Chuyen e 9:

HE THC LNG TRONG TAM GIAC

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. Cac ky hieu: A, B, C: la cac goc nh A, B, C a, b, c : la o dai cac canh oi dien vi cac nh A, B, C ha, hb, hc : la o dai cac ng cao ha t cac nh A, B, C ma, mb, mc : la o dai cac ng trung tuyen ke t A, B, C la, lb, lc : la o dai cac ng phan giac trong ke t A, B, C R : la ban knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac ABC r : la ban knh ng tron noi tiep tam giac ABC 1 p = (a+b+c) : la na chu vi tam giac ABC 2 S : la dien tch tam giac ABC
A

c ha B H la D ma M

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac vuong : Trong tam giac vuong ABC . Goi b', c' la o dai cac hnh chieu cac canh goc vuong len canh huyen ta co cac he thc: & c 2 = a.c ' 1. b 2 = a.b ' 2. 3. 4. 5. a2 = b2 + c2 h 2 = b ' .c ' 1 1 1 = 2 + 2 2 h b c a.h = b.c 6. b = a. sin B = a. cos C c = a. sin C = a. cos B 7. b = c.tgB = c. cot gC c = b.tgC = b. cot gB

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c h c' B H a

b' C

II. Cac he thc lng trong tam giac thng 1. nh ly ham so COSIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co :
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos C
A

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, bnh phng moi canh bang tong bnh phng hai canh kia tr i hai lan tch hai canh ay vi cosin cua goc xen gia chung. He qua: Trong tam giac ABC ta luon co : b2 + c2 a2 a2 + c2 b2 a2 + b2 c2 cos A = , cos B = , cos C = 2bc 2ac 2ab 2. nh ly ham so SIN: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C

He qua: Vi moi tam giac ABC, ta co:

a = 2 R sin A, b = 2 R sin B, c = 2 R sin C

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c O

Ghi nh: Trong mot tam giac, ty so gia mot canh cua tam giac va sin cua goc oi dien vi canh o bang ng knh ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac. 3. nh ly ve ng trung tuyen: Trong tam giac ABC ta co :
b2 + c2 a2 2 4 2 2 a +c b2 2 = mb 2 4 2 2 a +b c2 mc2 = 2 4
2 = ma

c ma B M

4. nh ly ve dien tch tam giac: Dien tch tam giac ABC c tnh theo cac cong thc sau:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

S=

1 1 1 aha = bhb = chc 2 2 2 1 1 1 S = ab sin A = ac sin B = bc sin A 2 2 2 abc S= 4R S = pr S= p ( p a )( p b)( p c)

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ha

5. nh ly ve ng phan giac:

la =

2bc. cos

A B C 2ab cos 2ac. cos 2 2 ;l = 2 ;l = b c b+c a+c a+b

Dang 1: CHNG MINH ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC e chng minh ang thc lng giac A=B ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau Phng phap 1: Bien oi ve nay thanh ve kia Phng phap 2: Xuat phat t mot mot he thc ung a biet e suy ra ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: A B C a) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4.cos .cos .cos 2 2 2 2 2 2 b) sin A + sin B + sin C = 2 + 2 cos A.cos B.cos C V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh cac ang thc sau: a) tgA + tgB + tgC = tgA.tgB.tgC ( ABC khong vuong) A B B C C A b) tg .tg + tg .tg + tg .tg = 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dang 2: CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC LNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC

CAC DANG TOAN C BAN

I. Bat ang thc trong tam giac : Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th : a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C

II. Cac bat ang thc c ban : 1. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

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Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co : Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

a+b ab 2

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :
a1 + a2 + ... + an n a1 .a2 ...an n

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an

2 . Bat ang thc Bunhiacopski : Cho bon so thc a,b,x,y ta co :

(ax + by )2 (a 2 + b2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi ay = bx

Tong quat :
Cho hai bo so (a1 , a2 ,...an ) va (b1 , b2 ,..., bn ) ta co :
(a1b1 + a2 b2 + ... + an bn )2 (a12 + a2 2 + ... + an 2 )(b12 + b2 2 + ... + bn 2 )

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi

3) Bat ang thc c ban:

a a1 a2 = = ... = n vi quy c rang neu mau bang 0 th t cung bang b1 b2 bn

a) Cho hai so dng x, y ta luon co: Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y

1 1 1 1 ( + ) x+y 4 x y

b) Vi moi so thc x, y ta luon co:

x 2 + y 2 2 xy

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x = y III. Bat ang thc JENSEN : 1) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) < 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham loi) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co:

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

2) Neu ham so y=f(x) co ao ham cap hai f''(x) > 0 x ( a; b) (f la ham lom) th Vi moi x1 , x 2 ,..., x n (a; b) ta co: 50

f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) + ... + f ( x n ) x + x 2 + ...x n f( 1 ) n n Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi x1 = x 2 = ... = x n

( n 2)

e chng minh ang thc lng giac A < B (>, , ) ta co the thc hien theo mot trong cac phng phap sau: Phng phap 1: Bien oi bat ang thc can chng minh en en mot bat ang thc hien nhien ung Phng phap 2: S dung cac bat ang thc c ban a biet (Co si, BCS,...) e suy ra bat ang thc can chng minh V DU MINH HOA: A B C 1 V du 1: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: sin . sin . sin 2 2 2 8 V du 2: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos + cos + cos 2 2 2 2 3 3 b) sin A + sin B + sin C 2 A B C c) tg + tg + tg 3 2 2 2 V du 3: Cho tam giac ABC. Chng minh rang: A B C 3 3 a) cos . cos . cos 2 2 2 8 b) tgA + tgB + tgC 3 3 A B C 1 c) tg .tg .tg 2 2 2 3 3 Dang 3: KIEU E TOAN 1:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam gia c vuo n g ca n ABC la tam giac can la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

NHAN DANG TAM GIAC

TH

KIEU E TOAN 2:
Cho tam giac ABC thoa man " ieu kien cho trc" la tam giac vuong la tam giac vuong can ABC la tam gia c ca n la tam giac eu la tam giac co goc ac biet....

CAN VA U

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"ieu kien cho trc" co the la: ang thc lng giac ve goc ang thc lng giac + o dai (canh, trung tuyen, phan giac,...) ang thc o dai He ang thc 1) Nhan dang tam giac vuong Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 2) Nhan dang tam giac can Phng phap: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng hoac he qua e bien oi "ieu kien cho trc" en mot ang thc ma t o ta de dang ket luan c tnh chat cua tam giac 3) Nhan dang tam giac eu Ngoai phng phap a neu tren ta co the giai quyet bai toan theo cach sau Phng phap s dung bat ang thc: Gom 2 bc (ap dung khi "ieu kien cho trc" co dang ang thc A = B Bc 1: CM bat ang thc A B hoac A B (1) Bc 2: Lap luan e ang thc (1) xay ra ma khi ang thc (1) xay ra th tam giac ABC eu V DU MINH HOA: sin A + cos B V du 1: Tam giac ABC co = tgA . Chng minh rang ABC vuong sin B + cos A V du 2: Chng minh rang neu ABC thoa man ieu kien cos 2 A + cos 2 B + cos 2C + 1 = 0 th tam giac o la tam giac vuong V du 3: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac can C sin A + sin B + sin C A C 2) 1) tgA + tgB = 2.cot g = cot g .cot g 2 sin A + sin B sin C 2 2 V du 4: Chng minh rang neu tam giac ABC thoa man mot trong cac ieu kien sau la tam giac eu A B C cos cos cos 1 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 1) cos A.cos B.cos C = 2) 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C 8 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 3) cos A + cos B + cos C = sin + sin + sin 4) + + = + + 2 2 2 cos A cos B cos C sin A sin B sin C 2 2 2 V du 5: Xac nh dang cua tam giac ABC biet: C 1) a + b = tg (a.tgA + b.tgB) 2 b c a 2) + = cos B cos C sin B.sin C b+c 3) cos B + cos C = a a.cos A + b.cos B + c.cos C 1 4) = a+b+c 2 V du 6: Hay tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC neu trong tam giac o ta co : 9 sin2 A + sin 2 B + sin 2 C = + 3 cos C + cos2 C 4 52

V du 7: Tnh cac goc cua tam giac ABC biet rang 4 p( p a) bc A B C 2 3 3 sin sin sin = 2 2 8 2 a+b+c trong o BC = a, AB = c, p = 2

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