LEONARDO da VINCI Programme Pilot Project no RO/02/B/F/PP 141004 TRAINING MODULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL

CURRICULUM OF COURSE:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING
POLLUTION, ANALYSIS, LEGISLATION, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT

www.unibuc.ro/hosting/leonardo

Bucharest 2005

1. GENERAL PRESENTATION
Environmental pollution remains an important issue, for both the population and the economic and political decision factors in all countries throughout the world; even they are developed or developing countries. Huge efforts are made for the environmental pollution monitoring and control, especially in industrial countries, and the achievements are sometimes impressive. However, a lot remains to be done in fighting pollution, as the experts working in this field are not only facing issues that are already known, but also new issues that are triggered mainly by the economic growth at a global level. Both in Romania and in the European Unions countries, the education system is preparing experts in the field of environmental pollution monitoring and control, at a graduate or masters level. However, due to the swift progress currently achieved in the abovementioned field throughout the world, the need was felt for organising other forms of training as well, especially short duration studies at postgraduate level conducive to the improvement of the knowledge of experts working in environmental pollution control. Within this professional training programme, we deemed it appropriate to approach the main issues related to environmental pollution monitoring and control in an integrated manner, not by presenting the analytical methods of pollution control exclusively. Thus, this book is structured in five chapters as follows: I. Organic and inorganic environmental pollutants in air and waters. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution II. Analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and control

III. Automatic analytical methods for environmental monitoring and control IV. Standardisation and legislation in the field of environmental monitoring and control V. Laboratory quality assurance and management of laboratory activity in the field of environmental monitoring and control including sonic and electromagnetic pollution In addition to the main course, the activity within a training module is complemented by practical studies. A laboratory guide was drafted to this purpose comprising experimental exercises related to chapters: II, III and V. Special attention was also granted to the writing of three computer programmes that simulate some analytical processes and that we think adequately complement the training activity within the module. The course addresses to: Young graduated students from faculties of: chemistry, biochemistry, biology, ecology, engineering, etc. Employed / un-employed persons interested to acquire a qualification in the field of environmental monitoring and control. Trainers from environmental monitoring and control field. Pollutant / potential pollutant enterprises. Local, regional and governmental authorities interested in the project subject. This book is a course that aims at updating the knowledge of graduate people working or interested in environmental pollution control, within a two-week postgraduate training modules. The structure of the course is offering to this teaching material a strong innovative character. But the quality and adequacy of the innovation must be carefully checked in real situations, in carefully organised pilot learning environments. So, special assessment techniques were designed to evaluate this course. The course was achieved within a pilot project funded by the European Unions professional training programme Leonardo da Vinci,

with the participation of 10 partners from five countries (Romania, France, Italy, Spain and Sweden).

COORDINATOR: University of Bucharest (ROMANIA)

Prof. Dr. Andrei Florin DNE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mihaela Carmen CHEREGI Senior Scientist Dr. Mihaela BADEA

www.unibuc.ro
danet@unibuc.ro, andreidanet@yahoo.com m_cheregi@yahoo.com mlcheregi@xnet.ro mihaela.badea@uniroma2.it m_badea@yahoo.it

PARTNERS: CEAM (SPAIN) University of Valencia (SPAIN) University of Perpignan (FRANCE) University Tor Vergata, Rome (ITALY) ECOIND (ROMANIA) ICECHIM (ROMANIA) ITEC-BRAZI (ROMANIA) ANOX (SWEDEN) University of Lund (SWEDEN) www.gva.es/ceam www.uv.es www.univ-perp.fr www.uniroma2.it www.incdecoind.ro www.icechim.ro www.itec.ro www.anox.se www.analykem.lu.se

2. DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER I
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION It is a general presentation and characterisation of the principal organic and inorganic pollutants in air and waters and also, of sonic and electromagnetic pollution. I.1.
REFERENCES....................................................................................................15

I.2. WATER POLLUTANTS ......................................................19 Chapter II. ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL............................................................19 Chapter III. AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL............................19

CHAPTER II
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL

Most of the analytical techniques find their applicability in environmental control, from the simplest to the most complicated one. This has increased the difficulty for the creation of this course that attempts to present over a small length and in a concise and clear manner the most important analytical techniques being applied in the mentioned domain. After an INTRODUCTION (II.1), in the following chapters a few basic notions are presented regarding: II.2. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS In an analysis, the collection of the data is followed by the data handling. Statistics is necessary to understand the significance of the collected data and therefore to set up limitations on each step of analysis. The aspects described are: Accuracy and Precision Errors and Ways of Expressing Accuracy Measures of Precision II.3. SAMPLE, SAMPLING AND PREPARATION This stage is extremely important for the analytical determination, especially when environmental samples are analyzed and, often, proper attention is not paid to it. The fact is known that generally the sampling and sample preparing for analysis generate the largest errors in environmental analysis. In the following chapter a few basic notions regarding the sampling and the preparing of the sample for analysis were presented. Sample and Sampling - Sample and Sampling; Statistics of Sampling; Sample Handling. Sample Preparation - Sample Extraction; Sample Cleanup; Digestion; Dilution; Filtering. II.4. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

The presentation of the analytical techniques starts with the classical methods like gravimetry and volumetry, these techniques maintaining a certain importance in almost all the environmental control laboratories and continues with the most important instrumental analysis techniques. All of these issues are presented in a concise manner (in our opinion) with applications for environmental control as follows: Gravimetric Analysis - Physical Gravimetry; Thermogravimetry; Precipitative Gravimetry. Volumetric Analysis - Fundamentals of Titrimetry. Spectrophotometric Analysis - Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation; Molecular Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation; Quantitative Law of Radiation Absorption; Quantitative Analysis in the UV-Vis; Instrumentation for UV-Vis Spectrometry. Atomic Absorption and Emission - Introduction; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; Atomic Emission Spectrometry; Physical and Chemical Interferences in AAS and AES. Electrochemical Methods of Analysis - Introduction; Conductometric Methods; Potentiometric Methods; Voltammetric Methods; Modes of Current-Voltage Measurements; Chronoamperometry; Stripping Voltammetry. Chromatography: ionic, GC and HPLC - Introduction; Types of Chromatography; Clasification of Chromatographic Processes; Chromatographic Theory. An overview; Ion Chromatography; Ion Exchange; Gas Chromatography; High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); Applications . Mass-spectrometry - Definition; Principles; The Mass Spectrum; Sample Introduction; Ionization modes in mass spectrometry; Mass

Analyzers; Ion Detection Systems; Mass Spectrometry Working Modes Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry - Definition; Principles; Interfacing MS to GC; Data System for GC / MS Instrumentation; Data Interpretation Modes in GC / MS; Qualitative Information in GC / MS; Quantitative Information in GC / MS; Applications. Immunoassay - Immunoassay Principle; ELISA Technique ; Immunochemical Sensors. II.5. METHODS FOR MONITORING THE MOST IMPORTANT POLLUTANTS The chapter ends with the presentation of the monitoring methods for some important environmental pollutants: Phenols Nitrogen (nitrite, nitrate, ammonia) Cyanide - Samples pre-treatment; Silver Nitrate Titrimetric Method; Colorimetric Method; Ion-Selective Electrode Method; Cyanide in Solid Samples; Cyanide in Aerosol and Gas Samples. Heavy metals - Sampling and Treatment; Sample Digestion; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Heavy Metals Determination; Specific Methods for Determination the Most Important Heavy Metals Pollutants. Pesticides - Monitoring of Pesticides; Separation Techniques; Immunoassay; Biosensors and Immunosensors. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); - Quantitation; Sample Extraction and Cleanup; Alternative Analytical Methods. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

CHAPTER III
AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL III.1. INTRODUCTION In the last decades can be observed the use on a larger and larger scale of automation in various domains of science and technique, and especially in the domain of environmental quality monitoring. This was possible due to the great progresses in the top technology fields, like micromechanics, microelectronics and especially computer construction. In the following chapters a short presentation of the automated flow analysis methods will be made with applications in the environmental quality domain, together with other automated analysis methods with important applications in the mentioned domain. III.2. FLOW TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS Automatic flow methods of chemical analysis, unknown for more then a half a century ago are now widespread in most analytical laboratories. Since the original paper published by Skeggs in 1957 on multisegmented continuous flow analysis, many improvements and even simplifications have been made on this field with numerous applications in the environmental monitoring and control. A short description of these techniques and the commercial available continuous analysers is done as follows: Introduction in CFA, FIA and SIA Continuous Flow Analysis; Segmented Flow Analysis; Flow Injection Analysis; Sequential Injection Analysis; Hyphenated Systems.

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Automated Flow Analysers Continuous and Discontinuous Systems; Commercial Automated Flow Analyzers; The future Microfluids. Application of the Flow Techniques of Analysis in Environmental Monitoring and Control Introduction; Water Monitoring and Control; Monitoring and Control in Rain Water; Water Quality, Wastewater; Atmospheric Monitoring and Control; Soil Pollutants. III.3. MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR AIR POLLUTANTS LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) - Introduction; LIDAR Design; Application of LIDAR in Environmental Monitoring. DOAS for Environmental Control - Introduction; Principle of DOAS Operation; Spectral Regions Usable for DOAS Measurements; How is Working a DOAS Based Instrument?; DOAS Application in Pollution Monitoring. Other aspects discussed in this chapter are: Automation in Immunoassay III.4. AUTOMATIC SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

CHAPTER IV
STANDARDISATION AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL In the first part of this chapter are presented a series of environmental protection treaties, conventions and agreements

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established or signed between nations which were put forth to protect wildlife, wildlife habitat, oceans, atmosphere and hazardous substances. V.1. AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS An Overview of International Conventions and Agreements The Relationship between International Trade and Environmental Controls The European Union Environmental Programmes In the second part, a comparison of the legislation and the criteria of water and air quality in 4 countries of the European Community (France, Italy, Spain and Sweden), Romania and in the United States of America is presented as follows:

IV.2. LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL Comparison of the Characteristics of surface water for production of drinking water in France, Italy, Romania, Sweden and Spain Chemical indicators to evaluate the quality of surface water; Characteristics of Raw Water for Human Use in France; Monitoring Program for Drinking Water in France; Emission Limit of Urban Effluent of Waste Water Plant. Air Pollution IV.3. STANDARDIZATION FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS

CHAPTER V

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LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE AND MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDING SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION In the INTRODUCTION (V.1) of this chapter is stipulated the importance of quality assurance of the products and services, that constitutes an important issue in modern society. Services and commodities, which are not fit for their intended purpose may give rise to economic losses and may impair human health and/or the environment. This means that the concerned parties need to assess the quality of the products or services prior to purchase or use. The aspect discussed here are: V.2. CONCEPT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT, QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL What is Quality? Quality Management Quality Assurance Quality Control V.3. LABORATORY QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Elements of Quality Management System - Quality Policy; Quality Objectives; Quality Manual; Procedures; Records. V.4. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL LABORATORIES INCLUDING SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION Management Requirements - Organization; Quality System; Document Control; Review of Request; Tenders and Contracts; Subcontracting of Tests; Purchasing Services and Supplies; Services to the Client; Complaints; Control of Nonconforming Testing

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Work; Corrective Action; Preventive Action; Control of Records; Internal Audit; Management Reviews. Technical Requirements Personnel and Training; Accommodation and Environmental Conditions; Test Methods and Method Validation; Equipment; Measurements Traceability; Sampling; Handling of Tests Items; Assuring the Quality of Tests Results; Reporting the Results.

3. LEVEL
A. Prerequisite: For young graduated students (aged 22 - 28) those are at the beginning of their work period and who want to become specialists in the field of environmental monitoring and control. For people (with a University diploma) with qualifications not needed on the labour market, or being at risk of exclusion from the actual and further labour market, as well as, unemployed persons interested to acquire qualifications in the field of the project.

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For improving the knowledge of the trainers from the environmental monitoring and control and of the local, regional and governmental authorities and other organizations interested in this domain. B. Aims and objectives: The main objectives of the proposed course are to improve the environmental monitoring and control and to train a big number of specialists in this domain by up-dating their knowledge in this field and by working with modern equipments and analytical methods. All the information collected from different companies / authorities indicates that the employees have little knowledge about the environmental monitoring and control. They often require much more knowledge about the analytical methods or technical problems, legislation, quality assurance and management of laboratory activity for environmental protection. That is why they need time and complementary training (usually organised by the company or apprentice stage with a much experienced employee with the same job functions as a coach) to become able of perform their daily duties. Taking this into account, this course is also available in electronic form, on CD, and several chapters are available on the webpage of the project. In this way it is more facile for the interested persons to upgrade their knowledge in the field of environmental protection. The specific aims of the proposed course are: the development in a transnational context, of an European dimension training course in the field of environmental monitoring and control; re-conversion of the labour forces in this field and the alignment at the European standards of the vocational training methods the graduates beside a better vocational training will find easier a job, their training being recognized all over the Europe ; a change in the old educational system and this means that all the theoretical aspects are linked to practice. The proposed course together with the other training materials can prepare specialists more adequately fitted to environmental protection jobs and can satisfy the challenges of the modern economy and society.

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REFERENCES
1. Bennett, W.R. Jr., (1994) Health and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, Yale University Press. 2. Bregman, J., (1999) Environmental Impact Statements, Second edition, Boca Raton, CRC Press LLC. 3. Brook, G. A., Folkoff, M. E., Box, E. O., (1983) A World Model of Soil Carbon Dioxide, Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms, S, 79-88. 4. Christian, G.D., (1994) Analytical Chemistry, Fifth Edition, Wiley, New York. 5. Clarkson, T.W., (1991) Toxicity of Agents: Metals (Continuing Education Course #3), Society of Toxicology Meeting, Dallas, pp. 26-44. 6. Eisler, R., (2000) Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants and Animals, CRC Press, LLC. 7. Jacobson, M.Z., (2002) Atmospheric Pollution. History, Science and Regulation, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. 8. Lide, D. R., (ed.) (1998) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Likens. 9. Liu, D.H.F., Liptak, B.G., (eds.) (1999) Environmental Engineers Handbook, Second Edition, CRC Press, LLC. 10. Li, Y., Powers, T. E., Roth, H. D., (1994) Random effects linear regression meta-analysis models with application to nitrogen dioxide health effects studies, J. Air Waste Manag. Assn., 44, 261-70. 11. Manahan, S.E., (2000) Environmental Chemistry, Seventh Edition, Boca Raton, CRC Press LLC. 12. Manahan, S.E., (2001) Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry, Boca Raton, CRC Press, LLC. 13. Danet, A. F., (1995) Metode Instrumentale de Analiz Chimic, Editura Stiinific, Bucureti. 14. Danet, A. F., (1996) Metode Electrochimice de Analiz, Editura Stiinific, Bucureti. 15. Schnelle, K.B., Brown, C.A., (2002) Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook, CRC Press LLC. 16. Rouessac, F., Rouessac, A., (2003) Chemical Analysis Modern Instrumental Methods and Techniques, Wiley, New York. 17. Enke, C.G., (2001) The Art and Science of Chemical Analysis , John Wiley, New York.

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18. Harvey, D., (2000) Modern Analytical Chemistry, Mc Graw Hill Comp. 19. Rubinson, K.A., Rubinson, J.F., (2000) Contemporary Instrumental Analysis, Prentice Hall Inc. 20. Karasek, F.W., Clement, R.E., (1988) Basic Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry: Principles & Techniques, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 21. Hites, R.A., (1992) Handbook of Mass Spectra Environmental Contaminants, 2nd Ed., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. 22. McLafferty, F.W., (1989) Registry of Mass Spectral Data with Structures, 5th edition, Wiley, New York. 23. Oehme, M., (1999) Practical Introduction to GC-MS Analysis with Quadrupoles, Wiley VCH, Weinheim. 24. Mc Master, M.C., McMaster, C., (1998) GC-MS: A Practical Users Guide, Wiley VCH, New York. 25. Niessen, W.M.A., (2001) Current Practice of Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, Series Chromatographic Science, Vol. 86, Marcel Dekker, New York. 26. NIST / EPA / NIH, (1995) Mass Spectral Library for Windows TM, Gaithersburg, MD: NIST Standard Reference Data. 27. Nikolelis, D.P., Krull, U.J., Wang, J., Mascini, M., (eds.) (1997) Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in Field, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands. 28. Blum, L.J., Coulet, P.R., (eds.) (1991) Biosensor Principles and Applications, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA. 29. Clark, S.A., Thompson, K.C., Keevil, C.W., Smith, M.S., (eds.) (2001) Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water , The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. 30. Law, B., (ed.) (1996) Immunoassay. A Practical Guide, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London, UK. 31. Cass, A.E.G., (ed.) (1990) Biosensors. A Practical Approach., Oxford University Press, New York, USA. 32. Tothill, I.E. (ed.) (2003) Rapid and on-line Instrumentation for Food Quality Assurance, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. 33. Buffle, J., Horvai, G., (ed.) (2000) In Situ Monitoring of Aquatic Systems. Chemical Analysis and Speciation, John Wiley, West Sussex, England. 34. Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E., Eaton, A.D., (eds.) (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th edition, United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore, USA.

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35. Stan H.J., (ed.) (1995) Analysis of Pesticides in Ground and Surface Water, Springer Verlag, Berlin. 36. Danet, A.F., (1992 ) Metode Automate de Analiza in Flux , Ed. Univ. Bucureti, Bucureti. 37. Ruzicka, J., Hansen, E.H., (1981) Flow Injection Analysis, John Wiley, New York. 38. Valcarcel, M., Luque de Castro, M.D., (1987) Flow Injection Analysis. Principles and Applications, Ellis Horwood Ltd. 39. Ruzicka, J., Hansen, E.H., (1988) Flow Injection Analysis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York. 40. Burguera, J.L., (ed.) (1989) Flow Injection Atomic Spectroscopy, Marcel Dekker, New York. 41. Karlberg, B., Pacey, G.E., (1989) Flow Injection Analysis. A Practical Guide, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 42. Fang, Z.L., (1993) Flow Injection Separation and Preconcentration, VCH, Verlags-gesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany. 43. Frenzel, W., (1993) Flow Injection Analysis. Principles, Techniques and Applications, Technical Univ. Berlin, Berlin. 44. Sanz-Mendel, A., (ed.) (1999) Flow Analysis with Atomic Spectrometric Detectors, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 45. Martinez Calatayud, J., (ed.) (1997) Flow Injection Analysis of Pharmaceuticals: Automation in the Laboratory, Taylor & Francis, London, England. 46. Trojanowicz, M., (1999) Flow Injection Analysis: Instrumentation and Applications, Word Scientific, River Edge, New York. 47. Holton, J.R., Pyle, J., Currie, J.A., (eds.) (2002) Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Academic Press, London. 48. Killinger, D.K., Mooradian A., (eds.) (1982) Optical and Laser Remote Sensing, Springer Verlag, New York. 49. Barad, M., (1994) Quality Assurance, In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, Academic Press, p. 4281. 50. ISO 9000-2000-Quality Management Systems - Fundamentals and Vocabulary. 51. Guideline for Quality Management in Soil and Plant Laboratories, FAO Soil Bulletin, 74, Rome, 1998. 52. Cofino, W.P., (1993) Quality Assurance in Environmental Analysis. Techniques in Environmental Analysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 53. EN ISO /IEC 17025-2000 - General Requirement for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories.

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54. EN ISO 9001-2000 Quality Management System-Requirements. 55. EN ISO 14001-1996 Environmental Management SystemSpecification with Guidance for Use. 56. Ratliff, T.A. Jr., (1990) The Laboratory Quality Assurance System, Edited by Van Nostram, Reinhold, New York. 57. Funk, W., Damon, V., Donnevert, G., (1995) Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry, VCH, Weinheim, New York. 58. Guide to Quality in Analytical Chemistry an Aid to Accreditation, Eurachem, CITAC Guide, 2001. 59. Brinkmann, R., (2002) Guide for Implementation of ISO/CEI 17025 standard in testing laboratories, Stuttgart University and DAR Ltd. 60. ISO 5667 (part 114) Water Quality. Sampling. 61. ISO 10381 (part 16) Soil Quality. Sampling. 62. ISO 7870:1993- Control Charts- General Principle.

4. LENGTH
The teaching module lasts 10 working days. The total time normally required to complete the course is 52 hours (26 hours / week) as follows: 4 hours for each taught chapter (I, II, III. IV, V) 4 hours for each seminar (S) (related to chapters 1 and IV) 8 hours for each laboratory (L) work (related to chapters II, III, V). The proposed time planning for the course and the other complementary activities is: Chapter I. ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATERS. SONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION Course S/L

Nr.

Lecture title

19

crt. 1 I.1. Air pollutants 2 I.2. Water pollutants 3 I.3. Sonic and electromagnetic pollution TOTAL CHAPTER I Chapter II.

(h) 1.5 2 0.5 4

(h) 1.5 (S) 2 (S) 0.5 (S) 4

ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL Course (h) 1 S/L (h) 2 (L)

Nr. crt. 1

Lecture title

II.1. Introduction, II.2. Elementary statistics, II.3. Sample, sampling and preparation; II.4. Gravimetric and volumetric methods. 2 II.4. Analytical techniques used in environmental analysis 3 II.5. Methods for monitoring the most important pollutants TOTAL CHAPTER II

2 1 4

4 (L) 2 (L) 8

Chapter III.

AUTOMATIC ANALYTICAL MEHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL Course (h) 2 1 1 4 S/L (h) 3(L) 2 (L) 3 (L) 8

Nr. crt. 1

Lecture title

III.1. Introduction; III.2. Introduction in CFA, SFA, FIA and SIA 2 III.3. Modern techniques for air pollutants 3 III.4. Automatic spectrometry TOTAL CHAPETR III

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Chapter IV.

STANDARDIZATON AND LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CONTROL Course (h) 1 S/L (h) 1 (S) 2 (S) 1 (S) 4

Nr. crt. 1

Lecture title

IV 1. An introduction to international environmental controls 2 IV.2. Legislation in the field of 2 environmental monitoring and control 3 IV.3. Standardization for the most 1 important environmental pollutants TOTAL CHAPTER IV 4

Chapter V.

LABORATORY QUALITY ASSURANCE MANAGEMENT OF LABORATORY ACTIVITY IN FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING CONTROL INCLUDING SONIC ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION Course (h) 1

AND THE AND AND

Nr. crt. 1

Lecture title

V.1. Introduction; V.2. Concept of quality management, quality assurance and quality control 2 V.3. Laboratory quality management system 3 V.4. Quality management system in environmental monitoring and control laboratories including sonic and electromagnetic pollution TOTAL CHAPTER V

S/L (h) 2 (L)

1 2

2 (L) 4 (L)

TOTAL COURSE

20

32

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Observation: the rest of 14 hours/week are used by the each student to prepare, under the guidance of a professor, his short individual work choosing a subject of his interest area but related to the course content.

5. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

a) The courses will be presented as lectures, ended with short periods of time (5-10 min) devoted to supplementary explanations requested by the students. b) As it was already mentioned above there would be seminars or laboratories work for each learning unit, function of its content: Chapters I and IV with seminars and Chapters II, III and V with laboratory exercise. c) Tutorial sessions will be organised for groups or individual students on request. d) The students will prepare a short individual work in a printed form as about 10 pages describing a subject related to their domain of interest but related to the environmental monitoring and control. They will be supervised by a professor or a researcher and also, they can use the internet resources.

6. ASSESSMENT

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At the end of the course, it will be formed a commission composed from professors, researchers involved in the project and independent experts (local, regional, governmental authorities) and it will assist at the final evaluation of the students. The evaluation will be done by: a) Oral and / or written examinations in order to evaluate the transfer of knowledge and skills acquired at the end the course. b) Oral presentation of the individual work elaborated by each student in order to evaluate their ability to make a link between a subject of their interests and the environmental protection. The students, who will attend the training course and will obtain at least Satisfactory at the final examination, will receive an official Certificate.