Chap16 Et Student Solutions

17
LINE AND
SURFACE
I NTEGRALS
17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1)
Preliminary Questions
1. Which of the following is a unit vector eld in the plane?
(a) F = y, x
(b) F =
_
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(c) F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
SOLUTION
(a) The length of the vector y, x is
y, x =
_
y
2
+ x
2
This value is not 1 for all points, hence it is not a unit vector eld.
(b) We have
_
_
_
_
_
_
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
__
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
+
_
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
=
_
y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
_
y
2
+ x
2
x
2
+ y
2
= 1
Hence the eld is a unit vector eld, for (x, y) = (0, 0).
(c) We compute the length of the vector:
_
_
_
_
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
__
_
_
_
=
_
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
+
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
=
_
y
2
+ x
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
=
_
1
x
2
+ y
2
Since the length is not identically 1, the eld is not a unit vector eld.
2. Sketch an example of a nonconstant vector eld in the plane in which each vector is parallel to 1, 1.
SOLUTION The non-constant vector x, x is parallel to the vector 1, 1.
y
x
3. Show that the vector eld F = z, 0, x is orthogonal to the position vector
OP at each point P. Give an example

of another vector eld with this property.
SOLUTION The position vector at P = (x, y, z) is x, y, z. We must show that the following dot product is zero:
x, y, z z, 0, x = x (z) + y 0 + z x = 0
S E C T I O N 17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1) 563
Therefore, the vector eld F = z, 0, x is orthogonal to the position vector. Another vector eld with this property is
F = 0, z, y, since
0, z, y x, y, z = 0 x +(z) y + y z = 0
4. Give an example of a potential function for yz, xz, xy other than (x, y, z) = xyz.
SOLUTION Since any two potential functions of a gradient vector eld differ by a constant, a potential function for the
given eld other than (x, y, z) = xyz is, for instance,
1
(x, y, z) = xyz +1.
Exercises
1. Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (1, 2) and Q = (1, 1) by the vector eld F =
_
x
2
, x
_
.
SOLUTION The vector assigned to P = (1, 2) is obtained by substituting x = 1 in F, that is,
F(1, 2) = 1
2
, 1 = 1, 1
Similarly,
F(1, 1) =
_
(1)
2
, 1
_
= 1, 1
x
1
1
1
y
F(P) = 1, 1
F(Q) = 1, 1
Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (1, 2) and Q = (1, 1) by the vector eld F =
y, x.
3. Compute and sketch the vector assigned to the points P = (0, 1, 1) and Q = (2, 1, 0) by the vector eld F =
_
xy, z
2
, x
_
.
SOLUTION To nd the vector assigned to the point P = (0, 1, 1), we substitute x = 0, y = 1, z = 1 in F = xy, z
2
, x.
We get
F(P) = 0 1, 1
2
, 0 = 0, 1, 0
Similarly, F(Q) is obtained by substituting x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 in F. That is,
F(Q) = 2 1, 0
2
, 2 = 2, 0, 2
F(P) = 0, 1, 0
F(Q) = 2, 0, 2
y
x
z
Compute the vector assigned to the points P = (1, 1, 0) and Q = (2, 1, 2) by the vector elds e
r
,
e
r
r
, and
e
r
r
2
.
In Exercises 513, sketch the following planar vector elds by drawing the vectors attached to points with integer coor-
dinates in the rectangle 3 x, y 3. Instead of drawing the vectors with their true lengths, scale them if necessary to
avoid overlap.
5. F = 1, 0
SOLUTION The constant vector eld 1, 0 is shown in the gure:
2
1
3
1
2
3
y
x
2 3 1 1 2 3
564 C HA P T E R 17 LI NE AND SURFACE I NTEGRALS (ET CHAPTER 16)
F = xi
7. F = 0, x
SOLUTION We sketch the vector eld F(x, y) = 0, x:
y
x
F = yj
9. F = 1, 1
SOLUTION We sketch the graph of the constant vector eld F(x, y) = 1, 1:
y
x
F = x
2
i + yj
11. F =
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
SOLUTION
y
x
F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
13. F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
SOLUTION
y
x
S E C T I O N 17.1 Vector Fields (ET Section 16.1) 565
In Exercises 1417, match the planar vector eld with the corresponding plot in Figure 7.
x
y
(B)
(C) (D)
2 2 0
2
0
(A)
2
x
y
2 2 0
2
0
2
x
y
2 2 0
2
0
2
x
y
2 2 0
2
0
2
FIGURE 7
F = 2, x
15. F = 2x +2, y
SOLUTION We compute the images of the point (0, 2), for instance, and identify the corresponding graph accordingly:
F(x, y) = 2x +2, y F(0, 2) = 2, 2 Plot(C)
F = y, cos x
17. F = x + y, x y
SOLUTION We compute the images of the point (0, 2), for instance, and identify the corresponding graph accordingly:
F(x, y) = x + y, x y F(0, 2) = 2, 2 Plot(A)
In Exercises 1821, match the three-dimensional vector eld with the corresponding plot in Figure 8.
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
FIGURE 8
F = x, y, z
19. F = x, 0, z
SOLUTION This vector eld is shown in (A) (by process of elimination).
F =
_
x
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
y
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
,
z
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_ 21. F = 1, 1, 1
SOLUTION The constant vector eld 1, 1, 1 is shown in plot (C).
In Exercises 2225, nd a potential function for the vector eld F by inspection.
F = x, y
23. F =
_
ye
xy
, xe
xy
_
SOLUTION The function (x, y) = e
xy
satises

x
= ye
xy
and

y
= xe
xy
, hence is a potential function for the
given vector eld.
F =
_
yz
2
, xz
2
, 2xyz
_
25. F =
_
2xze
x
2
, 0, e
x
2
_
SOLUTION The function (x, y, z) = ze
x
2
satises

y
= 0,

x
= 2xze
x
2
and

z
= e
x
2
, hence is a potential
function for the given vector eld.
Find potential functions for the vector elds F =
e
r
r
3
and G =
e
r
r
4
in R
3
.
27. Which of (A) or (B) in Figure 9 is the contour plot of a potential function for the vector eld F? Recall that the
gradient vectors are perpendicular to the level curves.
(A)
2 1
2
1
0
1
2
2 0 1
2 1
2
1
0
1
2
2 0 1
(B)
2 1
2
1
0
1
2
2 0 1
FIGURE 9
SOLUTION By the equality = F and since the gradient vectors are perpendicular to the level curves, it follows that
the vectors F are perpendicular to the corresponding level curves of . This property is satised in (B) and not satised
in (A). Therefore (B) is the contour plot of .
Which of (A) or (B) in Figure 10 is the contour plot of a potential function of the vector eld F?
29. Let = ln r, where r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
. Express in terms of the unit radial vector e
r
in R
2
.
SOLUTION Since r = (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1/2
, we have = ln (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1/2
=
1
2
ln(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
). We compute the
partial derivatives:
x
=
1
2
2x
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
x
r
2
y
=
1
2
2y
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
y
r
2
z
=
1
2
2z
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
z
r
2
Therefore, the gradient of is the following vector:
=
_
x
,
y
,
z
_
=
_
x
r
2
,
y
r
2
,
z
r
2
_
=
1
r
_
x
r
,
y
r
,
z
r
_
=
e
r
r
Match the force elds (a)(c) with (A)(C) in Figure 11. Note that the vectors (A)(C) indicate direction but are
not drawn to indicate magnitude.
(a) One positive and one negative charge
(b) Two positive charges
(c) Two positive charges and one negative charge
Further Insights and Challenges
31. Show that any vector eld of the form F = f (x), g(y), h(z) has a potential function. Assume that f , g, and h are
continuous.
SOLUTION Let F(x), G(y), and H(z) be antiderivatives of f (x), g(y), and h(z), respectively. That is, F
(x) = f (x),
G
(y) = g(y), and H
(y) = h(z). We dene the function

(x, y, z) = F(x) + G(y) + H(z)
Then,
x
= F
(x) = f (x),
x
= G
(y) = g(y),
z
= H
(z) = h(z)
Therefore, = F, or is a potential function for F.
In this exercise, we show that the vector eld F in Figure 12 is not a gradient vector eld. Suppose that a
potential function did exist.
S E C T I O N 17.2 Line Integrals (ET Section 16.2) 567
33. Show that if (x, y) = 0 for all (x, y) in a disk D in R
2
, then is constant on D. Hint: Given points P = (a, b)
and Q = (c, d) in D, let R = (c, b) (Figure 13). Use single-variable calculus to show that is constant along the
segments PR and RQ and conclude that (P) = (R).
x
y
Disk D
P = (a, b)
R = (c, b)
Q = (c, d)
FIGURE 13
SOLUTION Given any two points P = (a, b) and Q = (c, d) in D, we must show that
(P) = (Q)
We consider the point R = (c, b) and the segments PR and

RQ. (We assume that (c, b) is in D; if not, just use
R
= (a, d).)
x
y
D
P = (a, b)
R = (c, b)
Q = (c, d)
Since

x
(x, y) = 0 in D, in particular

x
(x, b) = 0 for a x c. Therefore, for a x c we have
(x, b) =
_
x
a
u
(u, b) du +(a, b) =
_
x
a
0 du +(a, b) = k +(a, b)
Substituting x = a determines k = 0. Hence,
(x, b) = (a, b) for a x c
In particular,
(c, b) = (a, b) (R) = (P) (1)
Similarly, since

y
(x, y) = 0 in D, we have

y
(c, y) = 0 for b y d. Therefore for b y d we have
(c, y) =
_
y
b
v
(c, v) dv +(c, b) =
_
y
b
0 dv +(c, b) = k +(c, b)
Substituting y = b gives (c, b) = k +(c, b) or k = 0. Therefore,
(c, y) = (c, b) for b y d
In particular,
(c, d) = (c, b) (Q) = (R) (2)
Combining (1) and (2) we obtain the desired equality (P) = (Q). Since P and Q are any two points in D, we
conclude that is constant on D.
17.2 Line Integrals (ET Section 16.2)
1. What is the line integral of the constant function f (x, y, z) = 10 over a curve C of length 5?
SOLUTION Since the length of C is the line integral
_
C
1 ds = 5, we have
_
C
10 ds = 10
_
C
1 ds = 10 5 = 50
2. Which of the following have a zero line integral over the vertical segment from (0, 0) to (0, 1)?
(a) f (x, y) = x (b) f (x, y) = y
(c) F = x, 0 (d) F = y, 0
(e) F = 0, x (f) F = 0, y
SOLUTION The vertical segment from (0, 0) to (0, 1) has the parametrization
c(t ) = (0, t ), 0 t 1
Therefore, c
(t ) = 0, 1 and c
(t ) = 1. The line integrals are thus computed by

_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
1
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt (1)
_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt (2)
(a) We have f (c(t )) = x = 0. Therefore by (1) the line integral is zero.
(b) By (1), the line integral is
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
1
0
t 1 dt =
1
2
t
2
1
0
=
1
2
= 0
(c) This vector line integral is computed using (2). Since F(c(t )) = x, 0 = 0, 0, the vector line integral is zero.
(d) By (2) we have
_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
t, 0 0, 1 dt =
_
1
0
0 dt = 0
(e) The vector integral is computed using (2). Since F(c(t )) = 0, x = 0, 0, the line integral is zero.
(f) For this vector eld we have
_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
0, t 0, 1 dt =
_
1
0
t dt =
t
2
2
1
0
=
1
2
= 0
So, we conclude that (a), (c), (d), and (e) have an integral of zero.
3. State whether true or false. If false, give the correct statement.
(a) The scalar line integral does not depend on how you parametrize the curve.
(b) If you reverse the orientation of the curve, neither the vector nor the scalar line integral changes sign.
SOLUTION
(a) True: It can be shown that any two parametrizations of the curve yield the same value for the scalar line integral,
hence the statement is true.
(b) False: For the denition of the scalar line integral, there is no need to specify a direction along the path, hence
reversing the orientation of the curve does not change the sign of the integral. However, reversing the orientation of the
curve changes the sign of the vector line integral.
4. Let C be a curve of length 5. What is the value of
_
C
F ds if
(a) F(P) is normal to C at all points P on C?
(b) F(P) = T(P) at all points P on C, where T(P) is the unit tangent vector pointing in the forward direction along the
curve?
SOLUTION
(a) The vector line integral is the integral of the tangential component of the vector eld along the curve. Since F(P) is
normal to C at all points P on C, the tangential component is zero, hence the line integral
_
C
F ds is zero.
(b) In this case we have
F(P) T(P) = T(P) T(P) = T(P)
2
= 1
Therefore,
_
C
F ds =
_
C
(F T) ds =
_
C
1 ds = Length of C = 5.
Exercises
1. Let f (x, y, z) = x + yz and let C be the line segment from P = (0, 0, 0) to (6, 2, 2).
(a) Calculate f (c(t )) and ds = c
(t ) dt for the parametrization c(t ) = (6t, 2t, 2t ) for 0 t 1.

(b) Evaluate
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds.
SOLUTION
(a) We substitute x = 6t , y = 2t , z = 2t in the function f (x, y, z) = x + yz to nd f (c(t )):
f (c(t )) = 6t +(2t )(2t ) = 6t +4t
2
We differentiate the vector c(t ) and compute the length of the derivative vector:
c
(t ) =
d
dt
6t, 2t, 2t = 6, 2, 2 c
(t ) =
_
6
2
+2
2
+2
2
=
44 = 2
11
Hence,
ds = c
(t ) dt = 2
11 dt
(b) Computing the scalar line integral, we obtain
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
(6t +4t
2
) 2
11 dt
= 2
11
_
3t
2
+
4
3
t
3
_
1
0
= 2
11
_
3 +
4
3
_
=
26
11
3
Repeat Exercise 1 with the parametrization c(t ) = (3t, t, t ) for 0 t 2.
3. Let F =
_
y
2
, x
2
_
and let C be the y = x
1
for 1 x 2, oriented from left to right.
(a) Calculate F(c(t )) and ds = c
(t ) dt for the parametrization c(t ) = (t, t

1
).
(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt and evaluate
_
C
F ds.
SOLUTION
(a) We calculate F(c(t )) by substituting x = t , y = t
1
in F =
_
y
2
, x
2
_
. We get
F(c(t )) =
_
(t
1
)
2
, t
2
_
=
_
t
2
, t
2
_
We compute c
(t ):
c
(t ) =
d
dt
_
t, t
1
_
=
_
1, t
2
_
ds =
_
1, t
2
_
dt
x
1 2
y
(b) We compute the dot product:
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
t
2
, t
2
_
_
1, t
2
_
= t
2
1 +t
2
(t
2
) = t
2
1
Computing the vector line integral, we obtain
_
C
F ds =
_
2
1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
1
(t
2
1) dt = t
1
t
2
1
=
_
1
2
2
_
(1 1) =
1
2
Let F =
_
z
2
, x, y
_
and let C be the path c(t ) =
_
3 +5t
2
, 3 t
2
, t
_
for 0 t 2.
(a) Calculate F(c(t )) and ds = c
(t ) dt .
(b) Calculate the dot product F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt and evaluate
_
C
F ds.
In Exercises 58, calculate the integral of the given scalar function or vector eld over the curve c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t )
for 0 t .
5. f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t ). We differentiate c(t ):
c
(t ) =
d
dt
cos t, sin t, t = sin t, cos t, 1
Hence,
c
(t ) =
_
(sin t )
2
+cos
2
t +1
2
=
_
sin
2
t +cos
2
t +1 =
2
ds = c
(t ) dt =
2 dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )). We substitute x = cos t , y = sin t , z = t in f (x, y, z) = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
to obtain
f (c(t )) = cos
2
t +sin
2
t +t
2
= 1 +t
2
Step 3. Compute the line integral. Using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals we obtain
_
C
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) ds =
_
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
0
(1 +t
2
)
2 dt =
2
_
t +
t
3
3
_
0
=
2
_
+
3
3
_
f (x, y, z) = xy + z
7. F = x, y, z
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors:
c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t )
F(c(t )) = x, y, z = cos t, sin t, t
c
(t ) = sin t, cos t, 1
The integrand is the dot product:
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = cos t, sin t, t sin t, cos t, 1 = cos t sin t +sin t cos t +t = t

Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We use the Theorem on Vector Line Integrals to evaluate the integral:
_
C
Fds =
_
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
0
t dt =
1
2
t
2
0
=
2
2
F =
_
xy, 2, z
3
_
9. Calculate the total mass of a circular piece of wire of radius 4 cm centered at the origin whose mass density is
(x, y) = x
2
g/cm.
SOLUTION The total mass is the following integral:
M =
_
C
x
2
ds
We use the following parametrization of the wire:
c(t ) = (4 cos t, 4 sin t ), 0 t 2
Hence,
c
(t ) = 4 sin t, 4 cos t c
(t ) =
_
(4 sin t )
2
+(4 cos t )
2
= 4
We compute the line integral using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals. We get
M =
_
2
0
(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
(4 cos t )
2
4 dt
= 64
_
2
0
cos
2
t dt = 64
_
t
2
+
sin 2t
4
_
2
0
= 64
2
2
= 64g
Calculate the total mass of a metal tube in the helical shape c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t
2
) (distance in centimeters) for
0 t 2 if the mass density is (x, y, z) =

z g/cm.
11. The values of a function f (x, y, z) and vector eld F(x, y, z) are given at six sample points along the path ABC in
Figure 11. Estimate the line integrals of f and F along ABC.
Point f (x, y, z) F(x, y, z)
(1,
1
6
, 0) 3 1, 0, 2
(1,
1
2
, 0) 3.3 1, 1, 3
(1,
5
6
, 0) 3.6 2, 1, 5
(1, 1,
1
6
) 4.2 3, 2, 4
(1, 1,
1
2
) 4.5 3, 3, 3
(1, 1,
5
6
) 4.2 5, 3, 3
A = (1, 0, 0)
B = (1, 1, 0)
C = (1, 1, 1)
z
y
x
FIGURE 11
SOLUTION
A = (1, 0, 0)
P
1
= (1, 1/6, 0) P
3
= (1, 5/6, 0)
P
6
= (1, 1, 5/6)
P
4
= (1, 1, 1/6)
P
5
= (1, 1, 1/2)
P
2
= (1, 1/2, 0)
2/6 2/6
4/6
4/6
B = (1, 1, 0)
C = (1, 1, 1)
z
y
x
We write the integrals as sum of integrals and estimate each integral by a Riemann Sum. That is,
_
ABC
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
AB
f (x, y, z) ds +
_
BC
f (x, y, z) ds
3
i =1
f (P
i
) s
i
+
6
i =4
f (P
i
)s
i
(1)
_
ABC
F ds =
_
AB
F ds +
_
BC
F ds =
_
AB
(F T)ds +
_
BC
(F T)ds
On AB, the unit tangent vector is T = 1, 0, 0, hence F T = F
1
. On BC, the unit tangent vector is T = 0, 0, 1, hence
F T = F
3
. Therefore,
_
ABC
Fds =
_
AB
F
1
ds +
_
BC
F
3
ds
3
i =1
F
1
(P
i
) s
i
+
6
i =4
F
3
(P
i
) s
i
(2)
We consider the partitions of AB and BC to three subarcs with equal length s
i
=
1
3
, therefore (1) and (2) give
_
ABC
f (x, y, z) ds
1
3
( f (P
1
) + f (P
2
) + f (P
3
) + f (P
4
) + f (P
5
) + f (P
6
))
_
ABC
Fds =
1
3
(F
1
(P
1
) + F
1
(P
2
) + F
1
(P
3
) + F
3
(P
4
) + F
3
(P
5
) + F
3
(P
6
))
We now substitute the values of the functions at the sample points to obtain the following approximations:
_
ABC
f (x, y, z) ds
1
3
(3 +3.3 +3.6 +4.2 +4.5 +4.2) = 7.6
_
ABC
F ds
1
3
(1 +1 +2 +4 +3 +3) =
14
3
= 4
2
3
Estimate the line integrals of f (x, y) and F(x, y) along the quarter circle (oriented counterclockwise) in Figure
12 using the values at the three sample points along each path.
Point f (x, y) F(x, y)
A 1 1, 2
B 2 1, 3
C 4 2, 4
13. Figure 13 shows three vector elds. In each case, determine whether the line integral around the circle (oriented
counterclockwise) is positive, negative, or zero.
(A) (B) (C)
FIGURE 13
SOLUTION The vector line integral of F is the integral of the tangential component of F along the curve. The positive
direction of a curve is counterclockwise.
T
T
T
For the vector eld in (A), the line integral around the circle is zero because the contribution of the negative tangential
components from the upper part of the circle is the same as the contribution of the positive tangential components from
the lower part. For the vector in (B) the contribution of the negative tangential component appear to dominate over the
positive contribution, hence the line integral is negative. In (C), the vector eld is orthogonal to the unit tangent vector at
each point, hence the line integral is zero.
Determine whether the line integrals around the curves (oriented counterclockwise) in Figures 14(A) and (B) are
positive or negative. What is the value of the line integral in Figure 14(C)? Explain.
In Exercises 1522, compute the line integral of the scalar function over the curve.
15. f (x, y, z) = z
2
, c(t ) = (2t, 3t, 4t ) for 0 t 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t ) We have
c
(t ) =
d
dt
2t, 3t, 4t = 2, 3, 4 c
(t ) =
_
2
2
+3
2
+4
2
=
29
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )) We substitute z = 4t in f (x, y, z) = z
2
to obtain:
f (c(t )) = 16t
2
Step 3. Compute the line integral. By the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals we have
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
2
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
16t
2
29 dt =
29
16
3
t
3
2
0
=
128
29
3
229.8
f (x, y, z) = 3x 2y + z, c(t ) = (2 +t, 2 t, 2t ) for 2 t 1
17. f (x, y) =

1 +9xy, y = x
3
for 0 x 1
SOLUTION The curve is parametrized by c(t ) =
_
t, t
3
_
for 0 t 1
Step 1. Compute c
(t ). We have
c
(t ) =
d
dt
_
t, t
3
_
=
_
1, 3t
2
_
c
(t ) =
_
1 +9t
4
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )). We substitute x = t , y = t
3
in f (x, y) =

1 +9xy to obtain
f (c(t )) =
_
1 +9t t
3
=
_
1 +9t
4
Step 3. Compute the line integral. We use the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals to write
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
1
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
_
1 +9t
4
_
1 +9t
4
dt =
_
1
0
_
1 +9t
4
_
dt
= t +
9t
5
5
1
0
=
14
5
= 2.8
f (x, y) =
y
3
x
7
, y =
1
4
x
4
for 1 x 2
19. f (x, y, z) = xe
z
2
, piecewise linear path from (0, 0, 1) to (0, 2, 0) to (1, 1, 1).
SOLUTION Let C
1
be the segment joining the points (0, 0, 1) and (0, 2, 0) and C
2
be the segment joining the points
(0, 2, 0) and (1, 1, 1). We parametrize C
1
and C
2
by the following parametrization:
C
1
: c
1
(t ) = (0, 2t, 1 t ), 0 t 1
C
2
: c
2
(t ) = (t, 2 t, t ), 0 t 1
For C = C
1
+C
1
we have
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
C
1
f (x, y, z) ds +
_
C
2
f (x, y, z) ds (1)
We compute the integrals on the right hand side.
The integral over C
1
: We have
c
1
(t ) =
d
dt
0, 2t, 1 t = 0, 2, 1 c
1
(t ) =

0 +4 +1 =
5
f (c(t )) = xe
z
2
= 0 e
(1t )
2
= 0
Hence,
_
C
1
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
f (c
1
(t )) c
1
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
0 dt = 0 (2)
The integral over C
2
: We have
c
2
(t ) =
d
dt
t, 2 t, t = 1, 1, 1 c
2
(t ) =

1 +1 +1 =
3
f (c
2
(t )) = xe
z
2
= t e
t
2
Hence,
_
C
2
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
t e
t
2
3 dt (3)
Using the substitution u = t
2
we nd that
_
C
2
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
3
2
e
u
du =
3
2
(e 1) 1.488
Hence,
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds 1.488
f (x, y, z) = x
2
z, c(t ) = (e
t
,
2t, e
t
) for 0 t 1
21. f (x, y, z) = 2x
2
+8z, c(t ) = (e
t
, t
2
, t ), 0 t 1
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute c
(t ).
c
(t ) =
d
dt
_
e
t
, t
2
, t
_
=
_
e
t
, 2t, 1
_
c
(t ) =
_
e
2t
+4t
2
+1
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )). We substitute x = e
t
, y = t
2
, z = t in f (x, y, z) = 2x
2
+8z to obtain:
f (c(t )) = 2e
2t
+8t
Step 3. Compute the line integral. We have
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
1
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
(2e
2t
+8t )
_
e
2t
+4t
2
+1 dt
We compute the integral using the substitution u = e
2t
+4t
2
+1, du = 2e
2t
+8t dt . We get:
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds =
_
e
2
+5
2
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
e
2
+5
2
=
2
3
_
(e
2
+5)
3/2
2
3/2
_
f (x, y, z) = 3zy1 +12xz, c(t ) = (t,
t
2
2
,
t
3
3
), 0 t 2
In Exercises 2335, compute the line integral of the vector eld over the oriented curve.
23. F =
_
x
2
, xy
_
, line segment from (0, 0) to (2, 2)
SOLUTION The oriented line segment is parametrized by
c(t ) = (t, t ), t varies from 0 to 2.
Therefore,
F(c(t )) =
_
x
2
, xy
_
=
_
t
2
, t t
_
=
_
t
2
, t
2
_
c
(t ) =
d
dt
t, t = 1, 1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
t
2
, t
2
_
1, 1 = t
2
+t
2
= 2t
2
We now use the Theorem on vector line integral to compute
_
C
F ds:
_
C
F ds =
_
2
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
2t
2
dt =
2t
3
3
2
0
=
16
3
F = 4, y, quarter circle x
2
+ y
2
= 1 with x, y 0 oriented counterclockwise
25. F =
_
x
2
, xy
_
, circle x
2
+ y
2
= 9 oriented clockwise
SOLUTION
3
x
y
The oriented path is parametrized by
c(t ) = (3 cos t, 3 sin t ); t is changing from 2 to 0.
We compute the integrand:
F(c(t )) =
_
x
2
, xy
_
=
_
9 cos
2
t, 9 cos t sin t
_
c
(t ) = 3 sin t, 3 cos t
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
9 cos
2
t, 9 cos t sin t
_
3 sin t, 3 cos t = 27 cos
2
t sin t +27 cos
2
t sin t = 0
Hence,
_
C
F ds =
_
0
2
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
0
2
0 dt = 0
F =
_
e
yx
, e
2x
_
, piecewise linear path from (1, 1) to (2, 2) to (0, 2)
27. F = xy, x + y, c(t ) = (1 +t
1
, t
2
) for 1 t 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write the vectors and compute the integrand:
c(t ) =
_
1 +t
1
, t
2
_
F(c(t )) = xy, x + y =
__
1 +t
1
_
t
2
, 1 +t
1
+t
2
_
=
_
t
2
+t, 1 +t
1
+t
2
_
c
(t ) =
d
dt
_
1 +t
1
, t
2
_
=
_
t
2
, 2t
_
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
t
2
+t, 1 +t
1
+t
2
_
_
t
2
, 2t
_
=
_
t
2
+t
_ _
t
2
_
+
_
1 +t
1
+t
2
_
2t
= 1 t
1
+2t +2 +2t
3
= 2t
3
+2t +1 t
1
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is
_
C
F ds =
_
2
1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
1
_
2t
3
+2t +1 t
1
_
dt =
t
4
2
+t
2
+t ln t
2
1
=
_
16
2
+4 +2 ln 2
_
_
1
2
+1 +1 ln 1
_
= 11.5 ln 2
F = y + z, x, y, c(t ) = (t +t
2
,
1
3
t
3
, 2 +t ) for 0 t 2
29. F =
_
3zy
1
, 4x, y
_
, c(t ) = (e
t
, e
t
, t ) for 1 t 1
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors and compute the integrand:
c(t ) =
_
e
t
, e
t
, t
_
F(c(t )) =
_
3zy
1
, 4x, y
_
=
_
3t e
t
, 4e
t
, e
t
_
c
(t ) =
_
e
t
, e
t
, 1
_
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
3t e
t
, 4e
t
, e
t
_
_
e
t
, e
t
, 1
_
= 3t e
t
e
t
+4e
t
e
t
e
t
1 = 3t +4e
2t
e
t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The vector line integral is:
_
C
F ds =
_
1
1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
1
_
3t +4e
2t
e
t
_
dt = 0 +
_
1
1
_
4e
2t
e
t
_
dt = 2e
2t
e
t
1
1
=
_
2e
2
e
_
_
2e
2
e
1
_
= 2
_
e
2
e
2
_
_
e e
1
_
12.157
F = x y, y z, z, line segment from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 4, 4) 31. F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
, circle of radius R with center at the origin oriented counterclockwise
SOLUTION
R
x
y
The path has the following parametrization:
c(t ) = R cos t, R sin t , 0 t 2
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We have
F(c(t )) =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
_
R sin t
R
2
cos
2
t + R
2
sin
2
t
,
R cos t
R
2
cos
2
t + R
2
sin
2
t
_
=
1
R
sin t, cos t
c
(t ) =
d
dt
R cos t, R sin t = R sin t, R cos t = R sin t, cos t
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
1
R
sin t, cos t R sin t, cos t = sin
2
t +cos
2
t = 1
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We obtain the following integral:
_
C
F ds =
_
2
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
1 dt = 2
F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
, the square with vertices (1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 1), and (1, 1) in the counterclock-
wise direction
33. F =
_
z
2
, x, y
_
, c(t ) = (cos t, tan t, t ) for 0 t
4
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. The vectors are:
c(t ) = (cos t, tan t, t )
F(c(t )) =
_
z
2
, x, y
_
=
_
t
2
, cos t, tan t
_
c
(t ) =
d
dt
cos t, tan t, t =
_
sin t,
1
cos
2
t
, 1
_
The integrand is the dot product
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
t
2
, cos t, tan t
_
_
sin t,
1
cos
2
t
, 1
_
= t
2
sin t +
1
cos t
+tan t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. The Theorem on vector line integrals gives the following integral:
_
C
F ds =
_
/4
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
/4
0
_
t
2
sin t +
1
cos t
+tan t
_
dt
= t
2
cos t 2t sin t 2 cos t
/4
0
+ln
_
1
cos t
+tan t
_
/4
0
ln(cos t )
/4
0
=
__
2
16

1
2
2
4

1
2
2
1
2
_
(2)
_
+
_
ln
_
2 +1
_
ln 1
_
_
ln
1
2
ln 1
_
=
2
16
2 +2 +ln
_
1 +
2
_
+ln
2 =
( 8)
16
2
+ln
_
2 +
2
_
+2
2 1.139
F =
_
1
y
3
+1
,
1
z +1
, 1
_
, c(t ) = (t
3
, 2t, t
2
) for 0 t 1
35. F =
_
z
3
, yz, x
_
, circle of radius 2 in the yz-plane with center at the origin oriented clockwise when viewed from
the positive x-axis
SOLUTION
z
y
x
The oriented path has the following parametrization:
c(t ) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t )
t is changing from 2 to 0.
Step 1. Calculate the integrand. We write out the vectors and compute the integrand:
c(t ) = (0, 2 cos t, 2 sin t )
F(c(t )) =
_
z
3
, yz, x
_
=
_
8 sin
3
t, 4 cos t sin t, 0
_
c
(t ) = 0, 2 sin t, 2 cos t
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
8 sin
3
t, 4 cos t sin t, 0
_
0, 2 sin t, 2 cos t = 8 cos t sin
2
t
Step 2. Evaluate the integral. We obtain the following vector line integral:
_
C
F ds =
_
0
2
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
0
2
8 cos t sin
2
t dt =
_
2
0
8 sin
2
t cos t dt = 8
_
sin
3
t
3
2
0
_
= 0
Let f (x, y, z) = x
1
yz and let C be the curve parametrized by c(t ) = (ln t, t, t
2
) for 2 t 4. Use a
computer algebra system to calculate
_
f (x y z) ds to four decimal places
37. Use a CAS to calculate
_
C
_
e
xy
, e
x+y
_
ds to four decimal places, where C is the curve y = sin x for
0 x , oriented from left to right.
SOLUTION Using the parameterization c(t ) = t, sin t , our integral becomes
_
0
_
e
t sin t
, e
t +sin t
_
1, cos t dt ,
which is calculated to be 4.5088.
In Exercises 3839, calculate the line integral of F =
_
e
z
, e
xy
, e
y
_
over the given path.
The path from P to Q in Figure 15
39. The path ABC in Figure 16
z
y
x
C = (0, 0, 6)
B = (0, 4, 0) A = (2, 0, 0)
FIGURE 16
SOLUTION
z
y
x
C = (0, 0, 6)
B = (0, 4, 0) A = (2, 0, 0)
C
1
C
2
C
3
We denote by C
1
, C
2
, C
3
the oriented segments from A to B, from B to C and from C to A. We parametrize these paths
by,
C
1
:c
1
(t ) = (1 t )(2, 0, 0) +t (0, 4, 0) = (2 2t, 4t, 0), 0 t 1
C
2
:c
2
(t ) = (1 t )(0, 4, 0) +t (0, 0, 6) = (0, 4 4t, 6t ), 0 t 1
C
3
:c
3
(t ) = (1 t )(0, 0, 6) +t (2, 0, 0) = (2t, 0, 6 6t ), 0 t 1
1
(t ) = 2, 4, 0
c
2
(t ) = 0, 4, 6
c
3
(t ) = 2, 0, 6
Since C = C
1
+C
2
+C
3
we have,
_
C
F ds =
3
i =1
_
C
i
F ds (1)
We compute the integrals on the right-hand side:
_
C
1
F ds =
_
_
e
0
, e
26t
, e
4t
_
2, 4, 0 dt =
_
1
0
_
1, e
26t
, e
4t
_
2, 4, 0 dt
=
_
1
0
_
2 +4e
26t
_
dt = 2t
2
3
e
26t
1
0
=
2
3
e
2
2
3
e
4
2
_
C
2
F ds =
_
1
0
_
e
6t
, e
4+4t
, e
44t
_
0, 4, 6 dt =
_
1
0
_
4e
4+4t
+6e
44t
_
dt
= e
4+4t
3
2
e
44t
1
0
=
3
2
e
4
+e
4
5
2
_
C
3
F ds =
_
1
0
_
e
66t
, e
2t
, e
0
_
2, 0, 6 dt =
_
1
0
_
2e
66t
6
_
dt
=
1
3
e
66t
6t
1
0
=
1
3
e
6
19
3
We substitute these values in (1) to obtain the solution:
_
C
F ds =
_
2
3
e
2
2
3
e
4
2
_
+
_
3
2
e
4
+e
4
5
2
_
+
_
1
3
e
6
19
3
_
=
1
3
e
6
+
3
2
e
4
+
2
3
e
2
65
6
+
1
3
e
4
Let C be the path from P to Q in Figure 17 that traces C
1
, C
2
, and C
3
in the orientation indicated. Suppose that
_
C
F ds = 5,
_
C
1
F ds = 8,
_
C
3
F ds = 8
Determine:
(a)
_
C
3
F ds (b)
_
C
2
F ds (c)
_
C
1
C
3
F ds
(d) What is the value of the line integral of F over the path that traverses the loop C
2
four times in the clockwise
direction?
In Exercises 4144, let F be the vortex vector eld (so-called because it swirls around the origin as shown in Figure 18)
F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
FIGURE 18 Vector eld F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
.
41. Let I =
_
C
F ds, where C is the circle of radius 2 centered at the origin oriented counterclockwise (Figure 18).
(a) Do you expect I to be positive, negative, or zero?
(b) Evaluate I .
(c) Verify that I changes sign when C is oriented in the clockwise direction.
SOLUTION
(a) When the circle is oriented counterclockwise, the dot product of F with the unit tangent vector at each point along
the circle is positive. Therefore, we expect the vector line integral I to be positive.
(b)
2
x
y
P
The circle of radius 2 oriented counterclockwise has the parametrization:
c(t ) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t ), 0 t 2
Hence,
F(c(t )) =
_
2 sin t
4 cos
2
t +4 sin
2
t
,
2 cos t
4 cos
2
t +4 sin
2
t
_
=
1
2
sin t, cos t
c
(t ) = 2 sin t, 2 cos t
Therefore, the integrand is the dot product,
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
1
2
sin t, cos t 2 sin t, 2 cos t = sin
2
t +cos
2
t = 1
We obtain the following integral:
_
C
F ds =
_
2
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
1 dt = 2
(c) When C is oriented in the clockwise direction, the parameter t is changing from 2 to 0, therefore, the line integral
is,
_
C
F ds =
_
0
2
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
1 dt = 2
2
x
y
Compute
_
C
R
F ds, where C
R
is the circle of radius R centered at the origin oriented counterclockwise. Show
that the result is independent of R.
43. Calculate
_
A
F ds, where A is the arc of angle
0
on the circle of radius R centered at the origin oriented counter-
clockwise. Note: A begins at (R, 0) and ends at (R cos
0
, R sin
0
).
SOLUTION We use the following parametrization for A:
c() = (R cos , R sin ), 0
0
(R, 0)
(R cos q
0
, R sin q
0
)
q
0
A
x
y
Hence,
c
() = R sin , R cos
F(c()) =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
_
R sin
R
2
cos
2
+ R
2
sin
2
,
R cos
R
2
cos
2
+ R
2
sin
2
_
=
_
R sin
R
2
,
R cos
R
2
_
=
_
sin
R
,
cos
R
_
F(c()) c
() =
_
sin
R
,
cos
R
_
R sin , R cos = sin
2
+cos
2
= 1
We now compute the line integral using the Theorem on vector line integrals. We get:
_
A
F ds =
_
0
0
F(c()) c
() d =
_
0
0
1 d =
0
0
=
0
Let a > 0, b < c. Show that the integral of F along the segment from P = (a, b) to Q = (a, c) is equal to the
angle

POQ (O is the origin).
45. Calculate the line integral of the constant vector eld F = 2, 1, 4 along the segment PQ, where:
(a) P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (1, 0, 0)
(b) P = (0, 0, 0), Q = (4, 3, 5)
(c) P = (3, 2, 3), Q = (4, 8, 12)
SOLUTION
(a) The segment PQ, where P = (0, 0, 0) and Q = (1, 0, 0) is parametrized by
c(t ) = (t, 0, 0), 0 t 1
Therefore, c
(t ) = 1, 0, 0 and we obtain the integral,

_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
2, 1, 4 1, 0, 0 dt =
_
1
0
2 dt = 2
(b) The segment PQ, where P = (0, 0, 0) and Q = (4, 3, 5) has the parametrization,
c(t ) = (4t, 3t, 5t ), 0 t 1
Therefore, c
(t ) = 4, 3, 5 and we obtain the following integral:

_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
2, 1, 4 4, 3, 5 dt =
_
1
0
25 dt = 25
(c) The segment PQ, where P = (3, 2, 3) and Q = (4, 8, 12) has the parametrization,
c(t ) = (3 +t, 2 +6t, 3 +9t ), 0 t 1
Therefore, c
(t ) = 1, 6, 9 and we obtain the line integral

_
C
F ds =
_
1
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
2, 1, 4 1, 6, 9 dt =
_
1
0
32 dt = 32
Show that if F is a constant vector eld and C is any oriented path from P to Q, then
_
C
F ds = F
PQ
47. Figure 19 shows the vector eld F(x, y) = x, x.
(a) Are
_
AB
F ds and
_
DC
F ds equal? If not, which is larger?
(b) Which is smaller: the line integral of F over the path ADC or ABC?
x
y
A
B
D
C
FIGURE 19
SOLUTION
(a) Since x is constant on AB and DC, F(x, y) = x, x is also constant on these segments.
a
1
a
2
x
y
A
B
l l
l
l
D
C
Let a
1
and a
2
denote the constant values of x on the segments AB and DC respectively, and l denote the lengths of these
segments. By Exercise 46 we have
_
AB
F ds = a
1
, a
1
0, l = a
1
0 +a
1
l = a
1
l
_
DC
F ds = a
2
, a
2
0, l = a
2
0 +a
2
l = a
2
l
Since a
1
< a
2
we have
_
AB
F ds <
_
DC
F ds.
(b) We compute the integral over BC. This segment is parametrized by:
c(t ) = (a
1
+lt, b) , 0 t 1.
Hence,
F(c(t )) = x, x = a
1
+lt, a
1
+lt , c
(t ) = l, 0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = a
1
+lt, a
1
+lt l, 0 = a
1
l +l
2
t
Thus,
_
BC
F ds =
_
1
0
_
a
1
l +l
2
t
_
dt = a
1
lt +
l
2
t
2
2
1
t =0
= a
1
l +
l
2
2
We see that the line integral does not depend on b, therefore,
_
AD
F ds =
_
BC
F ds (1)
In part (a) we showed that:
_
AB
F ds <
_
DC
F ds (2)
Combining (1) and (2) gives:
_
ABC
F ds =
_
AB
F ds +
_
BC
F ds <
_
DC
F ds +
_
AD
F ds =
_
ADC
F ds
Calculate the work done by a eld F = x + y, x y when an object moves from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along each of
the paths y = x
2
and x = y
2
.
49. Calculate the work done by the force eld F = x, y, z along the path (cos t, sin t, t ) for 0 t 3.
SOLUTION The work done by the force eld F is the line integral:
W =
_
C
F ds
We compute the integrand:
F(c(t )) = x, y, z = cos t, sin t, t
c
(t ) =
d
dt
cos t, sin t, t = sin t, cos t, 1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = cos t, sin t, t sin t, cos t, 1 = cos t sin t +sin t cos t +t = t

W =
_
3
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
3
0
t dt =
t
2
2
3
0
=
9
2
2
Let I =
_
C
f (x, y, z) ds. Assume that f (x, y, z) m for some number m and all points (x, y, z) on C. Which
of the following conclusions is correct? Explain.
(a) I m
(b) I mL, where L is the length of C
51. As observed in the text, the value of a scalar line integral does not depend on the choice of parametrization. Prove
this directly. Namely, suppose that c
1
(t ) and c(t ) are two parametrizations of C and that c
1
(t ) = c((t )), where (t ) is
an increasing function. Use the Change of Variables Formula to verify that
_
d
c
f (c
1
(t ))c
1
(t ) dt =
_
b
a
f (c(t ))c
(t ) dt
where a = (c) and b = (d).
SOLUTION We compute the integral
_
b
a
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt using the substitution t = (u), a = (c), b = (d). We

get:
_
b
a
f (c
1
(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
(b)
1
(a)
f
_
c
_
(t )
__
c
_
(t )
_
(u) du (1)
Since is an increasing function,
(u) > 0 for all u, therefore:

_
_
c
_
(u)
__
_
(u) =
_
_
c
_
(u)
_
(u)
_
_
(2)
By the Chain Rule for vector valued functions, we have,
d
du
c
_
(u)
_
=
(u)c
_
(u)
_
(3)
Combining (2) and (3) gives:
_
_
c
_
(u)
__
_
(u) =
_
_
_
_
d
du
c
_
(u)
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
d
du
c
1
(u)
_
_
_
_
= c
1
(u) (4)
We substitute (4) in (1) to obtain:
_
b
a
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
d
c
f (c
1
(u)) c
1
(u) du =
_
d
c
f (c
1
(t )) c
1
(t ) dt
The last step is simply replacing the dummy variable of integration u by t .
Suppose we wish to compute the average value of a continuous function f (x, y, z) along a curve C of length L.
Given a large number N, divide C into N consecutive arcs C
1
, . . . , C
N
, each of length L/N, and let P
i
be a sample
point in C
i
(Figure 20). Then the points P
i
are somewhat evenly spaced along the curve and the sum
1
N
i =1
f (P
i
)
b id d i ti t th l f f l C W d th t b th li it (if it
53. Use Eq. (8) to calculate the average value of f (x, y) = x y along the segment from P = (2, 1) to Q = (5, 5).
SOLUTION We can parametrize this line segment by
c(t ) = (2 +3t, 1 +4t ), 0 t 1
Therefore,
c
(t ) = 3, 4 c
(t ) =

9 +16 = 5
We compute the length of the curve,
L =
_
1
0
c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
5 dt =
5
Thus, using our values for x and y given above, we nd that
Av( f ) =
1
L
_
C
x y dt =
1
5
_
1
0
(2 +3t ) (1 +4t ) dt =
1
5
_
1
0
1 t dt =
1
2
5
Use Eq. (8) to calculate the average value of xy along the curve y = x
2
for 0 x 1.
55. The temperature (in degrees centigrade) at a point P on a circular wire of radius 2 cm centered at the origin is equal
to the square of the distance from P to P
0
= (2, 0). Compute the average temperature along the wire.
SOLUTION
x
y
P
0
= (2, 0)
P = (x, y)
The temperature at a point P(x, y) on the wire is given by the function,
T(x, y) = (x 2)
2
+ y
2
The length of the wire is the length of the circle of radius 2, L = 2 2 = 4. Therefore, the average temperature along
the wire is,
Av(T) =
1
L
_
C
T ds =
1
4
_
C
_
(x 2)
2
+ y
2
_
ds
To compute the line integral, we parametrize the circle by:
c(t ) = (2 cos t, 2 sin t ), 0 t 2.
Then,
c(t ) = 2 sin t, 2 cos t c
(t ) =
_
4 sin
2
t +4 cos
2
t = 2
We express T in terms of the parameter:
T (c(t )) = (x 2)
2
+ y
2
= (2 cos t 2)
2
+(2 sin t )
2
= 4 cos
2
t 8 cos t +4 +4 sin
2
t
= 4
_
cos
2
+sin
2
t
_
+4 8 cos t = 8(1 cos t )
We obtain the integral,
Av(T) =
1
4
_
2
0
T (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
1
4
_
2
0
16(1 cos t ) dt =
4
_
t sin t
2
0
_
=
4 2
= 8
Let F = x, 0. Prove that if C is any path from (a, b) to (c, d), then
_
C
F ds =
1
2
(c
2
a
2
)
57. Let F = y, x. Prove that if C is any path from (a, b) to (c, d), then
_
C
F ds = cd ab
SOLUTION
S E C T I O N 17.3 Conservative Vector Fields (ET Section 16.3) 583
(a, b)
(c, d)
c
We denote a parametrization of the path by:
c(t ) = (x(t ),
SOLUTION
(a) This statement is always true, since every gradient vector eld is conservative.
(b) If F is conservative on a connected domain D, then F has a potential function D and consequently the cross partials
of F are equal in D.
(c) If the cross partials of F are equal in a simply-connected region D, then F is a gradient vector eld in D.
4. Let C, D, and E be the oriented curves in Figure 15 and let F = be a gradient vector eld such that
_
C
F ds = 4.
What are the values of the following integrals?
(a)
_
D
F ds (b)
_
E
F ds
x
y
P
C
D
E
Q
FIGURE 15
SOLUTION Since F is a gradient vector eld the integrals over closed paths are zero. Therefore, by the equivalent
conditions for path independence we have:
(a)
_
D
F ds =
_
C
F ds = 4
(b)
_
E
F ds =
_
C
F ds =
_
C
F ds = 4
Exercises
1. Let (x, y, z) = xy sin(yz). Evaluate
_
c
ds, where c is any path from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, ).
SOLUTION By the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:
_
c
ds = (1, 1, ) (0, 0, 0) = 1 1 sin 0 = 0
Let F be the gradient of (x, y, z) = xy + z
2
. Compute the line integral of F along:
(a) The line segment from (1, 1, 1) to (1, 2, 2)
(b) A circle in the xz-plane
(c) The upper half of a circle of radius 4 with its center (0, 1, 1) in the yz-plane, oriented clockwise
In Exercises 38, verify that F = and evaluate the line integral of F over the given path.
3. F = 3, 6y, (x, y, z) = 3x +3y
2
; c(t ) = (t, 2t
1
) for 1 t 4
SOLUTION The gradient of = 3x +3y
2
is:
=
_
x
,
y
_
= 3, 6y = F
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields, we have:
_
c
F ds = (c(4)) (c(1)) =
_
4,
1
2
_
(1, 2) =
_
3 4 +3
1
4
_
(3 1 +3 4) =
9
4
F =
_
sin y
2
, 2xy cos y
2
_
, (x, y) = x sin y
2
; line segment from (2, 0) to (3,
)
5. F =
_
xy
2
, x
2
y
_
, (x, y) =
1
2
x
2
y
2
; upper half of the unit circle centered at the origin oriented counterclock-
wise
SOLUTION We compute the gradient of (x, y) =
1
2
x
2
y
2
:
=
_
x
,
y
_
=
_
xy
2
, x
2
y
_
= F
We now use the Fundamental Theorem of Gradient Vector Fields. The terminal point is Q = (1, 0) and the initial point
is P = (1, 0), therefore:
_
c
F ds = (Q) (P) = (1, 0) (1, 0) =
1
2
(1)
2
0
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
= 0
x
c
y
P = (1, 0) Q = (1, 0)
F =
_
y +2xz, x, x
2
_
, (x, y, z) = xy + x
2
z; any path from (1, 2, 1) to (3, 1, 0)
7. F =
_
ye
z
, xe
z
, xye
z
_
, (x, y, z) = xye
z
; c(t ) = (t
2
, t
3
, t 1) for 1 t 2
SOLUTION We verify that F is the gradient of :
=
_
x
,
y
,
z
_
=
_
ye
z
, xe
z
, xye
z
_
= F
We use the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vectors with the initial point c(1) = (1, 1, 0) and terminal point c(2) =
(4, 8, 1), to obtain:
_
c
F ds = (4, 8, 1) (1, 1, 0) = 32e 1
F =
_
x
x y
,
z
y z
, ln(x y)
_
, (x, y, z) = z ln(x y);
ellipse 2x
2
+3(y 4)
2
= 12 in the clockwise direction
9. Find a potential function for F =
_
2xy +5, x
2
4z, 4y
_
and evaluate
_
c
F ds
where c(t ) = (t
2
, sin(t ), e
t
2
2t
) for 0 t 2.
SOLUTION We nd a potential function (x, y, z) for F, using the following steps.
Step 1. Use the condition

x
= F
1
. is an antiderivative of F
1
= 2xy +5 when y and z are xed, therefore,
(x, y, z) =
_
(2xy +5) dx = x
2
y +5x + g(y, z) (1)

y
= F
2
. We have,
y
_
x
2
y +5x + g(y, z)
_
= x
2
4z
x
2
+ g
y
(y, z) = x
2
4z g
y
(y, z) = 4z
We integrate with respect to y, holding z xed:
g(y, z) =
_
4z dy = 4zy +h(z)
Combining with (1) gives:
(x, y, z) = x
2
y +5x 4zy +h(z) (2)

z
= F
3
. We have,
z
_
x
2
y +5x 4zy +h(z)
_
= 4y
4y +h
(z) = 4y
h
(z) = 0 h(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
(x, y, z) = x
2
y +5x 4zy +c
To compute the line integral we need one of the potential functions. We choose c = 0 to obtain the function,
(x, y, z) = x
2
y +5x 4zy
We now use the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields to evaluate the line integral:
_
c
F ds =
_
(2)
_
(0)
__
= (4, 0, 1) (0, 0, 1) = 20 0 = 20
Verify the cross-partials condition and nd a potential function for
F =
_
2xyz
1
+ yz, x
2
z
1
+ xz, x
2
yz
2
+ xy
_
on the domain {z = 0}.
11. Find the line integral of F =
_
2xyz, x
2
z, x
2
y
_
over any path from (0, 0, 0) to (3, 2, 1).
SOLUTION We rst show that the cross partials condition is satised:
F
1
y
=

y
(2xyz) = 2xz
F
2
x
=

x
_
x
2
z
_
= 2xz
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
F
2
z
=

z
_
x
2
z
_
= x
2
F
3
y
=

y
_
x
2
y
_
= x
2
F
2
z
=
F
3
y
F
3
x
=

x
_
x
2
y
_
= 2xy
F
1
z
=

z
(2xyz) = 2xy
F
3
x
=
F
1
z
Since the cross partials condition is satised at all points, F is conservative. We nd a potential function for F.

x
= F
1
1
= 2xyz when y and z are xed. Therefore:
(x, y, z) =
_
2xyz dx = x
2
yz + g(y, z) (1)

y
= F
2
. By (1) we have:
y
=
_
x
2
yz + g(y, z)
_
= x
2
z
x
2
z + g
y
(y, z) = x
2
z g
y
(y, z) = 0
It follows that g(y, z) = h(z). Substituting in (1) gives
(x, y, z) = x
2
yz +h(z) (2)

z
= F
3
. This condition along with (2) gives:
z
=
_
x
2
yz +h(z)
_
= x
2
y
x
2
y +h
(z) = x
2
z
h
(z) = 0 h(z) = C
Substituting in (2) we get
(x, y, z) = x
2
yz +C
Since only one potential function is needed, we choose the one corresponding to C = 0. That is,
(x, y, z) = x
2
yz
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vectors we obtain:
_
c
F ds = (3, 2, 1) (0, 0, 0) = 3
2
2 1 0 = 18
In Exercises 1217, determine whether the vector eld is conservative and, if so, nd a potential function.
F = z, 1, x
13. F = 0, x, y
SOLUTION Since
F
1
y
=

y
(0) = 0 and
F
2
x
=

x
(x) = 1, we have
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
. Therefore F does not satisfy the
cross-partial condition, hence F is not conservative.
F =
_
y
2
, 2xy +e
z
, ye
z
_ 15. F =
_
y, x, z
3
_
SOLUTION We examine whether the eld F =
_
y, x, z
3
_
satises the cross partials condition.
F
1
y
=

y
(y) = 1
F
2
x
=

x
(x) = 1
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
F
2
z
=

z
(x) = 0
F
3
y
=

y
_
z
3
_
= 0
F
2
z
=
F
3
y
F
3
x
=

x
_
z
3
_
= 0
F
1
z
=

z
(y) = 0
F
3
x
=
F
1
z
Since F satises the cross partials condition everywhere, F is conservative. We nd a potential function for F.

x
= F
1
1
= y when y and z are xed. Therefore:
(x, y, z) =
_
y dx = yx + g(y, z) (1)

y
= F
2
. By (1) we have:
y
(yx + g(y, z)) = x
x + g
y
(y, z) = x g
y
(y, z) = 0
Therefore, g(y, z) = g(z). Substituting in (1) gives:
(x, y, z) = yx + g(z) (2)

z
= F
3
. Using (2) we have:
z
(yx + g(z)) = z
3
g
(z) = z
3
g(z) =
1
4
z
4
+c
Substituting in (2) gives the following general potential function:
(x, y, z) = yx +
1
4
z
4
+c
Choosing c = 0 we obtain the potential:
(x, y, z) = yx +
z
4
4
.
F =
_
cos(xz), sin(yz), xy sin z
_ 17. F =
_
cos z, 2y, x sin z
_
SOLUTION We examine whether F satises the cross partials condition:
F
1
y
=

y
(cos z) = 0
F
2
x
=

x
(2y) = 0
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
F
2
z
=

z
(2y) = 0
F
3
y
=

y
(x sin z) = 0
F
2
z
=
F
3
y
F
3
x
=

x
(x sin z) = sin z
F
1
z
=

z
(cos z) = sin z
F
3
x
=
F
1
z
We see that the conditions are satised, therefore F is conservative. We nd a potential function for F.

x
= F
1
. (x, y, z) is an antiderivative of F
1
= cos z when y and z are xed, therefore:
(x, y, z) =
_
cos z dx = x cos z + g(y, z) (1)

y
= F
2
. Using (1) we get:
y
(x cos z + g(y, z)) = 2y
g
y
(y, z) = 2y
We integrate with respect to y, holding z xed:
g(y, z) =
_
2y dy = y
2
+ g(z)
Substituting in (1) gives
(x, y, z) = x cos z + y
2
+ g(z) (2)

z
= F
3
. By (2) we have
z
_
x cos z + y
2
+ g(z)
_
= x sin z
x sin z + g
(z) = x sin z
g
(z) = 0 g(z) = c
Substituting in (2) we obtain the general potential function:
(x, y, z) = x cos z + y
2
+c
Choosing c = 0 gives the potential function:
(x, y, z) = x cos z + y
2
.
Calculate the work expended when a particle is moved from O to Q along segments OP and PQ in Figure 16
in the presence of the force eld F =
_
x
2
, y
2
_
. How much work is expended moving in a complete circuit around the
square?
19. Let F =
_
1
x
,
1
y
_
. Calculate the work against F required to move an object from (1, 1) to (3, 4) along any path in
the rst quadrant.
SOLUTION F is a conservative force, since F = with potential energy (x, y) = ln y ln x. The work required
to move an object from (1, 1) to (3, 4) along any path C is equal to the change in potential energy:
Work against F =
_
C
F ds = (3, 4) (1, 1) = (ln 4 ln 3) (ln 1 ln 1) = ln 4 ln 3
Let F be the vector eld in Figure 17. Let PQ, QR, and PR be the segments in the gure with the orientations
indicated.
(a) Is
_
PR
F ds positive, negative, or zero?
(b) What is the value of
_
QR
F ds?
21. The vector eld F in Figure 17 is horizontal and appears to depend on only the x-coordinate. Suppose that
F = g(x), 0. Prove that
_
PR
F ds =
_
PQ
F ds
by showing that both integrals are equal to
_
b
a
g(x) dx.
x
y
P Q
R
a b
FIGURE 17
SOLUTION The vector eld F has the form:
F = g(x), 0
Since
F
1
y
=

y
(g(x)) = 0 and
F
2
x
= 0, we have
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
consequently F is conservative. Therefore:
_
PR
F ds =
_
PQ
F ds +
_
QR
F ds (1)
The vector eld F is orthogonal to QR, therefore the tangential component of F at each point along QR is zero. We
conclude that:
_
QR
F ds = 0
Substituting in (1) we get:
_
PR
F ds =
_
PQ
F ds
Lets try it again, this time using the hint. We compute the integral along PQ, using the parametrization
PQ : c(t ) = (t, y
0
), a t b
we get:
_
PQ
F ds =
_
b
a
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
b
a
g(t ), 0 1, 0 dt =
_
b
a
g(t ) dt =
_
b
a
g(x) dx
If we now compute the integral along PR with the parameterization
PR : c(t ) = (t, y(t )), a t b,
we get the same thing:
_
PR
F ds =
_
b
a
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
b
a
g(t ), 0
_
1, y
_
dt =
_
b
a
g(t ) dt =
_
b
a
g(x) dx
We see, again, that these are equal.
Let F =
_
x
1
z
2
, y
1
z
2
, 2z log(xy)
_
.
(a) Verify that F = , where (x, y, z) = z
2
log(xy).
(b) Evaluate
_
c
F ds, where c(t ) =
_
e
t
, e
2t
, t
2
_
for 1 t 3.
(c) Evaluate
_
c
F ds for any path c from P = (
1
2
, 4, 2) to Q = (2, 3, 3) contained in the region x > 0, y > 0,
z > 0.
(d) Why was it necessary to specify that the path lie in the region where x, y, and z are positive?
23. How much energy (in joules) does it take to carry a 2-kg object from sea level along any path to the top of a hill that
is 1,000 m high? Assume that the force of gravity F is constant mg in the vertical direction, where g = 9.8 m/s
2
. Hint:
Find a potential function for F.
SOLUTION The force of gravity is F = 0, 0, mg, therefore F = for (x, y, z) = mgz. The work performed
by the gravitational eld is the line integral of F over the path. Since F is conservative, the energy is independent of the
path connecting the two points. Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields we have:
W =
_
c
F ds = (z = 1000) (z = 0) = mg 1000 = 2 9.8 10
3
= 19,600 joules
Let F =
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
be the vortex vector eld. Determine
_
c
F ds for each of the paths in Figure 18.
25. The vector eld F =
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
is dened on the domain D = {(x, y) = (0, 0)}.
(a) Show that F satises the cross-partials condition on D.
(b) Show that (x, y) =
1
2
ln(x
2
+ y
2
) is a potential function for F.
(c) Is D simply connected?
(d) Do these results contradict Theorem 4?
SOLUTION
(a) We compute the partials of F:
F
2
x
=

x
_
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2xy
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
F
1
y
=

y
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
2yx
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
2
The cross partials are equal in D.
(b) We compute the gradient of (x, y) =
1
2
ln
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
:
=
_
x
,
x
_
=
1
2
_
2x
x
2
+ y
2
,
2y
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
_
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
= F
(c) D is not simply-connected since it has a hole at the origin.
(d) The requirement in Theorem 4 (that the domain be simply connected) is a sufcient condition for a vector eld with
equal cross-partials to have a potential function. It is not necessary, since as in our example, even if the domain is not
simply-connected the eld may have a gradient function. Moreover, for any closed curve in D, have the same value
after completing one round along c. This is perhaps best seen by noting that = log(r) in polar coordinates, which will
be independent of . Therefore,
_
c
F ds = 0
Hence, F is conservative.
PQ
17.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Surface Integrals (ET Section 16.4)
1. What is the surface integral of the function f (x, y, z) = 10 over a surface of total area 5?
SOLUTION Using Surface Integral and Surface Area we have:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f ((u, v)) n(u, v) du dv =
__
D
10n(u, v) du dv
= 10
__
D
n(u, v) du dv = 10 Area(S) = 10 5 = 50
2. What interpretation can we give to the length n of the normal vector for a parametrization (u, v)?
SOLUTION The approximation:
Area
_
S
i j
_
n
_
u
i j
, v
i j
_
Area
_
R
i j
_
tells that n is a distortion factor that indicates how much the area of a small rectangle R
i j
is altered under the map .
u
u
i
j
u
i
+ 0.01
j
+ 0.02
R
ij
S
ij
3. A parametrization maps a rectangle of size 0.01 0.02 in the uv-plane onto a small patch S of a surface. Estimate
Area(S) if T
u
T
v
= 1, 2, 2 at a sample point in the rectangle.
SOLUTION We use the estimation
Area(S) n(u, v)Area(R)
where n(u, v) = T
u
T
v
at a sample point in R. We get:
Area(S) 1, 2, 2 0.01 0.02 =
_
1
2
+2
2
+2
2
0.0002 = 0.0006
u
u u + 0.01
+ 0.02
R
S
4. A small surface S is divided into three small pieces, each of area 0.2. Estimate
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS if f (x, y, z) takes
the values 0.9, 1, and 1.1 at sample points in these three pieces.
SOLUTION We use the approximation obtained by the Riemann Sum:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS
i j
f
_
P
i j
_
Area
_
S
i j
_
= 0.9 0.2 +1 0.2 +1.1 0.2 = 0.6
S E C T I O N 17.4 Parametrized Surfaces and Surface Integrals (ET Section 16.4) 591
5. A surface S has a parametrization whose domain is the square 0 u, v 2 such that n(u, v) = 5 for all (u, v).
What is Area(S)?
SOLUTION Writing the surface area as a surface integral where D is the square [0, 2] [0, 2] in the uv-plane, we have:
Area(S) =
__
D
n(u, v) du dv =
__
D
5 du dv = 5
__
D
1 du dv = 5Area(D) = 5 2
2
= 20
6. What is the outward-pointing unit normal to the sphere of radius 3 centered at the origin at P = (2, 2, 1)?
SOLUTION The outward-pointing normal to the sphere of radius R = 3 centered at the origin is the following vector:
_
cos sin , sin sin , cos
_
(1)
2
1
2
P = (2, 2, 1)
z
y
x
We compute the values in (1) corresponding to P = (2, 2, 1): x = y = 2, z = 1 hence 0
2
and 0 < <
2
. We
get:
cos =
z
=
1
3
sin =
_
1
_
1
3
_
2
=
2
2
3
cos =
x
sin
=
2
3
2
2
3
=
1
2
sin =
_
1
1
2
=
1
2
Substituting in (1) we get the following unit normal:
_
1
2

2
2
3
,
1
2

2
2
3
,
1
3
_
=
_
2
3
,
2
3
,
1
3
_
Exercises
1. Match the parametrization with the surface in Figure 16.
(a) (u, cos v, sin v) (b) (u, u +v, v)
(c) (u, v
3
, v)
(d) (cos u sin v, 3 cos u sin v, cos v)
(e) (u, u(2 +cos v), u(2 +sin v))
(i) (ii) (iii)
x
y
z
x
y
z
x
y
(iv ) ( v)xy z
z
x
z
y
FIGURE 16
SOLUTION (a) = (v), because the y and z coordinates describe a circle with xed radius.
(b) = (iii), because the coordinates are all linear in u and v.
(c) = (i), because the parametrization gives y = z
3
.
(d) = (iv), an ellipsoid.
(e) = (ii), because the y and z coordinates describe a circle with varying radius.
Show that (r, ) = (r cos , r sin , 1 r
2
) parametrizes the paraboloid z = 1 x
2
y
2
. Describe the grid
curves of this parametrization.
3. Show that (u, v) = (2u +1, u v, 3u +v) parametrizes the plane 2x y z = 2. Then:
(a) Calculate T
u
, T
v
, and n(u, v).
(b) Find the area of S = (D), where D = {(u, v) : 0 u 2, 0 v 1}.
(c) Express f (x, y, z) = yz in terms of u and v and evaluate
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS.
SOLUTION We show that x = 2u +1, y = u v, and z = 3u +v satisfy the equation of the plane,
2x y z = 2(2u +1) (u v) (3u +v) = 4u +2 u +v 3u v = 2
Moreover, for any x, y, z satisfying 2x y z = z, there are values of u and v such that x = 2u + 1, y = u v, and
z = 3u +v, since the following equations can be solved for u and v:
x = 2u +1
y = u v
z = 3u +v
2x y z = 2
u =
x 1
2
, v =
x 1
2
y
We conclude that (u, v) parametrizes the whole plane 2x y z = 2.
(a) The tangent vectors T
u
and T
v
are:
T
u
=

u
=

u
(2u +1, u v, 3u +v) = 2, 1, 3
T
v
=

v
=

v
(2u +1, u v, 3u +v) = 0, 1, 1
The normal vector is the following cross product:
n(u, v) = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
2 1 3
0 1 1
1 3
1 1
2 3
0 1
j +
2 1
0 1
k
= 4i 2j 2k = 4, 2, 2
(b) That area of S = (D) is the following surface integral:
Area(S) =
__
D
n(u, v) du dv =
__
D
4, 2, 2 du dv =
24
__
D
1 du dv
=
24 Area(D) =
24 2 1 = 4
6
(c) We express f (x, y, z) = yz in terms of the parameters u and v:
f
_
(u, v)
_
= (u v)(3u +v) = 3u
2
2uv v
2
Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals we have:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f
_
(u, v)
_
n(u, v) du dv =
__
D
_
3u
2
2uv v
2
_
4, 2, 2 du dv
=
24
_
1
0
_
2
0
_
3u
2
2uv v
2
_
du dv =
24
_
1
0
_
u
3
u
2
v v
2
u
_
2
u=0
dv
=
24
_
1
0
_
8 4v 2v
2
_
dv =
24
_
8v 2v
2
2
3
v
3
_
1
0
=
32
6
3
Let S = (D), where D = {(u, v) : u
2
+v
2
1, u 0, v 0} and is as dened in Exercise 3.
(a) Calculate the surface area of S.
(b) Evaluate
__
S
(x y) dS. Hint: Use polar coordinates.
5. Let (x, z) = (x, y, xy).
(a) Calculate T
x
, T
y
, and n(x, y).
(b) Let S be the part of the surface with parameter domain D = {(x, y) : x
2
+ y
2
1, x 0, y 0}. Verify the
following formula and evaluate using polar coordinates:
__
S
1 dS =
__
D
_
1 + x
2
+ y
2
dx dy
(c) Verify the following formula and evaluate:
__
S
z dS =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
(sin cos )r
3
_
1 +r
2
dr d
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are:
T
x
=

x
=

x
(x, y, xy) = 1, 0, y
T
y
=

y
=

y
(x, y, xy) = 0, 1, x
The normal vector is the cross product:
n(x, y) = T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 y
0 1 x
0 y
1 x
1 y
0 x
j +
1 0
0 1
k
= yi xj +k = y, x, 1
(b) Using the Theorem on evaluating surface integrals we have:
__
S
1 dS =
__
D
n(x, y) dx dy =
__
D
y, x, 1 dx dy =
__
D
_
y
2
+ x
2
+1 dx dy
x
1 0
1
y
D
We convert the integral to polar coordinates x = r cos , y = r sin . The new region of integration is:
0 r 1, 0
2
.
We get:
__
S
1 dS =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
_
r
2
+1 r dr d =
_
/2
0
_
_
1
0
_
r
2
+1 r dr
_
d
=
_
/2
0
_
_
2
1
u
2
du
_
d =
_
/2
0
2
2 1
3
d =
_
2
2 1
_
6
(c) The function z expressed in terms of the parameters x, y is f ((x, y)) = xy. Therefore,
__
S
z dS =
__
D
xy n(x, y) dx dy =
__
D
xy
_
1 + x
2
+ y
2
dx dy
We compute the double integral by converting it to polar coordinates. We get:
__
S
z dS =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
(r cos )(r sin )
_
1 +r
2
r dr d =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
(sin cos )r
3
_
1 +r
2
dr d
=
_
_
/2
0
(sin cos ) d
__
_
1
0
r
3
_
1 +r
2
dr
_
(1)
We compute each integral in (1). Using the substitution u = 1 +r
2
, du = 2r dr we get:
_
1
0
r
3
_
1 +r
2
dr =
_
1
0
r
2
_
1 +r
2
r dr =
_
2
1
_
u
3/2
u
1/2
_
du
2
=
u
5/2
5

u
3/2
3
2
1
=
2
_
2 +1
_
15
Also,
_
/2
0
sin cos d =
_
/2
0
sin 2
2
d =
cos 2
4
/2
0
=
1
2
We substitute the integrals in (1) to obtain the following solution:
__
S
z dS =
1
2

2
_
2 +1
_
15
=
2 +1
15
A surface S has a parametrization (u, v) whose domain D is the square in Figure 17. Suppose that has the
following normal vectors:
n(A) = 2, 10 , n(B) = 1, 3, 0
n(C) = 3, 0, 1 , n(D) = 2, 0, 1
Estimate
_
S
f (x, y, z) dS, where f is a function such that f ((u, v)) = u +v.
In Exercises 710, calculate T
u
, T
v
, and n(u, v) for the parametrized surface at the given point. Then nd the equation
of the tangent plane to the surface at that point.
7. (u, v) = (2u +v, u 4v, 3u); u = 1, v = 4
SOLUTION The tangent vectors are the following vectors,
T
u
=

u
=

u
(2u +v, u 4v, 3u) = 2, 1, 3
T
v
=

v
=

v
(2u +v, u 4v, 3u) = 1, 4, 0
The normal is the cross product:
n(u, v) = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
2 1 3
1 4 0
1 3
4 0
2 3
1 0
j +
2 1
1 4
k
= 12i +3j 9k = 3 4, 1, 3
The equation of the plane passing through the point P : (1, 4) = (6, 15, 3) with the normal vector 4, 1, 3 is:
x 6, y +15, z 3 4, 1, 3 = 0
or
4(x 6) + y +15 3(z 3) = 0
4x + y 3z = 0
(u, v) = (u
2
v
2
, u +v, u v); u = 2, v = 3
9. (, ) = (cos sin , sin sin , cos ); =
2
, =
4
SOLUTION We compute the tangent vectors:
T
(cos sin , sin sin , cos ) =

_
sin sin , cos sin , 0
_
T
(cos sin , sin sin , cos ) =

_
cos cos , sin cos , sin
_
n(, ) = T
i j k
sin sin cos sin 0
cos cos sin cos sin
=
_
cos sin
2
_
i
_
sin sin
2
_
j +
_
sin
2
sin cos cos
2
cos sin
_
k
=
_
cos sin
2
_
i
_
sin sin
2
_
j (sin cos )k
The tangency point and the normal at this point are,
P =
_
2
,
4
_
=
_
cos
2
sin
4
, sin
2
sin
4
, cos
4
_
=
_
0,
2
2
,
2
2
_
n
_
2
,
4
_
=
1
2
j
1
2
k =
1
2
(j +k) =
1
2
0, 1, 1
The equation of the plane orthogonal to the vector 0, 1, 1 and passing through P =
_
0,
2
2
,
2
2
_
is:
_
x, y
2
2
, z
2
2
_
0, 1, 1 = 0
or
y
2
2
+ z
2
2
= 0
y + z =
2
(r, ) = (r cos , r sin , 1 r
2
); r =
1
2
, =
4
11. Use the normal vector computed in Exercise 8 to estimate the area of the small patch of the surface (u, v) =
(u
2
v
2
, u +v, u v) dened by
2 u 2.1, 3 v 3.2
SOLUTION We denote the rectangle D = {(u, v) : 2 u 2.1, 3 v 3.2}. Using the sample point corresponding
to u = 2, v = 3 we obtain the following estimation for the area of S = (D):
Area(S) n(2, 3)Area(D) = n(2, 3) 0.1 0.2 = 0.02n(2, 3) (1)
In Exercise 8 we found that n(2, 3) = 2 1, 1, 5. Therefore,
n(2, 3) = 2
_
1
2
+1
2
+5
2
= 2
27
Substituting in (1) gives the following estimation:
Area(S) 0.02 2
27 0.2078.
Sketch the small patch of the sphere whose spherical coordinates satisfy
2
0.15
2
+0.15,
4
0.1
4
+0.1
Use the normal vector computed in Exercise 9 to estimate its area.
13. A surface S has a parametrization (u, v) with domain 0 u 2, 0 v 4 such that the following partial
derivatives are constant:
u
= 2, 0, 1 ,
v
= 4, 0, 3
What is the surface area of S?
SOLUTION Since the partial derivatives are constant, the normal vector is also constant. We nd it by computing the
cross product:
n = T
u
T
v
=

u

v
=
i j k
2 0 1
4 0 3
= 2j = 0, 2, 0 n = 2
We denote the rectangle D = {(u, v) : 0 u 2, 0 v 4}, and use the surface area to compute the area of S =
(D). We obtain:
Area(S) =
__
D
n du dv =
__
D
2 du dv = 2
__
D
1 du dv = 2 Area(D) = 2 2 4 = 16
Show that the ellipsoid
_
x
a
_
2
+
_
y
b
_
2
+
_
z
c
_
2
= 1
is parametrized by
(, ) = (a cos sin , b sin sin , c cos )
Express the surface area of the ellipsoid as an integral but do not attempt to evaluate it.
15. Let S be the surface with parametrization
(u, v) =
_
(3 +sin v) cos u, (3 +sin v) sin u, v
_
for 0 u, v 2. Using a computer algebra system:
(a) Plot S from several different viewpoints. Is S best described as a vase that holds water or a bottomless vase?
(b) Calculate the normal vector n(u, v).
(c) Calculate the surface area of S to four decimal places.
SOLUTION
(a) We show the graph of S here.
6
4
2
0
2
4 4
2
0
2
4 4
2
0
4
2
0
4
2
4
2
6
0
2
4
0
4
2
Note that it is best described as a bottomless vase.
(b) We compute the tangent and normal vectors:
T
u
=

u
= (3 +sin v)(sin u), (3 +sin v)(cos u), 0
T
v
=

v
= cos v cos u, cos v sin u, 1
n(u, v) = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
(3 +sin v)(sin u) (3 +sin v)(cos u) 0
cos v cos u cos v sin u 1
= ((3 +sin v) cos u)i +((3 +sin v) sin u)j ((3 +sin v) cos v)k
Hence,
n(u, v) = (3 +sin v)
_
1 +cos
2
v
We obtain the following area:
Area(S) =
__
D
n du dv =
_
2
0
_
2
0
(3 +sin v)
_
1 +cos
2
v du dv 144.0181
Let S be the surface z = ln(5 x
2
y
2
) for 0 x, y 1. Using a computer algebra system:
(a) Calculate the surface area of S to four decimal places.
(b) Calculate
__
S
x
2
y
3
dS to four decimal places.
17. Use spherical coordinates to compute the surface area of a sphere of radius R.
SOLUTION The sphere of radius R centered at the origin has the following parametrization in spherical coordinates:
(, ) = (R cos sin , R sin sin , R cos ), 0 2, 0
The length of the normal vector is:
n = R
2
sin
Using the integral for surface area gives:
Area(S) =
__
D
n d d =
_
2
0
_
0
R
2
sin d d =
_
_
2
0
R
2
d
_
__
0
sin d
_
= 2R
2
_
cos
0
_
= 2R
2
2 = 4R
2
Compute the integral of z over the upper hemisphere of a sphere of radius R centered at the origin.
19. Compute the integral of x
2
over the octant of the unit sphere centered at the origin, where x, y, z 0.
SOLUTION The octant of the unit sphere centered at the origin, where x, y, z 0 has the following parametrization in
spherical coordinates:
(, ) = (cos sin , sin sin , cos ), 0
2
, 0
2
The length of the normal vector is:
n = sin
The function x
2
expressed in terms of the parameters is cos
2
sin
2
. Using the theorem on computing surface integrals
we obtain,
__
S
x
2
dS =
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
_
cos
2
sin
2
_
(sin ) d d =
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
cos
2
sin
3
d d
=
_
_
/2
0
cos
2
d
__
_
/2
0
sin
3
d
_
=
_
2
+
sin 2
4
_
/2
=0
sin
2
cos
3

2
3
cos
_
/2
=0
=
4

2
3
=
6
Show that the hemisphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
, z 0 is parametrized by
(r, ) = (r cos , r sin ,
_
R
2
r
2
)
for 0 2, 0 r R. Compute the surface area of the hemisphere using this parametrization.
In Exercises 2132, calculate
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS for the given surface and function.
21. (u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, u), 0 u, v 1; f (x, y, z) = z(x
2
+ y
2
)
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have:
T
u
=

u
=

u
(u cos v, u sin v, u) = cos v, sin v, 1
T
v
=

v
=

v
(u cos v, u sin v, u) = u sin v, u cos v, 0
n = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
cos v sin v 1
u sin v u cos v 0
= (u cos v)i (u sin v)j +

_
u cos
2
v +u sin
2
v
_
k
= (u cos v)i (u sin v)j +uk = u cos v, u sin v, u
We compute the length of n:
n =
_
(u cos v)
2
+(u sin v)
2
+u
2
=
_
u
2
_
cos
2
v +sin
2
v +1
_
=
_
u
2
2 =
2|u| =
2u
Notice that in the region of integration u 0, therefore |u| = u.
Step 2. Calculate the surface integral. We express the function f (x, y, z) = z
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
in terms of the parameters u,
v:
f (, (u, v)) = u
_
u
2
cos
2
v +u
2
sin
2
v
_
= u u
2
= u
3
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1
0
f (, (u, v)) n du dv =
_
1
0
_
1
0
u
3
2u du dv
=
_
_
1
0
2 dv
__
_
1
0
u
4
du
_
=
2
u
5
5
1
0
=
2
5
(r, ) = (r cos , r sin , ), 0 r 1, 0 2; f (x, y, z) =
_
x
2
+ y
2
23. x
2
+ y
2
= 4, 0 z 4; f (x, y, z) = e
z
SOLUTION The cylinder has the following parametrization in cylindrical coordinates:
(, z) = (2 cos , 2 sin , z), 0 2, 0 z 4
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. The tangent vectors are the partial derivatives:
T
(2 cos , 2 sin , z) = 2 sin , 2 cos , 0

T
z
=

z
(2 cos , 2 sin , z) = 0, 0, 1
The normal vector is their cross product:
n(, z) = T
T
z
=
i j k
2 sin 2 cos 0
0 0 1
= (2 cos )i +(2 sin )j = 2 cos , 2 sin , 0

The length of the normal vector is thus
n(, z) =
_
(2 cos )
2
+(2 sin )
2
+0 =
_
4
_
cos
2
+sin
2
_
=
4 = 2
Step 2. Calculate the surface integral. The surface integral equals the following double integral:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f ((, z)) n d dz =
_
2
0
_
4
0
e
z
2 d dz
=
_
_
2
0
2 d
__
_
4
0
e
z
dz
_
= 4
_
e
z
_
4
0
= 4
_
1 e
4
_
z = 4 x
2
y
2
, z 0; f (x, y, z) = z
25. z = 4 x
2
y
2
, z 0; f (x, y, z) = z(x
2
+ y
2
)
SOLUTION We use the formula for the surface integral over a graph:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f (x, y, g(x, y))
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
dx dy (1)
Since z = g(x, y) = 4 x
2
y
2
, we have:
f (x, y, g(x, y)) =
_
4 x
2
y
2
_ _
x
2
+ y
2
_
=
_
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
__ _
x
2
+ y
2
_
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
=
_
1 +(2x)
2
+(2y)
2
=
_
1 +4
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
The domain of integration D is determined by the inequality:
D : z = 4 x
2
y
2
0 x
2
+ y
2
4
D
x
2 2 0
2
2
y
By (1) we obtain:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
_
4 (x
2
+ y
2
)
_
(x
2
+ y
2
)
_
1 +4(x
2
+ y
2
) dx dy
We convert the integral to polar coordinates x = r cos , y = r sin to obtain:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
2
0
_
2
0
_
4 r
2
_
r
2
_
1 +4r
2
r dr d
= 2
_
_
2
0
4r
3
_
1 +4r
2
dr
_
2
0
r
5
_
1 +4r
2
dr
_
(2)
We compute the integrals using the (somewhat unusual) substitution u =
_
1 +4r
2
, du =
4r
u
dr. This gives:
_
2
0
4r
3
_
1 +4r
2
dr =
_
2
0
r
2
_
1 +4r
2
4r dr =
_

17
1
u
2
1
4
u
2
du
=
_

17
1
u
4
u
2
4
du =
1
4
_
u
5
5

u
3
3
_
17
1
=
391
17 +1
30
_
2
0
r
5
_
1 +4r
2
dr =
_
2
0
r
4
_
1 +4r
2
r dr =
_

17
1
_
u
2
1
_
2
16

u
2
4
du =
1
64
_

17
1
_
u
6
2u
4
+u
2
_
du
=
1
64
u
7
7

2u
5
5
+
u
3
3
17
1
=
7769
17 1
840
Substituting the integrals in (2) gives:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS = 2
_
391
17 +1
30

7769
17 1
840
_
=
_
3179
17 +29
_
420
98.26
y = 9 z
2
, 0 x z 3; f (x, y, z) = 1
27. y = 9 z
2
, 0 x, z 3; f (x, y, z) = z
SOLUTION We use the formula for the surface integral over a graph y = g(x, z):
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f (x, g(x, z), z)
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
z
dx dz (1)
Since y = g(x, z) = 9 z
2
, we have g
x
= 0, g
z
= 2z, hence:
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
z
=
_
1 +4z
2
f (x, g(x, z), z) = z
The domain of integration is the square [0, 3] [0, 3] in the xz-plane. By (1) we get:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
3
0
_
3
0
z
_
1 +4z
2
dz dx =
_
_
3
0
1 dx
__
_
3
0
z
_
1 +4z
2
dz
_
= 3
_
3
0
z
_
1 +4z
2
dz
We use the substitution u = 1 +4z
2
, du = 8z dz to compute the integral. This gives:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS = 3
_
3
0
z
_
1 +4z
2
dz = 3
_
37
1
u
1/2
8
du =
37
37 1
4
56
(u, v) = (u, v
3
, u +v), 0 u, v 1; f (x, y, z) = y
29. Part of the plane x + y + z = 1, where x, y, z 0; f (x, y, z) = z
SOLUTION We let z = g(x, y) = 1 x y and use the formula for the surface integral over the graph of z = g(x, y),
where D is the parameter domain in the xy-plane. That is:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f (x, y, g(x, y))
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
dx dy (1)
We have, g
x
= 1 and g
y
= 1 therefore:
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
=
_
1 +(1)
2
+(1)
2
=
3
We express the function f (x, y, z) = z in terms of the parameters x and y:
f (x, y, g(x, y)) = z = 1 x y
The domain of integration is the triangle D in the xy-plane shown in the gure.
z
y
x
S: x + y + z = 1, x 0, y 0, z 0
x
1
1
0
y
x + y = 1
D
By (1) we get:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
(1 x y)
3 dx dy =
3
_
1
0
x
x
2
2
yx
1y
x=0
dy
=
3
_
1
0
_
(1 y)
2
(1 y)
2
2
_
dy =
3
2
_
1
0
_
1 2y + y
2
_
dy
=
3
2
_
y y
2
+
y
3
3
_
1
0
=
3
6
Region in the plane x + y + z = 0 contained in the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 1; f (x, y, z) = xz
31. Part of the surface x = z
3
, where 0 x, y 1; f (x, y, z) = x
SOLUTION We let z = g(x, y) = x
1/3
and use the formula for the surface integral over a graph:
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f (x, y, g(x, y))
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
dx dy (1)
where D is the square [0, 1] [0, 1] in the xy-plane. We compute the integrand in (1):
g
x
=
1
3
x
2/3
, g
y
= 0
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
=
_
1 +
1
9
x
4/3
f (x, y, g(x, y)) = x
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
1
0
_
1
0
x
_
1 +
1
9
x
4/3
dx dy =
_
1
0
x
_
1 +
1
9
x
4/3
dx
We compute the integral using the substitution
1
3
x
2/3
= tan . Then:
_
1 +
1
9
x
4/3
=
_
1 +tan
2
=
1
cos
2
9
x
5/3
dx =
1
cos
2
d x dx =
9
2

1
cos
2
x
8/3
d =
1
18
cos
2
sin
4
d
Hence:
_
1 +
1
9
x
4/3
x dx =
1
18
cos
sin
4
d
We obtain the following integral, which we compute by substituting u = sin , du = cos d :
1
3
10
tan
1
( )
1
3
__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
_
tan
1 1
3
/2
1
18
cos
sin
4
d =
1
18
_
sin
_
tan
1 1
3
_
=
1
10
1
1
u
4
du
=
1
54

1
u
3
1/(
10)
1
=
1
54
_
10
10 1
_
0.567
Part of the unit sphere centered at the origin, where x 0 and |y| x; f (x, y, z) = x
33. Let S be the sphere of radius R centered at the origin. Explain the following equalities using symmetry:
(a)
__
S
x dS =
__
S
y dS =
__
S
z dS = 0
(b)
__
S
x
2
dS =
__
S
y
2
dS =
__
S
z
2
dS
Then show, by adding the three integrals in part (b), that
__
S
x
2
dS =
4
3
R
4
.
SOLUTION
(a) Since the sphere is symmetric with respect to the yz-plane, the surface integrals of x over the hemispheres on the
two sides of the plane cancel each other and the result is zero. The two other integrals are zero due to the symmetry of
the sphere with respect to the xz and xy-planes.
(b) Since the sphere is symmetric with respect to the xy, xz and yz-planes, interchanging x and y in the integral for
__
S
x
2
dS does not change the value of the integral and the result is
__
S
y
2
dS. The equality for
__
S
z
2
dS is explained
similarly.
On the sphere, we have x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
so, using properties of integrals, the integral for surface area, and the
surface area of the sphere of radius R we obtain:
__
S
x
2
dS +
__
S
y
2
dS +
__
S
z
2
dS =
__
S
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
dS = R
2
__
S
1 dS
= R
2
Area(S) = R
2
4R
2
= 4R
4
Combining with (b) we conclude that the value of each of the integrals is
4
3
R
4
. That is:
__
S
x
2
dS =
__
S
y
2
dS =
__
S
z
2
dS =
4
3
R
4
.
Calculate
__
S
(xy +e
z
) dS, where S is the triangle in Figure 18 with vertices (0, 0, 3), (1, 0, 2), and (0, 4, 1).
Hint: Find the equation of the plane containing the triangle.
35. Find the area of the portion of the plane 2x +3y +4z = 28 lying above the rectangle 1 x 3, 2 y 5 in the
xy-plane.
SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the plane as:
z = g(x, y) =
x
2

3
4
y +7 (1)
The domain of the parameters is the rectangle D = [1, 3] [2, 5] in the xy-plane. Using the integral for surface area and
the surface integral over a graph we have:
Area(S) =
__
S
1 dS =
__
D
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
z
dx dy (2)
x
3 1
5
2
0
y
D
By (1) we have:
g
x
=
1
2
, g
y
=
3
4

_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
z
=
_
1 +
1
4
+
9
16
=
29
4
We substitute in (2) to obtain:
Area(S) =
__
D
29
4
dx dy =
29
4
__
D
1 dx dy =
29
4
Area(D) =
29
4
3 2 =
3
29
2
What is the area of the portion of the plane 2x + 3y + 4z = 28 lying above the domain D in the xy-plane in
Figure 19 if Area(D) = 5?
37. Compute the integral of f (x, y, z) = z
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
1
over the cap of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 4 dened by
z 1.
SOLUTION We use spherical coordinates to parametrize the cap S.
(, ) = (2 cos sin , 2 sin sin , 2 cos )
D : 0 2, 0
0
The angle
0
is determined by cos
0
=
1
2
, that is,
0
=
3
. The length of the normal vector in spherical coordinates is:
n = R
2
sin = 4 sin
We express the function f (x, y, z) = z
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
1
in terms of the parameters:
f
_
(, )
_
= (2 cos )
2
4
1
= cos
2
Using the theorem on computing the surface integral we get:

__
S
f (x, y, z) dS =
__
D
f
_
(, )
_
n d d =
_
2
0
_
/3
0
_
cos
2
_
4 sin d d
=
_
_
2
0
4 d
__
_
/3
0
cos
2
sin d
_
= 8
_
cos
3
_
/3
0
= 8
__
1
8

1
6
_
1
3
__
= 8
7
24
=
7
3
Calculate
__
S
f (x, y, z) = z(x
2
+ y
2
) dS, where S is the hemisphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
, z 0.
39. Let S be the portion of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9, where 1 x
2
+ y
2
4 and z 0 (Figure 20). Find a
parametrization of S in polar coordinates and use it to compute:
(a) The area of S (b)
__
S
z
1
dS
z
y
1
2
x
FIGURE 20
SOLUTION
1 2 3
x
y
D
We parametrize S by spherical coordinates as follows:
(, ) = (3 cos sin , 3 sin sin , 3 cos )
D : 0 2,
0

1
The angles
0
and
1
are determined by,
sin
0
=
1
3

0
= sin
1
1
3
sin
1
=
2
3

1
= sin
1
2
3
x
z
y
f
0
f
1
The length of the normal is:
n = R
2
sin = 9 sin
(a) Using the integral for the surface area we have,
Area(S) =
__
D
n d d =
_
2
0
_
sin
1
(2/3)
sin
1
(1/3)
9 sin d d =
_
_
2
0
9 d
__
_
sin
1
(2/3)
sin
1
(1/3)
sin d
_
= 18
_
cos
1
=sin
1
(2/3)
0
=sin
1
(1/3)
_
= 18
_
5
3
+
8
3
_
= 6
_
5
_
11.166
3
2
f
1
5
3
1
f
0
8
(b) We express the function f (x, y, z) = z
1
in the terms of the parameters:
f
_
(, )
_
= (3 cos )
1
=
sec
3
Using the surface integral as a double integral we obtain:
__
S
z
1
dS =
__
D
f
_
(, )
_
n d d =
_
2
0
_
0
sec
3
9 sin d d =
_
2
0
_
0
3 tan d d
=
_
_
2
0
3 d
__
_
0
tan d
_
= 6
_
ln(sec )
1
=sin
1
(2/3)
0
=sin
1
(1/3)
_
= 6
_
ln
3
5
ln
3
8
_
= 6 ln
_
8
5
= 3 ln 1.6 4.43
Find the surface area of the part of the cone x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
between the planes z = 2 and z = 5.
41. Find the surface area of the portion S of the cone z
2
= x
2
+ y
2
, where z 0, contained within the cylinder
y
2
+ z
2
1.
SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the cone as x =
_
z
2
y
2
. The projection of the cone onto the yz-plane is
obtained by setting x = 0 in the equation of the cone, that is,
x = 0 =
_
z
2
y
2
z = y
Since on S, z 0, we get z = |y|. We conclude that the projection of the upper part of the cone x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
onto the
yz-plane is the region between the lines z = y and z = y on the upper part of the yz-plane. Therefore, the projection
D of S onto the yz-plane is the region shown in the gure:
y
z
z = y z = y
2
1
2
1
D
y
2
+ z
2
= 1 z = 1 y
2
The area of S is the surface integral:
Area(S) =
__
S
dS
We compute the integral using a surface integral over a graph. Since x = g(y, z) =
_
z
2
y
2
we have,
g
z
=
z
_
z
2
y
2
, g
y
=
y
_
z
2
y
2
Hence, (notice that z 0 on S):
_
1 + g
2
y
+ g
2
z
=
_
1 +
z
2
z
2
y
2
+
y
2
z
2
y
2
=
_
2z
2
z
2
y
2
=
z
2
_
z
2
y
2
Area(S) =
__
D
_
1 + g
2
y
+ g
2
z
dy dz =
__
D
z
2
_
z
2
y
2
dz dy
Using symmetry gives:
Area(S) = 2
_
1/(
2)
0
_

1y
2
y
z
2
_
z
2
y
2
dz dy = 2
2
_
1/(
2)
0
_
_

1y
2
y
z dz
_
z
2
y
2
_
dy (1)
We compute the inner integral using the substitution u =
_
z
2
y
2
, du =
z
u
dz. We get:
_

1y
2
y
z dz
_
z
2
y
2
=
_

1y
2
0
u du
u
=
_

12y
2
0
du =
_
1 2y
2
We substitute in (1) and compute the resulting integral using the substitution t =

2y. We get:
Area(S) =
_
1/(
2)
0
_
1 2y
2
dy = 2
2
_
1
0
_
1 t
2
dt
2
= 2
_
1
0
_
1 t
2
dt = 2
4
=
2
Find the integral of e
2x+yz
over the following faces of the cube of side 2 in Figure 21.
(a) The top face (b) The face PQRS
43. Prove a famous result of Archimedes: The surface area of the portion of the sphere of radius r between two horizontal
planes z = a and z = b is equal to the surface area of the corresponding portion of the circumscribed cylinder (Figure
22).
a
b
z
FIGURE 22
SOLUTION We compute the area of the portion of the sphere between the planes a and b. The portion S
1
of the sphere
has the parametrization,
(, ) = (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos )
where,
D
1
: 0 2,
0

1
If we assume 0 < a < b, then the angles
0
and
1
are determined by,
cos
0
=
b
r

0
= cos
1
b
r
cos
1
=
a
r

1
= cos
1
a
r
r b r a
f
0
f
1
The length of the normal vector is n = r
2
sin . We obtain the following integral:
Area (S
1
) =
__
D
1
nd d =
_
2
0
_
0
r
2
sin d d =
_
_
2
0
r
2
d
__
_
1
sin d
_
= 2r
2
_
cos
cos
1 a
r
=cos
1 b
r
_
= 2r
2
_
a
r
+
b
r
_
= 2r(b a)
The area of the part S
2
of the cylinder of radius r between the planes z = a and z = b is:
Area (S
2
) = 2r (b a)
We see that the two areas are equal:
Area (S
1
) = Area (S
2
)
Surfaces of Revolution Let S be the surface formed by revolving the region underneath the graph z = g(y) in
the yz-plane for c y d about the z-axis (Figure 23). Assume that c 0.
(a) Show that the circle generated by rotating a point (0, a, b) about the z-axis is parametrized by
(a cos , a sin , b), 0 2
(b) Show that S is parametrized by
(y, ) = (y cos , y sin , g(y))
f d 0 2
45. Use Eq. (13) to compute the surface area of z = 4 y
2
for 0 y 2 rotated about the z-axis.
SOLUTION Since g(y) = 4 y
2
, we have g
(y) = 2y. By Eq. (13) we obtain the following integral,

Area(S) = 2
_
2
0
|y|
_
1 +(2y)
2
dy = 2
_
2
0
y
_
1 +4y
2
dy
We compute the integral using the substitution u = 1 +4y
2
, du = 8y dy. We get:
Area(S) = 2
_
17
1
u
1/2
du
8
= 2
2
3

u
3/2
8
17
1
=
6
_
17
17 1
_
36.18
Describe the upper half of the cone x
2
+ y
2
= z
2
for 0 z d as a surface of revolution (Figure 2) and use
Eq. (13) to compute its surface area.
47. Area of a Torus Let T be the torus obtained by rotating the circle in the yz-plane of radius a centered at (0, b, 0)
about the z-axis (Figure 24). We assume that b > a > 0.
(a) Use Eq. (13) to show that
Area(T) = 4
_
b+a
ba
ay
_
a
2
(b y)
2
dy
z
y
x
z
y
x
b
b a
b + a
FIGURE 24 The torus obtained by rotating a circle of radius a.
(b) Show that Area(T) = 4
2
ab. Hint: Rewrite the integral using substitution.
SOLUTION
(a) Using symmetry, the area of the surface obtained by rotating the upper part of the circle is half the area of the torus.
z
y
x
b
b a
b + a
The rotated graph is z = g(y) =
_
a
2
(y b)
2
, b a y b +a. So, we have,
g
(y) =
2(y b)
2
_
a
2
(y b)
2
=
y b
_
a
2
(y b)
2
_
1 + g
(y)
2
=
_
1 +
(y b)
2
a
2
(y b)
2
=
_
a
2
(y b)
2
+(y b)
2
a
2
(y b)
2
=
a
_
a
2
(y b)
2
We now use symmetry and Eq. (13) to obtain the following area of the torus (we assume that b a > 0, hence y > 0):
Area (T) = 2 2
_
b+a
ba
|y|
_
1 + g
(y)
2
dy = 4
_
b+a
ba
ay
_
a
2
(y b)
2
dy (1)
(b) We compute the integral using the substitution u =
yb
a
, du =
1
a
dy. We get:
_
b+a
ba
ay
_
a
2
(y b)
2
dy =
_
1
1
a
2
u +ab
_
a
2
a
2
u
2
a du =
_
1
1
a
2
u +ab
_
1 u
2
du =
_
1
1
a
2
u
_
1 u
2
du +
_
1
1
ab
_
1 u
2
du
The rst integral is zero since the integrand is an odd function. We get:
_
b+a
ba
ay
_
a
2
(y b)
2
dy = 2
_
1
0
ab
_
1 u
2
du = 2ab sin
1
u
1
0
= 2ab
_
2
0
_
= ab
Substituting in (1) gives the following area:
Area (T) = 4 ab = 4
2
ab
Pappuss Theorem Also called Guldins Rule, Pappuss Theorem states that the area of a surface of revolution
S is equal to the length L of the generating curve times the distance traversed by the center of mass. Use Eq. (13) to
prove Pappuss Theorem. If C is the graph z = g(y) for c y d, then the center of mass is dened as the point
49. Compute the surface area of the torus in Exercise 47 using Pappuss Theorem.
SOLUTION The generating curve is the circle of radius a in the (y, z)-plane centered at the point (0, b, 0). The length
of the generating curve is L = a.
2b
L = 2b
z
y
x
b
b a
b + a
The center of mass of the circle is at the center (y, z) = (b, 0), and it traverses a circle of radius b centered at the origin.
Therefore, the center of mass makes a distance of 2b. Using Pappus Theorem, the area of the torus is:
L 2a = 2a 2b = 4
2
ab.
Potential due to a Uniform Sphere Let S be a hollow sphere of radius R with center at the origin with a
uniform mass distribution of total mass m [since S has surface area 4R
2
, the mass density is = m/(4R
2
)]. The
gravitational potential (P) due to S at a point P = (a, b, c) is equal to
G
__
S
dS
_
(x a)
2
+(y b)
2
+(z c)
2
(a) Use symmetry to conclude that the potential depends only on the distance r from P to the center of the sphere.
Therefore, it sufces to compute (P) for a point P = (0, 0, r) on the z-axis (with r = R).
(b) Use spherical coordinates to show that (0, 0, r) is equal to
Gm
4
_
0
_
2
0
sin d d
_
R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos
(c) Use the substitution u = R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos to show that
(0, 0, r) =
mG
2Rr
_
|R +r| |R r|
_
(d) Verify formula (11) for .
51. Calculate the gravitational potential for a hemisphere of radius R with uniform mass distribution.
SOLUTION In Exercise 50(b) we expressed the potential for a sphere of radius R. To nd the potential for a hemi-
sphere of radius R, we need only to modify the limits of the angle to 0
2
. This gives the following integral:
(0, 0, r) = (r) =
Gm
4
_
/2
0
_
2
0
sin d d
_
R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos
=
Gm
4
2
_
/2
0
sin d
_
R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos
=
Gm
4
_
/2
0
sin d
_
R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos
We compute the integral using the substitution u = R
2
+r
2
2Rr cos , du = 2Rr sin d. We obtain:
(r) =
Gm
2
_
R
2
+r
2
(Rr)
2
du
2Rr
u
=
Gm
4Rr
_
R
2
+r
2
(Rr)
2
u
1/2
du =
Gm
4Rr
2u
1/2
R
2
+r
2
u=(Rr)
2
=
Gm
2Rr
_
_
R
2
+r
2
_
1/2
_
(R r)
2
_
1/2
_
=
Gm
2Rr
__
R
2
+r
2
|R r|
_
The surface of a cylinder of radius R and length L has a uniform mass distribution (the top and bottom of
the cylinder are excluded). Use Eq. (10) to nd the gravitational potential at a point P located along the axis of the
cylinder.
53. Let S be the part of the graph z = g(x, y) lying over a domain D in the xy-plane. Let = (x, y) be the angle
between the normal to S and the vertical. Prove the formula
Area(S) =
__
D
d A
| cos |
SOLUTION
y
x
(x, y, g(x, y))
f = f(x, y)
z
D
S
n
Using the Surface Integral over a Graph we have:
Area(S) =
__
S
1 dS =
__
D
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
d A (1)
In parametrizing the surface by (x, y) = (x, y, g(x, y)), (x, y) = D, we have:
T
x
=

x
= 1, 0, g
x
T
y
=

y
=
_
0, 1, g
y
_
S E C T I O N 17.5 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (ET Section 16.5) 607
Hence,
n = T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 g
x
0 1 g
y
= g
x
i g
y
j +k =
_
g
x
, g
y
, 1
_
n =
_
g
2
x
+ g
2
y
+1
n
k
k
There are two adjacent angles between the normal n and the vertical, and the cosines of these angles are opposite numbers.
Therefore we take the absolute value of cos to obtain a positive value for Area(S). Using the Formula for the cosine of
the angle between two vectors we get:
| cos | =
|n k|
nk
=
|
_
g
x
, g
y
, 1
_
0, 0, 1 |
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
1
=
1
_
1 + g
2
x
+ g
2
y
Area(S) =
__
D
d A
| cos |
17.5 Surface Integrals of Vector Fields (ET Section 16.5)
1. Let F be a vector eld and (u, v) a parametrization of a surface S, and set n = T
u
T
v
. Which of the following
is the normal component of F?
(a) F n (b) F e
n
SOLUTION The normal component of F is F e
n
rather than F n.
2. The vector surface integral
__
S
F dS is equal to the scalar surface integral of the function (choose the correct
answer):
(a) F
(b) F n, where n is a normal vector
(c) F e
n
, where e
n
is the unit normal vector
SOLUTION The vector surface integral
__
S
F dS is dened as the scalar surface integral of the normal component of
F on the oriented surface. That is,
__
S
F dS =
__
S
(F e
n
) dS as stated in (c).
3.
__
S
F dS is zero if (choose the correct answer):
(a) F is tangent to S at every point.
(b) F is perpendicular to S at every point.
SOLUTION Since
__
S
F dS is equal to the scalar surface integral of the normal component of F on S, this integral is
zero when the normal component is zero at every point, that is, when F is tangent to S at every point as stated in (a).
4. If F(P) = e
n
(P) at each point on S, then
__
S
F dS is equal to (choose the correct answer):
(a) Zero (b) Area(S) (c) Neither
SOLUTION If F(P) = e
n
(P) at each point on S, then,:
__
S
F dS =
__
S
(e
n
e
n
) dS =
__
S
e
n
2
dS =
__
S
1 dS = Area(S)
Therefore, (b) is the correct answer.
5. Let S be the disk x
2
+y
2
1 in the xy-plane oriented with normal in the positive z-direction. Determine
__
S
F dS
for each of the following vector constant elds:
(a) F = 1, 0, 0
(b) F = 0, 0, 1
(c) F = 1, 1, 1
SOLUTION The unit normal vector to the oriented disk is e
n
= 0, 0, 1.
(a) Since F e
n
= 1, 0, 0 0, 0, 1 = 0, F is perpendicular to the unit normal vector at every point on S, therefore
__
S
F dS = 0.
(b) Since F = e
n
at every point on S, we have:
__
S
F dS =
__
S
(e
n
e
n
) dS =
__
S
e
n
2
dS =
__
S
1 dS = Area(S) =
(c) For F = 1, 1, 1 we have:
__
S
F dS =
__
S
(F e
n
) dS =
__
S
1, 1, 1 0, 0, 1 dS =
__
S
1 dS = Area(S) =
6. Estimate
__
S
F dS, where S is a tiny oriented surface of area 0.05 and the value of F at a sample point in S is a
vector of length 2 making an angle
4
with the normal to the surface.
SOLUTION
e
n F
4
P
S
Since S is a tiny surface, we may assume that the dot product F e
n
on S is equal to the dot product at the sample point.
This gives the following approximation:
__
S
F dS =
__
S
(F e
n
) dS
__
S
(F(P) e
n
(P)) dS = F(P) e
n
(P)
__
S
1dS = F(P) e
n
Area(S)
That is,
__
S
F dS F(P) e
n
(P)Area(S) (1)
We are given that Area(S) = 0.05. We compute the dot product:
F(P) e
n
(P) = F(P)e
n
(P) cos
4
= 2 1
1
2
=
2
Combining with (1) gives the following estimation:
__
S
F dS 0.05
2 0.0707.
7. A small surface S is divided into three pieces of area 0.2. Estimate
__
S
F dS if F is a unit vector eld making
angles of 85, 90, and 95
with the normal at sample points in these three pieces.

SOLUTION
F
F
F
e
n
e
n
e
n
P
1
S
1
S
2
S
3
P
2
P
3
We estimate the vector surface integral by the following sum:
__
S
F dS = F(P
1
) e
n
(P
1
) Area (S
1
) +F(P
2
) e
n
(P
2
) Area (S
2
) +F(P
3
) e
n
(P
3
) Area (S
3
)
= 0.2 (F(P
1
) e
n
(P
1
) +F(P
2
) e
n
(P
2
) +F(P
3
) e
n
(P
3
))
We compute the dot product. Since F and e
n
are unit vectors, we have:
F(P
1
) e
n
(P
1
) = cos 85
0.0872
F(P
2
) e
n
(P
2
) = cos 90
= 0
F(P
3
) e
n
(P
3
) = cos 95
0.0872
Substituting gives the following estimation:
__
S
F dS 0.2(0.0872 +0 0.0872) = 0.
Exercises
1. Let F = y, z, x and let S be the oriented surface parametrized by (u, v) = (u
2
v, u + v, v
2
) for 0 u 2,
1 v 1. Calculate:
(a) n and F n as functions of u and v
(b) The normal component of F to the surface at P = (3, 3, 1) = (2, 1)
(c)
__
S
F dS
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are,
T
u
=

u
=

u
_
u
2
v, u +v, v
2
_
= 2u, 1, 0
T
v
=

v
=

v
_
u
2
v, u +v, v
2
_
= 1, 1, 2v
n = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
2u 1 0
1 1 2v
= (2v)i (4uv)j +(2u +1)k = 2v, 4uv, 2u +1

We write F = y, z, x in terms of the parameters x = u
2
v, y = u +v, z = v
2
and then compute F n:
F((u, v)) = y, z, x =
_
u +v, v
2
, u
2
v
_
F((u, v)) n(u, v) =
_
u +v, v
2
, u
2
v
_
2v, 4uv, 2u +1
= 2v(u +v) 4uv v
2
+(2u +1)
_
u
2
v
_
= 2u
3
4uv
3
+2v
2
+u
2
v
(b) At the point P = (3, 3, 1) = (2, 1) we have:
F(P) = 3, 1, 3
n(P) = 2 1, 4 2 1, 2 2 +1 = 2, 8, 5
e
n
(P) =
n(P)
n(P)
=
2, 8, 5
4 +64 +25
=
1
93
2, 8, 5
Hence, the normal component of F to the surface at P is the dot product:
F(P) e
n
(P) = 3, 1, 3
1
93
2, 8, 5 =
1
93
(6 8 +15) =
13
93
(c) Using the denition of the vector surface integral and the dot product in part (a), we have:
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F
_
(u, v)
_
n(u, v) du dv =
_
2
0
_
1
1
_
2u
3
4uv
3
+2v
2
+u
2
v
_
dv du
=
_
2
0
2u
3
v uv
4
+
2
3
v
3
+u
2
v
1
2
v
2
1
v=1
du
=
_
2
0
_
2u
3
u +
2
3
+u
2
1
2
_
_
2u
3
u
2
3
u
2
1
2
_
du
=
_
2
0
_
4u
3
+2u
2
+
4
3
_
du = u
4
+
2
3
u
3
+
4u
3
2
0
= 24
Compute the surface integral of the vector eld F = x, y, x + y over the portion S of the paraboloid z =
x
2
+ y
2
lying over the disk x
2
+ y
2
1.
3. Let S be the square in the xy-plane shown in Figure 13, oriented with the normal pointing in the positive z-direction.
Estimate
__
S
F dS
where F is a vector eld whose values at the labeled points are
F(A) = 2, 6, 4, F(B) = 1, 1, 7
F(C) = 3, 3, 3, F(D) = 0, 1, 8
SOLUTION The unit normal vector to S is e
n
= 0, 0, 1. We estimate the vector surface integral
__
S
F dS using the
division and sample points given in Figure 12.
x
y
A B
C D
1
1
Each subsquare has area
1
4
, therefore we obtain the following estimation:
__
S
F dS (F(A) e
n
+F(B) e
n
+F(C) e
n
+F(D) e
n
)
1
4
= (2, 6, 4 0, 0, 1 +1, 1, 7 0, 0, 1 +3, 3, 3 0, 0, 1 +0, 1, 8 0, 0, 1)
1
4
= (4 +7 3 +8)
1
4
= 4
Suppose that S is a surface in R
3
with a parametrization whose domain D is the square in Figure 13. The
values of a function f , a vector eld F, and the normal vector n = T
u
T
v
at (P) are given for the four sample
points in D in the following table. Estimate the surface integrals of f and F over S.
Point
P in D f F n
A 3 2, 6, 4 1, 1, 1
B 1 1, 1, 7 1, 1, 0
C 2 3, 3, 3 1, 0, 1
D 5 0, 1, 8 2, 1, 0
In Exercises 517, compute the surface integral over the given oriented surface.
5. F = y, z, x, plane 3x 4y + z = 1,
0 x, y 1, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION We rewrite the equation of the plane as z = 1 3x +4y, and parametrize the plane by:
(x, y) = (x, y, 1 3x +4y)
Here, the parameter domain is the square D = {(x, y) : 0 x, y 1} in the xy-plane.
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors.
T
x
=

x
=

x
(x, y, 1 3x +4y) = 1, 0, 3
T
y
=

y
=

y
(x, y, 1 3x +4y) = 0, 1, 4
T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 3
0 1 4
= 3i 4j +k = 3, 4, 1
Since the plane is oriented with upward pointing normal, the normal vector n is:
n = 3, 4, 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We write F in terms of the parameters:
F((x, y)) = y, z, x = y, 1 3x +4y, x
The dot product F n is thus
F((x, y)) n = y, 1 3x +4y, x 3, 4, 1 = 3y 4(1 3x +4y) + x = 13x 13y 4
Step 3. Evaluate the surface integral. The surface integral is equal to the following double integral:
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F((x, y)) n(x, y) dx dy =
_
1
0
_
1
0
(13x 13y 4) dx dy
=
_
1
0
13x
2
2
13yx 4x
1
x=0
dy =
_
1
0
_
13
2
13y 4
_
dy =
5y
2

13y
2
2
1
0
= 4
F =
_
e
z
, z, x
_
, (r, s) = (rs, r +s, r),
0 r 1, 0 s 1, oriented by T
r
T
s
7. F =
_
0, 3, x
2
_
, hemisphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9,
z 0, outward-pointing normal
SOLUTION We parametrize the hemisphere S by:
(, ) = (3 cos sin , 3 sin sin , 3 cos ), 0 2, 0
2
Step 1. Compute the normal vector. As seen in the text, the normal vector that points to the outside of the hemisphere is:
n = T
= sin
_
_
For 0
2
we have sin cos 0, therefore n points to the outside of the hemisphere.
y
x
z
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We express the vector eld in terms of the parameters:
F
_
(, )
_
=
_
0, 3, x
2
_
=
_
0, 3, 9 cos
2
sin
2
_
Hence:
F
_
(, )
_
n(, ) =
_
0, 3, 9 cos
2
sin
2
_
sin
_
_
= sin
_
3 sin sin +9 cos
2
sin
2
cos
_
= 3 sin sin
2
+9 cos
2
sin
3
cos
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F
_
(, )
_
n(, ) d d
=
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
3 sin sin
2
+9 cos
2
sin
3
cos
_
d d
=
_
/2
0
_
2
0
3 sin sin
2
d d +
_
/2
0
_
2
0
9 cos
2
sin
3
cos d d
=
_
_
/2
0
sin
2
d
__
_
2
0
3 sin d
_
+
_
_
/2
0
9 sin
3
cos d
__
_
2
0
cos
2
d
_
=
_
2

sin 2
4
/2
=0
_
_
3 cos |
2
=0
_
+
9 sin
4
/2
=0
2
+
sin 2
4
2
=0
_
= 0 +
9
4
=
9
4
F = x, y, z, part of sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1, where
1
2
z
3
2
, inward-pointing normal
9. F =
_
e
z
, z, x
_
, z = 9 x
2
y
2
, z 0, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
Step 1. Find a parametrization. We use x and y as parameters and parametrize the surface by:
(x, y) =
_
x, y, 9 x
2
y
2
_
The parameter domain D is determined by the condition z = 9 x
2
y
2
0, or x
2
+ y
2
9. That is:
D =
_
(x, y) : x
2
+ y
2
9
_
T
x
=

x
=

x
_
x, y, 9 x
2
y
2
_
= 1, 0, 2x
T
y
=

y
=

y
_
x, y, 9 x
2
y
2
_
= 0, 1, 2y
We compute the cross product of the tangent vectors:
T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 2x
0 1 2y
= (2x)i +(2y)j +k = 2x, 2y, 1

Since the z-component is positive, the vector points upward, and we have:
n = 2x, 2y, 1
Step 3. Evaluate the dot product F n. We rst express the vector eld in terms of the parameters x and y, by setting
z = 9 x
2
y
2
. We get:
F((x, y)) =
_
e
z
, z, x
_
=
_
e
9x
2
y
2
, 9 x
2
y
2
, x
_
We now compute the dot product:
F((x, y)) n(x, y) =
_
e
9x
2
y
2
, 9 x
2
y
2
, x
_
2x, 2y, 1 = 2xe
9x
2
y
2
+2y(9 x
2
y
2
) + x
Step 4. Evaluate the surface integral.
D
x
y
3
The surface integral is equal to the following double integral:
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F((x, y)) n(x, y) dx dy =
__
D
_
2xe
9(x
2
+y
2
)
+2y
_
9 (x
2
+ y
2
)
_
+ x
_
dx dy
We convert the integral to polar coordinates to obtain:
__
S
F dS =
_
3
0
_
2
0
_
2r cos e
9r
2
+2r sin (9 r
2
) +r cos
_
r d dr
=
_
3
0
_
2r
2
e
9r
2
+r
2
_
sin 2r
2
(9 r
2
) cos
2
=0
dr =
_
3
0
0 dr = 0
F = sin y, sin z, yz, rectangle 0 y 2, 0 z 3 in the (y, z)-plane, normal pointing in negative
x-direction
11. F = y
2
i +2j xk, portion of the plane x + y + z = 1 in the octant x, y, z 0, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
1
1
1
z
y
x
S
n
We parametrize the surface by:
(x, y) = (x, y, 1 x y),
using the parameter domain D shown in the gure.
D
x
y
1
1
0
T
x
=

x
=

x
(x, y, 1 x y) = 1, 0, 1
T
y
=

y
=

y
(x, y, 1 y) = 0, 1, 1
T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 1
0 1 1
= i +j +k = 1, 1, 1
Since the normal points downward, the z-component must be negative, hence:
n = 1, 1, 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n.
D
x
y
1 0
0 x 1 y
1
We compute the dot product:
F((x, y)) n =
_
y
2
, 2, x
_
1, 1, 1 = y
2
2 + x
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F((x, y)) ndx dy =
_
1
0
_
1y
0
_
y
2
2 + x
_
dx dy =
_
1
0
y
2
x 2x +
x
2
2
1y
x=0
dy
=
_
1
0
_
y
2
(1 y) 2(1 y) +
(1 y)
2
2
_
dy =
_
1
0
_
y
3
y
2
+2(y 1) +
(y 1)
2
2
_
dy
=
y
4
4

y
3
3
+(y 1)
2
+
(y 1)
3
6
1
0
=
_
1
4

1
3
_
_
1
1
6
_
=
11
12
F =
_
x, y, e
z
_
, cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 4, 1 z 5, outward-pointing normal
13. F =
_
xz, yz, z
1
_
, disk of radius 3 at height 4 parallel to the xy-plane, upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
3
4
z
y
x
n
We parametrize the surface S by:
(, r) = (r cos , r sin , 4)
with the parameter domain:
D = {(, r) : 0 2, 0 r 3}
T
(r cos , r sin , 4) = r sin , r cos , 0

T
r
=

r
=

r
(r cos , r sin , 4) = cos , sin , 0
T
T
r
=
i j k
r sin r cos 0
cos sin 0
=
_
r sin
2
r cos
2
_
k = rk = 0, 0, r
Since the orientation of S is with an upward pointing normal, the z-coordinate of n must be positive. Hence:
n = 0, 0, r
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We rst express F in terms of the parameters:
F((, r)) =
_
xz, yz, z
1
_
=
_
r cos 4, r sin 4, 4
1
_
=
_
4r cos , 4r sin ,
1
4
_
We now compute the dot product:
F((, r)) n(, r) =
_
4r cos , 4r sin ,
1
4
_
0, 0, r =
r
4
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F((, r)) n(, r) dr d =
_
2
0
_
3
0
r
4
dr d = 2
_
3
0
r
4
dr = 2
r
2
8
3
0
=
9
4
F = xy, y, 0, cone z
2
= x
2
+ y
2
, x
2
+ y
2
4, z 0, downward-pointing normal
15. F =
_
0, 0, e
y+z
_
, boundary of unit cube 0 x, y, z 1, outward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
y
x
z
O
G
A
B
C
E
F
D
We denote the faces of the cube by:
S
1
= Face OABC S
2
= Face DGEF S
3
= Face ABGF
S
4
= Face OCDE S
5
= Face BCDG S
6
= Face OAFE
On S
1
1
(x, y) = (x, y, 0)
and n
1
= 0, 0, 1. Thus,
F(
1
(x, y)) n
1
=
_
0, 0, e
y
_
0, 0, 1 = e
y
On S
2
2
(x, y) = (x, y, 1)
and n
2
= 0, 0, 1. Thus,
F(
2
(x, y)) n
2
=
_
0, 0, e
y+1
_
0, 0, 1 = e
y+1
On any other surface S
i
, 3 i 6, we have
F(
1
(x, y)) n
i
= 0,
because the z-component of n
i
= 0 and the x, y components of F equal 0. Thus,
__
S
F dS =
__
S
1
F dS +
__
S
2
F dS =
_
1
0
_
1
0
e
y
dx dy +
_
1
0
_
1
0
e
y+1
dx dy
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
e
y+1
e
y
_
dx dy =
_
1
0
_
e
y+1
e
y
_
dy
=
_
1
0
e
y
(e 1) dy = (e 1)e
y
1
0
= (e 1)
2
F =
_
0, 0, z
2
_
, (u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, v), 0 u 1, 0 v 2, upward-pointing normal
17. F = y, z, 0, (u, v) = (u
3
v, u +v, v
2
), 0 u 2, 0 v 3, downward-pointing normal
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have,
T
u
=

u
=

u
_
u
3
v, u +v, v
2
_
=
_
3u
2
, 1, 0
_
T
v
=

v
=

v
_
u
3
v, u +v, v
2
_
= 1, 1, 2v
T
u
T
v
=
i j k
3u
2
1 0
1 1 2v
= (2v)i
_
6u
2
v
_
j +
_
3u
2
+1
_
k =
_
2v, 6u
2
v, 3u
2
+1
_
Since the normal is pointing downward, the z-coordinate is negative, hence,
n =
_
2v, 6u
2
v, 3u
2
1
_
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We rst express F in terms of the parameters:
F((u, v)) = y, z, 0 =
_
u +v, v
2
, 0
_
We compute the dot product:
F((u, v)) n(u, v) =
_
u +v, v
2
, 0
_
_
2v, 6u
2
v, 3u
2
1
_
= 2v(u +v) +6u
2
v v
2
+0 = 2vu 2v
2
+6u
2
v
3
__
S
F dS =
__
D
F((u, v)) n(u, v) du dv =
_
3
0
_
2
0
_
2uv 2v
2
+6u
2
v
3
_
du dv
=
_
3
0
u
2
v 2v
2
u +2u
3
v
3
2
u=0
dv =
_
3
0
_
16v
3
4v
2
4v
_
dv = 4v
4
4
3
v
3
2v
2
3
0
= 270
Let S be the oriented half-cylinder in Figure 14. In (a)(f), determine whether
__
S
F dS is positive, negative,
or zero. Explain your reasoning.
(a) F = i (b) F = j
(c) F = k (d) F = yi
(e) F = yj (f) F = xj
19. Let e
r
be the unit radial vector and r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
. Calculate the integral of F = e
r
e
r
over:
(a) The upper-hemisphere of x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9, outward-pointing normal
(b) The octant x, y, z 0 of the unit sphere centered at the origin
SOLUTION
(a) We parametrize the upper-hemisphere by,
: x = 3 cos sin , y = 3 sin sin , z = 3 cos
D =
_
(, ) : 0 < 2, 0 <
2
_
The outward pointing normal is (see Eq. (4) in sec. 17.4):
n = 9 sin e
r
We compute the dot product F n on the sphere. On the sphere r = 3, hence,
F n = e
r
e
r
n = e
3
e
r
9 sin e
r
= 9e
3
sin e
r
e
r
= 9 e
3
sin
__
S
F dS =
__
D
(F n) d d =
_
2
0
_
/2
0
9e
3
sin d d
= 18e
3
_
/2
0
sin d = 18e
3
_
cos
/2
0
_
= 18e
3
(b) We parametrize the rst octant of the sphere by,
: x = cos sin , y = sin sin , z = cos
D =
_
(, ) : 0 <
2
, 0 <
2
_
The outward pointing normal is (as seen above):
n = 1 sin e
r
We compute the dot product F n on the sphere. On the sphere r = 1, hence,
F n = e
r
e
r
n = e
1
e
r
sin e
r
= e
1
sin e
r
e
r
= e
1
sin
__
S
F dS =
__
D
(F n) d d =
_
/2
0
_
/2
0
e
1
sin d d
=
2
e
1
_
/2
0
sin d =
2
e
1
_
cos
/2
0
_
=
2
e
1
Show that the ux of F =
e
r
r
2
through a sphere centered at the origin does not depend on the radius of the sphere.
21. The electric eld due to a point charge located at the origin is E = k
e
r
r
2
, where k is a constant. Calculate the ux of
E through the disk D of radius 2 parallel to the xy-plane with center (0, 0, 3).
SOLUTION Let r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
and r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
. We parametrize the disc by:
( r, ) = ( r cos , r sin , 3)
T
r
=

r
= cos , sin , 0
T
=
_
r sin , r cos , 0
_
n = T
r
T
i j k
cos sin 0
r sin r cos 0
=
_
0, 0, r
_
Now,
E n = k
e
r
r
2

_
0, 0, r
_
=
k r
r
3
x, y, z 0, 0, 1 =
zk r
r
3
Since on the disk z = 3, we get:
E n = 3k
r
r
3
and r =
_
r
2
+9
so E n = 3k
r
_
r
2
+9
_
3
.
__
D
E dS =
_
2
0
_
3
0
3k r
_
r
2
+9
_
3/2
d r d = 6k
_
3
0
r
_
r
2
+9
_
3/2
d r
Substituting u = r
2
+9 we get:
__
P
E dS = 6k
_
1
3

1
18
_
=
_
2
2
_
k
Let S be the ellipsoid
_
x
4
_
2
+
_
y
3
_
2
+
_
z
2
_
2
= 1. Calculate the ux of F = z, 1, 0 over the portion of S
where x, y, z 0 with upward-pointing normal. Hint: Parametrize S using a modied form of spherical coordinates
(, ).
23. Let v =
_
x, 0, z
_
be the velocity eld (in ft/s) of a uid in R
3
. Calculate the ow rate (in ft
3
/s) through the upper
hemisphere of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1 (z 0).
SOLUTION We use the spherical coordinates:
x = cos sin , y = sin sin , z = cos
with the parameter domain
0 < 2, 0
2
The normal vector is (see Eq. (4) in Section 17.4):
n = T
= sin
_
_
We express the function in terms of the parameters:
v = x, 0, z =
_
cos sin , 0, cos
_
Hence,
v n =
_
cos sin , 0, cos
_
sin
_
_
= sin
_
cos
2
sin
2
+cos
2
_
The ow rate of the uid through the upper hemisphere S is equal to the ux of the velocity vector through S. That is,
__
S
v dS =
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
cos
2
sin
3
+sin cos
2
_
d d
=
_
_
2
0
cos
2
d
__
_
/2
0
sin
3
d
_
+2
_
/2
0
sin cos
2
d
= 0 +2
_
1
3
_
=
2
3
ft
3
/s
Calculate the ow rate through the upper hemisphere of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= R
2
(z 0) for v as in
Exercise 23.
25. Calculate the ow rate of a uid with velocity eld v =
_
x, y, x
2
y
_
(in ft/s) through the portion of the ellipse
_
x
2
_
2
+
_
y
3
_
2
= 1 in the xy-plane, where x, y 0, oriented with the normal in the positive z-direction.
SOLUTION We use the following parametrization for the surface (see remark at the end of the solution):
: x = 2r cos , y = 3r sin , z = 0
0
2
, 0 r 1 (1)
3
2
z
y
x
n
Step 1. Compute the tangent and normal vectors. We have,
T
r
=

r
=

r
(2r cos , 3r sin , 0) = 2 cos , 3 sin , 0
T
(2r cos , 3r sin , 0) = 2r sin , 3r cos , 0

T
r
T
i j k
2 cos 3 sin 0
2r sin 3r cos 0
=
_
6r cos
2
+6r sin
2
_
k = 6rk
Since the normal points to the positive z-direction, the normal vector is,
n = 6rk = 0, 0, 6r
Step 2. Compute the dot product v n. We write the velocity vector in terms of the parameters:
v =
_
x, y, x
2
y
_
=
_
2r cos , 3r sin , 4r
2
cos
2
3r sin
_
=
_
2r cos , 3r sin , 12r
3
cos
2
sin
_
Hence,
v n = 12r
3
cos
2
sin 6r = 72r
4
cos
2
sin
Step 3. Compute the ux. The ow rate of the uid is the ux of the velocity vector through S. That is,
__
S
v dS =
_
/2
0
_
1
0
72r
4
cos
2
sin dr d =
_
_
1
0
72r
4
dr
__
_
/2
0
cos
2
sin d
_
=
_
72
5
r
5
1
0
__
cos
3
/2
=0
_
=
72
5

_
0 +
1
3
_
=
24
5
= 4.8 ft
3
/s
Remark: We explain why (1) parametrizes the given portion of the ellipse. At any point (x, y) which satises (1) we
have,
_
x
2
_
2
+
_
y
3
_
3
= r
2
cos
2
+r
2
sin
2
= r
2
1
Therefore (x, y) is inside the ellipse
_
x
2
_
2
+
_
y
2
_
2
= 1. The limits of determine the part of the region inside the ellipse
in the rst quadrant.
In Exercises 2627, let T be the triangular region with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1) oriented with upward-
pointing normal vector (Figure 15). Assume distances are in meters.
A uid ows with constant velocity eld v = 2k (m/s). Calculate:
(a) The ow rate through T
(b) The ow rate through the projection of T onto the xy-plane [the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), and
(0, 1, 0)]
27. Calculate the ow rate through T if v = j m/s.
v = 2k
(1, 0, 0)
(0, 1, 0)
(0, 0, 1)
z
y
x
FIGURE 15
SOLUTION We compute the ow rate through T . Since the unit normal vector is e
n
=
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
we have,
v e
n
= 0, 1, 0
_
1
3
,
1
3
,
1
3
_
=
1
3
Therefore, the ow rate through T is the following ux:
__
S
v dS =
__
S
(v e
n
) dS =
__
S
1
3
dS = Area(S)/
3 =
3
2
1
3
=
1
2
The upward pointing normal to the projection D of T onto the xy-plane is n = 0, 0, 1. Since v = 0, 1, 0 is
orthogonal to n, the ux of v through D is zero.
Prove that if S is the part of a graph z = g(x, y) lying over a domain D in the xy-plane, then
__
S
F dS =
__
D
_
F
1
g
x
F
2
g
y
+ F
3
_
dx dy
In Exercises 2930, a varying current i (t ) ows through a long straight wire in the xy-plane as in Example 5. The
current produces a magnetic eld B whose magnitude at a distance r from the wire is B =
0
i
2r
T, where
0
=
4 10
7
T-m/A. Furthermore, B points into the page at points P in the xy-plane.
29. Assume that i (t ) = t (12 t ) A (t in seconds). Calculate the ux (t ), at time t , of B through a rectangle of
dimensions L H = 3 2 m, whose top and bottom edges are parallel to the wire and whose bottom edge is located
d = 0.5 m above the wire (similar to Figure 11). Then use Faradays Law to determine the voltage drop around the
rectangular loop (the boundary of the rectangle) at time t .
SOLUTION
x
y
Wire
0.5 m
H = 2 m
L = 3 m
Rectangle R
Loop C
P = (x, y)
We choose the coordinate system as shown in the gure. Therefore the rectangle R is the region:
R = {(x, y) : 0 x 3, 0.5 y 2.5}
Since the magnetic eld points into the page and Ris oriented with normal vector pointing out of the page (as in Example
5) we have B = Bk and n = e
n
= k. Hence:
B n = B (k) k = B =
0
i
2r
The distance from P = (x, y) in R to the wire is r = y, hence, B n =
0
i
2y
. We now compute the ux (t ) of B
through the rectangle R, by evaluating the following double integral:
(t ) =
__
R
B dS =
__
R
B ndy dx =
_
3
0
_
2.5
0.5
0
i
2y
dy dx =
0
i
2
_
3
0
_
2.5
0.5
1
y
dy dx
=
3
0
i
2
_
2.5
0.5
dy
y
=
3
0
i
2
(ln 2.5 ln 0.5) =
3
0
i
2
ln
2.5
0.5
=
3 4 10
7
ln 5
2
t (12 t ) = 9.65 10
7
t (12 t ) T/m
2
We now use Faradays Law to determine the voltage drop around the boundary C of the rectangle. By Faradays Law,
the voltage drop around C, when C is oriented according to the orientation of R and the Right Hand Rule (that is,
counterclockwise) is,
_
C
E dS =
d
dt
=
d
dt
_
9.65 10
7
t (12 t )
_
= 9.65 10
7
2(6 t ) = 1.93 10
6
(6 t ) volts
R
C
Assume that i = 10e
0.1t
A (t in seconds). Calculate the ux (t ), at time t , of B through the isosceles triangle
of base 12 cm and height 6 cm, whose bottom edge is 3 cm from the wire, as in Figure 16. Assume the triangle is
oriented with normal vector pointing out of the page. Use Faradays Law to determine the voltage drop around the
triangular loop (the boundary of the triangle) at time t
31. A point mass m is located at the origin. Let Q be the ux of the gravitational eld F = Gm
e
r
r
2
through the cylinder
x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
for a z b, including the top and bottom (Figure 17). Show that Q = 4Gm if a < 0 < b (m lies
inside the cylinder) and Q = 0 if 0 < a < b (m lies outside the cylinder).
z
y
x
b
R
a
m
FIGURE 17
SOLUTION Let the surface be oriented with normal vector pointing outward.
z n
n
n
y
x
b
R
a
m
We denote by S
1
, S
2
and S
3
the cylinder, the top and the bottom respectively. These surfaces are parametrized by:
S
1
:
1
(, z) = (R cos , R sin , z), 0 < 2, a z b, n = R cos , sin , 0
S
2
:
2
(, r) = (r cos , r sin , b), 0 < 2, 0 r R, n = 0, 0, r
S
3
:
3
(, r) = (r cos , r sin , a), 0 < 2, 0 r R, n = 0, 0, r
Using properties of integrals we have,
Q =
__
S
F dS =
__
S
1
F dS +
__
S
2
F dS +
__
S
3
F dS (1)
Let us assume that a < 0. We compute the integrals over each part of the surface S separately.
S
1
: On S
1
, we have:
F(
1
(, z)) = Gm
e
r
r
2
=
Gm
_
R
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
R cos , R sin , z
Hence,
F(
1
(, z)) n(, z) =
Gm
_
R
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
R cos , R sin , z R cos , sin , 0 =
GmR
2
_
R
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
__
S
1
F dS =
_
2
0
_
b
a
GmR
2
_
R
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
dz d = 2GmR
2
_
b
a
dz
_
R
2
+ z
2
_
3/2
We compute the integral using the substitution z = R tan t . This gives:
__
S
1
F dS = 2GmR
2
_
tan
1 b
R
tan
1 a
R
cos t
R
2
dt = 2Gm sin t
tan
1 b
R
t =tan
1 a
R
= 2Gm
_
b
_
b
2
+ R
2

a
_
a
2
+ R
2
_
(2)
a
R
b
sin
(
tan
1
)
=
b
R
b
b
2
+ R
2
b
2
+ R
2
S
2
:
F(
2
(, r)) = Gm
e
r
r
2
=
Gm
_
r
2
+b
2
_
3/2
r cos , r sin , b
Hence,
F(
2
(, r)) n(, r) =
Gm
_
r
2
+b
2
_
3/2
r cos , r sin , b 0, 0, r =
Gmbr
_
r
2
+b
2
_
3/2
__
S
2
F dS =
_
2
0
_
R
0
Gmbr
_
r
2
+b
2
_
3/2
dr d = 2Gmb
_
R
0
r dr
_
r
2
+b
2
_
3/2
We compute the integral using the substitution t = r
2
+b
2
, dt = 2r dr, and we get:
__
S
2
F dS = Gmb
_
R
2
+b
2
b
2
dt
t
3/2
= 2Gmb
1
R
2
+b
2
t =b
2
= 2Gmb
_
1
_
b
2
+ R
2

1
b
_
(3)
S
3
:
F(
3
(, r)) = Gm
e
r
r
2
=
Gm
_
r
2
+a
2
_
3/2
r cos , r sin , a
F(
3
(, r)) n(, r) =
Gm
_
r
2
+a
2
_
3/2
r cos , r sin , a 0, 0, r =
Gmar
_
r
2
+a
2
_
3/2
Hence, by the same computation as for S
2
we get (notice that since a < 0, we have
a
2
= a):
__
S
3
F dS =
_
2
0
_
R
0
Gmar
_
r
2
+a
2
_
3/2
dr d = 2Gma
1
R
2
+a
2
t =a
2
= 2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2

1
a
2
_
= 2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2
+
1
a
_
(4)
Substituting (2), (3), and (4) in (1) we get:
Q = 2Gm
_
b
_
b
2
+ R
2

a
_
a
2
+ R
2
_
+2Gmb
_
1
_
b
2
+ R
2

1
b
_
2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2
+
1
a
_
= 2Gm 2Gm = 4Gm
If 0 < a < b the only difference is in the integral in (4). In this case
a = a therefore,
__
S
3
F dS = 2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2

1
a
2
_
= 2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2

1
a
_
.
Therefore, adding the integrals gives:
Q = 2Gm
_
b
_
b
2
+ R
2

a
_
a
2
+ R
2
_
+2Gmb
_
1
_
b
2
+ R
2

1
b
_
2Gma
_
1
_
R
2
+a
2

1
a
_
= 2Gm +2Gm = 0
In Exercises 3233, let S be the surface with parametrization
(u, v) =
__
1 +v cos
u
2
_
cos u,
_
1 +v cos
u
2
_
sin u, v sin
u
2
_
for 0 u 2,
1
2
v
1
2
.
Use a computer algebra system.
(a) Plot S and conrm visually that S is a M obius strip.
(b) The intersection of S with the xy-plane is the unit circle (u, 0) = (cos u, sin u, 0). Verify that the normal
vector along this circle is
n(u, 0) =
_
cos u sin
u
2
, sin u sin
u
2
, cos
u
2
_
(c) As u varies from0 to 2, the point (u, 0) moves once around the unit circle, beginning and ending at (0, 0) =
(2, 0) = (1, 0, 0). Verify that n(u, 0) is a unit vector which varies continuously but that n(2, 0) = n(0, 0).
This shows that S is not orientable, that is, it is not possible to choose a nonzero normal vector at each point on S
in a continuously varying manner (if it were possible, the unit normal vector returns to itself rather than its negative
when carried around the circle).
33. It is not possible to integrate a vector eld over S because S is not orientable. However, it is possible to
integrate functions over S. Using a computer algebra system:
(a) Verify that
n(u, v)
2
= 1 +
3
4
v
2
+2v cos
u
2
+
1
2
v
2
cos u
(b) Compute the surface area of S to four decimal places.
(c) Compute
__
S
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) dS to four decimal places.
SOLUTION
(a) Using a CAS, we discover that
n(u, v) =
n
u

n
v
=
_
1
2
_
v cos
_
u
2
_
+2 cos u +v cos
_
3u
2
__
sin
_
u
2
_
,
1
4
_
v +2 cos(u/2) +2v cos(u) 2 cos
_
3u
2
_
v cos(2u)
_
,
cos
_
u
2
__
1 +v cos
_
u
2
___
and after taking the norm of this, we nd that
n(u, v)
2
= 1 +
3
4
v
2
+2v cos
u
2
+
1
2
v
2
cos u
(b) We calculate the area of S as follows:
A(S) =
_ _
n(u, v) du dv =
_
1/2
1/2
_
2
0
_
1 +
3
4
v
2
+2v cos
u
2
+
1
2
v
2
cos u du dv 6.3533
(c) We proceed as follows. Since
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
__
1 +v cos
u
2
_
cos u
_
2
+
__
1 +v cos
u
2
_
sin u
_
2
+
_
v sin
u
2
_
2
and
n(u, v) =
_
1 +
3
4
v
2
+2v cos
u
2
+
1
2
v
2
cos u
then, substituting these expressions into the double integral
__
S
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) dS =
__
S
(x
2
+ y
2
+
z
2
)n(u, v) dudv, and integrating over 0 u 2,
1
2
v
1
2
, we nd that
__
S
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) dS 7.4003
CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISES
1. Compute the vector assigned to the point P = (3, 5) by the vector eld:
(a) F = xy, y x
(b) F = 4, 8
Chapter Review Exercises 623
(c) F =
_
3
x+y
, log
2
(x + y)
_
SOLUTION
(a) Substituting x = 3, y = 5 in F = xy, y x we obtain:
F = 3 5, 5 (3) = 15, 8
(b) The constant vector eld F = 4, 8 assigns the vector 4, 8 to all the vectors. Thus:
F(3, 5) = 4, 8
(c) Substituting x = 3, y = 5 in F =
_
3
x+y
, log
2
(x + y)
_
we obtain
F =
_
3
3+5
, log
2
(3 +5)
_
=
_
3
2
, log
2
(2)
_
= 9, 1
Find a vector eld F in the plane such that F(x, y) = 1 and F(x, y) is orthogonal to G(x, y) = x, y for all
x, y.
In Exercises 36, sketch the vector eld.
3. F(x, y) = y, 1
SOLUTION Notice that the vector eld is constant along horizontal lines.
F = y, 1
y
x
F(x, y) = 4, 1
5. , where (x, y) = x
2
y
SOLUTION The gradient of (x, y) = x
2
y is the following vector:
F(x, y) =
_
x
,
y
_
= 2x, 1
This vector is sketched in the following gure:
j = 2x, 1
y
x
F(x, y) =
_
4y
_
x
2
+16y
2
,
x
_
x
2
+16y
2
_
Hint: Show that F is a unit vector eld tangent to the family of ellipses x
2
+4y
2
= c
2
.
In Exercises 714, determine whether or not the vector eld is conservative and, if so, nd a potential function.
7. F(x, y, z) =
_
sin x, e
y
, z
_
SOLUTION We examine the cross partials of F. Since F
1
= sin x, F
2
= e
y
, F
3
= z we have:
F
1
y
= 0
F
2
z
= 0
F
3
x
= 0
F
2
x
= 0
F
3
y
= 0
F
1
z
= 0
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
,
F
2
z
=
F
3
y
,
F
3
x
=
F
1
z
Since the cross partials are equal, F is conservative. We denote the potential eld by (x, y, z). So we have:
x
= sin x
y
= e
y
z
= z
By integrating we get:
(x, y, z) =
_
sin x dx = cos x +C(y, z)
y
= C
y
= e
y
C(y, z) = e
y
+ D(z)
(x, y, z) = cos x +e
y
+ D(z)
z
= D
z
= z D(z) =
z
2
2
We conclude that (x, y, z) = cos x +e
y
+
z
2
2
. Indeed:
=
_
x
,
y
,
z
_
=
_
sin x, e
y
, z
_
= F
F(x, y, z) =
_
2, 4, e
z
_
9. F(x, y, z) =
_
xyz,
1
2
x
2
z, 2z
2
y
_
SOLUTION No. We show that the cross partials for x and z are not equal. Since the equality of the cross partials is a
necessary condition for a eld to be a gradient vector eld, we conclude that F is not a gradient eld. We have:
F
1
z
=

z
(xyz) = xy
F
3
x
=

x
(2z
2
y) = 0
F
1
z
=
F
3
x
Therefore the cross partials condition is not satised, hence F is not a gradient vector eld.
F(x, y, z) =
_
xy
2
z, x
2
yz,
1
2
x
2
y
2
_
11. F(x, y, z) =
_
y
1 + x
2
, tan
1
x, 2z
_
SOLUTION We examine the cross partials of F. Since F
1
=
y
1+x
2
, F
2
= tan
1
x, F
3
= 2z we have:
F
1
y
=
1
1 + x
2
F
2
x
=
1
1 + x
2
F
1
y
=
F
2
x
F
2
z
= 0
F
3
y
= 0
F
2
z
=
F
3
y
F
3
x
= 0
F
1
z
= 0
F
3
x
=
F
1
z
Since the cross partials are equal, F is conservative. We denote the potential eld by (x, y, z). We have:
x
=
y
1 + x
2
,
y
= tan
1
(x),
z
= 2z
By integrating we get:
(x, y, z) =
_
y
1 + x
2
dx = y tan
1
(x) +c(y, z)
y
= tan
1
(x) +c
y
(y, z) = tan
1
(x) c
y
(y, z) = 0 c(y, z) = c(z)
Hence (x, y, z) = y tan
1
(x) +c(z).
z
= c
(z) = 2z c(z) = z
2
. We conclude that (x, y, z) = y tan
1
(x) + z
2
.
Indeed:
=
_
x
,
y
,
z
_
=
_
y
1 + x
2
, tan
1
x, 2z
_
= F
F(x, y) =
_
x
2
y, y
2
x
_ 13. F(x, y, z) =
_
xe
2x
, ye
2z
, ze
2y
_
SOLUTION We have:
F
3
y
=

y
_
ze
2y
_
= 2ze
2y
F
2
z
=

z
_
ye
2z
_
= 2ye
2y
Since
F
3
y
=
F
2
z
, the cross-partials condition is not satised , hence F is not conservative.
F(x, y) =
_
y
4
x
3
, x
4
y
3
_
15. Calculate
_
c
ds, where (x, y, z) = x
4
y
3
z
2
and c(t ) = (t
2
, 1 +t, t
1
) for 1 t 3.
SOLUTION The initial point P and the terminal point Q are the following points:
P = c(1) =
_
1
2
, 1 +1, 1
1
_
= (1, 2, 1)
Q = c(3) =
_
3
2
, 1 +3, 3
1
_
=
_
9, 4,
1
3
_
Using the Fundamental Theorem for Gradient Vector Fields we obtain:
_
c
ds = (Q) (P) = 9
4
4
3
_
1
3
_
2
1
4
2
3
1
2
= 46,648
Find a gradient vector eld of the form F = g(y), h(x) such that F(0, 0) = 1, 1, where g(y) and h(x) are
differentiable functions. Determine all such vector elds.
In Exercises 1720, compute the line integral
_
C
f (x, y) ds for the given function and path or curve.
17. f (x, y) = xy, the path c(t ) = (t, 2t 1) for 0 t 1
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute ds = c
(t ) dt . We differentiate c(t ) = (t, 2t 1) and compute the length of the derivative vector:
c
(t ) = 1, 2 c
(t ) =
_
1
2
+2
2
=
5
Hence,
ds = c
(t ) dt =
5 dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )) and evaluate the line integral. We have:
f (c(t )) = xy = t (2t 1) = 2t
2
t
Using the Theorem on Scalar Line Integral we have:
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
1
0
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
1
0
_
2t
2
t
_
5 dt =
5
_
2
3
t
3
1
2
t
2
_
1
0
=
5
_
2
3

1
2
_
=
5
6
f (x, y) = x y, the unit semicircle x
2
+ y
2
= 1, y 0
19. f (x, y, z) = e
x
y
2
2z
, the path c(t ) =
_
ln t,
2t,
1
2
t
2
_
for 1 t 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Compute ds = c
(t ) dt . We have:
c
(t ) =
d
dt
_
ln t,
2t,
1
2
t
2
_
=
_
1
t
,
2, t
_
c
(t ) =
_
_
1
t
_
2
+
_
2
_
2
+t
2
=
_
1
t
2
+2 +t
2
=
_
_
1
t
+t
_
2
=
1
t
+t
Hence:
ds = c
(t ) dt =
_
t +
1
t
_
dt
Step 2. Write out f (c(t )) and evaluate the integral.
f (c(t )) = e
x
y
2
2z
= e
ln t
2t
2
2
1
2
t
2
= t
1
t
We use the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals to compute the line integral:
_
C
f (x, y) ds =
_
2
1
f (c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
1
_
t
1
t
__
t +
1
t
_
dt
=
_
2
1
_
t
2
1
t
2
_
dt =
t
3
3
+
1
t
2
1
=
_
8
3
+
1
2
_
_
1
3
+1
_
=
11
6
f (x, y, z) = x +2y + z, the helix c(t ) = (cos t, sin t, t ) for 1 t 3
21. Find the total mass of an L-shaped rod consisting of the segments (2t, 2) and (2, 2 2t ) for 0 t 1 (length in
centimeters) with mass density (x, y) = x
2
y g/cm.
SOLUTION
A = (0, 2)
C = (2, 0)
B = (2, 2)
x
y
The total mass of the rod is the following sum:
M =
_
AB
x
2
y ds +
_
BC
x
2
y ds (1)
The segment AB is parametrized by c
1
(t ) = (2t, 2), 0 t 1. Hence
c
1
(t ) = 2, 0 , c
1
(t ) = 2
and
f (c
1
(t )) = x
2
y = (2t )
2
2 = 8t
2
.
The segment BC is parametrized by c
2
(t ) = (2, 2 2t ), 0 t 1. Hence
c
2
(t ) = 0, 2 , c
2
(t ) = 2
and
f (c
2
(t )) = x
2
y = 2
2
(2 2t ) = 8 8t.
Using these values, the Theorem on Scalar Line Integrals and (1) we get:
M =
_
1
0
8t
2
2 dt +
_
1
0
(8 8t ) 2 dt =
16t
3
3
1
0
+16t 8t
2
1
0
=
40
3
= 13
1
3
Calculate F = , where (x, y, z) = xye
z
, and compute
_
C
F ds, where
(a) C is any curve from (1, 1, 0) to (3, e, 1).
(b) C is the boundary of the square 0 x, y 1 oriented counterclockwise.
23. Calculate
_
C
1
y
3
dx + x
2
y dy, where C
1
is the oriented curve in Figure 1(A).
x
y
3
(A)
3
C
1
x
y
3
(B)
3 C
2
FIGURE 1
SOLUTION We compute the line integral as the sum of the line integrals over the segments AO, OB and the circular
arc BA.
x
B
A
y
3
3
0
The vector eld is F =
_
y
3
, x
2
y
_
. We have:
_
C
1
F ds =
_
AO
F ds +
_
OB
F ds +
_
arc BA
F ds (1)
We compute each integral separately.
The line integral over AO. The segment AO is parametrized by c(t ) = (0, t ), 3 t 0 . Hence:
F(c(t )) =
_
y
3
, x
2
y
_
=
_
t
3
, 0
_
c
(t ) = 0, 1
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
t
3
, 0
_
0, 1 = 0
Therefore:
_
AO
F ds =
_
0
3
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt = 0 (2)
The line integral over OB. We parametrize the segment OB by c(t ) = (t, 0), 0 t 3 . Hence:
F(c(t )) =
_
y
3
, x
2
y
_
= 0, 0
c
(t ) = 1, 0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = 0
Therefore:
_
OB
F ds =
_
3
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt = 0 (3)
The line integral over the circular arc BA. We parametrize the circular arc by c(t ) = (3 cos t, 3 sin t ), 0 t
2
.
Then c
(t ) = 3 sin t, 3 cos t and F(c(t )) =

_
y
3
, x
2
y
_
=
_
27 sin
3
t, 27 cos
2
t sin t
_
. We compute the dot product:
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = 27
_
sin
3
t, cos
2
t sin t
_
3 sin t, 3 cos t = 81
_
sin
4
t +cos
3
t sin t
_
We obtain the integral:
_
arc BA
F ds =
_
/2
0
81
_
sin
4
t +cos
3
t sin t
_
dt
= 81
_
sin
3
t cos t
4

3
4
_
t
2

sin 2t
4
_
cos
4
t
4
_
/2
t =0
= 81
_
3
4 4
+
1
4
_
=
243
16
+20
1
4
(4)
Combining (1), (2), (3), and (4) gives:
_
C
1
F ds = 0 +0
243
16
+20.25 27.463
Let F(x, y) =
_
9y y
3
, e
y
(x
2
3x)
_
and let C
2
be the oriented curve in Figure 1(B).
(a) Show that F is not conservative.
(b) Show that
_
C
2
F ds = 0 without explicitly computing the integral. Hint: Consider the direction of F along the
edges of the square.
In Exercises 2528, compute the line integral
_
c
F ds. for the given vector eld and path.
25. F(x, y) =
_
2y
x
2
+4y
2
,
x
x
2
+4y
2
_
,
the path c(t ) =
_
cos t,
1
2
sin t
_
for 0 t 2
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integral F(c(t )) c
(t ).
c(t ) =
_
cos t,
1
2
sin t
_
F(c(t )) =
_
2y
x
2
+4y
2
,
x
x
2
+4y
2
_
=
_
2
1
2
sin t
cos
2
t +4
1
4
sin
2
t
,
cos t
cos
2
t +4
1
4
sin
2
t
_
=
_
sin t
cos
2
t +sin
2
t
,
cos t
cos
2
t +sin
2
t
_
= sin t, cos t
c
(t ) =
_
sin t,
1
2
cos t
_
The integral is the dot product:
F(c(t )) c
(t ) = sin t, cos t
_
sin t,
1
2
cos t
_
= sin
2
t +
1
2
cos
2
t =
1
2
cos 2t
1
2
sin
2
t
Step 2. Evaluate the line integral.
_
C
F ds =
_
2
0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_
2
0
_
1
2
cos 2t
1
2
sin
2
t
_
dt =
sin 2t
4

t
4
+
sin 2t
8
2
0
=
2
F(x, y) =
_
2xy, x
2
+ y
2
_
, the part of the unit circle in the rst quadrant oriented counterclockwise.
27. F(x, y) =
_
x
2
y, y
2
z, z
2
x
_
, the path c(t ) =
_
e
t
, e
2t
, e
3t
_
for 0 t <
SOLUTION
Step 1. Calculate the integrand F(c(t )) c
(t ).
c(t ) =
_
e
t
, e
2t
, e
3t
_
c
(t ) =
_
e
t
, 2e
2t
, 3e
3t
_
F(c(t )) =
_
x
2
y, y
2
z, z
2
x
_
=
_
e
2t
e
2t
, e
4t
e
3t
, e
6t
e
t
_
=
_
e
4t
, e
7t
, e
7t
_
F(c(t )) c
(t ) =
_
e
4t
, e
7t
, e
7t
_
_
e
t
, 2e
2t
, 3e
3t
_
= e
5t
2e
9t
3e
10t
Step 2. Evaluate the line integral.
_
C
F ds =
_

0
F(c(t )) c
(t ) dt =
_

0
_
e
5t
2e
9t
3e
10t
_
dt
= lim
R
_
1
5
e
5R
+
2
9
e
9R
+
3
10
e
10R
_
_
1
5
+
2
9
+
3
10
_
= 0
13
18
=
13
18
F = , where (x, y, z) = 4x
2
ln(1 + y
4
+ z
2
), the path c(t ) =
_
t
3
, ln(1 +t
2
), e
t
_
for 0 t 1
29. Consider the line integrals
_
c
F ds for the vector elds F and paths c in Figure 2. Which two of the line integrals
appear to have a value of zero? Which of the other two is negative?
(C)
x
P
P
Q
Q
y
(D)
x
y
(A)
x
y
(B)
x
y
C
FIGURE 2
SOLUTION In (A), the line integral around the ellipse appears to be positive, because the negative tangential compo-
nents from the lower part of the curve appears to be smaller than the positive contribution of the tangential components
from the upper part.
In (B), the line integral around the ellipse appears to be zero, since F is orthogonal to the ellipse at all points except
for two points where the tangential components of F cancel each other.
In (C), F is orthogonal to the path, hence the tangential component is zero at all points on the curve. Therefore the
line integral
_
C
F ds is zero.
In (D), the direction of F is opposite to the direction of the curve. Therefore the dot product F T is negative at each
point along the curve, resulting in a negative line integral.
Calculate the work required to move an object from P = (1, 1, 1) to Q = (3, 4, 2) against the force eld
F(x, y, z) = 12r
4
x, y, z (distance in meters, force in Newtons), where r =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
. Hint: Find a
potential function for F.
31. Find constants a, b, c such that
(u, v) = (u +av, bu +v, 2u c)
parametrizes the plane 3x 4y + z = 5. Calculate T
u
, T
v
, and n(u, v).
SOLUTION We substitute x = u + av, y = bu + v and z = 2u c in the equation of the plane 3x 4y + z = 5, to
obtain:
5 = 3x 4y + z = 3(u +av) 4(bu +v) +2u c = (5 4b)u +(3a 4)v c
or
(5 4b)u +(3a 4)v (5 +c) = 0
This equation must be satised for all u and v, therefore the following must hold:
5 4b = 0 b =
5
4
3a 4 = 0 a =
4
3
5 +c = 0 c = 5
We obtain the following parametrization for the plane 3x 4y + z = 5:
(u, v) =
_
u +
4
3
v,
5
4
u +v, 2u +5
_
We compute the tangent vectors T
u
and T
v
:
T
u
=

u
=
_
1,
5
4
, 2
_
; T
v
=

v
=
_
4
3
, 1, 0
_
n = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
1
5
4
2
4
3
1 0
5
4
2
1 0
1 2
4
3
0
j +
1
5
4
4
3
1
k
= 2i +
8
3
j +
_
1
5
3
_
k =
_
2,
8
3
,
2
3
_
Calculate the integral of f (x, y, z) = e
zy
over the portion of the plane 6x +4y + z = 24, where x, y, z 0.
33. Let S be the surface parametrized by
(u, v) =
_
2u sin
v
2
, 2u cos
v
2
, 3v
_
for 0 u 1 and 0 v 2.
(a) Calculate the tangent vectors T
u
and T
v
, and normal vector n(u, v) at P = (1,
3
).
(b) Find the equation of the tangent plane at P.
(c) Compute the surface area of S.
SOLUTION
(a) The tangent vectors are the partial derivatives:
T
u
=

u
=

u
_
2u sin
v
2
, 2u cos
v
2
, 3v
_
=
_
2 sin
v
2
, 2 cos
v
2
, 0
_
T
v
=

v
=

v
_
2u sin
v
2
, 2u cos
v
2
, 3v
_
=
_
u cos
v
2
, u sin
v
2
, 3
_
The normal vector is their cross-product:
n = T
u
T
v
=
i j k
2 sin
v
2
2 cos
v
2
0
u cos
v
2
u sin
v
2
3
2 cos
v
2
0
u sin
v
2
3
2 sin
v
2
0
u cos
v
2
3
j +
2 sin
v
2
2 cos
v
2
u cos
v
2
u sin
v
2
k
=
_
6 cos
v
2
_
i
_
6 sin
v
2
_
j +
_
2u sin
2
v
2
2u cos
2
v
2
_
k
=
_
6 cos
v
2
_
i
_
6 sin
v
2
_
j 2uk =
_
6 cos
v
2
, 6 sin
v
2
, 2u
_
At the point P =
_
1,
3
_
, u = 1 and v =
3
. The tangents and the normal vector at this point are,
T
u
_
1,
3
_
=
_
2 sin
6
, 2 cos
6
, 0
_
=
_
1,
3, 0
_
T
v
_
1,
3
_
=
_
1 cos
6
, 1 sin
6
, 3
_
=
_
3
2
,
1
2
, 3
_
n
_
1,
3
_
=
_
6 cos
6
, 6 sin
6
, 2 1
_
=
_
3
3, 3, 2
_
(b) A normal to the plane is n
_
1,
3
_
=
_
3
3, 3, 2
_
found in part (a). We nd the tangency point:
P =
_
1,
3
_
=
_
2 1 sin
6
, 2 1 cos
6
, 3
3
_
=
_
1,
3,
_
The equation of the tangent plane is, thus,
_
x 1, y
3, z
_
_
3
3, 3, 2
_
= 0
or
3
3(x 1) 3
_
y
3
_
2(z ) = 0
3
3x 3y 2z +2 = 0
(c) In part (a) we found the normal vector:
n =
_
6 cos
v
2
, 6 sin
v
2
, 2u
_
We compute the length of n:
n =
_
36 cos
2
v
2
+36 sin
2
v
2
+4u
2
=
_
36 +4u
2
= 2
_
9 +u
2
Using the Integral for the Surface Area we get:
Area(S) =
__
D
n(u, v) du dv =
_
2
0
_
1
0
2
_
9 +u
2
du dv = 4
_
1
0
_
9 +u
2
du
= 4
_
u
2
_
u
2
+9 +
9
2
ln
_
u +
_
9 +u
2
_
1
u=0
_
= 4
_
1
2
10 +
9
2
ln
_
1 +
10
_
9
2
ln 3
_
= 2
10 +18 ln
_
1 +
10
_
18 ln 3 = 2
10 +18 ln
1 +
10
3
38.4
Plot the surface with parametrization
(u, v) = (u +4v, 2u v, 5uv)
for 1 v 1, 1 u 1. Express the surface area as a double integral and use a computer algebra system to
compute the area numerically.
35. Express the surface area of the surface z = 10 x
2
y
2
, 1 x 1, 3 y 3 as a double integral.
Evaluate the integral numerically using a CAS.
SOLUTION We use the Surface Integral over a graph. Let g(x, y) = 10 x
2
y
2
. Then g
x
= 2x, g
y
= 2y hence
_
1 + g
x
2
+ g
y
2
=
_
1 +4x
2
+4y
2
. The area at the surface is the following integral which we compute using a CAS:
Area(S) =
__
D
_
1 + g
x
2
+ g
y
2
dx dy =
_
3
3
_
1
1
_
1 +4x
2
+4y
2
dx dy 41.8525
Evaluate
__
S
x
2
y dS, where S is the surface z =

3x + y
2
, 1 x 1, 0 y 1.
37. Calculate
__
S
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
e
z
dS, where S is the cylinder with equation x
2
+ y
2
= 9 for 0 z 10.
SOLUTION We parametrize the cylinder S by,
(, z) = (3 cos , 3 sin , z)
0 2, 0 z 10.
We compute the tangent and normal vectors:
T
3 cos , 3 sin , z = 3 sin , 3 cos , 0

T
z
=

3 cos , 3 sin , z = 0, 0, 1
n = T
T
z
=
i j k
3 sin 3 cos 0
0 0 1
3 cos 0
0 1
3 sin 0
0 1
j +
3 sin 3 cos
0 0
k
= (3 cos )i +(3 sin )j = 3 cos , sin , 0
We compute the length of the normal vector:
n = 3
_
cos
2
+sin
2
+0 = 3
We now express the function f (x, y, z) =
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
e
z
in terms of the parameters:
f
_
(, z)
_
=
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
e
z
=
_
9 cos
2
+9 sin
2
_
e
z
= 9e
z
Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals, we obtain:
__
S
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
e
z
dS =
_
10
0
_
2
0
9e
z
3 d dz = 27 2
_
10
0
e
z
dz = 54
_
e
z
_
10
z=0
= 54
_
e
10
+1
_
54
Let S be the upper hemisphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1, z 0. For each of the functions (a)(d), determine whether
__
S
f dS is positive, zero, or negative (without evaluating the integral). Explain your reasoning.
(a) f (x, y, z) = y
3
(b) f (x, y, z) = z
3
(c) f (x, y, z) = xyz (d) f (x, y, z) = z
2
2
39. Let S be a small patch of surface with a parametrization (u, v) for 0 u, v 0.1 such that the normal vector
n(u, v) for (u, v) = (0, 0) is n = 2, 2, 4. Use Eq. (1) in Section 17.4 to estimate the surface area of S.
SOLUTION
n(0, 0)
y
P = (0, 0)
u
0.1 (0, 0)
0.1
S
R
x
We use Eq. (1) in section 17.4 with
_
u
i j
, v
i j
_
= (0, 0), R
i j
= R = [0, 0.1] [0, 0.1] in the (u, v)-plane and S
i j
=
S = (R), in the (x, y)-plane to obtain the following estimation for the area of S:
Area(S) n(0, 0)Area(R)
That is:
Area(S) 2, 2, 4 0.1
2
=
_
2
2
+(2)
2
+4
2
(0.1)
2
= 0.02
6 0.049
Let S be the upper hemisphere of the sphere x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 9 and let (r, ) = (r cos , r sin ,
_
9 r
2
) be
its parametrization by cylindrical coordinates (Figure 3).
(a) Calculate the normal vector n = T
r
T
at the point (2,
3
).
(b) Use Eq. (1) in Section 17.4 to estimate the surface area of (R), where R is the small domain dened by
2 r 2.1,
3
+0.05
In Exercises 4146, compute
__
S
F dS for the given oriented surface or parametrized surface.
41. F(x, y, z) =
_
y, x
2
y, e
xz
_
, x
2
+ y
2
= 9, 3 z 3,
outward-pointing normal
SOLUTION The part of the cylinder is parametrized by:
(, z) = (3 cos , 3 sin , z), 0 2, 3 z 3
z
y
x
3 3
3
T
3 cos , 3 sin , z = 3 sin , 3 cos , 0

T
z
=

z
=

z
3 cos , 3 sin , z = 0, 0, 1
We compute the cross product:
T
T
z
= ((3 sin )i +(3 cos )j) k = (3 sin )j +(3 cos )i = 3 cos , 3 sin , 0
The outward pointing normal is (when = 0, the x-component must be positive):
n = 3 cos , 3 sin , 0
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We write F(x, y, z) =
_
y, x
2
y, e
xz
_
in terms of the parameters by substituting
x = 3 cos , y = 3 sin . We get:
F((, z)) =
_
3 sin , 9 cos
2
3 sin , e
3z cos
_
=
_
3 sin , 27 cos
2
sin , e
3z cos
_
Hence:
F((, z)) n =
_
3 sin , 27 cos
2
sin , e
3z cos
_
3 cos , 3 sin , 0
= 9 sin cos +81 cos
2
sin
2
Step 3. Evaluate the surface integral. The surface integral is equal to the following double integral (we use the trigono-
metric identities sin cos =
sin 2
2
and sin
2
2 =
1
2
(1 cos 4)):
__
S
F dS =
_
2
0
_
3
3
F((, z)) n(, z) dz d =
_
2
0
_
3
3
_
9 sin cos +81 cos
2
sin
2
_
d
= 6
_
2
0
_
9
2
sin 2 +81
_
sin 2
2
_
2
_
d =
6 9
2
_
2
0
sin 2 d +
6 81
8
_
2
0
(1 cos 4) d
=
54
2

_
cos 2
2
_
2
0
+
243
4
_

sin 4
4
_
2
0
=
243
4
2 =
243
2
381.7
F(x, y, z) = y, z, x, (u, v) = (u +3v, v 2u, 2v +5), 0 u, v 1, upward-pointing normal
43. F(x, y, z) =
_
x
2
, y
2
, x
2
+ y
2
_
, x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 4, z 0, outward-pointing normal
SOLUTION The upper hemisphere is parametrized by:
(, ) = (2 cos sin , 2 sin sin , 2 cos ), 0 2, 0
2
As seen in section 17.4, since 0
2
then the outward-pointing normal is:
n = 4 sin
_
_
We express F in terms of the parameters:
F
_
(, )
_
=
_
x
2
, y
2
, x
2
+ y
2
_
=
_
4 cos
2
sin
2
, 4 sin
2
sin
2
, 4 sin
2
_
cos
2
+sin
2
__
=
_
4 cos
2
sin
2
, 4 sin
2
sin
2
, 4 sin
2
_
The dot product F n is thus
F
_
(, )
_
n(, ) = 4 sin
_
4 cos
3
sin
3
+4 sin
3
sin
3
+4 sin
2
cos
_
= 16
_
cos
3
sin
4
+sin
3
sin
4
+sin
3
cos
_
__
S
F ds =
__
D
F
_
(, )
_
n(, ) d d
= 16
_
/2
0
_
2
0
_
cos
3
sin
4
+sin
3
sin
4
+sin
3
cos
_
d d
= 16
_
_
2
0
cos
3
d
__
_
/2
0
sin
4
d
_
+16
_
_
2
0
sin
3
d
__
_
/2
0
sin
4
d
_
+32
_
/2
0
sin
3
cos v d
Since
_
2
0
cos
3
d =
_
2
0
sin
3
d = 0, we get:
__
S
F ds = 32
_
/2
0
sin
3
cos d = 32
_
sin
4
/2
=0
_
= 32
_
1 0
4
_
= 8
F(x, y, z) =
_
z, 0, z
2
_
, (u, v) = (v cosh u, v sinh u, v), 0 u, v 1, upward-pointing normal
45. F(x, y, z) =
_
0, 0, xze
xy
_
, z = xy, 0 x, y 1,
upward-pointing normal
SOLUTION We parametrize the surface by:
(x, y) = (x, y, xy)
Where the parameter domain is the square:
D = {(x, y) : 0 x 1, 0 y 1}
T
x
=

x
=

x
x, y, xy = 1, 0, y
T
y
=

y
=

y
x, y, xy = 0, 1, x
T
x
T
y
=
i j k
1 0 y
0 1 x
0 y
1 x
1 y
0 x
j +
1 0
0 1
k = yi xj +k = y, x, 1
Since the normal points upwards, the z-coordinate is positive. Therefore the normal vector is:
n = y, x, 1
Step 2. Evaluate the dot product F n. We express F in terms of x and y:
F((x, y)) =
_
0, 0, xze
xy
_
=
_
0, 0, x(xy)e
xy
_
=
_
0, 0, x
2
ye
xy
_
Hence:
F((x, y)) n(x, y) =
_
0, 0, x
2
ye
xy
_
y, x, 1 = x
2
ye
xy
__
S
F ds =
__
D
F((x, y)) n(x, y) dx dy
=
_
1
0
_
1
0
x
2
ye
xy
dy dx =
_
1
0
x
2
_
_
1
0
ye
xy
dy
_
dx (1)
We evaluate the inner integral using integration by parts:
_
1
0
ye
xy
dy =
y
x
e
xy
1
y=0

_
1
0
1
x
e
xy
dy =
e
x
x

1
x
2
e
xy
1
y=0
=
e
x
x

1
x
2
_
e
x
1
_
Substituting this integral in (1) gives:
__
S
F ds =
_
1
0
_
xe
x
_
e
x
1
__
dx =
_
1
0
xe
x
dx
_
1
0
_
e
x
1
_
dx
=
_
1
0
xe
x
dx
_
e
x
x
_
1
0
=
_
1
0
xe
x
dx (e 2)
Using integration by parts we have:
__
S
F dS = xe
x
e
x
1
0
(e 2) = 1 (e 2) = 3 e
F(x, y, z) = 0, 0, z, 3x
2
+2y
2
+ z
2
= 1, z 0,
upward-pointing normal
47. Calculate the total charge on the cylinder
x
2
+ y
2
= R
2
, 0 z H
if the charge density in cylindrical coordinates is (, z) = Kz
2
cos
2
, where K is a constant.
SOLUTION The total change on the surface S is
__
S
dS. We parametrize the surface by,
(, z) = (R cos , R sin , Hz)
with the parameter domain,
0 2, 0 z 1.
We compute the tangent and normal vectors:
T
R cos , R sin , Hz = R sin , R cos , 0

T
z
=

z
=

z
R cos , R sin , Hz = 0, 0, H
n = T
T
z
=
i j k
R sin R cos 0
0 0 H
R cos 0
0 H
R sin 0
0 H
j +
R sin R cos
0 0
k
= (RH cos )i +(RH sin )j = RH cos , sin , 0
We nd the length of n:
n = RH
_
cos
2
+sin
2
= RH
We compute ((, z)):
((, z)) = K(Hz)
2
cos
2
= K H
2
z
2
cos
2
Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals we obtain:

__
S
dS =
__
D
((, z)) n(, z) dz d =
_
2
0
_
1
0
K H
2
z
2
cos
2
HR dz d
=
_
_
1
0
K H
3
Rz
2
dz
__
_
2
0
cos
2
d
_
=
_
K H
3
Rz
3
3
1
0
__
2
+
sin 2
4
2
0
_
=
K H
3
R
3
=
3
K H
3
R
Find the ow rate of a uid with velocity eld v = 2x, y, xy m/s across the part of the cylinder x
2
+ y
2
= 9
where x, y 0, and 0 z 4 (distance in meters).
49. With v as in Exercise 48, calculate the ow rate across the part of the elliptic cylinder
x
2
4
+ y
2
= 1 where x, y 0,
and 0 z 4.
SOLUTION The ow rate of a uid with velocity eld v = 2x, y, xy through the elliptic cylinder S is the surface
integral:
__
S
v dS (1)
1
2
z
y
x
To compute this integral, we parametrize S by,
(, z) = (2 cos , sin , z), 0
2
, 0 z 4
x
y
0 /2
T
2 cos , sin , z = 2 sin , cos , 0

T
z
=

z
=

z
2 cos , sin , z = 0, 0, 1
n = T
T
z
=
i j k
2 sin cos 0
0 0 1
= (cos )i +(2 sin )j = cos , 2 sin , 0

Step 2. Compute the dot product v n
v ((, z)) n = 4 cos , sin , 2 cos sin cos , 2 sin , 0 = 4 cos
2
+2 sin
2
= 2 cos
2
+2
_
cos
2
+sin
2
_
= 2 cos
2
+2
Step 3. Evaluate the ux of v. The ux of v in (1) is equal to the following double integral (we use the equality 2 cos
2
=
1 +cos 2 in our calculation):
__
S
v dS =
__
D
v ((, z)) nd dz =
_
4
0
_
/2
0
_
2 cos
2
+2
_
d dz
= 4
_
/2
0
_
2 cos
2
+2
_
d = 4
_
/2
0
(3 +cos 2) d = 4
_
3 +
sin 2
2
/2
=0
_
= 6

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Chap16 Et Student Solutions

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17

OP at each point P. Give an example

(y) = g(y), and H

(y) = h(z). We dene the function

(t ) = 1. The line integrals are thus computed by

(t ) dt for the parametrization c(t ) = (6t, 2t, 2t ) for 0 t 1.

(t ) dt for the parametrization c(t ) = (t, t

(t ) = cos t, sin t, t sin t, cos t, 1 = cos t sin t +sin t cos t +t = t

(t ) = 1, 0, 0 and we obtain the integral,

(t ) = 4, 3, 5 and we obtain the following integral:

(t ) = 1, 6, 9 and we obtain the line integral

(t ) = cos t, sin t, t sin t, cos t, 1 = cos t sin t +sin t cos t +t = t

(t ) dt using the substitution t = (u), a = (c), b = (d). We

(u) > 0 for all u, therefore:

(cos sin , sin sin , cos ) =

(cos sin , sin sin , cos ) =

= (u cos v)i (u sin v)j +

(2 cos , 2 sin , z) = 2 sin , 2 cos , 0

= (2 cos )i +(2 sin )j = 2 cos , 2 sin , 0

Using the theorem on computing the surface integral we get:

(y) = 2y. By Eq. (13) we obtain the following integral,

with the normal at sample points in these three pieces.

= (2v)i (4uv)j +(2u +1)k = 2v, 4uv, 2u +1

= (2x)i +(2y)j +k = 2x, 2y, 1

(r cos , r sin , 4) = r sin , r cos , 0

(2r cos , 3r sin , 0) = 2r sin , 3r cos , 0

(t ) = 3 sin t, 3 cos t and F(c(t )) =

3 cos , 3 sin , z = 3 sin , 3 cos , 0

at the point (2,

3 cos , 3 sin , z = 3 sin , 3 cos , 0

R cos , R sin , Hz = R sin , R cos , 0

Using the Theorem on Surface Integrals we obtain:

2 cos , sin , z = 2 sin , cos , 0

= (cos )i +(2 sin )j = cos , 2 sin , 0

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