=b2
. .
am1*x1 + am2*x2+ . . . +amn*xn=bm
C th vit di dng form ma trn AX=B
Trong A l ma trn h s v X l vector kt qu
iu kin c nghim Matrn [A B] c gi l ma trn m rng ca h. Theo
Kronecker- Capelli th h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim khi v ch khi hng ca
ma trn A bng hng ca ma trn b xung
Nu r= n th nghim trn l duy nht
Nu r<n th h trn khng xc nh v r bin c th c biu din di dng hm
ca n-r bin khc ,cc bin khc ny c th cho gi tr bt k( ni cch khc h v
s nghim)
Nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh c tnh trong Matlab bng ton t
( \ ) .Nu h c nghim duy nht Matlab s cung cp cho n , nu h l khng xc
nh(r<n) th ton t ( \ ) s cung cp cho chng ta mt nghim ring trong n-r
bin s c t =0.
Mt nghim , nghim ny lm tho mn tng bnh phng ca cc nghim b nht
Dng lnh X= pinv(A)*B
49
Nu hng ca A # hng matrn m rng th ton t ( \ ) cung cp mt kt qu nhng

kt qu ny khng phi l nghim ca h
H thun nht khi vector B=0. Mt h thun nht c mt nghim tm thng khi
det(A) # 0.Nu det(A)=0 h c nhiu hn mt nghim trong trng hp ny Matlab s
cnh bo ngi dng :
TM TT NI DUNG CT LI
- p dng matlab trong tnh ton mch in, gii mch in nhanh chng tin
li- p dng gii phng trnhv h phng trnh tuyn tnh.
- Gii cc phng trnh phi tuyn v PT tham s.
- Gii h PT vi phn.
Cu hi n tp
1. Cc cch nhp mt ma trn ?
2. iu kin c nghim ca h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh , cch tnh
3. Lp chng trnh m u vo l hai ma trn A v b, u ra l kt qu thng bo
h c nghim hay khng.
4. H phng trnh iu kin yu l gi?, nhng nh hng ca n.
Bi tp
Thc hin cc php ton sau
1.Nhp hai ma trn a=[ 1 2 3; 4 5 6], b=[5 6 7 ;8 9 10] .
-Tnh Addab= a+b .
-Tnh Subsab= a-b;
-Tnh Multab= a*b
-Tnh Mulba=b*a;
-Tnh Divab= a/b; v b/a
2. Cho mch in sau
R1
e1
R2
R3
e2
Cho thng s: R1= 10(omh) , R2= 20(omh) , R3= 10(omh)
50
e1= 20(v) , e2= 30(v)

Tnh dng in I1 v I2 v I3 bng cch lp theo dng h phng trnh i s tuyn
tnh ba n s
Bi tp gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau:
A*X= B
Trong : A=[1/2 1/3 1/4 ; 1/3 1/4 1/5; 1/4 1/5 1/6]; B=[0.95 0.67 0.52]
1. Gii h cho
2. Thay i B(3)=0.53 ri gii h phng trnh, so snh vi trng hp trn
3. Tnh iu kin ca ma trn ny v a ra nhn xt
Ch khi gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh vi ma trn h s l ma trn Hilbert (ma
trn iu kin yu) th ta dng hm tnh nghch o ca n l hm invhilb(n)
nh ngha Ma trn Hilbert l: A=[ 1 1/2 1/3.....1/n;1/2 1/3 ...1/(n+1);
HNG DN T NH
Xem trc phn ha trong Matlab
51
CHNG 4 : HO TRONG MATLAB

MC TIU CA CHNG
- Hiu r khi nim v ha trong Matlab

- Vn dng c cc lnh vo vic gii cc bi ton v v th, bng biu...
ton
4.1 Mn hnh th
y l ni trnh by mi hnh nh , th . c gii trnh t khung ca
s Command ca Matlab x l theo cc lnh , cng c mn hnh.
C hai cch hin khung mn hnh th trng:
T khung ca s command kch
File/New v chn Figure t menu
x.
Cng trong khung ca s
Command g lnh figure v n
enter.
4.2.Cc lnh trn menu ha:
gip cc bn c th nm vng v s dng chng trnh Matlab; phn ny

gii thiu cclnh trn thanh menu cng vi cc chc nng v cng dng ca
tng menu con nm trong cc menu chnh.
4.2.1 File:
Hin menu x cha cc lnh con c chc nng to, qun l, iu hnh cng nh
thay i cc thng tin cc thng s mc nh ca chng trnh cho ph hp vi tng
cng vic.
New Figure
New Figure dng m trang mn hnh ho mi.
m trang mn hnh mi chng ln mn hnh th c trong khi th c vn
cn hin din trn mn hnh, chn New Figure t menu x. Mt ca s mi s xut
hin ra nm chng ln mn hnh c
Open:
M tp tin th c trong khung mn hnh th x l theo nhu cu cng vic.
52
Cc bc thc hin m th lu:

Kch File/ Open t menu x, xut hin mn hnh thoi Open .
Look in: Ni cha cc tp tin th ca Matlab. Ni cha c th l a, th mc

hoc chng trnh khc.
File nane: Tn tp tin mun m trong khung mn hnh th .
Files of type: Th loi tp tin th l .fig
Kch p vo tn tp tin mun m hoc nh tn tp tin vo

khung File name hoc kch mt ln vo tn tp tin, kch
Open. Tp tin th va chn s hin ln mn hnh.
Close:
ng khung mn hnh th v khung ca s nhp lnh ca Matlab ( Biu
tng c chc nng tng ng vi lnh Close trong menu File)
Save:
Lu li nhng thay i trong khung mn hnh th hin hnh. Tuy nhin, c
mt iu khc bit l lnh ny lu li ngay nhng thay i trong tp tin mi sau khi
c t tn v ang hin din trn mn hnh tip tc x l.
Nu bn m tp tin c vi lnh Open x l v nu c nhng thay i bt
k trong ni dung hin hnh v sau khi kch lnh save, mn hnh hin khung thoi
save as. T khung thoi ny bn c th lu li nhnh thay i theo tn tp tin c hoc
vi mt tn mi.
53
Save As: Hin khung thoi Save As bn lu tp tin th mi v theo mt tp tin

mi hoc lu li nhng thay i trong ni dung ca tp tin c c m vi lnh Open
theo tn c hoc vi tn mi. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Sau khi thay i , kch File /
Save as
-
Save in Ni cha cc tp tin
mun. Lu. Ni cha cc tp tin

th ca Matlab. Ni cha c
th l a, th mc hoc chng
trnh khc.
- File name Tn tp tin tu chn
lu cho th va to
-
Save as type Th loi tp tin
mun lu. Mc nh l .fig i vi

cc tp tin th
Sau khi chn ngun cha (nu cn
thit), t tn mi cho th, kch vo
Save lu.
Export:
Lu li tp tin th hin hnh thnh
mt dng tp tin khc sau ny c th
chuyn sang chng trnh ng dng khc.
To mt th mi hoc m tp tin
th c ln mn hnh.
Kch menu File v chn Export. Mn hnh hin khung thoi Export.
Save in Ni cha cc tp tin mun chuyn.
File name Tn tp tin mun lu li chuyn. Bn c th t tn theo tn c
nhng phn m rng li l mt tn khc .
Save as type Chn loi tp tin mun lu li chuyn.
Sau khi chn song, kch vo Save ghi li tp tin theo dng khc.
Property Editor:
54
Hin khung thoi Graphics Property ngi s dng thay i cc khung thuc
tnh mc nh cho ph hp vi tc v.
Preferences:
Hin khung thoi vi ba tu
chn ngi s dng c th thay i tham

s cho ph hp nhim v.
General: Hin khung thoi ngay khi
kch chn lnh Preferences t menu
File ca khung ca s lnh MATLAB.
Kch chn cc loi tham s mun thay
i hoc gn thm sau kch OK.
Command Windows Font: Hin khung danh mc font cng thuc tnh
ngi s dng thay i font mc nh thnh font qun thuc.
55
Copy Options : Hin khung thng tin ngi s dng tu chn nhng thnh
phn i tng mun sao
chp.
Page Setup: Hin khung thoi
Page Setup nh li trang in
cho ph hp vi th khi v
hoc in.
Orientation: Chn hng
giy in dc hoc in ngang.
Limits: nh du chn
p dng hoc khng p dng ch va khp vi cc trc v gia tr theo thanh
o trn trc.
Color: Chn ch mu hoc en trng khi in hoc v trn thit b.
Size and Position: C hai tham s tu chn, s dng theo mc nh hoc
chnh theo tu chn.
Center In th gia trang
Fill
In th trn c trang
MaxAspect In th theo t l
ti a
Print Setup:
Nu c nhiu loi thit b in( v ), th nn
khai bo li trc khi chuyn bn th sang
my in hoc my v.
Cc bc thc hin v mt th:
Kch File / Open.
Kch File / Print Setup, mn hnh hin
khung thoi Print Setup.
Kch chn loi my in, kh giy.
Theo mun.
Kch Ok in.
56
Print Preview: Xen li th hin hnh trc khi chuyn sang in

Print:
Hin khung thoi print ngi s dng chn loi my in hoc my v cho
ph hp; chn s lng bn in vi Copies. Nu cn thit kch Properties chn thm
cc thng tin b sung cn thit.
4.2.2 Edit: Hin menu x cha cc lnh con lin quan n vic s l cc i tng
cng nh cc thng s gn cho i tng .
Undo: Hu lnh hoc chc nng c thi hnh trc . Sau khi kch lnh Undo
thc hin vic hulnh, Undo s chuyn i thnh Redo c th phc hi nhng
chc nng hu.
Cut ( Ctrl + x): Ct i tng chn trong bn th hin hnh a vo Cliboard
sau dn vo th khc. Sau khi ct i tng chn s bin mt ti v tr
hin hnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Kch vo biu tng Enable Plote Editing trn thanh
cng c.
Kch chn i tng mun ct.

Kch Edit / Cut. i tng s bin mt ti v tr hin hnh v lu vo Cliboard.
Copy ( Ctrl + c): Sao chp i tng chn trong th hin hnh a vo
Cliboard sau dn vo th khc. i tng sau khi sao chp vn hin din ti
v tr c. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Kch vo biu tng Enable Plote Editing trn thanh
cng c.
Kch chn i tng mun ct.

Kch Edit / Copy. i tng s vn hin ti v tr hin hnh v lu vo
Cliboard.
Paste ( Ctrl + v): Dn i tng c Cut hoc Copy vo Cliboard sang th
khc. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
M th mun c dn i tng c lu vo Cliboard.
n Ctrl + v hoc kch vo Paste. i tng s c dn vo th mi hoc v
tr mi ca th c.
di chuyn i tng n v tr mi ta kch vo i tng mun di chuyn.
Khi con tr i thnh mi tn bn u th ko, gi i tng n v tr mi ri
th nt chut.
Clear: Xo i tng c chn trong th.
57
Kch vo biu tng Enable Plot Editing trn thanh
cng c.
Kch chn i tng mun xo.

Kch Edit / Clear. i tng s xo mt ti v tr hin hnh.
Select All( Ctrl + a): Chn tt c cc i tng trong th hin hnh x l theo
nhu cu.
Copy Figure: Sao chp c th sang Cliboard ri sau dn sang trang mn
hnh th hoc sang chng trnh khc. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
M th mun c sao chp sang i tng khc.
Kch Edit / Copy Figure. th s c ghi vo Cliboard.
Thot khi Matlab, m chng trnh cn Copy th n.
Kch chn v tr mun dn th n, sau kch Paste. th s c dn
ngay v tr chn.
Copy Option:
Hin khung thoi Preferences ngi s dng thay i (Xem File /
Preferences).
4.2.3 Tools ( Ctrl + t) :
Cha cc lnh cng c h tr vic thc hin, x l cc thuc tnh minh ho

trong th ngi quan st d hiu hn.
Show Toolbar:
Cho hin hoc giu cc biu tng cng c Standard trn mn hnh
Enable Plot Editing: nh du chn hoc b chn i
Axes Properties:
Gn thuc tnh
cho cc trc to cng vi tiu

th hin hnh. Th d vi th
lc ko si dy khi quay trn qu
cu. Thay v dng cc thuc tnh
lnh gn chung vi s liu, ta c
th
dng
khung
thoi
Axes
Properties gn thuc tnh. Cc

bc nh sau:
58
tng.
Sau khi v th , kch chn Tool / Axes Properties. Mn hnh xut hin
khung thoi Axes Properties.
Trong khung thoi Axes Properties c th: t tiu cho th ( Title), gn
nhn cho trc x v trc y
( Label), gii hn ln cc
trc
( Limits), t l xch cc
trc.. . cho th.
Kch Apply v kch OK.
Line Properties: Gn thuc tnh nh cc im nh d liu, to nt th dy hay

mng cng nh mu sc cho ng th hin
hnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
Kch Enable Plot Editing v kch chn
ng th. Nhng im nh d liu
trn ng th s c nh du bng
nhng hnh vung nh.
Kch Tool / Line Properties. Mn hnh
hin khung thoi line properties.
Chn dy mng ca ng th
Line Width; kch c du nh d liu
trn th Marker Size; Kiu dng
th Line Style; mu sc Color
Kch Apply v kch OK.
Text Properties: Thay i cc thuc tnh cho
cc k t trong th. Cc bc thc hin nh
sau:
M th mun thay i thuc tnh k t.
59
Kch menu Tool / Axes Properties. Xo cc k t cn thay i trc . Nhp

li cc k t theo cch g ting vit, ng quan tm n cc k t hin ra c
ng khng. Kch Apply v kch OK.
Kch biu tng Enable Plot Editing, chn chui k t mun thay i thuc
tnh.
Kch
menu
Tool
Text
Properties. Mn hnh xut hin

khung
thoi
Edit
Font
Properties.
Trong khung thoi, chn loi font
ch Vn Time; kch chn cc thuc
tnh cho font ch
( kch thc, kiu dng).
Kch Ok.
Unlock Axes Position: Chnh li t l trc to hoc di chuyn th n v tr
khc trong khung ca s ho.
Kch chn biu tng Enable Plot Editing.
Chn trc to x (y) nu l th
2D hoc trc z nu th l 3D.
Kch menu Tool / Unloock

Position.
Mun chnh t l cho trc no, kch

chut vo im chnh trong bn
gc ca th v ko vo trong hay
ra ngoi theo hng tm. Nu
mun di chuyn th n v tr
khc, kch chut vo im chnh nm trn mt cnh v ko n v tr khc.
Sau khi thc hin xong, kch li menu Tool. Ln ny lnh Unlock i
thnh Lock Position. Kch Lock Position kho li.
60
Show Legend: Cho hin hoc giu bng phn loi s liu ca th trn mn hnh
M th mun hin bng phn
loi d liu trn mn hnh.
Sau khi th hin trong khung
mn hnh ho, kch Tool /
Show Legend. Ngay cnh
th s xut hin khung phn loi
s liu ca th cng vi mi
loi mang mt mu khc nhau.
giu phn loi d liu th,
kch Tool / Hide legend
Add: Hin bn thanh cng c h tr cho vic thm cc thuc tnh vo th:
Axes: V trc to mi trong khung mn hnh ho.
Kch File / New / Figure.
Kch Tool / Add / Axes. Con tr mouse i thnh hnh ch thp.
Kch chn v tr u tin, kch v ko mouse. Th mouse sau khi c
kch thc ca cc trc to nh.
Line: Thm ng k vo th. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
M th mun thm ng k.
Kch Tool /Add /Line hoc kch biu tng Add Line
cng c.
Kch chn im
u
tin,
ko
mouse n v tr
th hai. Kch li
mouse nh v.
gn thuc tnh
cho
ng
k,
61
Trn thanh
kch biu tng Enable Plot Editing trn thanh cng c v kch p
vo ng v . Mn hnh hin khung thoi Edit line Propertise.
Khai bo tham s cho tng loi thuc tnh ( ging nh trong Line
Properties).
Kch Apply v OK.
Arrow: Thm cc mi tn vo ng th ti nhng v tr bt k.
M th cn thm mi tn.
Kch Tool / Add / Arrow, hoc kch biu tng
trn thanh
cng c.
Kch chn v tr thm mi tn, ko mouse ly di cho mi
tn.
C th di chuyn mi tn n v tr bt k bng cch kch mouse vo
mi tn ri ko n v tr nh v.
Text: Thm cc k t vo th. Cc bc thc hin nh sau:
M th cn thm k t.
Kch Tool / Add / Text hoc kch biu tng
trn thanh
cng c.
Kch chn v tr cn thm k t, nhp k t t bn phm.
Kch vo
ri kch p vo chui k t thay i font ch v
thuc tnh cho ph hp.

di chuyn, kch vo chui k t ri ko.
sa i ni dung kch p vo chui k t ri thc hin nh
trong word.
Zoom In: Phng to th quan st tng chi tit.
Kch vo Zoom In hoc kch vo biu tng
cng c.
Zoom out: Thu nh th theo yu cu.
62
Trn thanh
Kch vo Zoom out hoc kch vo biu tng

cng c.
Rotate 3D: Xoay i tng 2D thnh 3D
63
Trn thanh
4.3.Thc hnh v th 2- D
4.3.1. th tuyn tnh:
th tuyn tnh l loi th 2-D dng
cc on thng ni cc im d liu li vi nhau
to thnh mt biu lin tc.
lnh v Plot:
>> Plot ( tn bin , tn hm)
VD 1: v hm y = sin (x)
>> x = 0 : 0.1 : 10 ;
% To vecter x t 0 10 vi bc 0.1.
>> y = sin(x);% Nhp hm.
>> plot (x,y) % V hm y theo bin x.
>>grid on % To chia cho th.
VD 2: v th y = ax+ bx vi a = sin, b = cos
x bin thin t 0 n 2*pi.
>> x = 0: pi/100: 2*pi;
>> y= sin(x)+cos(x);
>> plot(x,y)
>>grid on
VD 3: To bin t hm linspace :
Tn bin = linspace ( im u, im cui, s
im cn v )
% v hm y = e-x.sin (x) vi x chy t 0 50 vi
s im cn v 50 im.
>> x=linspace(0,10,50);
>> y=exp(-x).*sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
64
4.3.2. th dng nh du:

th dng nh du l loi th ch dng cc im nh vng trn, hnh thoi
. Thay v dng cc on thng ni li vi nhau.VD 4:
>> a = [8 8.5 5 8 6.5 7 7.8 8.5 7 7.5 5 9 7.5 9.2];
>>plot ( a,*);
>>grid on
4.3.3.V nhiu ng biu din trn cng mt th:
Cng mt bn th ta c th v nhiu th vi cc d liu khc nhau v loi
ng minh ho. Theo mc nh Matlab s t ng gn loi mu sc cho tng d liu
phn bit. Cng thc tng qut khi v nhiu
th trn cng mt h to :
Plot ( tn bin 1, tn hm1, tn bin 2, tn hm
2....)
VD 5:
>>x=0:0.1:10;
>> y1=sin(x);
>> y2=sin(x).*3.^(-x);
>> plot(x,y1,x,y2)
4.3.4 Ch thch v kim sot th:

title ( Tn tiu th )
xlabel ( Tn trc x)
ylabel ( Tn trc y)
text (x,y, chui k t) a mt chui k t vo im c to x,y trn th.
gtext(chui k t) a mt chui k t c xc nh bi du + hay con tr
chut.
legend(chui 1,chui 2...) a ra mn hnh ho mt khung ch thch bao
gm cc chui. V tr ca khung c th c di chuyn bi chut.
legend off: loi b chc nng legend khi mn hnh ho.
Grid on: bt ch li trong mn hnh ho.
Grid off: tt ch li trong mn hnh ho.
Hold on: gi li cc th v ( dng v nhiu th trn mt h trc to )
65
Hold off: ngc li vi hd on

Trong Matlab ta c th chn ng v v mu theo 1 trong cc kiu sau:
K hiu
y
Mu
vng
K hiu
.
Kiu
Chm im
ti
Vng trn
xanh
Du x
Du cng
xanh l cy
Du sao
xanh thm
Nt lin
trng
-.
Gch chm
en
--
Gch gch
Khi ta dng lnh: plot(tn bin, tn hm,k hiu mu k hiu kiu ng)
VD 6: v hm Cos(x), cos (2x)
>> x=linspace(0,10,50);
>> y=cos(x);y1 = cos(2*x);
% v y bng du x mu en, y1 bng du
* mu xanh thm
>> plot(x,y,xk,x,y1,*b);
% Tn th
>> title(' Do thi ham cosx & ham cos2x')
>> xlabel(' Truc Hoanh')
>> ylabel(' Truc Tung')
>> grid on
Gn gi tr thanh o: Ngoi gi tr thanh o
theo mc nh ca chng trnh, c th t chia
thang o theo d liu ring.
VD 7:
>> x = -pi : .1 : pi;
66
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
>> set(gca,Xtick,-pi : pi/2 : pi)
>> set(gca,'Xticklabel', { '-pi','- pi/2','0',' pi/2','pi' } )
4.3.5. th hnh thanh:

Loi th ny thng dng minh ho cc s liu theo dng thanh, c th
theo trc x hoc trc y. VD8 : V biu khi lng nhp hng trong 12 thng.
>> x = [230 255 270 210 170 240 265 280 240 300 320 345];
>> bar (x)
>> xlabel(Thang)
>> ylabel(Doanh thu)
>>set(gca,'Xticklabel',
'Th1','Th2','Th3','Th4','Th5','Th6','Th7','Th8','Th9','Th10','Th11','Th12' } )
350
300
250
D
oanhthu
200
150
100
50
T
h1 T
h2 T
h3 T
h4 T
h5 T
h6 T
h7 T
h8 T
h9 T
h10T
h11T
h12
T
hang
67
4.3.6. th to cc:
Thng c p dng trong
lnh vc thin vn nh hng gi,
90
10
120
60
8
hng di chuyn ca cn boVD
6
150
9:
30
4
2
>> th = [0:.1:10];
180
>> r1 = th;
>> r2 = 5*cos(th)+ 5;
210
330
>> % mu en, ng chm.
240
300
270
>> h1 = polar(th,r1,'k.');
>> set(h1,'Markersize',15)
>> hold on
>> h2 = polar(th,r2,'k');% mu en, lin.
4.3.7. th hnh Pie:

L loi th t l bch phn ca tng loi d liu minh ho. Theo mc
nh Matlab s t mu khc nhau
cho tng thnh phn d liu.VD
25%
30%
10:
>> x = [30 22 15 8 25];
>> explot = [0 1 0 0 0];
8%
>> pie(x,explot)
>> colormap jet
15%
22%
4.3.8.Hin nhiu th
trong mt mn hnh:
5
Trong mt mn hnh
th, c th cho hin nhiu
th vi mi th l mt
loi d liu khc nhau.VD
11:
>> a = [3.2 4.1 5 6];
>> b = [2.5 4 3.5 4.9];
3
1
1.5
2.5
3.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
68
3
2.5
1
>> subplot(2,1,1);plot(a)
% to trc to
>> subplot(2,1,2);plot(b)
% to trc to
1
0.8
4.3.9.Lnh staris:
v th bc thang.
VD 12:
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
>>x = 0: .25: 10;
-0.4
>>stairs (x,sin(x))
-0.8
-0.6
-1
0
10
4.4 Thc hnh v th 3- D

Lnh xc nh vng v:
>>a = linspace(1,5,50);
>>b = linspace(1,10,100);
0.5
>>[ x,y] = meshgrid(a,b);
>> z = sin(x)+cos(y);
-0.5
-1
6
Lnh v : plot3(x,y,z) :
10
8
6
To cc i tng tuyn tnh trong mi

trng 3-D. VD 8:
4
0
>> a =linspace(0,10,100);
>> b=linspace(0,6,100);
>>[x,y]=meshgrid(a,b);
69
2
0
>>z=sin(x)+cos(y);
>> plot3(x,y,z)
Ngi ta dng lnh
mesh(z): hnh v c li.
Vd
>>a=linspace(0,10,100);
>> b=linspace(0,6,100);
>> [x,y]=meshgrid(a,b);
>> z=sin(x).*cos(y);
>> mesh(z)
TM TT NI DUNG CT LI
-Hiu c cch v ha trong h 2D-3D
-V th cho cc hm, Chn kiu ng v mu cho th,
-V th li, nhn, hp cha trc v li ch gii.
Bi 1: V th cc hm y=sin(x); y1=cos(x) vi x=0 : 2*pi;

Bi 2: V th bar,bar3, barh v stairs.
V d v hm y=e^(-x2).
Bi 3: Lnh plot3 v trong khng gian ba chiu:
C dng: plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ). Trong x,y l cc vector
hoc ma trn cn S l su k t dng cho khai bo mu, biu tng hoc kiu
ng.
V d: v cc th hm s sau: x=sin(t), y=cos(t), z=t.
HNG DN T NH
Xem trc phn c s phng php tnh
70
CHNG 5: C S PHNG PHP TNH

MC TIU CA CHNG
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v ni dung, cu trc cu lnh
ca cc phng php tnh
V thi : Hiu c ni dung cc thut ton p dng cho cc bi ton ng
dng, bi ton k thut v nm c cc cu trc cu lnh cc thut ton
5.1. Ni suy v thut ton ni suy
ngha: Trong thc t khi o mt i lng vt l bt k ti nhng iu kin mi
trng thay i (cn c nhiu i lng khc thay i) ta nhn c cc gi tr ri rc
v c tnh thng k, ng vi mi thi im ta nhn c mt gi tr o nh vy khi ta
mun xc nh gi tr o mt thi im bt k th ta phi dng php ni suy.
Trong chng ny ta ch tm hiu v tnh ton cho 2 php ni suy l :
+ Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton mt chiu
+ Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton hai chiu
5.1.1 Ni suy lagrange cho bi ton mt chiu
Gi s c n im o ri rc tng ng vi kt qu o nh sau:
x
x 0 x1 x2 . . . . . . . . . .
xn
f
f 0 f1 f2 . . . . . . . . . .
fn
Cng thc ni suy lagrange bc N tnh gi tr o c ti mt im bt k l :
Thut ton ni suy:
% thuat toan noi suy cho bai toan mot chieu
function T=NS1C(x,f,xa);
i=length(x);
j=length(f);
T=0;n=i;
if(i~=j)
error('Ban nhap sai');
end
i=1;
while(i<=n)
g=1;j=1;
while(j<=n)
71
if(i~=j)
g=g*(xa-x(j))./(x(i)-x(j));
end
j=j+1;
end
T=T+g*f(i);
% in ra so lieu
sl=[i x(i) f(i)]
i=i+1; end
Nhp x , y, xa
i = length(x)
j =length(y)
n=i; f=0
i~=j ?
Gn i=1
i<=n ?
Gn j=1; g=1
j<=n ?
i=i + 1
i~=j ?
f= f + g* y(i)
g=g* (Xa-x(j))/(x(i)-x(j)
j=j+1
72
Thut ton ni suy cho bi ton mt chiu lagrange

interp1(ni suy theo spline)
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi)
yi = interp1(Y,xi)
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method)
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,'extrap')
yi = interp1(x,Y,xi,method,extrapval)
V d 1:
x = 0:10;
y = sin(x);
xi = 0:.25:10;
yi = interp1(x,y,xi);
plot(x,y,'o',xi,yi)
V d 2:
t = 1900:10:1990;
p = [75.995 91.972 105.711 123.203 131.669...
150.697 179.323 203.212 226.505 249.633];
ans =
214.8585
V d : >> x=[1 2 3 4];
>> f=[0.671 0.620 0.567 0.512];
>> interp1(x,f,1.5)
ans =
0.6455
73
5.1.2 Ni suy cho bi ton hai chiu
f(i-1,j)
f(i,j-1)
fe
f(i-1,j1)
yi
fk
Hnh 5.1. Biu din bi ton hai chiu yi-1
xi-1
xi
f(i,j-1)
Mc ch ca
bi ton: Xc nh gi tr f(x,y) ca mt v
tr bt k trong mt mt phng xc nh (bit cc to v gi tr cc im xung
quanh x(i), x(i-1)...). Mun xc nh gi tr ti mt im c v tr x i-1<x<xi v yi-1<y<yi
ta dng phng php ni suy hai chiu, thc cht ca phng php ny l thc hin
hai ln bi ton ni suy mt chiu
Bi 1: Ni suy theo phng y tm ra fe v fk
Bi 2: Ni suy theo phng x t fe n fk tm g(x,y)
fe =
fk =
yj y
yj y j 1
yj y
yj yj 1
g ( x, y ) =
f (i 1, j 1) +
f (i, j 1) +
y y j 1
yj yj 1
y y j 1
y j y j 1
f (i 1, j )
f (i, j )
xi x
x xi 1
fe +
fk
xi xi 1
xi xi 1
Chng trnh c th c vit nh sau:

Quy c
u vo l f=[f(1) f(2) f(3) f(4)] tng ng vi [f(i-1,j-1) f(i-1,j) f(i,j-1) f(i,j)] ; x=[
x(i-1) x(i)]
function g= C5(x,y,f,xa,ya)
% trong do x=[x(i-1) x(i)] y=[y(i-1) y(i)]
% xa , ya l to ca im cn tm
% f=[f1 f2 f3 f4] l vctor f tng ng vi f(xy)
i=length(x);
74
j=length(y);
fe=(1/(y(i)-y(i-1)))*((y(j)-ya)*f(1)+(ya-y(j-1))*f(2));% tnh fe
fk=(1/(y(i)-y(i-1)))*((y(j)-ya)*f(3)+(ya-y(j-1))*f(4));% tnh fk
g=(1/(x(i)-x(i-1)))*((x(i)-xa)*fe+(xa-x(i-1))*fk);% tnh g
Thc hin trong command window nh sau:
>> x=[1 2 ];
>> y=[3 4];
>> f=[5 6 7 8];
>> xa=1.5,ya=3.5;
>> g=C5(x,y,f,xa,ya)
g=
6.5000
C nhiu cch ni suy tuy nhin chng ta ch xem xt hai phng php trn m
thi
5.2 Gii phng trnh phi tuyn
ngha: Dng phng php chia i xc nh nghim ca cc phng trnh.
Ni dung ton hc ca phng php:
Xt phng trnh f(x)=0
Trn khong phn ly nghim [a b], chia i [a b] bi c=(a+b)/2
Nu f(c)=0 th c l nghim ca phng trnh, nu f(c)~=0 th so sanh du ca f(c)
vi f(a) v f(b), f(a)*f(c) < 0 khong phn ly nghim mi l [a c], f(c)*f(b) < 0 th
khong phn nghim l [c b]. Tip tc chia i cc khong phn ly nghim cho n
khi tm c gi tr cn no m f(cn)=0 th cn chnh l nghim.Tuy nhin vic tm
chnh xc cn l rt kh khn ngi ta ch tm nghim gn ng trong mt sai s cho
php, hnh 5.2.
c b
Hnh 5.2. th biu din phng php chia i
75
Nu sai s cho trc th s bc lp i hi l (b-a)/2n<tol

Suy ra n>=(ln(b-a)/tol)/0.6931;
Trong b v a tng ng l cc khong phn ly nghim mi
Thut ton gii:
%-----------------------------------------------------------------function x= C5(a,b,t)
% n la so lan lap
% a la can duoi b la can tren
i=1;
if( f(a)*f(b)>0 )
disp('nhap lai a va b ');
end
while(abs(a-b)>t)
c=(a+b)/2;
if( f(c)==0)
disp('nghiem la x=');
x=c;
break;
end
if(f(c)*f(a)<0)
b=c;
end
if(f(c)*f(b)<0)
a=c;
end
end
x=c;
Phng php Newton
Cng thc tnh nghim ca phng php Newton
Xn=Xn-1 -f(Xn-1)/f(Xn-1)'
f=f(x) l hm cn tnh nghim, chng ta s tnh cc gi tr ca X n n khi t c sai
s cn thit (tc l abs(Xn- Xn-1)< tol) th Xn chnh l nghim gn ng ca phng
trnh trn.
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------------%Thut ton gii nghim gn ng theo phng php Newton
function[x]=f(t,xb)
76
N=input('nhap buoc lap N=');

tol=1.e-5;
x=xb;
i=1;
while(i<=N)
[f,fd]=T1(t,x);
x=x-(f./fd);
sol=[i xb x f./fd ]
if(abs(xb-x)<=tol)
break;
end
xb=x;
i=i+1;
end
disp('nghiem cuoi cung la')
x
//------------------------------------------------------------------//
function[f,fd]=T(t,x)
f= t^3+t+1;
fd=diff(f,t);
f=subs(f,t,x);
fd=subs(fd,t,x);
//-----------------------Gi chng trnh t ca s Command Window----//
>>syms t;
>> xb=4;
>>[x]=f(t,xb)
%-----------------------------------------------------------5.2 Tch phn s
5.3.1. Phng php hnh thang
h
2
I= ( f 0 + 2 f1 + 2 f 2 + .......... + f N )
h=
b a
N
f 0 = f (a ), f = f ( a + ih)
V d: Tnh tch phn: I= int(f,a,b); f=2*x2* cos(x)

%--------------------------------------------------------------function I= C5(a,b,n)
77
% a va b la hai can
% n la so buoc tinh
h=(b-a)/n;
I=0;
for i=0:n
x=a+h*i;
c=2;
if((i==0)|(i==n))
c=1;
end
I=I+c*(2*x^2*cos(x));
end
I=I*h/2;
%------------------------------Thuc hien trong command window--------->> I=C5(0,1,20)
I=
0.4784
Dng Matlab tnh tch phn hnh thang: trapz(x,y)
Eg1:
>> x=[0:0.05 1]';
>> y=2*x.^2.*cos(x);
>> trapz(x,y)
ans =
0.5403
>> t=[0:15:90]';
>> x=t*pi/180;
>> y=[sin(x) cos(x)];
>> trapz(x,y)
ans =
0.9943
s dng cng thc trn th x l vctor ct c cng chiu di vi vector y, hoc y
lmt mng m cc phn t c chiu di ging x
Tnh theo phng php thng thng chun:
>> syms x
>> int(2*x^2*cos(x),0,1)
78
ans =
-2*sin(1)+4*cos(1)
>> eval(ans)
ans =
0.4783
Kt lun rng : phng php hnh thang gii theo trapz th chnh xc km hn:
5.3.2. Phng php Simpson 1/3
h
3
I= ( f 0 + 4 f1 + 2 f 2 + 4 f 3 + .....................2 f N 2 + 4 f N 1 + f N )
H=(b-a)/N;
f 0 = f ( a ), f 1 = f ( a + i * h)
%----------------------- Chuong trinh viet theo simpson-------function I= C5(a,b,n)

% a va b la hai can
% n la so buoc tinh
h=(b-a)/n;
I=0;
for i=0:n
x=a+h*i;
c=4;
if((i==0)|(i==n))
c=1;
end
if(fix(i/2)*2==i)
c=2;
end
I=I+c*(2*x^2*cos(x));
end
I=I*h/3;
Cch gii Dng matlab( for simpson)
5.3 Dng Laplace gii bi ton trong L thuyt Mch
Trong L thuyt mch c rt nhiu cc i lng o hm, cc i lng c
th c bin i qua Laplace v thay th bi ton l thuyt mch v bi ton gii
bng Laplace.
V d
syms t s;
79
I1= sym('I1(t)');
k=laplace(I1,t,s); % Chuyen doi I1(t) sang Laplace
syms t s;
I1=sym('I1(t)');
laplace(i,t,s)
dI1=sym('diff(I1(t),t)')
l=laplace(dI1,t,s) % chuyen dao ham I1(t) sang Laplace
Cc lnh ph tr cn ch gii mt bi ton k thuyt mch
1. Lnh collect( f , x) : l lnh nhm tha s chung theo bin
V d f= 2*x + 3*x;
>>f= collect(f,x)
f=
5*x
2. Lnh thay th subs( f,{ x,y,z},{ 1,2,3}) thay th x , y , z bng 1 2 3
>> syms x;
>> syms R1 R2 R3;
>> f= R1+R2 + R3*x;
>> subs(f,{R1,R2,R3},{1,2,3})
ans =
3+3*x
3. Gii phng trnh :
Chng ta thay th phn t laplace(I1(t),t,s) bng LI1 nh sau
>> syms t s;
>> sym(' diff( I1(t),t)');
>> l=sym(' diff( I1(t),t)');
>> l=laplace(l,t,s)
l=
s*laplace(I1(t),t,s)-I1(0)
Ch : Sau khi gii ra nghim dng, p theo laplace th ta chuyn i ngc li dng
hm bin i ngc laplace (hm ngc l illaplace)
V d c th
Cho mch in c cc phng trnh nh sau:(dI1/dt)*R1 + R2 = I1*R3
% gii h phong trnh trn bang cch bin i sang laplace
%chng trnh vit trong M-file v c ghi trong file C5.m
80
syms R1 R2 R3 real;
I1=sym('I1(t)');
dI1=sym('diff(I1(t),t)');
eq1= dI1*R1 +R2-I1*R3;
syms t s ;
q1=laplace(eq1,t,s)
syms I1p;
q2=subs(q1,{R1,R2,R3,'I1(0)','laplace(I1(t),t,s)'},{1,2,3,2,I1p})
q2=collect(q2,I1p);% nhm li tha s chung l I1p
I1p=solve(q2,I1p)% Gii phng trnh trn vi bin I1p
ilaplace(I1p)% bin i ngc li sang I1(t)
Kt qu khi thc hin chng trnh trn l:
>>C5
q1 =
R1*(s*laplace(I1(t),t,s)-I1(0))+R2/s-R3*laplace(I1(t),t,s)
q2 =
s*I1p-2+2/s-3*I1p
I1p =
2*(s-1)/s/(s-3)
% kt qu I1(t)
ans=
2/3+4/3*exp(3*t) % kt qu I1(t)
5.4 Gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh
Phn ny trnh by chng II 'Th vin ton hc Symbolic'
Mun gii trc ht hm phi l hm symbolic ca mt hoc nhiu bin no
>>syms x y;
>> [x,y]=solve('x+y=1','x-11*y=5',x,y)
x=
4/3
y=
-1/3
> syms x y;
>> n=solve('x+y=1','x-11*y=5',x,y) % kt qu dng cu trc
n=
x: [1x1 sym]
y: [1x1 sym]
81
>> n.x % truy nhp cu trc bin x

ans =
4/3
>> n.y % Truy nhp cu trc bin y
ans =
-1/3
5.5 Phng trnh vi phn thng
DSOLVE Symbolic tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
DSOLVE('eqn1','eqn2', ...) ch chp nhn cc biu thc vi phn dng symbolic
('eq1'....) v iu kin u. Mt s phng trnh hoc cc iu kin u c th c
nhm li vi nhau v cch nhau bng du phy (comma), i vi mt thng s u
vo, mc nh l bin 't' bin c lp ny c th c thay i t 't' n cc bin
symbolic khc bng cch thm bin nh l thng s u vo cui cng
V d:
Gi s ta cn gii phng trnh vi phn dy/dx= x*y bin ly tch phn(phi l)
x cho nn ta coi x l thng s u vo cui cng ta vit nh sau
syms x
y=dsolve('Dy=x*y','Dy(0)=1','x');
k hiu 'D' nh ngha phng trnh vi phn tng ng vi bin c lp v d thng
thng s dng dy/dt . ''D'' c theo sau bi mt s ,th s nh ngha bc vi phn
v d D2y ngha l d2y/dt2 v d sau:
y = dsolve('D2y+y=1','y(0) = 0')
kt qu: y = 1+C1*sin(t)-cos(t)
Cn D3y tc l d3y/dt3
ch rng bin symbolic khng c cha trong D v d nh khng th ghi nh sau:
syms y; dsolve('Dy') (sai)
iu kin u xc nh bi biu thc 'y(a)=b' hoc 'Dy(a)=b'
y l mt trong nhng binph thuc v a v b l s khng i nu s iu kin
u nh hn s bin ph thuc th kt qu s c cho trong mng C1,C2
C ba kiu u ra. i vi mt phng trnh vi phn th c mt u ra, i vi h c
nhiu phng trnh vi phn th c s u ra tng ng (u ra c th l mt structer)
Examples:
dsolve('Dx = -a*x') returns
ans = exp(-a*t)*C1
x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x','x(0) = 1','s') returns
82
x = exp(-a*s)
y = dsolve('(Dy)^2 + y^2 = 1','y(0) = 0') returns
y=
[ sin(t)]
[ -sin(t)]
S = dsolve('Df = f + g','Dg = -f + g','f(0) = 1','g(0) = 2')
returns a structure S with fields
S.f = exp(t)*cos(t)+2*exp(t)*sin(t)
S.g = -exp(t)*sin(t)+2*exp(t)*cos(t)
Y = dsolve('Dy = y^2*(1-y)')
Warning: Explicit solution could not be found; implicit solution returned.
Y=
t+1/y-log(y)+log(-1+y)+C1=0
dsolve('Df = f + sin(t)', 'f(pi/2) = 0')
dsolve('D2y = -a^2*y', 'y(0) = 1, Dy(pi/a) = 0')
S = dsolve('Dx = y', 'Dy = -x', 'x(0)=0', 'y(0)=1')
S = dsolve('Du=v, Dv=w, Dw=-u','u(0)=0, v(0)=0, w(0)=1')
w = dsolve('D3w = -w','w(0)=1, Dw(0)=0, D2w(0)=0')
y = dsolve('D2y = sin(y)'); pretty(y)
S dng ode23 v ode45 dng gii phng trnh vi phn thng
Cu trc: [T,Y] = ODE23(ODEFUN,TSPAN,Y0)
TSPAN = [T0 TFINAL] t hp h phng trnh vi phn y' = f(t,y) t thi gian T 0 n
TFINAL vi gi tr ban u Y0.
Hm ODEFUN(T,Y) chc chn tr v mt vc tor ct tng ng vi f(t,y). Mi hng
trong mng kt qu Y tng ng thi im(t) tr v trong column vector T
ly kt qu ti cc thi im T0,T1,...,TFINAL(tt c l tng u hoc gim
u) s dng TSPAN = [T0 T1 ... TFINAL].
V d:
[t,y] = ode23(@vdp1,[0 20],[2 0]);
plot(t,y(:,1));
% giai phuong trinh vi phan bac hai sau
% L*d2q/dt2 + R * dq/dt + q/c = Eo* cos(w*t)
% nguyen tac giai
global R L C Eo omega
L=100;
83
R=100;
C=0.25;
Eo=10;
omega=1;
%t0=0;
%ta=3;
%x0=[1 1]'
tol=1e-3;
[t,x]=ode23(@Mach1,[0 3],[1 1],tol);
kq=[t x(:,1) x(:,2)]
plot(t,x(:,1));
%-------------- Ham Mach1-------------------------------function f= Mach1(t,x)
global R L C omega Eo
f=[(Eo/L)*cos(omega*t)-x(1)/(C*L)-R*x(2)/L x(2)]';
%-------------------ket qua thuc hien trong command window-----kq =
0 1.0000 1.0000
0.0800 0.9216 1.0833
0.3585 0.5926 1.4308
0.5589 0.2895 1.7484
0.7093 0.0171 2.0319
0.8596 -0.3011 2.3615
1.0069 -0.6642 2.7362
1.1900 -1.1987 3.2858
1.4006 -1.9498 4.0557
1.6323 -2.9833 5.1132
1.8804 -4.3902 6.5518
2.1408 -6.2933 8.4990
2.4104 -8.8576 11.1269
2.6868 -12.3044 14.6669
2.9682 -16.9303 19.4292
3.0000 -17.5398 20.0576
Nguyn tc gii bi ton : a phng trnh vi phn cp n v n phng trnh vi
phn cp mt trong v d trn ta t x1= q ,x2=diff(x1) nh vy ta c hai phng trnh
84
vi phn (ging nh phng php t bin trng thi trong l thuyt iu khin t
ng)
NI DUNG PHN THO LUN
1. Ni dung phn tho lun 1.
Hy lp chng trnh cho bi ton ni suy Lagrange 1 chiu trong khong [1:4].
Hy tm kt qu bt k trong khong .
S liu: x
f
0.67 0.620 0.567
4
0.512

Tm nghim phng trnh phi tuyn (bng phng php chia i khong) sau:
y = 3x3 2x2 x +3 x [0,3]
TM TT NI DUNG CT LI
Sinh vin nm c nhng kin thc c bn v ni dung, cu trc cu lnh ca
cc phng php tnh p dng cho cc bi ton ng dng, bi ton k thut
Tm nghim gn ng hm (phng php Newton)
y = x3 5x2 +6x+1
Lp chng trnh tnh tch phn (phng php hnh thang) sau:
1
I = 4x 2 cos(x)dx
0
HNG DN T NH
Tnh tch phn hm y = (1+ x2 3x3+ + 4x5)dx vi cn a=-1, b =1 theo phng php
Simson.
CHNG 6:M HNH HA,M PHNG H THNG
MC TIU CA CHNG
85
Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v m hnh ha, m phng h
thng ng s dng Simulink
- V thi : Hiu c kin thc c bn v m hnh ha, m phng h thng
ng s dng Simulink vn dng vo cc bi ton k thut.
6.1 Khi nim v simulink
Simulink l mt phn mm gi gn c s dng xy dng m hnh v m
phng, tnh ton phn tch h thng ng. Simulink cho php m t h thng tuyn
tnh, h phi tuyn, cc m hnh trong thi gian lin tc hoc gin on(ly mu ) hay
kt hp c hai. i vi m hnh, Simulink cung cp mt giao din ho (GUI) cho
vic xy dng m hnh nh l cc khi (block diagrams), ngi s dng ch cn kch
chut v drag( chn khi ri gi nguyn chut tri ri r chut n v tr t cc
khi). Vi giao din giao tip nh vy, bn c th v M hnh nh l m hnh bn v
trn ''giy''
Th vin simulink bao gm cc khi th vin sinks, sources(to tn hiu),
linear. . . .V bn cng c th t to ra mt khi block ring ca mnh (vit trong Sfunction)
Xy dng m hnh 't trn xung 'hoc 't di ln trn ' xem k cc khi
trong th vin cc khi source hoc sink linear . . . bn kch p chut vo cc khi
. Sau khi nh ngha m hnh bn c th m phng m hnh , s dng scope
xem biu din m hnh ,v d nh mt khi pht hnh sin , u ra ca khi c
mc vi mt scope th hin kt qu ca khi
6.2 Th vin simulink v mi trng lm vic
Bt u vo vng lm vic ca simulink trong ca s command window
ta g lnh >>simulink nh sau:
86
Trn mn hnh s xut hin thm mt ca s mi , ca s ny cha ton b d

liu th vin ca Simulink, n c th di chuyn c bng chut nh sau:
Cc khi
th vin
Ca
Simulink
Bn c th kch
p chut vo tng
khi xem cc
khi con ca n(hoc
bn nhp n chut vo danh mc tng ng vi khi t simulink) v d bn chn
khi source
87
Hm
con
ca
khi
source
To mi trng lm vic
T ca s Library Browser (xem hnh trn) ta kch chut vo file danh sch cc
mc New , Open , Preferences xut hin .
to mi trng lm vic (vng v m hnh) ta chn mc New ri chn Model
Ctr+N mt ca s lm vic xut hin
Ca s lm vic nh sau
88
t li tn cho m hnh bng cch vo mc file -> Save as

6.3. Phng php xy dng m hnh
Tt c cc bc trn l chun b cho vic xy dng m hnh m phng
Gi s ta mun xy dng m hnh phn tch sng sin trn ca s lm vic nh sau:
(xem hnh v di y)
Cc bc:
Sau khi to mi trng lm vic mi (cc bc gii thiu trn) tip n tm khi
Dng chut
Ko sang vng
ca s lm vic
hm sin trong khi th vin no ( bng cch chn tng khi bng chut t cc mc
di Simulink) v d ny hm to sin trong khi Source (xem hnh trn), dng
chut chn vo khi SineWave gi nguyn chut ri ko sang vng ca s lm vic ,
trn ca s lm vic xut hin khi hm SineWave, tng t ta lm nh vy vi
89
Scope trong khi Sink vic ni cc khu vi nhau c cc mi tn , dng chut ni cc

mi tn li.
t li cc thng s ca cc hm bng cch kch i ln cc khi(cc khi trong
vng ca s lm vic). i vi khi SinWave th c cc thng s c th thay i c
l:
+ Chu k( tn s) Frequency(rad/s)
+ Bin Amplitude
+ Sample time (thi gian ly mu)
Khi Scope:
90
Sau khi hon tt t li cc thng s , n cng vic quan trong nht l kt qu m

phng :
1. Trn thanh cng c nhp chut vo mc Simulation
V chn Start
2 . Hoc nhp vo nt tamgic nh trn(tc dng lnh ging nh vo lnh Start)
91
3. Mun Dng qu trnh ang m phng ta kch vo nt vung bn cnh nt tam
gic(nt ny ch xut hin khi ta ang m phng)

4. xem kt qu ca khi SineWave ta kch i chut vo Scope
NI DUNG PHN THO LUN

Minh ho chc n (trong khi ny c 1 lng kh ln cc hm ton c chun
b sn to Function ng ca cc khi Product (php nhn), Gain (khuch i tn hiu
u vo), Math Function). Hy m phng phng trnh sau:
f(t) = 80exp(-1/80t)sin(0.25+pi/3)
Tham s ca khi Sine Wave

Amplitude:1, Frequency (rad/sec): 0.25, Phase: pi/3, Sample time:0
Lm VD s v th m phng ca h thng iu khin nh hnh v :
92
Tm tt ni dung ct li
Sinh vin nm c nhng kin thc c bn v m hnh ha, m phng h
thng ng s dng Simulink vn dng vo cc bi ton k thut.
Hy xy dng m hnh m phng sau:
Khi trong ca SubSystem
93

Hy xy dng m hnh m phng sau:
Khi trong ca SubSystem
HNG DN T NH
- S dng SIMULINK m hnh ho h thng ng hc
-
Kho st h thng ng hoc c khu b u vo.
Lp chng m phng
Yu cu bi:
Cho cc tham s ca b PID: KP =5; Ki = 2; Kd = 0
Cho u vo l hm 1(t), kho st qu trnh qu trong hai trng hp sau:
1. Khng b: K = 0
Thi gian qu : Tqd =20sec
qu iu chnh max ca h thng: max = 32.7%
2. Khng b: K = 1
94
Thi gian qu : Tqd =20sec.

qu iu chnh max ca h thng: max = 24.9%
TI LIU THAM KHO
95
DANH MC T KHA
96

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B CNG THNG

TRNG I HC KINH T - K THUT CNG NGHIP

HSSV trnh i hc, Cao ng, TCCN

Ngnh o to: Dng chung cho Khi ngnh Cng ngh

2.2.4. Php tch phn....................................................................................................31

4.4 Thc hnh v th 3- D.........................................................................................................69

bn c th so snh logic, iu khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca php

Nhm bin son

- Hiu r khi nim v cch ci t phn mm Matlab

- Ngn ng Matlab: l mt ngn ng ma trn/ mng cp cao vi cc cu lnh,

- Trng hp ci t Matlab t a cng:

Hnh 1. Ci t Matlab trong Windows v mn hnh Welcome

Trng hp ny yu cu phi c sn b ci t trong a cng. Khi , ta

Hnh 1.2. Ca s Software License Agreement v ca s thng tin v khch hng

c.Nhp thng tin ca ngi dng v Personal License Password

d) La chn cc thnh phn s ci t

Hnh 1.3. La chn cc thnh phn ca Matlab s c ci t

tip tc kch Next,

1.1.3 Khi ng v thot khi Matlab

Hnh 1.4. Ca s Command Windows ca Matlab

b) Thot khi MATLAB

Hnh 2.3. Ca s ho ca MATLAB

+ Trong ca s Matlab Command

Hnh 2.7. Ca s Open files

Trong ca s Matlab Command window kch: File/Run Script.

Hnh 2.9. Khung thoi Run Script v hp thoi Browse

Hin menu con cha cc lnh lin quan n vic x l cc i

Hnh 2.19. Menu Edit

Cut (Ctrl +X):

Xo tm thi i tng trong khung ca s lnh hin hnh v a vo b nh

Copy (Ctrl + C):

Sao chp i tng trong khung ca s lnh MATLAB v sau dn vo v tr

Paste (Ctrl + V):

Dn i tng c Cut hoc Copy vo v tr chn. Ngoi ra , , bn cn

Xo i tng c chn trong khung ca s MATLAB.

- Select All: Chn ton b ni dung trong khung ca s lnh ca MATLAB.

Hnh 2.20. Menu View

Hin thng tin v s tp tin ang m trong khung ca s lnh MATLAB.

Hoc Ctrl + p : Gi li cc lnh thc hin trc .

Hoc Ctrl +n : Gi li lnh va thc hin trc .

Hoc Ctrl + f : chuyn con tr sang bn phi 1 k t.

hoc Ctrl + b: chuyn con tr sang tri mt k t.

Du ; dng trong [] kt thc mt hng ca ma trn hoc

nhy xung dng di

Ctrl + A hoc Home : chuyn con tr v u dng.

Ctrl + E hoc End: Chuyn con tr n cui dng.

BackSpace: Xo k t bn tri con tr.

Esc: xo dng lnh.

Ctrl + K : Xo t v tr con tr n cui dng.

Ctrl + C : Dng chng trnh ang thc hin.

Clc : lnh xo mn hnh.

Clf: Lnh xo mn hnh ho.

Input: lnh nhp d liu vo t bn phm.

Demo: lnh cho php xem cc chng trnh mu.

Help: lnh cho php xem phn tr gip.

Ctrl c: Dng chng trnh khi n b ri vo trng thi lp

- Bnh thng Matlab c s phn bit cc bin to bi ch ci thng v

clear bin1, bin 2... : xo cc bin c lit k trong cu lnh.

Who: hin th cc bin c nh ngha trong chng trnh.

Whos: hin th cc bin c nh ngha trong chng trnh

Save: Lu gi cc bin vo mt File c tn l Matlab. mat.

Load: Ti cc bin c lu gi trong mt File a vo vng

c.Mt s bin c nh ngha trc

realmax: a ra gi tr ca s ln nht m my tnh c th tnh

>> x2= (-b - sqrt(b^2- 4ac))/(2*a)