Sach Bat Dang Thuc Dien Dan Boxmath - VN PDF

Mc lc
Li ni u 2
Cc thnh vin tham gia bin son 3
Bt ng thc thng dng 4
1 Bi 1 n bi 20 7
2 Bi 21 n bi 40 20
3 Bi 41 n bi 60 32
4 Bi 61 n bi 80 46
5 Bi 81 n bi 100 56
6 Bi 101 n bi 120 63
7 Bi 121 n bi 140 71
8 Bi 141 n bi 160 81
9 Bi 161 n bi 180 92
10 Bi 181 n bi 200 102
11 Bi 201 n bi 220 114
12 Bi 221 n bi 240 123
13 Bi 241 n bi 260 132
14 Bi 261 n bi 280 142
15 Bi 281 n bi 300 152
16 Bi 301 n bi 320 163
17 Bi 321 n bi 340 175
18 Bi 341 n bi 360 189
19 Bi 361 n bi 380 198
20 Bi 381 n bi 400 208
http://boxmath.vn/ 1
Li ni u
Chinh phc bt c mt s kh khn no lun em li cho ngi ta mt nim vui sng thm lng,
bi iu cng c ngha l y li mt ng ranh gii v tng thm t do ca bn thn.
Quyn sch ny n vi cc bn chnh l bt ngun t cu trit l y. Vi mong mun em li
nim yu thch v say m cho cc bn v mt mng ton kh trong chng trnh ton hc ca trung
hc ph thng nhng n cha trong n bit bao nhiu iu th v v am m. chnh l bi ton
v Bt ng thc. Quyn sch cc bn ang c l s tng hp t cc bi ton hay v cch gii
tht n gin ch s dng nhng cht liu thng gp trong chng trnh trung hc ph thng,
nhng li mang n s hiu qu cng nhng iu th v n bt ng m ban qun tr din n
http://boxmath.vn/ bin tp li t cc bi ton bt ng thc trn din n, nhm mang li cho
cc bn mt ti liu hc tp tt nht. V ban bin tp xin gi li cm n chn thnh v knh trng
ti thy gio Chu Ngc Hng - THPT Ninh Hi Ninh Thun nhit tnh h tr k thut v
Latex, ng thi cm n cc bn tham gia gi bi, gii bi trn din n. Chnh s nhit huyt
ca cc bn em n s ra i ca quyn sch ny.
Mi bc i dn n thnh cng trong bt k lnh vc no ca cuc sng lun gn kt vi s
am m, tm ti, hc hi v cht lc kinh nghim. V th qua quyn sch ny hy vng cc bn s
tm c cho mnh nhng g cn thit nht cho hng gii quyt mt bi ton bt ng thc. c
c iu cc bn hy xem quyn sch nh mt ngi bn v c quyn sch nh cc bn ang
i ngu say m vi ngi bn tri k ny vy!
V quyn sch ny cng mong mun mang n cho cc thy c c thm t liu phc v trong
vic ging dy v gieo cho cc hc sinh ca mnh nim yu thch v am m trong cc bi ton bt
ng thc.
Mc d c s c gng tp trung cao trong vic bin tp nhng chc chn khng th khng
c sai xt, mong cc bn c thng cm v gi nhng chia s ca mnh v quyn sch ban bin
tp c thm nhng kin qu bu hon thin quyn sch hn.
Mi chia s ca cc bn xin gi v a ch liltee_tm@yahoo.com.vn
Thay mt nhm bin son, ti xin chn thnh cm n.
Thi Bnh, ngy 29 thng 10 nm 2011.
i din nhm bin son
Ch bin
Tng Hi Tun - Lil.Tee
Cc thnh vin tham gia bin son
Ni dung
Tng Hi Tun - A12 [2008 - 2011] - THPT Nguyn c Cnh - TP Thi Bnh.
Phm Tun Khi - THPT Trn Vn Nng - ng Thp.
T Hng Qung - TP H Ch Minh - Vng Tu.
Nguyn Quc Vng Anh - A1 [2008 - 2011] - THPT Ninh Giang - Hi Dng.
ng Nguyn Duy Nhn - A1 [2009 - 2012] - THPT So Nam - Qung Nam.
Giang Hong Kit - A6 [2009 - 2012] - THPT Mc nh Chi - TP H Ch Minh.
Trn Quc Huy - THPT Phan nh Phng - Ph Yn.
Nguyn Vn Thoan - Nam nh.
Nguyn Khc Minh - [2009 - 2012] - Trng THPT Kin Thy - Hi Phng.
Uchiha Itachi - TP H Ch Minh.
L
A
T
E
X
H tr k thut Latex
Chu Ngc Hng - THPT Ninh Hi - Ninh Thun.
Tng Hi Tun - A12 [2008 - 2011] - THPT Nguyn c Cnh - TP Thi Bnh.
T Hng Qung - TP H Ch Minh - Vng Tu.
ng Nguyn Duy Nhn - A1 [2009 - 2012] - THPT So Nam - Qung Nam.
Trnh by ba
MT S BT NG THC THNG DNG TRONG
CHNG TRNH THPT
I. Bt ng thc AM-GM.
1. Bt ng thc AM-GM cho 2 s.
Cho a, b l cc s thc khng m. Khi bt ng thc sau ng:
a + b 2
ab
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.
2. Bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s.
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Khi bt ng thc sau ng:
a + b + c 3
3
abc
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
II. Bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz.
Nu a, b, c, x, y, z l cc s thc ty th
(ax + by + cz)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a
x
=
b
y
=
c
z
(qui c: nu mu bng 0 th t cng bng 0).
H qu:
Nu a, b, c l cc s thc v x, y, z l cc s dng th:
a
2
x
+
b
2
y
+
c
2
z

(a + b + c)
2
x + y + z
1
x
+
1
y

4
x + y
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z

9
x + y + z
III. Bt ng thc Vc t.
Xt vec t

u = (a; b),

v = (x; y),

w = (m; n)
Ta c |

u | +|

v | |

u +

v |, hay l.
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
x
2
+ y
2
_
(a + x)
2
+ (b + y)
2
ng thc xy ra khi

u v

v cng hng.
Ta c |

u | +|

v | +|

w| |

u +

v +

w|, hay l
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
x
2
+ y
2
+
m
2
+ n
2
_
(a + x + m)
2
+ (b + y + n)
2
ng thc xy ra khi

u ,

v v

w cng hng.
III. Bt ng thc Holder.
Cho a, b, c, x, y, z, m, n, p l cc s thc dng. Khi ta c
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (m
3
+ n
3
+ p
3
) (axm + byn + czp)
3
Chng minh:
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
a
3
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+
x
3
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+
m
3
m
3
+ n
3
+ p
3

3axm
3
_
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (m
3
+ n
3
+ p
3
)
Thit lp 2 biu thc tng t vi b (b, y, n) v (c, z, p) ri cng v vi v ta c iu phi chng
minh.
ng thc xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau.
Ch : Bt ng thc Holder khng c hc trong chng trnh ton ph thng, nn khi i thi
phi chng minh.
IV. Mt s bt ng thc hay s dng.
Vi a, b, c, x, y, z l cc s khng m. Khi ta c
1. a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
2. a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c)
2
3
3. (a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca)
4. x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
xyz(x + y + z)
5. (xy + yz + zx)
2
3xyz(x + y + z)
6. 3(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
7. (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
9
8
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Chng minh:
1 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
Bt ng thc ng do
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
ab +bc +ca 2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
2 (ab + bc + ca) (a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
0
2 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c)
2
3
Li gii:
Bt ng thc ng theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
_
1
2
+ 1
2
+ 1
2
_ _
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
(a + b + c)
2
3 (a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca)
Li gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi 1 bt ng thc ng sau:
(a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca) a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
4 x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
xyz(x + y + z)
Li gii:
Bt ng thc ng v khi ta t a = xy, b = yz, c = zx th bt ng thc tr thnh bt ng thc
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z hoc y = z = 0 hoc x = y = 0 hoc z = x = 0.
5 (xy + yz + zx)
2
3xyz(x + y + z)
Li gii:
Bt ng thc ng v khi ta t a = xy, b = yz, c = zx th bt ng thc tr thnh bt ng thc
(a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca).
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z hoc y = z = 0 hoc x = y = 0 hoc z = x = 0.
6 3(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
Li gii:
Bt ng thc ng v theo bt ng thc Holder ta c:
_
1
3
+ 1
3
+ 1
3
_ _
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_ _
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
_
3
1
3
.a
3
.a
3
+
3
1
3
.b
3
.b
3
+
3
1
3
.c
3
.c
3
_
3
=
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
3
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.
7 (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
9
8
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 2
ab.2
bc.2
ca = 8abc
Do
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) = abc + (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
_
1
8
+ 1
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
V. Mt s hng ng thc ng nh
(x + y)(y + z) + (y + z)(z + x) + (z + x)(x + y) = (x + y + z)
2
+ xy + yz + zx
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x) + xyz = (x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= (x + y + z)
2
2(xy + yz + zx)
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= (x + y + z)
3
3(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
1 Bi 1 n bi 20
Bi 1. Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
a
2
b
2
c
2
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
A =
a
2
b
2
c
3
(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
b
2
c
2
a
3
(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
c
2
a
2
b
3
(c
2
+ a
2
)
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
.
Khi gi thit c vit li l:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1
v
A =
x
3
y
2
+ z
2
+
y
3
z
2
+ x
2
+
z
3
x
2
+ y
2
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
x(y
2
+ z
2
) =
1
2
_
2x
2
(y
2
+ z
2
)(y
2
+ z
2
)
_
2x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
_
3
=
2
3
9
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Tng t, ta cng c:
y(z
2
+ x
2
)
2
3
9
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
z(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
3
9
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
.
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v kt hp cc nh gi trn, ta thy rng:
A =
x
3
y
2
+ z
2
+
y
3
z
2
+ x
2
+
z
3
x
2
+ y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
x(y
2
+ z
2
) + y(z
2
+ x
2
) + z(x
2
+ y
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
3.
2
3
9
. (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) .
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
3
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
2
.
M khi x = y = z =
1
3
th A =
3
2
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A l
3
2
khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Bi 2. Cho hai s thc dng x, y tha mn x + y + 1 = 3xy.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
M =
3x
y(x + 1)
+
3y
x(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
T gi thit
3xy 1 = x + y 2
xy (
xy 1) (3
xy + 1) 0

xy 1 xy 1
V
xy + x + y + 1 = 4xy (x + 1)(y + 1) = 4xy
Ta c
3x
y(x + 1)

1
y
2
=
3xy x 1
y
2
(x + 1)
=
y
y
2
(x + 1)
=
1
y(x + 1)
Suy ra
M =
1
y(x + 1)
+
1
x(y + 1)
=
2xy + x + y
4x
2
y
2
=
5xy 1
4x
2
y
2
Xt hm s f(t) =
5t 1
4t
2
vi t = xy 1. Ta c
f
(t) =
20t
2
8t(5t 1)
16t
4
=
8t 20t
2
16t
4
0 vi t 1
V vy hm s nghch bin vi t 1
f(t)
MAX
= f(1) = 1 khi t = 1 M
MAX
= 1 khi x = y = 1
Cch 2.
t
1
x
= a,
1
y
= b a + b + ab = 3
Ta c: 3 = a + b + ab ab + 2
ab 3.
3
a
2
b
2
ab 1
Suy ra
M =
ab
a + 1
+
ab
b + 1
= ab.(
a + 1 + b + 1
ab + a + b + 1
) = ab.
5 ab
4
=
_
(ab)
2
2ab + 1
+ 3a + 1
4
=
(ab 1)
2
+ 3ab + 1
4
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1.
Bi ton c hon tt.
Bi 3. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.
Chng minh rng:
a + b + c
3

1
4
3
_
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
abc
Li gii:
Do bt ng thc thun nhn nn ta chun ha a + b + c = 1
Ta c bt ng thc tng ng
27[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]
2
64abc
D thy
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
8
9
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
(bin i tng ng v s dng AM-GM)
nn ta c
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3abc (ab + bc + ca)
2
3abc(a + b + c)
iu cui lun ng, do php chng minh hon tt.
Bi 4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1.
Chng minh rng:
_
a
4
+ b
4
1 + ab
+
_
b
4
+ c
4
1 + bc
+
_
c
4
+ a
4
1 + ca
3
Li gii:
Ta c
sym
_
a
4
+ b
4
1 + ab
=
sym
_
2(a
4
+ b
4
)
2 + 2ab

cyc
a
2
2 + 2ab
+
cyc
b
2
2 + 2ab
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM ta c:
cyc
a
2
2 + 2ab
2(a + b + c)
2
2 + 2ab
2(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca + 9

3
2
Tng t
cyc
b
2
2 + 2ab
3
2
Cng 2 bt ng thc ta c
a
4
+ b
4
1 + ab
+
_
b
4
+ c
4
1 + bc
+
_
c
4
+ a
4
1 + ca
3
Php chng minh hon tt.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 5. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 0.
Chng minh rng:
cyc
a
2
bc
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
0
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c
cyc
2a
2
2bc
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
cyc
(a c)(a + b) + (a b)(a + c)
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
cyc
(a c)(
a + b
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

b + c
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
cyc
(a c)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
(2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(2c
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
)
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do ta c iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c
Cch 2.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng
2a
2
2bc
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 1
2b
2
2ac
2b
2
+ a
2
+ c
2
+ 1
2c
2
2ab
2c
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ 1 3
cyc
(a + b)
2
2c
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
3
Mt khc
(b + c)
2
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
(b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
+ c
2

b
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ c
2
Tng t ta c
(a + c)
2
2b
2
+ a
2
+ c
2

a
2
b
2
+ a
2
+
c
2
b
2
+ c
2
V
(b + c)
2
2a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

b
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ c
2
Cng v theo v ta c
cyc
(a + b)
2
2c
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
3
chnh l iu cn chng minh.
Bi 6. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c = 3.
Chng minh rng:
cyc
_
a(b + c) 3.
2abc
Li gii:
_
b + c
2bc
+
_
c + a
2ac
+
_
a + b
2ab
3
Ta c
1 =
_
a + b + c
3
_
3
abc
v
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc
Suy ra
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8(abc)
2
3
6
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
8(abc)
2
3
_
b + c
2bc
+
_
c + a
2ac
+
_
a + b
2ab
3
Chng minh rng:
_
1 +
x
y
__
1 +
y
z
__
1 +
z
x
_
2 +
2(x + y + z)
3
xyz
Li gii:
Ta c:
_
1 +
x
y
_
_
1 +
y
z
__
1 +
z
x
_
2 +
2(x + y + z)
3
xyz
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
+
y
x
+
z
y
+
x
z

2(x + y + z)
3
xyz
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta thy
x
y
+
x
z
+
x
x

3x
3
xyz
y
x
+
y
y
+
y
z

3y
3
xyz
z
x
+
z
y
+
z
z

3z
3
xyz
Cng tng v ta c
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
+
y
x
+
z
y
+
x
z
+ 3
3(x + y + z)
3
xyz
Mt khc:
x + y + z
3
xyz
3
Suy ra
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
+
y
x
+
z
y
+
x
z

2(x + y + z)
3
xyz
Chng minh rng:
(1 + a
3
) (1 + b
3
) (1 + c
3
) (1 + ab
2
) (1 + bc
2
) (1 + ca
2
)
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
_
1 + a
3
_ _
1 + b
3
_ _
1 + b
3
_
_
1 + ab
2
_
3
_
1 + b
3
_ _
1 + c
3
_ _
1 + c
3
_
_
1 + bc
2
_
3
_
1 + c
3
_ _
1 + a
3
_ _
1 + a
3
_
_
1 + ca
2
_
3
Nhn tng v ca 3 bt ng thc trn ta c
_
1 + a
3
_ _
1 + b
3
_ _
1 + c
3
_
_
1 + ab
2
_ _
1 + bc
2
_ _
1 + ca
2
_
Bi 9. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh rng:
bc
a + bc
2
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM v kt hp gi thit, ta c:
bc
a + bc
=
bc
_
a(a + b + c) + bc
=
bc
_
(a + b)(a + c)
1
2
_
bc
a + b
+
bc
a + c
_
Tng t ta c:
ac
b + ac
1
2
_
ac
b + a
+
ac
b + c
_
ab
c + ab
1
2
_
ab
c + a
+
ab
c + b
_
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c
bc
a + bc
1
2
_
ab
a + c
+
ab
b + c
+
bc
a + b
+
bc
a + c
+
ca
b + a
+
ca
b + c
_
=
1
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Chng minh rng:
a
b + c
+
b
a + c
+
c
a + b
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
Li gii:
Cch 1.
P =
a
_
2a +
2b +
2c
_
b + c
+
b
_
2a +
2b +
2c
_
a + c
+
c
_
2a +
2b +
2c
_
a + b
1
2
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
2a
b + c
2a + b + c
2
2b
a + c
2b + a + c
2
2c
a + b
2c + a + b
2
Do ta c:
P
2a
2a + 5b + 5c
+
2b
2b + 5a + 5c
+
2c
2c + 5a + 5b
= 2
_
a
2
2a
2
+ 5ab + 5ac
+
b
2
2b
2
+ 5ab + 5bc
+
c
2
2c
2
+ 5ac + 5bc
_
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
cyc
a
2
2a
2
+ 5ab + 5ac
2.
(a + b + c)
2
2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 2c
2
+ 10ab + 10bc + 10ca
2.
(a + b + c)
2
4(a + b + c)
2
=
1
2
Chng minh hon tt.
Cch 2.
Ta c
P =
a
b + c
+
b
a + c
+
c
a + b
= (a+b+c)
_
1
b + c
+
1
a + b
+
1
a + c
_
b + c +
a + c +
a + b
_
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
(a + b + c)
_
1
b + c
+
1
a + b
+
1
a + c
_
9.(a + b + c)
a + b +
b + c +
c + a
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
a + b +
b + c +
c + a
_
3.2.(a + b + c)
Suy ra
P
9(a + b + c)
_
3.2.(a + b + c)
_
3.2.(a + b + c) =
_
3(a + b + c)
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
Cch 3.
Do bt ng thc thun nht, chun ha: a + b + c = 3.
Ta s chng minh:
t
3 t
2
+
3
4
2
(t 1)
Tht vy, ta c:
t
3 t
3(t 1)
4
2
=
3
2
_
3 t
2
_
2
_
3 t +
2
_ _
5
3 t + 6
2
_
4
3 t
_
2 +
3 t
_ 0
Suy ra
a
3 a
+
b
3 b
+
c
3 c
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
+
3
4
2
(a +b +c 3)
1
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
Bi 11. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z = 6.
Chng minh rng:
8
x
+ 8
y
+ 8
z
4
x+1
+ 4
y+1
+ 4
z+1
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t a = 2
x
, b = 2
y
, c = 2
z
abc = 64
Bt ng thc cho c vit li nh sau:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
abc
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
3
3
abc (a + b + c)
Suy ra ta s chng minh
3
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
(a + b + c)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
Hay
2
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
Tht vy, theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
a
3
+ a
3
+ b
3
3a
2
b
a
3
+ a
3
+ c
3
3a
2
c
a
3
+ b
3
+ b
3
3ab
2
a
3
+ c
3
+ c
3
3ac
2
b
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3b
2
c
b
3
+ c
3
+ c
3
3bc
2
Cng tng v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta c
2
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
Cch 2.
t a = 2
x
, b = 2
y
, c = 2
z
abc = 64
Ta phi chng minh:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Tht vy, ta c:
_
_
a
3
+ a
3
+ 64 12a
2
b
3
+ b
3
+ 64 12b
2
c
3
+ c
3
+ 64 12c
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 96 4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 2 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Ta li c: 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 23
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
= 96
Suy ra a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Cch 3.
Ta c
8
x
+ 8
y
+ 8
z
=
(4
x
+ 4
y
+ 4
z
) (2
x
+ 2
y
+ 2
z
)
3
+
cyclic
(2
x
2
y
)
2
(2
x
+ 2
y
)
3
2
x
+ 2
y
+ 2
z
3.
3
2
x+y+z
= 3.2
x+y+z
3
= 3.2
2
= 12
Do :
(4
x
+ 4
y
+ 4
z
) (2
x
+ 2
y
+ 2
z
)
3
4. (4
x
+ 4
y
+ 4
z
) = 4
x+1
+ 4
y+1
+ 4
z+1
D thy:
cyc
(2
x
2
y
)
2
(2
x
+ 2
y
)
3
0
Suy ra:
8
x
+ 8
y
+ 8
z
4
x+1
+ 4
y+1
+ 4
z+1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 2.
Bi 12. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn xy + yz + zx = xyz.
Chng minh rng:
x
y
2
+
y
z
2
+
z
x
2
3
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
_
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
a + b + c = 1.
Ta cn chng minh:
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Cch 1.
Theo Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
=
a
4
a
2
c
+
b
4
b
2
a
+
c
4
c
2
b

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
Ta s chng minh:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
(a + b + c)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
3
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ ac
2
+ ba
2
+ cb
2
2
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
Vy m theo AM-GM th:
_
_
a
3
+ ac
2
2a
2
c
b
3
+ ba
2
2b
2
a
c
3
+ cb
2
2c
2
b
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ ac
2
+ ba
2
+ cb
2
2 (a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b)
Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
x = y = z = 3.
Cch 2.
Ta c:
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
(a + b + c)
2
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
(a + b + c) 3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
(a + b + c)
2
(a c)
2
c
+
(b a)
2
a
+
(c b)
2
b
(a b)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ (c a)
2
(a b)
2
_
1
a
1
_
0
V a + b + c = 1
1
a
,
1
b
,
1
c
> 1, do bt ng thc cui ng.
Php chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
x = y = z = 3.
Bi 13. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x, y 1; x + y + 3 = xy.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
x
2
1
x
+
_
y
2
1
y
+
1
x + y
Li gii:
t a =
1
x
, b =
1
y
Suy ra: a + b + 3ab = 1 a + b +
3(a + b)
2
4
a + b
2
3
Ta c:
P =
1 a
2
+
1 b
2
+
ab
a + b
_
2 [2 (a
2
+ b
2
)] +
1 (a + b)
3(a + b)
_
2
_
2
(a + b)
2
2
_
+
1
3(a + b)

1
3
_
2
_
_
2
_
2
3
_
2
2
_
_
+
1
3.
2
3
1
3
=
1 + 8
2
6
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b =
1
3
x = y = 3. Vy minP =
1 + 8
2
6
.
Bi 14. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xy = 3(x + y + z).
Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P = x + y + z +
20
x + z
+
20
y + 2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
3(x + y + z) = (x + y)
2
+ z
2
1
2
(x + y + z)
2
0 < x + y + z 6
2
x + z
1
2
(4 + x + z)
2
_
y + 2
1
2
(6 + y)
Suy ra:
P x + y + z +
80
4 + x + z
+
80
6 + y
+x + y + z +
320
10 + x + y + z
Xt f(t) = t +
320
10 + t
Ta c: f
(t) = 1
320
(10 + t)
2
0 vi t (0, 6]
Vy hm s nghch bin vi t (0, 6]
Suy ra f(t)
Min
= f(6) = 26
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
Cch 2.
Ta c:
3(x + y + z) = (x + y)
2
+ z
2
1
2
(x + y + z)
2
0 < x + y + z 6
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM, ta c:
P = x + y + z +
20
x + z
+
20
y + 2
x + y + z +
80
x + z +
y + 2
x + y + z +
80
_
2(x + z + y + 2)
=
_
x + y + z + 2 +
16
2
_
(x + z + y + 2)
+
16
2
_
(x + z + y + 2)
_
+
8
2
_
(x + z + y + 2)
2
3
3
_
16
2.16
2 +
8
6 + 2
2
P 26.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. Vy minP = 26.
Chng minh rng
1 + a
b + c
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
Li gii:
Ta phi chng minh:
1 + a
b + c
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2a + b + c
b + c
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2a
b + c
+ 3 2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
a
b

a
b + c
+
b
c

b
a + c
+
c
a

c
a + b

3
2
ac
b(b + c)
+
bc
a(a + b)
+
ab
c(c + a)

3
2
(ac)
2
abc(b + c)
+
(bc)
2
abc(a + b)
+
(ab)
2
abc(c + a)

3
2
Mt khc: Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3 (a
2
bc + ab
2
c + abc
2
) = 3abc(a + b + c)
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
(ac)
2
abc(b + c)
+
(bc)
2
abc(a + b)
+
(ab)
2
abc(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
2abc(a + b + c)

3
2
Bi ton c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P = 100 + (ab + bc + ca)
1 + a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
+
81
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) + abc
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
_
_
a
3
+ a
3
+ b
3
3a
2
b
b
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3b
2
c
c
3
+ c
3
+ a
3
3ac
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a.
V: (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) + abc = (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) = 3(ab + bc + ca).
Cch 1.
Ta c:
P 100 + ab + bc + ca +
ab + bc + ca
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+
81
3(ab + bc + ca
= 100 + ab + bc + ca +
ab + bc + ca
30 9(ab + bc + ca)
+
27
ab + bc + ca
t ab + bc + ca = t(0 < t 3)
Ta c:
P = f(t) = 100 + t +
t
30 9t
+
81
3t
f
(t) = 1 +
(30 9t) + 9t
(30 9t)
2

27
t
2
= 1 +
30
(30 9t)
2

27
t
2
< 0 vi 0 < t 3
Vy f(t) nghch bin vi 0 < t 3
f(t)
Min
= f(3) = 113
Cch 2.
Ta s c thm 1 nh gi nh sau:
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a =
1
3
_
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
_
+
2
3
(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a)
1
3
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
+
2
3
_
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
_
=
1
3
(a + b + c)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 9 2(ab + bc + ca).
Suy ra:
P 100 + ab + bc + ca +
ab + bc + ca
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
+
27
ab + bc + ca
100 + ab + bc + ca +
ab + bc + ca
9 2(ab + bc + ca)
+
27
ab + bc + ca
.
t ab + bc + ca = t, 0 < t 3
Khi P 100 +
t
9 2t
+ t +
27
t
= 95 +
_
9
2(9 2t)
+
9(9 2t)
2
_
+
_
2t +
18
t
_
+
9
t
t
2(9 2t)
+
9 2t
2
3,
2t +
18
t
12
Mt khc
9
t
3
V vy P 95 + 3 + 12 + 3 = 113
Kt lun: P
MIN
= 113 khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton c hon tt.
Bi 17. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
P =
1
a(b + 1)
+
1
b(c + 1)
+
1
c(a + 1)

3
3
abc
_
3
abc + 1
_
Li gii:
t: x =
3
a, y =
3
b, z =
3
c
Suy ra
P =
1
x
3
(y
3
+ 1)
+
1
y
3
(z
3
+ 1)
+
1
z
3
(x
3
+ 1)

3
xyz (xyz + 1)
Ta c:
M = 3 +
_
1 + x
3
y
3
z
3
_
_
1
x
3
(y
3
+ 1)
+
1
y
3
(z
3
+ 1)
+
1
z
3
(x
3
+ 1)
_
=
cyc
1
x
3
(y
3
+ 1)
+
cyc
_
y
3
z
3
y
3
+ 1
+ 1
_
=
cyc
1 + x
3
x
3
(y
3
+ 1)
+
cyc
y
3
(x
3
+ 1)
(1 + y
3
)
cyc
x
3
+ 1
x
3
(y
3
+ 1)
3xyz
cyc
x
3
+ 1
x
3
(1 + y
3
)

3
xyz
Suy ra
M 3xyz +
3
xyz
_
1 + x
3
y
3
z
3
_
.P 3xyz +
3
xyz
3
Ta li c:
3
xyz(xyz + 1)
_
x
3
y
3
z
3
+ 1
_
=
3 (x
2
y
2
z
2
xyz + 1)
xyz
= 3xyz 3 +
3
zyz
V vy
_
1 + x
3
y
3
z
3
_
P
_
1 + x
3
y
3
z
3
_
3
xyz(xyz + 1)
P
3
xyz(xyz + 1)
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z a = b = c
Bi 18. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(a + b)(a + b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2

1
8
Li gii:
Trc ht ta chng minh:
(a + b)(a + b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2

1
8
Tht vy, ta c:
(a + b)(a + b + 2c) =
1
2
(2a + 2b)(a + b + 2c)
1
2
_
(2a + 2b) + (a + b + 2c)
2
_
2
=
1
8
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2
Suy ra
(a + b)(a + b + 2c)
(3a + 3b + 2c)
2

1
8
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a + b = 2c.
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc:
P =
1
xy + 2
+
1
yz + 2
+
1
zx + 2
Li gii:
P =
1
xy + 2
+
1
yz + 2
+
1
zx + 2

9
xy + yz + zx + 6
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy + yz + zx
Suy ra:
P
9
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 6
= 1
Bi ton c hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Bi 20. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn: a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
5
_
a(a + c)(2a + b) +
5
_
b(b + a)(2b + c) +
5
_
c(c + b)(2c + a) 3
5
6
Li gii:
5
_
1.1.a.
a + c
2
.
2a + b
3

1 + 1 +a +
a + c
2
+
2a + b
3
5
=
2
5
+
13a
30
+
b
15
+
c
10
Tng t ta c:
5
_
b(b + a)(2b + c)
2
5
+
13b
30
+
c
15
+
a
10
5
_
c(c + b)(2c + a)
2
5
+
13c
30
+
a
15
+
b
10
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c:
1
5
6
_
5
_
a(a + c)(2a + b) +
5
_
b(b + a)(2b + c) +
5
_
c(c + b)(2c + a)
_
3.2
5
+
_
13
30
+
1
15
+
1
10
_
(a+b+c) = 3
5
_
a(a + c)(2a + b) +
5
_
b(b + a)(2b + c) +
5
_
c(c + b)(2c + a) 3
5
6
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
2 Bi 21 n bi 40
Bi 21. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn: a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Do a, b, c > 0 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
< (a + b + c)
2
= 9
TH1: Gi s 1 trong 3 s a, b, c nh hn
1
3
Khi tng
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
> 9 Bt ng thc lun ng trong trng hp ny.
TH2: Gi s c 3 s a, b, c u ln hn
1
3
. Do a + b + c = 3 a, b, c
7
3
Ta c:
1
a
2
a
2
(4a + 4) =
(a 1)
2
(a
2
2a 1)
a
2
, a
_
1
3
,
7
3
_
Suy ra:
1
a
2
a
2
4a + 4
Tng t ta c:
1
b
2
b
2
4b + 4
1
c
2
c
2
4c + 4
Cng v theo v, ta c:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
a
2
b
2
c
2
4 (3 a b c) = 0
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Cch 2.
TH1: Vi a, b, c (0; 1 +
2). Khi ta c c lng:

1
a
2
a
2
4a + 4 a
4
+ 4a
3
4a
2
+ 1 0
(a 1)
2
_
2 (a 1)
2
0
, lun ng
Tng t
1
b
2
b
2
4b + 4
1
c
2
c
2
4c + 4
Cng tng v ca 3 bt ng thc ta c
1
a
2
a
2
+
1
b
2
b
2
+
1
c
2
c
2
12 4(a + b + c) 9
TH2: Nu c mt trong 3 s a, b, c ln hn hoc bng 1 +
2.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c suy ra:
a 1 +
2 b + c 2
2 c
2
2
2

1
c
2
6 + 4
2
Khi V T(1) 6 + 4
2. Trong khi V P(1) < (a + b + c)

2
= 9.
Nh vy trong TH2, (1) cng ng, ta i n li gii nh trn.
Cch 3.
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta d dng c c
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
=
a + b + c
abc
V
3abc(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
2
Do ta c:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

a + b + c
abc
=
(a + b + c)
2
abc(a + b + c)

3(a + b + c)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
Mt khc:
(a + b + c)
2
=
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
+ (ab + bc + ca) + (ab + bc + ca)
3.
3
_
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) (ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
6
27
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3(a + b + c)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Do ta c:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Chng minh hon tt.
Bi 22. Cho x, y, z tha mn 13x + 5y + 12z = 9. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
A =
xy
2x + y
+
3yz
2y + z
+
6zx
2z + x
Li gii:
Ta c A =
1
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
y
+
1
1
3z
+
1
3z
+
1
3y
+
1
1
6x
+
1
6x
+
1
6z
(a + b + c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
9
p dng ta c
(x + y + y)
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
y
_
9
x + y + y
9

1
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
y
(y + z + z)
_
1
3y
+
1
3z
+
1
3z
_
3
y + z + z
3

1
1
3y
+
1
3z
+
1
3z
(z + x + x)
_
1
6z
+
1
6x
+
1
6x
_
3
2

2(z + x + x)
3

1
1
3z
+
1
3x
+
1
3x
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn ta c
A
_
1
9
+ 2
3
2
_
x +
_
2
1
9
+
1
3
_
y +
_
2
1
3
+
2
3
_
z =
1
9
(13x + 5y + 12z) = 1
Vy A
MAX
= 1
Bi ton c hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =
3
10
Bi 23. Cho a, b, c > 0, ab 12, bc 8. Chng minh rng:
S = a + b + c + 2
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
+
8
abc

121
12
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
2
ab
+
a
18
+
b
24

1
2
2
bc
+
b
16
+
c
8

3
4
2
ca
+
a
9
+
c
6
1
8
abc
+
a
9
+
b
12
+
c
6

4
3
13a
18
+
13b
24

13
3
13c
24
+
13b
48

13
6
Cng tng v ca cc bt ng thc trn ta c
a + b + c + 2
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
+
8
abc

1
2
+
3
4
+ 1 +
4
3
+
13
3
+
13
6
=
121
12
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 3, b = 4, c = 2.
Bi 24. Cho ab + bc + ca = abc v a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
P =
a
4
+ b
4
ab (a
3
+ b
3
)
+
b
4
+ c
4
bc (b
3
+ c
3
)
+
c
4
+ a
4
ac (a
3
+ b
3
)
1
Li gii:
a
4
+ a
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
4a
3
b
b
4
+ b
4
+ b
4
+ a
4
4ab
3
Suy ra: 2a
4
+ 2b
4
a
4
+ b
4
+ a
3
b + ab
3
= (a
3
+ b
3
)(a + b)
V vy:
P
a + b
2ab
+
b + c
2bc
+
c + a
2ac
=
ab + bc + ca
abc
= 1.
Bi 25. Cho a, b, c 0; a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
3
18
(a b)(b c)(c a)
3
18
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut. Gi s a b c 0
Ta c bin i sau:
[(a b)(b c)(c a)]
2
[(a b)ab]
2
_
3
_
2ab2ab(a b)
2
_
3
4
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
_
3
_
2ab2ab(a b)
2
_
3
4

_
2ab + 2ab + (a b)
2
3
_
3
4
=
(a + b)
6
4.3
3

(a + b + c)
6
108
Suy ra:
[(a b)(b c)(c a)]
2
1
108
|(a b)(b c)(c a)|
3
18
.
Hay ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 26. Cho x, y, z > 0; xy + yz + zx = 3. Chng minh rng:
P =
1
xyz
+
4
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

3
2
Li gii:
3
_
xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
x(y + z) + y(z + x) + z(x + y)
3
= 2
xyz
2
3
_
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
xyz
2

4
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
Mt khc:
3 = xy + yz + zx 3
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
xyz 1. Do
P
1
xyz
+
xyz
2

1
xyz
+ xyz
xyz
2
2
1
2
=
3
2
Bi 27. Cho a, b, c tha mn a 4; b 5; 7 c 6; a
2
+b
2
+c
2
S = a + b + c
Li gii:
t a = x + 4, b = y + 5, c = z + 6 th x, y, z 0
Ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 90
(x + 4)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
+ (z + 6)
2
= 90
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 8x + 10y + 12z = 13
Gi s: x + y + z < 1
M x, y, z 0 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
< 1
Ta c:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 8x + 10y + 12z =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
+ 8(x + y + z) + 2(y + z) + 2z
< 1 + (8 + 2 + 2).(x + y + z)
< 1 + 8 + 2 + 2 = 13
iu ny l v l, v vy x + y + z 1
Do
S = a + b + c = 4 + x + 5 + y + 6 + z 15 + x + y + z 16
Vy S
MIN
= 16
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 4, b = 5, c = 7.
Ch : vic tm ra iu kin x + y + z 1 ch l iu kin cn ca bi ton. Bi ton c coi l
hon tt khi ch ra c du bng.
Cch 2.
Do a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 90 nn ta s c cc iu kin rng v h qu sau y
4 a < 9 (a 4)(9 a) 0 a
a
2
+ 36
13
5 b < 8 (b 5)(8 b) 0 b
b
2
+ 40
13
6 c 7 (c 6)(7 c) 0 c
c
2
+ 42
13
Cng v theo v ta c
S = a + b + c
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 42 + 36 + 40
13
= 16
Vy S
MIN
= 16
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 4, b = 5, c = 7.
Bi ton hon tt.
Bi 28. Cho a > b > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P = 2a +
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Biu thc c vit li nh sau:
P = (2a 2b) +
2b + 3
2
+
2b + 3
2
+
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
3
(2a 2b) +
2b + 3
2
+
2b + 3
2
+
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
4
4
(2a 2b)(
2b + 3
2
)
2
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
= 8
Do P 8 3 = 5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2a 2b =
2b + 3
2
=
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
hay a =
3
2
, b =
1
2
.
Cch 2.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM
(4a 4b)(2b + 3)(2b + 3)
_
4a 4b + 2b + 3 + 2b + 3
3
_
3
=
_
4a + 6
3
_
3
=
8
27
(2a + 3)
3
T ta c:
P 2a +
32
8
27
(2a + 3)
3
=
2a + 3
3
+
2a + 3
3
+
2a + 3
3
+
432
(2a + 3)
3
3
2a + 3
3
+
2a + 3
3
+
2a + 3
3
+
432
(2a + 3)
3
8
Do P 8 3 = 5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi 2a 2b =
2b + 3
2
=
32
(a b)(2b + 3)
2
hay a =
3
2
, b =
1
2
.
Vy P
MIN
= 5
Bi 29. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
P =
a
a
2
+ 2b + 3
+
b
b
2
+ 2c + 3
+
c
c
2
+ 2a + 3

1
2
Li gii:
Ta c: a
2
+ 2b + 3 = a
2
+ 1 + 2b + 2 2a + 2b + 2
Suy ra
P
1
2
_
a
a + b + 1
+
b
b + c + 1
+
c
c + a + 1
_
3
2
P
1
2
_
b + 1
a + b + 1
+
c + 1
b + c + 1
+
a + 1
c + a + 1
_
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
M =
b + 1
a + b + 1
+
c + 1
b + c + 1
+
a + 1
c + a + 1
=
(b + 1)
2
(b + 1)(a + b + 1)
+
(c + 1)
2
(c + 1)(b + c + 1)
+
(a + 1)
2
(a + 1)(c + a + 1)
(a + b + c + 3)
2
(a + 1)(a + c + 1) + (b + 1)(b + a + 1) + (c + 1)(c + b + 1)
Ta c
(a + 1)(a + c + 1) + (b + 1)(b + a + 1) + (c + 1)(c + b + 1)
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca + 3(a + b + c) + 3
=
1
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
+ ab + bc + ca + 3(a + b + c) +
9
2
=
1
2
(a + b + c + 3)
2
T :
M
(a + b + c + 3)
2
1
2
(a + b + c + 3)
2
= 2
3
2
P 2.
1
2
P
1
2
Bi ton hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 30. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn xy + yz + zx = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x y z
Do xy + yz + zx = 3 yz 1
Ta c b :
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1

2
yz + 1
Tht vy, ta c:
(y
2
+ z
2
+ 2) (yz + 1) 2 (y
2
+ 1) (z
2
+ 1) (y z)
2
(yz 1) 0
(lun ng do yz 1)
Suy ra
P =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1

1
x
2
+ 1
+
2
yz + 1
Do ta s chng minh
1
x
2
+ 1
+
2
yz + 1

3
2
2x
2
+ yz + 3
x
2
yz + x
2
+ yz + 1

3
2
x
2
+ 3 yz 3x
2
yz 0
x
2
+ xy + xz 3x
2
yz 0
x(x + y + z 3xyz) 0()
T xy + yz + zx = 3 ta c x + y + z 3 v xyz 1. Do x + y + z 3xyz 0
Do (*) ng. Vy
P =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1

1
x
2
+ 1
+
2
yz + 1

3
2
Cch 2.
P =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1
= 3
_
x
2
x
2
+ 1
+
y
2
y
2
+ 1
+
z
2
z
2
+ 1
_
4x
2
3x
2
+ 3
=
4x
2
3x
2
+ xy + yz + zx

x
2
x
2
+ xy + xz
+
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
=
x
x + y + z
+
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
Tng t vi 2 biu thc cn li.
cyc
4x
2
3x
2
+ 3yz

cyc
x
x + y + z
+
cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
= 1 +
cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
Ta s chng minh:
cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
1
Ta c
3
2

cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
=
1
2
cyc
yz
2x
2
+ yz
=
1
2
_
cyc
(yz)
2
2x
2
yz + y
2
z
2
_
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
cyc
(yz)
2
2x
2
yz + y
2
z
2

(xy + yz + zx)
2
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 2xyz(x + y + z)
= 1
3
2

cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz

1
2
cyc
x
2
2x
2
+ yz
1
cyc
4x
2
3x
2
+ 3yz
2
cyc
x
2
x
2
+ 1

3
2
P
3
2
ng thcxy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Vy P
MIN
=
3
2
.
Bi 31. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn 3a(a + b + c) = bc. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
b + c
a
Li gii:
Do a > 0 nn ta c: 3
_
1 +
b
a
+
c
a
_
=
bc
a
2
t x =
b
a
, y =
c
a
th ta c 3(1 + x + y) = xy (x, y > 0)
Ta phi tm GTNN ca P = x + y
3(1 + x + y) = xy
(x + y)
2
4
T ta c (x + y)
2
12(x + y) 12 0 x + y 6 + 4
3 (do x, y > 0)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 3 + 2
3
b
a
=
c
a
= 3 + 2
3
Vy P
MIN
= 6 + 4
3.
Bi 32. Cho x, y, z > 0 tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xyz. Chng minh rng
x
x
2
+ yz
+
y
y
2
+ zx
+
z
z
2
+ xy

1
2
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
x
x
2
+ yz
=
x
2
x
3
+ xyz

x
2
x
3
+ x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

1
4
_
1
x
+
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
Suy ra:
cyc
x
x
2
+ yz

1
4
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
+
cyc
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
=
1
4
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
+
1
4
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
=
xy + yz + zx
xyz

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xyz
1
Do
cyc
x
x
2
+ yz

1
4
+
1
4
=
1
2
Bi ton hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 3.
Bi 33. Cho a, b, c [3; 5]. Chng minh rng:
ab + 1 +
bc + 1 +
ca + 1 > a + b + c
Li gii:
Do a, b [3; 5] |a b| 2 (a b)
2
4
Ta s chng minh
2
ab + 1 a + b
Tht vy, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng:
4ab + 4 a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab (a b)
2
4(lun ng)
Tng t
2
bc + 1 b + c
2
ac + 1 a + c
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c:
ab + 1 +
bc + 1 +
ca + 1 a + b + c
ng thc khng xy ra, do :
ab + 1 +
bc + 1 +
ca + 1 > a + b + c
Chng minh hon tt.
Bi 34. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng:
1
a
3
+
a
3
b
3
+ b
3
1
a
+
a
b
+ b
Li gii:
1
a
3
+ 1 + 1
3
a
a
3
b
3
+ 1 + 1
3a
b
b
3
+ 1 + 1 3b
1
a
+
a
b
+ b 3
1
a
3
+
a
3
b
3
+ b
3
+ 6 3
_
1
a
+
a
b
+ b
_
1
a
+
a
b
+ b + 6
1
a
3
+
a
3
b
3
+ b
3
1
a
+
a
b
+ b
Bi ton chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1.
P =
a
ab + b
2
+
b
bc + c
2
+
c
ca + a
2
2
2
Li gii:
_
2b.(a + b)
2b + (a + b)
2
=
a + 3b
2
T :
P
2a
2
a + 3b
+
2b
2
b + 3c
+
2c
2
c + 3a
Ta s chng minh
M =
a
a + 3b
+
b
b + 3c
+
c
c + 3a

3
4
Tht vy, ta c:
M =
a
2
a
2
+ 3ab
+
b
2
b
2
+ 3bc
+
c
2
c
2
+ 3ca
ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
M
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3ab + 3bc + 3ca
=
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
8
3
(ab + bc + ca) +
1
3
(ab + bc + ca)
Hay l
M
(a + b + c)
2
4
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) +
8
3
(ab + bc + ca)
=
(a + b + c)
2
4
3
(a + b + c)
2
=
3
4
V vy
a
a + 3b
+
b
b + 3c
+
c
c + 3a

3
4
T ta c:
P
2a
2
a + 3b
+
2b
2
b + 3c
+
2c
2
c + 3a
2
2.
3
4
=
3
2
2
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Bi 36. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
3
abc
10
9(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Li gii:
a
c
+
a
c
+
c
b

3
3
a
2
3
bc
=
3a
3
abc
Tng t:
b
a
+
b
a
+
c
b

3b
3
abc
c
b
+
c
b
+
a
c

3c
3
abc
Cng v theo v ba bt ng thc trn, ta c
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b

a + b + c
3
abc
Suy ra:
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
3
abc
a + b + c
3
abc
+
3
abc
1
9
3
abc
+
3
abc
2
3
V
a + b + c = 1
3
abc
1
3

8
9
3
abc
8
3
a + b + c
3
abc
+
3
abc =
1
9
3
abc
+
3
abc +
8
9
3
abc
2
3
+
8
3
=
10
3
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
3
abc
10
3
Mt khc:
Cng do
a + b + c = 1 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
3

10
9(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)

10
3
T suy ra
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
3
abc
10
9(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
a + b + c
Li gii:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
=
a
2
a
b
+
b
2
b
c
+
c
2
c
a

(a + b + c)
2
a
b + b
c + c
a
Ta s chng minh
a
b + b
c + c
a a + b + c
Tht vy,
a
b
a(b + 1)
2
b
c
b(c + 1)
2
c
a
c(a + 1)
2
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c
a
b + b
c + c
a
1
2
(a + b + c + ab + bc + ca)
Ta li c: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3 a + b + c 3
Suy ra: (a + b + c)(a + b + c) 3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c ab + bc + ca
Do ta c
a
b + b
c + c
a
1
2
(a + b + c + a + b + c) a
b + b
c + c
a a + b + c
(a + b + c)
2
a
b + b
c + c
(a + b + c)
2
a + b + c
= a + b + c
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
a + b + c
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z

4(x + y + z)
_
(y + z)(z + x)(x + y)
Li gii:
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z

4(x + y + z)
_
(y + z)(z + x)(x + y)
(y + z)
_
(x + y)(x + z)
x
4(x + y + z)
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM ta c:
(y + z)
_
(x + y)(x + z)
x

(y + z)
_
x +
yz
_
x
= y + z +
(y + z)
yz
x
y + z +
2yz
x
Suy ra:
(y + z)
_
(x + y)(x + z)
x
2(x + y + z) + 2
_
yz
x
+
xz
y
+
xy
z
_
Mt khc theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
(
yz
x
+
xy
z
+
xz
y
)
2
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (x + y + z)
2
yz
x
+
xz
y
+
xy
z
a + b + c
(y + z)
_
(x + y)(x + z)
x
4(x + y + z)
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z
a(b + c)
(b + c)
2
+ a
2
+
b(a + c)
(c + a)
2
+ b
2
+
c(a + b)
(a + b)
2
+ c
2
6
5
Li gii:
a
2
+ (b + c)
2
=
_
a
2
+
(b + c)
2
4
_
+
3
4
(b + c)
2
a(b + c) +
3
4
(b + c)
2
=
(b + c) (4a + 3b + 3c)
4
a (b + c)
a
2
+ (b + c)
2

4a(b + c)
(4a + 3b + 3c)(b + c)
=
4a
4a + 3b + 3c
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
1
25
_
9
2
a
3 (a + b + c)
+
a
a
_
4a
4a + 3b + 3c

a (b + c)
a
2
+ (b + c)
2

27a
25 (a + b + c)
+
1
25
Tng t:
b (c + a)
b
2
+ (c + a)
2

27b
25 (a + b + c)
+
1
25
c (c + a)
c
2
+ (c + a)
2

27c
25 (a + b + c)
+
1
25
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c
a(b + c)
(b + c)
2
+ a
2
+
b(a + c)
(c + a)
2
+ b
2
+
c(a + b)
(a + b)
2
+ c
2
27(a + b + c)
25(a + b + c)
+
3
25
=
6
5
Bi 40. Cho a, b, c > 0, abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
4a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
4b
3
(1 + a)(1 + c)
+
4c
3
(1 + b)(1 + a)
3
Li gii:
4a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
1 + b
2
+
1 + c
2
3a
4b
3
(1 + c)(1 + a)
+
1 + c
2
+
1 + a
2
3b
4a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
1 + a
2
+
1 + b
2
3c
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c
4a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
4b
3
(1 + a)(1 + c)
+
4c
3
(1 + b)(1 + a)
+ a + b + c + 3 3(a + b + c)
Cng theo bt ng thc AM-GM :
a + b + c 3
3
abc = 3
Do ta c:
4a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
4b
3
(1 + a)(1 + c)
+
4c
3
(1 + b)(1 + a)
2(a + b + c) 3 2.3 3 = 3
3 Bi 41 n bi 60
Bi 41. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
1 +
3
a + b + c

6
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
t: a =
1
x
, b =
1
y
, c =
1
z
abc = 1
Khi ta c:
1 +
3
a + b + c

6
ab + bc + ca
1 +
3abc
a + b + c

6abc
ab + bc + ca
1 +
3
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
6
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
1 +
3
xy + yz + zx

6
x + y + z
3(xy + yz + zx) (x + y + z)
2
1 +
3
xy + yz + zx
1 +
9
(x + y + z)
2
Mt khc:
1 +
9
(x + y + z)
2

6
x + y + z
=
_
1 +
3
x + y + z
_
2
0 vi x, y, z
1 +
9
(x + y + z)
2

6
x + y + z
1 +
3
xy + yz + zx

6
x + y + z
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b = c = 1
a
3a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
+
b
3b
2
+ 2c
2
+ a
2
+
c
3c
2
+ 2a
2
+ b
2

1
6
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Li gii:
3a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
= 2 (a
2
+ b
2
) + (a
2
+ c
2
) 4ab + 2ac
Do ta c:
a
3a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2

a
4ab + 2ac
=
1
2
_
1
2b + c
_
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
1
2b + c

1
9
_
2
b
+
1
c
_
T ta suy ra:
a
3a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2

1
18
_
2
b
+
1
c
_
Tng t ta c:
b
3b
2
+ 2c
2
+ a
2

1
18
_
2
c
+
1
a
_
c
3c
2
+ 2a
2
+ b
2

1
18
_
2
a
+
1
b
_
Cng v theo v ta c
a
3a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
+
b
3b
2
+ 2c
2
+ a
2
+
c
3c
2
+ 2a
2
+ b
2

1
6
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Bi 43. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
3
+ b
3
3a
2
4ab + 11b
2

3
5
Li gii:
Xt hm s f(t) =
t
3
+ 1
3t
2
4t + 11
; t (0; 3] Ta c:
f
(t) =
3t
2
(3t
2
4t + 11) (t
3
+ 1) (6t 4)
(3t
2
4t + 11)
2
=
3t
4
8t
3
+ 33t
2
6t + 4
(3t
2
4t + 11)
2
f
(1) =
13
50
. Vy phng trnh tip tuyn ca f(t) ti t = 1 l:
y(t) f(1) = f
(1)(t 1) y(t)
1
5
=
13
50
(t 1) y(t) =
13
50
t
3
50
Xt: g(t) = f(t) y(t) =
t
3
+ 1
3t
2
4t + 11

13
50
t +
3
50
g(t) =
(t 1)
2
(11t + 81)
50(3t
2
4t + 11)
0; t (0; 3]
t
3
+ 1
3t
2
4t + 11

13
50
t
3
50
; t (0; 3]
Vi t =
a
b

a
3
+ b
3
3a
2
4ab + 11b
2

13a 3b
50
Tng t ta c:
b
3
+ c
3
3b
2
4bc + 11c
2

13b 3c
50
a
3
+ c
3
3c
2
4ac + 11a
2

13c 3a
50
a
3
+ b
3
3a
2
4ab + 11b
2
+
b
3
+ c
3
3b
2
4bc + 11c
2
+
a
3
+ c
3
3c
2
4ac + 11a
2

1
5
(a + b + c) =
3
5
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
9
a + b + c
4
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
Li gii:
Do bt ng thc thun nht nn ta s chun ha a + b + c = 1
Khi :
BDT
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+ 9 4
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
(a + b + c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
+ 9 4(a + b + c)
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
+
a + b
c
4
_
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
_
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
a
b
+
a
c

4a
b + c
,
b
c
+
b
a

4b
a + c
,
c
a
+
c
b

4c
a + b
b
a
+
c
a
+
b
c
+
b
a
+
c
a
+
c
b

4a
b + c
+
4b
c + a
+
4c
a + b
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
+
a + b
c
4
_
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
_
Bi 45. Cho a, b, c > 0; abc = 2. Chng minh rng:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
Li gii:
Cch 1.
a
3
+ b
3
2

ab(a + b)
2
=
ab(a + b)
abc
=
a + b
c
T ta c:
c
3
+
a
3
+ b
3
2
c
3
+
a + b
c
2c
a + b
Tng t ta c:
b
3
+
a
3
+ c
3
2
b
3
+
a + c
b
2b
a + c
a
3
+
b
3
+ c
3
2
a
3
+
b + c
a
2a
b + c
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
3
2.
Cch 2.
_
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
_
2
2(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = abc(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
M:
abc(a + b + c)
1
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
abc(a + b + c)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca + ab + bc + ca)
3
3
4
=
(a + b + c)
6
3
4
T ta c
_
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
_
2
(a + b + c)
6
3
4
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
(a + b + c)
3
3
2
Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c:
(1 + 1 + 1)
2
3
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
1
3
a + b + c (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
(a + b + c)
3
3
2
Nh vy,
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a
b + c + b
a + c + c
a + b
3
2.
Bi 46. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P =
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2
+
1
1 + c
2
Li gii:
Xt hm s f(x) =
1
1+x
2
; x (0; 1] f
(x) =
2x
(1 + x
2
)
2
f
_
1
3
_
=
27
50
Tip tuyn ca hm s f(x) ti x =
1
3
l:
y(x) f
_
1
3
_
= f
_
1
3
__
x
1
3
_
y(x) =
27x
50
+
27
25
Ta c:
f(x) y(x) =
1
1 + x
2

_
27x
50
+
27
25
_
=
(3x 4)(3x 1)
2
50 (1 + x
2
)
0; x (0; 1]
1
1 + x
2

27x
50
+
27
25
Vi x = a, b, c ta c cc bt ng thc:
1
1 + a
2

27a
50
+
27
25
1
1 + b
2

27b
50
+
27
25
1
1 + c
2

27c
50
+
27
25
1
1 + a
2
+
1
1 + b
2
+
+
1
1 + c
2

_
27
50
_
(a + b + c) + 3.
27
25
=
27
10
Bi ton c hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Bi 47. Cho x, y > 0 thay i tha mn x + 2x xy = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
x
2
4 + 8y
+
y
2
1 + x
Li gii:
T gi thit ta c:
x + 2y =
1
2
.x.2y
1
8
.(x + 2y)
2
(x + 2y)(x + 2y 8) 0 x + 2y 8
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
P =
x
2
4 + 8y
+
y
2
1 + x
=
x
2
4 + 8y
+
(2y)
2
4 + 4x

(x + 2y)
2
8 + 4(x + 2y)
t: x + 2y = t P =
t
2
8 + 4t
vi t 8
Xt hm s f(t) =
t
2
8 + 4t
vi t 8
f
(t) =
2t(8 + 4t) 4.t
2
(8 + 4t)
2
=
4t
2
+ 8t
(8 + 4t)
2
0 vi t 8
f(t)
MIN
= f(8) =
8
5
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 4, y = 2.
Bi 48. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x + y + 1 = z. Chng minh rng
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + zx)(z + xy)
2

4
729
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + zx)(z + xy)
2
=
x
3
y
3
(x + y + yx + y
2
) (y + x + x
2
+ yx) (1 + x + y + yx)
2
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
x + y + xy + y
2
= x + y +
xy
2
+
xy
2
+
y
2
2
+
y
2
2
6.
6
_
x
3
y
7
16
x + y + xy + x
2
= x + y +
xy
2
+
xy
2
+
x
2
2
+
x
2
2
6.
6
_
x
7
y
3
16
(1 + x + y + xy)
2
=
_
1 +
x
2
+
x
2
+
y
2
+
y
2
+
xy
4
+
xy
4
+
xy
4
+
xy
4
_
2
_
9
9
_
x
6
y
6
8
4
_
2
Nhn v theo v ca ba bt ng thc trn, ta c:
(x + y + yx + y
2
) (y + x + x
2
+ yx) (1 + x + y + yx)
2
729x
3
y
3
4
Hay l:
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + zx)(z + xy)
2

4
729
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 2, z = 5
Cch 2.
Ta c:
z 1 = x + y
y + yz = yz y + z 1 = (y + 1)(z 1) = (y + 1)(x + y)
y + zx = zx x + z 1 = (x + 1)(z 1) = (x + 1)(x + y)
z + xy = xy + x + y + 1 = (x + 1)(y + 1)
Do :
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + zx)(z + xy)
2
=
x
3
y
3
(x + y)
2
(x + 1)
3
(y + 1)
3
x + y 2
xy (x + y)
2
4xy
x + 1 =
x
2
+
x
2
+ 1 3
3
_
x
2
4
(x + 1)
3
27x
2
4
y + 1 =
y
2
+
y
2
+ 1 3
3
_
y
2
4
(y + 1)
3
27y
2
4
Nhn v theo v ca ba bt ng thc trn, ta c:
(x + y)
2
(x + 1)
3
(y + 1)
3
4xy.
27x
2
4
.
27y
2
4
=
729x
3
y
3
4
Nh vy:
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + zx)(z + xy)
2

4
729
Chng minh hon tt.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 2, z = 5.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
5
3
. Chng minh rng:
1
a
+
1
b

1
c
<
1
abc
Li gii:
Ta c:
(a + b c)
2
0 vi a, b, c > 0 nn:
bc + ca ab
1
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) bc + ca ab
1
2
.
5
3
=
5
6
Do a, b, c > 0 abc > 0
Chia c 2 v ca (*) cho abc ta c:
bc + ca ab
abc

5
6abc
<
1
abc

1
a
+
1
b

1
c
<
1
abc
Chng minh hon tt.
Bi 50. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
abc. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
a
a
2
+ bc
+
b
b
2
+ ca
+
c
c
2
+ ab
Li gii:
Cch 1.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
a
a
2
+ bc

1
4
_
1
a
+
a
bc
_
b
b
2
+ ac

1
4
_
1
b
+
b
ac
_
c
c
2
+ ab

1
4
_
1
c
+
c
ab
_
P =
a
a
2
+ bc
+
b
b
2
+ ca
+
c
c
2
+ ab

1
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
a
bc
+
b
ac
+
c
ab
_
1
4
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca
abc
_
1
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
abc
_
1
2
.
Vy maxP =
1
2
.
Cch 2.
a
2
+ bc 2a
bc
a
a
2
+ bc

a
2a
bc
=
1
2
bc
Mt khc:
2
bc
1
b
+
1
c

a
a
2
+ bc

1
4
_
1
b
+
1
c
_
Tng t ta c:
b
b
2
+ ac

1
4
_
1
a
+
1
c
_
c
c
2
+ ab

1
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
a
a
2
+ bc
+
b
b
2
+ ca
+
c
c
2
+ ab

1
2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
=
1
2
_
ab + bc + ca
abc
_
1
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
abc
_
1
2
.
Vy maxP =
1
2
.
Bi 51. 37. Cho a, b, c 0; a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
_
a +
(b c)
2
4
+
_
b +
(a c)
2
4
+
_
c +
(a b)
2
4
Li gii:
Ta c:
a +
(b c)
2
4

_
a +
b + c
2
_
2
= a(a + b + c) +
(b c)
2
4

_
a +
b + c
2
_
2
=
(b c)
2
4

(b + c)
2
4
= bc 0
T :
a +
(b c)
2
4

_
a +
b + c
2
_
2
_
a +
(b c)
2
4
a +
b + c
2
Tng t:
_
b +
(a c)
2
4
b +
a + c
2
_
c +
(a b)
2
4
c +
a + b
2
Cng v theo v ta c:
P =
_
a +
(b c)
2
4
+
_
b +
(a c)
2
4
+
_
c +
(a b)
2
4
2(a + b + c) = 2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 0; c = 1 v cc hon v ca chng.
Vy maxP = 2.
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Li gii:
Ta c:
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
+
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
3 +
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
a
c
+
c
b
+
b
a
3 (1)
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
3
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc AM-GM:
a
2
b
2
+ 1
2a
b
b
2
c
2
+ 1
2b
c
c
2
a
2
+ 1
2c
a
Cng v vi v ta c
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ 3 2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ 3
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+ 3
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2

a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
(2)
Cng tng v ca (1) v (2) ta c:
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
+
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
b
3 +
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
S =
4
a
4
+ b
4
+
4
b
4
+ c
4
+
4
c
4
+ a
4
2(a + b + c)
Li gii:
a
4
+ b
4
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
2

(a + b)
4
2
3

4
a
4
+ b
4
a + b
4
8
Tng t:
4
b
4
+ c
4
b + c
4
8
4
a
4
+ c
4
a + c
4
8
Cng v vi v, ta c:
4
a
4
+ b
4
+
4
b
4
+ c
4
+
4
a
4
+ c
4
2(a + b + c)
4
8
=
4
2(a + b + c)
P =
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
+
b
3
b
3
+ (a + c)
3
+
c
3
c
3
+ (b + a)
3
1
Li gii:
Vit li P di dng
P =
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
+
b
3
b
3
+ (a + c)
3
+
c
3
c
3
+ (b + a)
3
=
cyc
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
=
cyc
_
1
1 +
(b + c)
3
a
3
Ta s chng minh:
1 +
_
b + c
a
_
3
1 +
1
2
_
b + c
a
_
2
()
Tht vy, ta c:
()
_
b + c
a
_
3
_
b + c
a
_
2
+
1
4
_
b + c
a
_
4
_
b + c
a
_
2
_
b + c
a
_
3
+
1
4
_
b + c
a
_
4
0
1
4
.
_
b + c
a
_
2
__
b + c
a
_
2
_
2
0
(lun ng)
_
1
1 +
(b + c)
3
a
3
1
1 +
1
2
_
b + c
a
_
2
P =
cyc
_
1
1 +
(b + c)
3
a
3
cyc
1
1 +
1
2
_
b + c
a
_
2
Mt khc, do
cyc
(b + c)
2
cyc
2 (b
2
+ c
2
) nn ta c:
cyc
1
1 +
1
2
_
b + c
a
_
2
=
cyc
2a
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2

cyc
2a
2
2a
2
+ 2 (b
2
+ c
2
)
=
cyc
a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1
Vy
P
cyc
1
1 +
1
2
_
b + c
a
_
2
1
Bi 55. Cho a, b, c R. Chng minh rng:
(a
2
+ 3)(b
2
+ 3)(c
2
+ 3) 4(a + b + c + 1)
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
_
a
2
+ 1 + 1 + 1
_
_
1 +
_
b + c
2
_
2
+
_
b + c
2
_
2
+ 1
_
_
1.a +
b + c
2
.1 +
b + c
2
.1 + 1.1
_
2
4
_
a
2
+ 3
_
_
2 +
(b + c)
2
2
_
4(a + b + c + 1)
2
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
_
b
2
+ 3
_ _
c
2
+ 3
_
= 3b
2
+ 3c
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ 1 + 8 = 2b
2
+ 2c
2
+
_
b
2
+ c
2
_
+
_
b
2
c
2
+ 1
_
+ 8
2b
2
+ 2c
2
+ 2bc + 2bc + 8 = 2(b + c)
2
+ 8
= 4
_
(b + c)
2
2
+ 4
_
Nh vy,
_
a
2
+ 3
_ _
b
2
+ 3
_ _
c
2
+ 3
_
4
_
(b + c)
2
2
+ 4
_
(a
2
+ 3) 4(a + b + c + 1)
2
Cch 2.
p dng bt ng AM-GM ta c:
_
a
2
+ 1 + 1 + 1
_
_
1 +
_
b + c + 1
3
_
2
+
_
b + c + 1
3
_
2
+
_
b + c + 1
3
_
2
_
_
1.a +
b + c + 1
3
+
b + c + 1
3
+
b + c + 1
3
_
2
4
_
a
2
+ 3
_
_
1 +
(b + c + 1)
2
3
_
4(a + b + c + 1)
2
Ta s chng minh:
_
b
2
+ 3
_ _
c
2
+ 3
_
4
_
1 +
(b + c + 1)
2
3
_
3b
2
c
2
+ 5
_
b
2
+ c
2
_
8 (b + c) 8bc + 11 0
2(b + c 2)
2
+ (b c)
2
+ 3(bc 1)
2
0
iu cui lun ng. Do ta c
_
a
2
+ 3
_ _
b
2
+ 3
_ _
c
2
+ 3
_
4
_
(b + c)
2
2
+ 4
_
(a
2
+ 3) 4(a + b + c + 1)
2
Bi 56. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x + y + z = 9. Chng minh rng:
P =
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9
+
y
3
+ z
3
yz + 9
+
z
3
+ x
3
zx + 9
9
Li gii:
Cch 1.
p dng bt ng thc Holder ta c:
_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
+ z
3
2
_2
3
(1 + 1 + 1)
1
3
x + y + z 3
_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
+ z
3
2
_
2
(x + y + z)
3
x
3
xy + 9
+
y
3
yz + 9
+
z
3
xz + 9

_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
+ z
3
2
_
2
xy + yz + xz + 27

(x + y + z)
3
3(27 + xy + yz + zx)
y
3
xy + 9
+
z
3
yz + 9
+
x
3
xz + 9

_
x
3
2
+ y
3
2
+ z
3
2
_
2
xy + yz + xz + 27

(x + y + z)
3
3(27 + xy + yz + zx)
Cng tng v ta c:
P =
x
3
xy + 9
+
y
3
yz + 9
+
z
3
xz + 9
+
y
3
xy + 9
+
z
3
yz + 9
+
x
3
xz + 9

2(x + y + z)
3
3(27 + xy + yz + zx)
Mt khc, theo AM-GM ta c:
xy + yz + xz
(x + y + z)
2
3
= 27
2(x + y + z)
3
3(27 + xy + yz + zx)

2.9
3
3.(27 + 27)
= 9
Bi ton c chng minh xong.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
Cch 2.
P =
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9
+
y
3
+ z
3
yz + 9
+
z
3
+ x
3
zx + 9
x
3
_
1
xy + 9
+
1
zx + 9
_
4x
3
xy + xz + 18
=
4x
3
x(9 x) + 18
y
3
_
1
xy + 9
+
1
zy + 9
_
4y
3
xy + yz + 18
=
4y
3
y(9 y) + 18
z
3
_
1
xz + 9
+
1
zy + 9
_
4z
3
xz + yz + 18
=
4z
3
z(9 z) + 18
Cng v theo v ta c:
P = x
3
_
1
xy + 9
+
1
zx + 9
_
+ y
3
_
1
yz + 9
+
1
yx + 9
_
+ z
3
_
1
xz + 9
+
1
zy + 9
_
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18
+
4y
3
9y y
2
+ 18
+
4z
3
9z z
2
+ 18
Xt hm s: f(x) =
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18
vi x (0; 9]
f
(x) =
12x
2
(9x x
2
+ 18) 4x
3
(9 2x)
(9x x
2
+ 18)
2
f
(3) =
11
4
Ta c: f(3) = 3
Phng trnh tip tuyn ca hm s f(x) ti x = 3 l:
g(x) f(3) = f
(3)(x 3) g(x) 3 =
11
4
(x 3) g(x) =
11
4
x
21
4
Ta s chng minh:
f(x) g(x) =
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18

_
11
4
x
21
4
_
0
16x
3
(11x 21)
_
9x x
2
+ 18
_
0
27x
3
120x
2
+ 9x + 278 0
(x 3)
2
(9x + 14) 0
iu cui lun ng, do
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18

11
4
x
21
4
Tng t ta c:
4y
3
9y y
2
+ 18

11
4
y
21
4
4z
3
9z z
2
+ 18

11
4
z
21
4
Cng v theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18
+
4y
3
9y y
2
+ 18
+
4z
3
9z z
2
+ 18

11
4
(x + y + z)
3.21
4
= 9
Vy P 9
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z
Cch 3.
x
3
+ x
3
+ y
3
3x
2
y
y
3
+ y
3
+ x
3
3xy
2
4
_
x
3
+ y
3
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ 3x
2
y + 3xy
2
= (x + y)
3
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: (x + y)
2
+ 36 12 (x + y) v 4xy (x + y)
2
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9
=
4 (x
3
+ y
3
)
4xy + 36

(x + y)
3
(x + y)
2
+ 36
= x + y
36
(x + y)
2
+ 36
x + y
3(x + y)
(x + y)
= x + y 3
(*) Tng t ta c:
z
3
+ y
3
zy + 9
z + y 3
x
3
+ z
3
xz + 9
x + z 3
4x
3
9x x
2
+ 18
+
4y
3
9y y
2
+ 18
+
4z
3
9z z
2
+ 18

11
4
(x + y + z)
3.21
4
= 9
Vy P 9
Cch 4.
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc 4 (x
3
+ y
3
) (x + y)
3
ta c:
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9

(x + y)
3
4xy + 36
=
_
(x + y)
3
4xy + 36
+
4xy + 6
24
+ 3
_
xy
6

9
2
(x + y)
3
4xy + 36
+
4xy + 6
24
+ 3 3
3
3.
(x + y)
3
4xy + 36
.
4xy + 6
24
= 3.
x + y
2
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9

3(x + y)
2

xy
6

9
2
Tng t ta c:
z
3
+ y
3
zy + 9

3(z + y)
2

zy
6

9
2
z
3
+ x
3
zx + 9

3(z + x)
2

zx
6

9
2
P =
x
3
+ y
3
xy + 9
+
y
3
+ z
3
yz + 9
+
z
3
+ x
3
zx + 9
3 (x + y + z)
xy + yz + zx
6

27
2
xy + yz + zx
(x + y + z)
2
3
= 27 3 (x + y + z)
xy + yz + zx
6

27
2
3.9
27
6

27
2
= 9
Vy P 9
_
(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a)(ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
) abc +
3
_
(a
3
+ abc)(b
3
+ abc)(c
3
+ abc)
Li gii:
Do abc = 0 nn ta chia c 2 v ca bt ng thc cho abc. Ta c:
_
a
c
+
b
a
+
c
a
__
b
c
+
c
a
+
a
b
_
1 +
3
_
1 +
bc
a
2
_
_
1 +
ca
b
2
_
_
1 +
ab
c
2
_
_
3 +
bc
a
2
+
ca
b
2
+
ab
c
2
+
a
2
bc
+
b
2
ca
+
c
2
ab
1 +
3
_
1 +
bc
a
2
_
_
1 +
ca
b
2
_
_
1 +
ab
c
2
_
t: x =
bc
a
2
; y =
ca
b
2
; z =
ab
c
2
xyz = 1
Khi ta phi chng minh:
_
3 + x + y + z +
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
1 +
3
_
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z)
_
3 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx 1 +
3
_
2 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx
t t =
3
2 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx
x + y + z + xy + yz + zx 6
6
xyz.xy.yz.xz = 6
6
_
x
3
y
3
z
3
= 6
t
3
2 + 6 = 2
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
t
3
+ 1 1 + t t
3
+ 1 t
2
+ 2t + 1 t
3
t
2
2t 0 t(t + 1)(t 2) 0
(ng vi t 2)
Chng minh hon tt. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c
(a + b + c)(
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
) 3
_
1 +
3
3(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
_
Li gii:
iu phi chng minh tng ng vi:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c
3
3
3(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
c + a
2
c + b
2
a 3
3
a
5
b
2
c
2
= 3a
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
2
c + c
2
b + c
2
b 3
3
a
2
b
2
c
5
= 3c
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
b
2
a + b
2
a + bc
2
3
3
a
2
b
5
c
2
= 3b
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b (a + b + c)
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
Mt khc, ta c:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
=
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
a
abc

(a + b + c)
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc
=
a + b + c
3
abc
Tng t:
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c
=
b
2
c + c
2
a + a
2
b
abc

(a + b + c)
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc
=
a + b + c
3
abc
Cng v vi v 2 bt ng thc ny ta c:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c

2 (a + b + c)
3
abc
Ta s chng minh:
2(a + b + c)
3
abc
3.
3
3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
8
(a + b + c)
3
abc

81(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
8(a + b + c)
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
81abc(ab + bc + ca)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)
8(a + b + c)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
81abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 81(ac + bc)(ca + ab)(ab + bc)
81(ab + bc)(bc + ca)(ca + ab) 81.
8(ab + bc + ca)
3
27
= 24(ab + bc + ca)
3
Mt khc:
3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
2
24(ab + bc + ca)
3
= 8.(ab + bc + ca)
2
.3(ab + bc + ca) 8(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
2
81abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8(a + b + c)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
Suy ra iu chng minh l ng hay
2(a + b + c)
3
abc
3.
3
3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
Nh vy,
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c

2 (a + b + c)
3
abc
3.
3
3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
Li gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng:
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
a
abc
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
ab + bc + ca
abc
_
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
2
abc (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
(c + a + b) (ab + bc + ca)
2
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b
_
_
1
c
+
1
a
+
1
b
_
(a + b + c)
2
Nhn v vi v 2 bt ng thc ny ta c
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
a
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
1
c
+
1
a
+
1
b
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
2
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
a
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
ab + bc + ca
abc
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
2
_
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
a
_
2
abc (ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
4 Bi 61 n bi 80
Bi 60. Cho x.y > 0 tha mn x + y + 1 = 3xy. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
3x
y (x + 1)
+
3y
x (y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
P =
3xy
y
2
(x + 1)
+
3xy
x
2
(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
=
y + (x + 1)
y
2
(x + 1)
+
x + (y + 1)
x
2
(y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
P =
y
y
2
(x + 1)
+
x
x
2
(y + 1)
=
1
y(x + 1)
+
1
x(y + 1)
t: a =
1
x
; b =
1
y
a + b + ab = 3
3 = a+b +ab ab +2
ab ab +2
ab 3 0
_
ab 1
__
ab + 3
_
0
ab 1 ab 1
Khi ta c:
P =
ab
a + 1
+
ab
b + 1
= ab
_
1
a + 1
+
1
b + 1
_
= ab.
a + b + 2
(a + 1)(b + 1)
= ab.
(3 ab) + 2
(ab + a + b) + 1
=
ab.(5 ab)
4
=
(ab)
2
+ 5ab
4
=
_
(ab)
2
+ 2ab 1
+ 3ab + 1
4
=
(ab 1)
2
+ 3ab + 1
4
3 + 1
4
= 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1 x = y = 1.
Vy maxP = 1
Cch 2.
t a = x + y v b = xy th ta c a, b > 0; a + 1 = 3b; a
2
4b.
(3b 1)
2
4b 9b
2
10b + 1 0 (9b 1) (b 1) 0 b 1
(v a + 1 = 3b b
1
3
)
Ta c:
P =
3x
y (x + 1)
+
3y
x (y + 1)

1
x
2

1
y
2
=
3x
2
(y + 1) + 3y
2
(x + 1)
xy(xy + x + y + 1)

x
2
+ y
2
x
2
y
2
=
3xy(x + y) + 3 (x
2
+ y
2
)
xy(xy + x + y + 1)

x
2
+ y
2
x
2
y
2
=
3xy(x + y) + 3
_
(x + y)
2
2xy
xy(xy + x + y + 1)

_
(x + y)
2
2xy
x
2
y
2
=
3ab + 3 (a
2
2b)
b(a + b + 1)

a
2
2b
b
2
=
3b(3b 1) + 3
_
(3b 1)
2
2b
b [b + (3b 1) + 1]

_
(3b 1)
2
2b
4b
2
=
3b(3b 1) + 2
_
(3b 1)
2
2b
4b
2
=
21
4

19
4b
+
1
2b
2
Xt f(t) =
21
4

19t
4
+
t
2
2
; t (0; 1] f
(t) = t
19
4
< 0 vi t (0; 1] f(t) 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1 x = y = 1.
Vy maxP = 1
Bi 61. Cho a, b, c [0; 1] tha mn a + b + c =
3
2
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
A = cos (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra:
0 < a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a + b + c =
3
2
<

2
Do A t GTNN khi Q = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
t GTLN.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s
a b c
3
2
= a + b + c 3c c
1
2
T suy ra:
Q = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= (a + b)
2
2ab + c
2
_
3
2
c
_
2
+ c
2
Ta c:
_
3
2
c
_
2
+ c
2
5
4
(c 1)(2c 1) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do Q
5
4
Vy GTNN ca A l cos
5
4
.
ng thc xy ra khi (a; b; c) =
_
0;
1
2
; 1
_
v cc hon v.
Bi 62. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2a
2
+ bc
+
b
2b
2
+ ca
+
c
2c
2
+ ab
abc.
Li gii:
1
2a
2
bc + b
2
c
2
+
1
2ab
2
c + c
2
a
2
+
1
2abc
2
+ a
2
b
2
1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v ch bt ng thc quen thuc
(ab + bc + ca)
2
_
(a + b + c)
2
3
_
2
= 9
ta c:
1
2a
2
bc + b
2
c
2
+
1
2ab
2
c + c
2
a
2
+
1
2abc
2
+ a
2
b
2

9
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c)
=
9
(ab + bc + ca)
2
1.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 63. Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c = 2. Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
P =
ab
2c + ab
+
bc
2a + bc
+
ac
2b + ac
.
Li gii:
Kt hp gi thit bi ton v p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
P =
cyc
ab
_
c(a + b + c) + ab
=
cyc
ab
(c + a)(c + b)

1
2
cyc
ab
_
1
c + a
+
1
c + b
_
=
1
2
(a + b + c) = 1.
Vy P t gi tr ln nht bng 1. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
2
3
.
a
3
b + 2c
+
b
3
c + 2a
+
c
3
a + 2b

1
9
(a + b + c)
2
.
Li gii:
u tin ta cn ch hai bt ng thc quen thuc:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
.
3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
2
.
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v hai bt ng thc trn ta c:
cyc
a
3
b + 2c
=
cyc
a
4
ab + 2ac

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3(ab + bc + ca)

_
(a+b+c)
2
3
_
2
(a + b + c)
2
=
1
9
(a + b + c)
2
.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi 65. Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + 1 = z. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P =
x
3
y
3
(x + yz)(y + xz)(z + xy)
2
.
Li gii:
T gi thit ta c:
x + yz = yz y + z 1 = (y + 1)(z 1).
y + zx = zx x + z 1 = (x + 1)(z 1).
z + xy = xy + x + y + 1 = (x + 1)(y + 1).
z 1 = x + y.
Do :
P =
x
3
y
3
(x + yz) (y + zx) (z + xy)
2
=
x
3
y
3
(z 1)
2
(x + 1)
3
(y + 1)
3
=
x
3
y
3
(x + y)
2
(x + 1)
3
(y + 1)
3
.
x + y 2
xy (x + y)
2
4xy.
x + 1 =
x
2
+
x
2
+ 1 3
3
_
x
2
4
(x + 1)
3
27
4
x
2
.
y + 1 =
y
2
+
y
2
+ 1 3
3
_
y
2
4
(y + 1)
3
27
4
y
2
.
T ta c: P
x
3
y
3
4xy.
27
4
x
2
.
27
4
y
2
=
4
729
.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l
4
729
. ng thc xy ra khi (x; y; z) = (2; 2; 5).
Bi 66. Cho a + b + c 2. Chng minh:
P =
cyc
_
a
2
+
1
b
2

97
2
.
Li gii:
Ta d dng thy P > 0. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
P
2
(a + b + c)
2
+
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
(a + b + c)
2
+
81
(a + b + c)
2
.
p dng thm bt ng thc AM-GM v ch gi thit a + b + c 2:
(a + b + c)
2
+
81
(a + b + c)
2
=
_
(a + b + c)
2
+
16
(a + b + c)
2
_
+
65
(a + b + c)
2

97
4
.
Suy ra P
97
2
. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
2
3
.
Bi 67. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
b
3
(1 + c)(1 + a)
+
c
3
(1 + a)(1 + b)
.
Li gii:
a
3
(1 + b)(1 + c)
+
1 + b
8
+
1 + c
8

3a
4
(1).
b
3
(1 + c)(1 + a)
+
1 + c
8
+
1 + a
8

3b
4
(2).
c
3
(1 + a)(1 + b)
+
1 + a
8
+
1 + b
8

3c
4
(3).
a + b + c 3
3
abc = 3 (4).
Kt hp (1), (2), (3), (4) suy ra: P +
3
4
+
1
4
(a + b + c)
3
4
(a + b + c) P
a + b + c
2

3
4

3
4
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P l
3
4
. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 68. Cho x, y l cc s thc khng m thay i. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
(x y)(1 xy)
(1 + x)
2
(1 + y)
2
.
Li gii:
Cch 1.
P =
x
(x + 1)
2

y
(y + 1)
2
.
Xt hm s f(t) =
t
(t + 1)
2
, t 0 th ta c kt qu sau 0 f(t)
1
4
.
T suy ra:
P
max
= max
x0
f(x) min
y0
f(y) =
1
4
.
P
min
= min
x0
f(x) max
y0
f(y) =
1
4
.
Cch 2.
|P| =
(x y)(1 xy)
(1 + x)
2
(1 + y)
2
(x + y)(1 + xy)
[(x + y) + (1 +xy)]
2

1
4
P
max
=
1
4
; P
min
=
1
4
.
Bi 69. Cho a, b, c 0 v a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
1 + a
2
1 + b
2
+
1 + b
2
1 + c
2
+
1 + c
2
1 + a
2
.
Li gii:
Gi s a = max{a, b, c}
1
3
a 1.
T ta c:
P
1 + a
2
1 + b
2
+
1 + b
2
1 + c
2
+
c
2
1 + c
2
+
1
1 + a
2
=
1 + a
2
1 + b
2
+
1 + b
2
+ c
2
1 + c
2
+
1
1 + a
2
1 + a
2
1 + b
2
+ 1 + (b + c)
2
+
1
1 + a
2
2 + a
2
+ (1 a)
2
+
1
1 + a
2
.
Xt hm s f(a) = a
2
+ (1 a)
2
+
1
1 + a
2
, vi a
_
1
3
; 1
_
ta c f(a) f(1) =
3
2
.
Suy ra: P
7
2
..
ng thc xy ra khi (a; b; c) = (1; 0; 0) v cc hon v.
Bi 70. Cho a, b > 0 v a + b + ab = 3. Chng minh:
a
a + 1
+
b
b + 1
+
ab
a + b

3
2
.
Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra: (a + 1)(b + 1) = 4. p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
3 = a + b + ab ab + 2
ab 0 < ab 1.
Do bt ng thc cho vit li:
1
4
a (b + 1) +
1
4
b (a + 1) +
ab
a + b

3
2
.
3 ab
4
+
ab
2
+
ab
3 ab

3
2
.
ab
4
+
ab
3 ab

3
4
0.
Xt hm s
f (t) =
t
4
+
t
3 t

3
4
(0 < t 1) f (t) 0.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = 1.
Bi 71. Cho a, b, c > 0 v

a +
b +
c = 1. Chng minh:
a
2
+ bc
a
b + c
+
b
2
+ ca
b
c + a
+
c
2
+ ab
c
a + b
2.
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz lin tc:
cyc
a
2
a
b + c
+
cyc
bc
a
b + c
=
cyc
a
2
ab + ac
+
cyc
(bc)
2
abc
b + c
(a + b + c)
2
cyc
_
ab + ac
_ +
(ab + bc + ca)
2
abc
cyc
a + b
(a + b + c)
2
_
2(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
+
(ab + bc + ca)
2
abc
cyc
a + b
(a + b + c)
2
(a + b + c)
_
2
3
(a + b + c)
+
3abc(a + b + c)
abc
cyc
a + b
_
3
2
(a + b + c) +
3(a + b + c)
_
6(a + b + c)
=
_
6(a + b + c)
2.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
9
.
Bi 72. Cho a, b, c > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
3(b + c)
2a
+
4a + 3c
3b
+
12(b c)
2a + 3c
.
Li gii:
t x = 2a, y = 3b, z = 3c.
Biu thc cho vit li:
P =
y + z
x
+
2x + z
y
+
4y 4z
x + z
=
y + z + x x
x
+
2x + z
y
+
4y + 4x 4x 4z
x + z
=
_
y
x
+
x
y
_
+
_
z + x
x
+
x + z
y
+
4x
x + z
+
4y
x + z
_
5 10 5 = 5.
Vy gi tr nh nht cn tm l P = 5.
Bi 73. Cho a, b, c > 0 v
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
= 3. Chng minh:
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
+
1
1 +
_
(b + c)
3
+ abc
+
1
1 +
_
(c + a)
3
+ abc
3
4
.
Li gii:
Cch 1.
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
=
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
3
+
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
3
+
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
3
1
16
_
_
1 +
9
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
_
_
.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM v bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
1
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
=
1
_
(a + b)(a + b)
2
+ abc
1
_
(a + b)4ab + abc
=
3
_
9ab(4a + 4b + c)
3
2
_
1
9ab
+
1
4a + 4b + c
_
.
v
1
4a + 4b + c

1
81
_
4
a
+
4
b
+
1
c
_
T ta c:
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
1
16
+
3
32ab
+
1
96
_
4
a
+
4
b
+
1
c
_
.
cyc
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
3
16
+
3
32
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
+
9
96
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
.
Mt khc ta c hai bt ng thc quen thuc sau:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

3
_
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
_
= 3.
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca

1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
= 3.
cyc
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
3
16
+
3
32
.3 +
9
96
.3 =
3
4
.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Cch 2.
3 =
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc 1.
Do :
cyc
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
cyc
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ 1
=
cyc
_
(a + b)
3
+ 1 1
(a + b)
3
.
Ta c:
x
3
+ 1 =
_
(1 + x) (1 x + x
2
)
(1 + x) + (1 x + x
2
)
2
= 1 +
x
2
2
1 + x
3
1
x
2
2

1 + x
3
1
x
3

1
2x
.
Suy ra:
cyc
_
(a + b)
3
+ 1 1
(a + b)
3

1
2
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
1
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
1
4
3
_
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
_
=
3
4
.
Bi 74. Cho a, b, c > 0 v ab + bc + ca = 3. Chng minh:
1
a
2
+ 2
+
1
b
2
+ 2
+
1
c
2
+ 2
1.
Li gii:
Bt ng thc cho tng ng:
a
2
a
2
+ 2
+
b
2
b
2
+ 2
+
c
2
c
2
+ 2
1.
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
a
2
a
2
+ 2
+
b
2
b
2
+ 2
+
c
2
c
2
+ 2

(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 6
=
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
= 1.
Bi 75. Cho x, y, z > 0 v x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 3. Chng minh:
x
(y + z)
4
+
y
(z + x)
4
+
z
(x + y)
4

3
16
.
Li gii:
Cch 1.
x
(y + z)
4
+
x
3
16
+
1
16
+
1
16

1
2
.
x
y + z
.
y
(z + x)
4
+
y
3
16
+
1
16
+
1
16

1
2
.
y
z + x
.
z
(x + y)
4
+
z
3
16
+
1
16
+
1
16

1
2
.
z
x + y
.
cyc
x
(y + z)
4

1
2
_
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
16

3
8

1
2
.
3
2

3
16

3
8
=
3
16
.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.
Cch 2.
2
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
+ 3 3
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
3 x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
cyc
x
(y + z)
4

cyc
x
4(y
2
+ z
2
)
2
=
cyc
x
4(3 x
2
)
2
=
cyc
x
3
16x
2
.
3x
2
2
.
3x
2
2
1
16
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
=
3
16
.
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.
Bi 76. Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P = 15.
x
2
z
+
5
36
.
y
2
x
+
24
25
.
z
2
y
.
Li gii:
p dng bt ngt thc AM-GM:
5
36
.
y
2
x
+ 5x
10y
6
.
24
25
.
z
2
y
+
24
36
y
48
5
.
1
6
z.
15.
x
2
z
+
15
25
z 6x.
15.
x
2
z
+
5
36
.
y
2
x
+
24
25
.
z
2
y
x + y + z = 1.
Vy gi tr nh nht cn tm l P = 1 (x; y; z) =
_
1
12
;
1
2
;
5
12
_
.
Bi 77. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh:
P =
1
a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3
+
1
b
2
+ 2c
2
+ 3
+
1
c
2
+ 2a
2
+ 3

1
2
.
Li gii:
a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3 =
_
a
2
+ b
2
_
+
_
b
2
+ 1
_
+ 2 2ab + 2b + 2.
P
1
2
_
1
ab + b + 1
+
1
bc + c + 1
+
1
ca + a + 1
_
=
1
2
_
_
_
1
ab + b + 1
+
1
1
a
+
1
ab
+ 1
+
1
1
b
+ a + 1
_
_
_
=
1
2
_
1
ab + b + 1
+
ab
b + 1 + ab
+
b
1 + ab + b
_
=
1
2
.
Bi 78. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
a + b
ab + c
+
b + c
bc + a
+
c + a
ca + b
.
Li gii:
Kt hp gi thit a + b + c = 1 v bt ng thc AM-GM:
P =
cyc
a + b
_
ab + c(a + b + c)
=
cyc
a + b
_
(a + c)(b + c)
3.
Vy gi tr nh nht cn tm l P = 3. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Bi 79. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c = 1. Chng minh:
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b + c bc
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c + a ca
12.
Li gii:
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
(a + b)(a + b + c) ab
12
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
12
(2 ab bc ca)
cyc
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
9.
(2 ab bc ca)
cyc
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca

9(2 ab bc ca)
2 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 3(ab + bc + ca)
=
9
_
2(a + b + c)
2
ab bc ca
_
2 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 3(ab + bc + ca)
= 9.
1
3
.
Bi 80. Cho x, y, z 0 v x + y + z = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = xy + yz + zx
4
3
xyz.
Li gii:
Cch 1.
u tin ta s chng minh bt ng thc sau:
xyz (x + y z)(y + z x)(z + x y) ().
Ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc (*) vi trng hp khng tm thng x, y, z l di ba cnh
tam gic.
Tht vy, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
(x + y z)(y + z x)
[(x + y z) + (y + z x)]
2
4
= y
2
.
Tng t ta cng c:
(y + z x)(z + x y) z
2
.
(z + x y)(x + y z) x
2
.
T suy ra bt ng thc (*).
Quay li bi ton.
Ta c:
xyz (x + y z)(y + z x)(z + x y) = (1 2z)(1 2x)(1 2y)
xy + yz + zx
1
4
+
9xyz
4
.
P = xy + yz + zx
4xyz
3

1
4
+
11xyz
12

1
4
+
11
12
_
x + y + z
3
_
3
=
23
81
.
Vy maxP =
23
81
. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z =
1
3
.
Cch 2.
Gi s
0 x y z 0 x
1
3
.
T suy ra:
P = x(y + z) + yz
_
1
4x
3
_
x(1 x) +
(1 x)
2
4
_
1
4x
3
_
.
Kho st hm s f(x) = x(1 x) +
(1 x)
2
4
_
1
4x
3
_
ta cng c kt qu trn!
Hoc phn tch v nh gi nh sau:
x(1 x) +
(1 x)
2
4
_
1
4x
3
_
=
4x
3
x
2
+ 2x + 3
12
=
4
_
x
1
3
_
2
_
x +
11
12
_
+
92
27
12

23
81
.
Bi ton c chng minh.
5 Bi 81 n bi 100
Bi 81. Cho a, b, c > 0 v
3
a
+
2
b
+
1
c
= 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P = a + b + c.
Li gii:
1 =
3
a
+
2
b
+
1
c

_
3 +
2 + 1
_
2
a + b + c
.
P = a + b + c
_
3 +
2 + 1
_
2
.
Vy p
min
=
_
3 +
2 + 1
_
2
. ng thc xy ra khi
(a; b; c) =
_
3 +
6 + 3;
2 +
6 + 2;
3 +
2 + 1
_
.
Bi 82. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh:
4
cyc
_
1 +
1
a
_
4
3
4
243
2 + abc
.
Li gii:
_
1 +
1
a
_
4
+
_
1 +
1
b
_
4
+
_
1 +
1
c
_
4
3
_
1 +
3
2 + abc
_
4
.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM :
_
1 +
1
a
_
4
+
_
1 +
1
b
_
4
+
_
1 +
1
c
_
4
3
3
_
1 +
1
a
_
4
_
1 +
1
b
_
4
_
1 +
1
c
_
4
.
Ta li c:
_
1 +
1
a
__
1 +
1
b
__
1 +
1
c
_
_
1 +
1
3
abc
_
3
=
_
1 +
3
3
3
abc
_
3
_
1 +
3
2 + abc
_
3
.
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi 83. Cho a, b, c 0 v (a b)(b c)(c a) = 0. Chng minh:
(ab + bc + ca)
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
(b c)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
_
4.
Li gii:
Gi s c = min{a, b, c}. T ta c:
ab + bc + ca ab.
1
(b c)
2

1
b
2
.
1
(c a)
2

1
a
2
.
Do ta ch cn chng minh:
ab
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
_
4
ab
(a b)
2
+
a
b
+
b
a
4
ab
(a b)
2
+
(a b)
2
ab
2 ().
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho (*) ta d dng c iu phi chng minh.
_
cyc
1
a
__
cyc
1
1 + a
_
9
3
abc
_
1 +
3
abc
_.
Li gii:
t
a = k
x
y
, b = k
y
z
, c = k
z
x
.
_
y
x
+
z
y
+
x
z
__
y
y + kx
+
z
z + ky
+
x
x + kz
_
9
1 + k
.
_
y
x
+
z
y
+
x
z
__
y
y + kx
+
z
z + ky
+
x
x + kz
_
x + y + z
3
xyz
.3
3
_
y
y + kx
.
z
z + ky
.
x
x + kz
=
3 (x + y + z)
3
_
(y + kx) (z + ky) (x + kz)
9
1 + k
.
Bi 85. Cho x, y l cc s thc tha mn x
2
y
2
+2yx
2
+1 = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln
nht ca:
P =
2
x
2
+
1
x
+ y
_
y +
1
x
+ 2
_
.
Li gii:
t
a =
1
x
; b = y + 1 a
2
+ b
2
= 1; P = a
2
+ ab.
Tip tc t
a = cos; b = sin P = cos
2
+ sin.cos =
1
2
+
1
2
cos
_
2

4
_
.
P
max
=
1
2
+
1
2
; P
min
=
1
2

1
2
.
1
a
5
(b + 2c)
2
+
1
b
5
(c + 2a)
2
+
1
c
5
(a + 2b)
2

1
3
.
Li gii:
t
x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
xyz = 1.
Bt ng thc cho vit li:
cyc
x
3
(z + 2y)
2

1
3
.
x
3
(z + 2y)
2
+
z + 2y
27
+
z + 2y
27

3x
9
.
T suy ra:
cyc
x
3
(z + 2y)
2

x + y + z
9

3
3
xyz
9
=
1
3
.
P =
1
_
1 +
ab
_
2
+
1
_
1 +
bc
_
2
+
1
(1 +
ca)
2
.
Li gii:
3P = 3
_
_
1
_
1 +
ab
_
2
+
1
_
1 +
bc
_
2
+
1
(1 +
ca)
2
_
_
1
1 +
ab
+
1
1 +
bc
+
1
1 +
ca
_
2
81
_
3 +
ab +
bc +
ca
_
2

81
(3 + a + b + c)
2
=
9
4
.
P
3
4
.
Vy minP =
3
4
(a + b + c)
2
abc
+
18
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
81
a + b + c
.
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc sau:
3abc (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
2
abc
=
3(a + b + c)
3
3abc (a + b + c)

3(a + b + c)
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
.
3(a + b + c)
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
+
18
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
81
a + b + c
.
Tht vy, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
3(a + b + c)
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
+
9
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
9
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
27(a + b + c)
3
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
27(a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca) + (ab + bc + ca) + (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
=
81
a + b + c
.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c.
Bi 89. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3. Chng minh:
ab
3 + c
+
bc
3 + a
+
ca
3 + b
3
2
.
Li gii:
3 (a + b + c)
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
+ 6 9 a + b + c 3.
ab + bc + ca
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
3.
_
ab
3 + c
+
bc
3 + a
+
ca
3 + b
_
2
(ab + bc + ca)
_
ab
3 + c
+
bc
3 + a
+
ca
3 + b
_
3
_
ab
(a + c) + (b + c)
+
bc
(b + a) + (c + a)
+
ca
(b + c) + (b + a)
_
3
4
_
ab
a + c
+
ab
b + c
+
bc
b + a
+
bc
c + a
+
ca
b + c
+
ca
b + a
_
=
3
4
__
ab
a + c
+
bc
c + a
_
+
_
ab
b + c
+
ca
b + c
_
+
_
bc
b + a
+
ca
b + a
__
3
4
(a + b + c)
9
4
.
ab
_
(1 c)
3
(1 + c)
+
bc
_
(1 a)
3
(1 + a)
+
ca
_
(1 b)
3
(1 + b)
2
8
.
Li gii:
Ta c:
cyc
ab
_
(1 c)
3
(1 + c)
=
cyc
ab
(a + b)
1 c
2
=
cyc
ab
(a + b)
_
(a + b + c)
2
c
2
=
cyc
ab
(a + b)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
.
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca) 2(ab + bc) + 2(ab + ca).
a + b 2
ab.
Do ta c:
cyc
ab
(a + b)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
1
2
cyc
ab
2(ab + bc) + 2(ab + ca)
1
4
cyc
_
ab
ab + bc
+
ab
ab + ca
1
4
2
.
3.
cyc
_
ab
ab + bc
+
ab
ab + ca
_
=
1
4
2
.
3.
3 =
3
2
8
.
1
3
.
cyc
1
2(a
3
+ 1) + b
3
+ c
3

1
2
.
Li gii:
t
a
3
= x
2
, b
3
= y
2
, c
3
= z
2
xyz = 1.
cyc
1
2(a
3
+ 1) + b
3
+ c
3
=
cyc
1
2(x
2
+ 1) + y
2
+ z
2

cyc
1
2(x
2
+ 1 + yz)
=
cyc
1
2(x
2
+ 1 + yz)
=
cyc
x
2(x
3
+ x + 1)
cyc
x
2(2x
2
+ 1)

cyc
x
2(x
2
+ 2x)
=
cyc
1
2(x + 2)
.
Vy ta ch cn chng minh:
cyc
1
(x + 2)
1.
t
x =
m
n
, y =
n
p
, z =
p
m
.
Bin i tng ng v s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
cyc
1
(x + 2)
=
n
m + 2n
+
p
n + 2p
+
m
p + 2m
=
n
m + 2n

1
2
+
p
n + 2p

1
2
+
m
p + 2m

1
2
+
3
2
=
1
2
_
m
m + 2n
+
n
n + 2p
+
p
p + 2m
_
+
3
2
=
1
2
_
m
2
m
2
+ 2nm
+
n
2
n
2
+ 2pn
+
p
2
p
2
+ 2mp
_
+
3
2

1
2
_
(m + n + p)
2
m
2
+ n
2
+ p
2
+ 2nm + 2pn + 2mp
_
+
3
2
=
1
2
+
3
2
= 1.
a
a +
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
b
b +
_
(b + c)(b + a)
+
c
c +
_
(c + a)(c + b)
1.
Li gii:
_
(a + b)(c + a)
ac +
ab.
Do ta c:
cyc
a
a +
_
(a + b)(a + c)
cyc
a
a +
ac +
ab
=
cyc
a +
b +
c
= 1.
Bi 93. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh:
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ 7
(b + c)
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ 7
(c + a)
6.
Li gii:
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
=
a
2
b
2
+ 1 + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b)
2

2ab + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b)
2
= 1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
(a + b)
2
1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
2 (a
2
+ b
2
)
=
3
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
.
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

9
2
+
cyc
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
.
cyc
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
=
cyc
c
4
a
2
c
2
+ b
2
c
2

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
2 (a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)

3 (a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
2 (a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
=
3
2
.
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

9
2
+
3
2
= 6.
Bi 94. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3. Chng minh:
a
2
b
3
+ 8
+
b
2
c
3
+ 8
+
c
2
a
3
+ 8
1.
Li gii:
_
cyc
a
2
b
3
+ 8
_
2
cyc
a
2
_
3(b + 2)
_
2
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
_
a
3(b + 2)
+
b
3(c + 2)
+
c
3(a + 2)
_
.
Ta s chng minh:
a
b + 2
+
b
c + 2
+
c
a + 2
1.
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) abc + 8.
Mc khc: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3. Do ta ch cn chng minh: (gi s b l s gia)
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b 2 abc 0 a
2
c + b
2
a + b(3 a
2
b
2
) 2 abc 0
(b 1)
2
(b + 2) a(b c)(a b) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do bi ton c chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 95. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh:
(x + y + z)
3
3xyz
+
xy
2
+ yz
2
+ zx
2
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
10.
Li gii:
(x + y + z)
3
= x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ 3(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) 3xyz x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ 24xyz.
(x + y + z)
3
3xyz
+
xy
2
+ yz
2
+ zx
2
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3

x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz
+
3xyz
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ 8 2 + 8 = 10.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z.
Bi 96. Cho x, y, z > 0 v xyz = 1. Chng minh:
x
3
+ 1
_
x
4
+ y + z
+
y
3
+ 1
_
y
4
+ z + x
+
z
3
+ 1
_
z
4
+ x + y
2
xy + yz + zx.
Li gii:
2
_
(x
4
+ y + z) (xy + yz + zx) = 2
_
[x
4
+ xyz(y + z)] (xy + yz + zx)
= 2
_
(x
3
+ y
2
z + yz
2
) (x
2
y + x
2
z + xyz) (x + y + z)
_
x
2
+ yz
_
= (x + y + z)
x
3
+ 1
x
.
x
3
+ 1
_
x
4
+ y + z
2x
xy + yz + zx
x + y + z
.
cyc
x
3
+ 1
_
x
4
+ y + z
2
xy + yz + zx.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.
2
_
ab
c + ab
+
bc
a + bc
+
ca
a + ca
_
_
ab
c + ab
+
_
bc
a + bc
+
_
ca
a + ca
.
Li gii:
Ta c:
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c) = (ab + bc + ca)
2
.
abc(a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3
.
ab
c + ab
+
bc
a + bc
+
ca
a + ca

(ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c) + abc(a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
+
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3
=
3
4
(1).
3
_
ab
c + ab
+
bc
a + bc
+
ca
a + ca
_
_
_
ab
c + ab
+
_
bc
a + bc
+
_
ca
a + ca
_
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
2
_
ab
c + ab
+
bc
a + bc
+
ca
a + ca
_
_
ab
c + ab
+
_
bc
a + bc
+
_
ca
a + ca
.
1
3
.
Bi 98. Cho a, b, c > 0 v 16(a + b + c)
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
. Chng minh:
cyc
1
_
a + b +
_
2 (a + c)
_
3

8
9
.
Li gii:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
16 (a + b + c) ab + bc + ca 16abc (a + b + c)
16
3
(ab + bc + ca)
2
.
3
16
ab + bc + ca.
a + b +
_
2 (a + c) = a + b +
_
a + c
2
+
_
a + c
2
3
3
_
(a + b) (a + c)
2
.
_
a + b +
_
2 (a + c)
_
3
27
2
(a + b) (a + c) .
cyc
1
_
a + b +
_
2 (a + c)
_
3

2
27
cyc
1
(a + b) (a + c)
=
4
27
a + b + c
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
=
64
81
.
3
16
(a + b + c)
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

64
81
.
(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
=
64
81
.
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) + abc
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
=
64
81
.
_
1 +
abc
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
_
64
81
.
_
1 +
1
8
_
=
8
9
.
1
4
.
Bi 99. Cho a, b, c > 0 v
1
a
+
1
c
=
2
b
. Tm Gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
a + b
2a b
+
c + b
2c b
.
Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra: b =
2ac
a + c
.
P =
a + 3c
2a
+
c + 3a
2c
= 1 +
3
2
_
a
c
+
c
a
_
4.
Vy minP = 4. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 100. Cho a, b, c [1; 3] v a + b + c = 6. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
.
Li gii:
t x = a 1, y = b 1, z = c 1 th:
(x 2)(y 2)(z 2) 0 2(xy + yz + zx) 8 4(x + y + z) xyz = 4 xyz 4.
P = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(x + y + z) + 3 = 2(xy + yz + zx) + 18 14.
Vy P
max
= 14. ng thc xy ra khi (a; b; c) = (1; 2; 3) v cc hon v.
6 Bi 101 n bi 120
P =
1
a
2
+ 1
+
1
b
2
+ 1
+
1
c
2
+ 1
.
Li gii:
1
a
2
+ 1
= 1
a
2
a
2
+ 1
1
a
2
2a
= 1
a
2
.
cyc
1
a
2
+ 1
3
a + b + c
2
=
3
2
.
Vy minP =
3
2
Bi 102. Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = 3. Chng minh:
x
2
y
2
2y + 3
+
y
2
z
2
2z + 3
+
z
2
x
2
2x + 3

3
2
.
Li gii:
x
2
y
2
2y + 3
=
3x
2
3y
2
3.2y + 3
2
=
3x
2
3y
2
(x + y + z).2y + (x + y + z)
2
=
3x
2
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xz
.
3x
2
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xz

3
2
.
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
.
cyc
x
2
y
2
2y + 3

3
2
cyc
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
3
2
.
Bi 103. Cho x, y, z > 0 v xyz 1. Chng minh:
1
x
4
+ y
3
+ z
2
+
1
y
4
+ z
3
+ x
2
+
1
z
4
+ x
3
+ y
2
1.
Li gii:
(x
4
+ y
3
+ z
2
)(1 + y + z
2
) (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
.
Do :
cyc
1
x
4
+ y
3
+ z
2
=
cyc
1 + y + z
2
(x
4
+ y
3
+ z
2
)(1 + y + z
2
)

cyc
1 + y + z
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
=
3 + x + y + z + x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
.
Mc khc, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) =
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
+
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
+
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
(x + y + z)(x + y + z)
3
+ 3
3
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ x + y + z + 3.
cyc
1
x
4
+ y
3
+ z
2
1.
_
a
2
+ 2b
2
a
2
+ ab + bc
+
_
b
2
+ 2c
2
b
2
+ bc + ca
+
_
c
2
+ 2a
2
c
2
+ ca + ab
3.
Li gii:
cyc
_
a
2
+ 2b
2
a
2
+ ab + bc
3
3
_
a
2
+ 2b
2
a
2
+ ab + bc
.
_
b
2
+ 2c
2
b
2
+ bc + ca
.
_
c
2
+ 2a
2
c
2
+ ca + ab
.
Mc khc, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
(a
2
+ 2b
2
)(b
2
+ 2c
2
) = (a
2
+ b
2
+ b
2
)(b
2
+ c
2
+ c
2
) (b
2
+ bc + ac)
2
.
(b
2
+ 2c
2
)(c
2
+ 2a
2
) = (b
2
+ c
2
+ c
2
)(c
2
+ a
2
+ a
2
) (c
2
+ ca + ab)
2
.
(c
2
+ 2a
2
)(a
2
+ 2b
2
) = (c
2
+ a
2
+ a
2
)(a
2
+ b
2
+ b
2
) (a
2
+ ab + bc)
2
.
T suy ra:
_
a
2
+ 2b
2
a
2
+ ab + bc
.
_
b
2
+ 2c
2
b
2
+ bc + ca
.
_
c
2
+ 2a
2
c
2
+ ca + ab
1.
a
2
ab
a + b
+
b
2
bc
b + c
+
c
2
ca
c + a
0.
Li gii:
a
2
ab
a + b

a
2
a
2
+b
2
2
a + b
=
a
2
b
2
2(a + b)
=
a b
2
.
cyc
a
2
ab
a + b

a b + b c + c a
2
= 0.
Bi 106. Cho a, b > 0v
1
a
+
1
b
P = a
3
+ b
3
+ a(b
2
6) + b(a
2
6).
Li gii:
2 =
1
a
+
1
b

4
a + b
a + b 2.
2 =
1
a
+
1
b
2
_
1
ab
ab 1.
T ta c:
P = a
3
+ b
3
+ a(b
2
6) + b(a
2
6) = (a + b)(a
2
+ b
2
6) (a + b)(2ab 6) (2)(2.1 6) = 8.
Vy minP = 8. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = 1.
Bi 107. Cho ab = 0 v
a
b
+
b
a
=
4
b

2
a
. Tm gi tr nh nht, gi tr ln nht ca:
P = a
2
+ b
2
a + 3b.
Li gii:
T gii thit ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
= 4a 2b (a 2)
2
+ (b + 1)
2
= 5.
t
a = 2 +
5 sin b = 1 +
5 cos .
Do :
P = 9 +
5(5 sin + cos ) = 9 +
130 sin ,
_
= + arcsin
1
26
_
.
9
130 P 9 +
130.
Vy P
min
= 9
130, P
max
= 9 +
130.
_
a + b
c + ab
+
_
b + c
a + bc
+
_
c + a
b + ca
3.
Li gii:
_
a + b
c + ab
+
_
b + c
a + bc
+
_
c + a
b + ca
3
6
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(c + ab)(a + bc)(b + ca)
.
(a + 1)
2
(b + 1)
2
(c + 1)
2
_
a + b + c + 3
3
_
6
= 64.
4(c + ab)(a + bc) (c + ab + a + bc)
2
= (b + 1)
2
(a + c)
2
.
64(c + ab)
2
(a + bc)
2
(b + ca)
2
(a + 1)
2
(b + 1)
2
(c + 1)
2
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
64(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
.
(c + ab)(a + bc)(b + ca) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a).
n y ta d dng c iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 109. Cho a, b 0. Chng minh:
_
a
2
+ b +
3
4
__
b
2
+ a +
3
4
_
_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
2
_
.
Li gii:
_
a
1
2
_
2
0 a
2
+
1
4
a a
2
+ b +
3
4
a + b +
1
2
.
_
b
1
2
_
2
0 b
2
+
1
4
b b
2
+ a +
3
4
a + b +
1
2
.
p dng nh gi trn v bt ng thc AM-GM:
_
a
2
+ b +
3
4
__
b
2
+ a +
3
4
_
_
a + b +
1
2
_
2
=
__
2a +
1
2
_
+
_
2b +
1
2
__
2
4

_
2a +
1
2
__
2b +
1
4
_
.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a = b =
1
2
.
Bi 110. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+ a + b + c 6.
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t
a + b + c = 3 t
2

_
3
3 < t <
_
3
3.
Ta c:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+ a + b + c 6
2(3 t
2
)
2
(3 t
2
)
2
3
3 t
2
=
t
4
(5 t
2
)
t
4
6t
2
+ 6
0.
Cch 2.
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a

a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca
=
3
ab + bc + ca
+ 2.
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc sau:
3
ab + bc + ca
+ a + b + c 4
6
(a + b + c)
2
3
+ a + b + c 4 0
(a + b + c 3)
2
(a + b + c + 2) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do bi ton c chng minh xong.
Bi 111. Cho a, b, c > 0 v
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
P =
b + c
a
2
+
c + a
b
2
+
a + b
c
2
.
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
x + y + z = 1.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM v Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
P =
cyc
a
2
(b + c)
bc

cyc
4a
2
b + c
2(a + b + c) = 2.
Vy P
min
= 2.
P =
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
3
ab + bc + ca
.
Li gii:
Ta c: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
=
1
3
. t a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= t,
_
t
1
3
_
.
Do :
P = f(t) =
2
t
+
6
1 t
.
Xt hm s f(t), t suy ra
P 4
_
2 +
3
_
.
Vy P
min
= 4
_
2 +
3
_
.
Bi 113. Cho x.y 0 v x
2
+ 2y
2
= 1. Chng minh:
1 + 2x +
1 + 2y 1 +
_
1 +
2.
Li gii:
Ta c:
_
1 + 2x +
_
1 + 2y
_
2
= 2 + 2(x + y) + 2
_
1 + 2(x + y) + 4xy 2 + 2(x + y) + 2
_
1 + 2(x + y).
Mc khc:
(x + y)
2
= x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
x
2
2
+ y
2
=
x
2
+ 2y
2
2
=
1
2
x + y
2
2
.
Do
_
1 + 2x +
_
1 + 2y
_
2
2 +
2 + 2
_
1 +
2 = (1 +
_
1 +
2)
2
.
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi (x; y) =
_
0;
1
2
_
.
Bi 114. Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = xyz.Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
2
1 + x
2
+
1
_
1 + y
2
+
1
1 + z
2
.
Li gii:
t
a =
1
x
; b =
1
y
; c =
1
z
ab + bc + ca = 1.
P =
2a
1 + a
2
+
b
1 + b
2
+
c
1 + c
2
.
P =
2a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
+
c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
a
_
1
a + b
+
1
a + c
_
+ b
_
1
4(b + c)
+
1
a + b
_
+ c
_
1
4(b + c)
+
1
a + c
_
=
9
4
.
Vy P
max
=
9
4
. ng thc xy ra khi (x; y; z) =
_
15
7
;
15;
15
_
.
Bi 115. Cho a + b + c = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
3 + 4
a
+
3 + 4
b
+
3 + 4
c
.
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM:
_
(3 + 1) (3 + 4
a
) 3 + 2
a
.
cyc
3 + 4
a
3 + 2
a
+ 3 + 2
b
+ 3 + 2
c
2

9 + 3
3
2
a+b+c
2
= 6.
Vy P
min
= 6. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 0.
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b + c bc
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c + a ca
12.
Li gii:
Ta c:
a + b ab = (a + b) (a + b + c) ab = a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca.
Do :
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
=
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
=
cyc
_
a
2
+ 1
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
a
2
+ 1
c
2
+ a
2
+ ab + bc + ca
_
cyc
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2 (ab + bc + ca)
=
cyc
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ (a + b + c)
2
=
cyc
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ 1
= 12.
1
3
.
Bi 117. Vi mi s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc:
P =
a
3
(1 a)
2
+
b
3
(1 b)
2
+
c
3
(1 c)
2
Li gii:
Ta s chng minh bt ng thc ph sau:
a
3
(a 1)
2
a
1
4
Tht vy, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi bt ng thc ng sau:
9
4
a
2
3
2
a +
1
4
0
_
a
1
3
_
2
0
Tng t, ta chng minh c:
b
3
(b 1)
2
b
1
4
c
3
(c 1)
2
c
1
4
Cng ba bt ng thc trn theo v ta c:
P a + b + c
3
4
=
1
4
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng
1
4
.
1
3
.
Bi 118. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a + b + c 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc sau:
A =
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab(a + b)
+
1
cb(c + b)
+
1
ac(a + c)
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab + bc + ca
+
1
ab + bc + ca

9
(a + b + c)
2
9 (1)
1
ab(a + b)
+
1
cb(c + b)
+
1
ac(a + c)

3
3
_
(a + b + c)
3
27
.
8(ab + bc + ca)
3
27
27
2(ab + bc + ca)
(2)
Mt khc:
27
2(ab + bc + ca)
=
2
ab + bc + ca
+
23
2(ab + bc + ca)
2
ab + bc + ca
+
23
2
3
(a + b + c)
2
=
2
ab + bc + ca
+
69
2
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta suy ra:
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab(a + b)
+
1
cb(c + b)
+
1
ac(a + c)

87
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A bng
87
2
.
1
3
.
Bi 119. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a, b, c tho a + b + c = 1 th:
1
a
2
+ b
2
+
1
b
2
+ c
2
+
1
c
2
+ a
2
10
Li gii:
Gi s c = min{a, b, c}, ta c cc nh gi sau:
a
2
+ b
2
_
a
2
+ ac +
c
2
4
_
+
_
b
2
+ bc +
c
2
4
_
=
_
a +
c
2
_
2
+
_
b +
c
2
_
2
b
2
+ c
2
_
b +
c
2
_
2
Tng t:
c
2
+ a
2
_
a +
c
2
_
2
Do :
P
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
+
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
=
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
+
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
4
_
_
1
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
_
_
+
3
4
_
_
1
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
_
_
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
1
4
_
_
1
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
_
1
4
.
2
_
b +
c
2
__
a +
c
2
_
3
4
_
_
1
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
_
3
4
.
2
_
b +
c
2
__
a +
c
2
_
3
4
.
8
_
a + b +
c
2
+
c
2
_
2
=
6
(a + b + c)
2
Do :
P
1
_
a +
c
2
_
2
+
_
b +
c
2
_
2
+
1
2
.
1
_
b +
c
2
__
a +
c
2
_ +
6
(a + b + c)
2
P
4
_
a + b +
c
2
+
c
2
_
2
+
6
(a + b + c)
2
=
10
(a + b + c)
2
= 10
Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a; b; c) =
_
1
2
;
1
2
; 0
_
.
Bi 120. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a
3
+ b
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
3
+ c
3
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
3
+ a
3
c
2
+ ac + c
2
Li gii:
Ta c:
P =
(a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
)
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
(b + c)(b
2
bc + c
2
)
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
(c + a)(c
2
ca + a
2
)
c
2
+ ca + a
2
Ta s chng minh:
x
2
xy + y
2
x
2
+ xy + y
2

1
3
2(x y)
2
0
p dng kt qu trn ta suy ra:
P
1
3
(a + b + b + c + c + a) =
2
3
(a + b + c)
Li theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
P
2
3
.3
3
abc = 2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A bng 2.
7 Bi 121 n bi 140
Bi 121. Cho x, y l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
x
3
+ y
3
+ 7xy(x + y)
xy
_
x
2
+ y
2
Li gii:
2xy.
_
x
2
+ y
2
(x + y)
2
2

xy.
_
x
2
+ y
2
(x + y)
2
2
2
Do :
P
2
2 [x
3
+ y
3
+ 7xy(x + y)]
xy(x + y)
2
=
2
2(x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
+ 6xy)
xy(x + y)
2
=
2
2 [(x + y)
2
+ 4xy]
xy(x + y)
Li theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
P
8
xy(x + y)
xy(x + y)
= 8
2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 8
2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y.
Bi 122. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
x
2
(2y + z)(2z + y)
+
y
2
(2z + x)(2x + z)
+
z
2
(2x + y)(2y + x)

1
3
Li gii:
(2y + z)(2z + y)
1
4
(3y + 3z)
2
=
9
4
(y + z)
2
Tng t:
(2z + x)(2x + z)
9
4
(z + x)
2
(2x + y)(2y + x)
9
4
(x + y)
2
Do :
x
2
(2y + z)(2z + y)
+
y
2
(2z + x)(2x + z)
+
z
2
(2x + y)(2y + x)

4
9
_
x
2
(y + z)
2
+
y
2
(z + x)
2
+
z
2
(x + y)
2
_
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz. ta c:
4
9
_
x
2
(y + z)
2
+
y
2
(z + x)
2
+
z
2
(x + y)
2
_
4
27
_
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
_
2
By gi ta cn chng minh
4
27
_
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
_
2
1
3
l bi ton c gii quyt.
Tht vy, bt ng thc trn li tng ng vi bt ng thc ng sau:
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y

3
2
(bt ng thc Nesbit)
Nhn xt: Ta s chng minh bt ng thc Nesbit nh sau:
Ta c:
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
= (x + y + z)
_
1
x + y
+
1
y + z
+
1
z + x
_
3
=
1
2
[(x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x)]
_
1
x + y
+
1
y + z
+
1
z + x
_
3
1
2
[(x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x)]
_
1
x + y
+
1
y + z
+
1
z + x
_
3
9
2
3 =
3
2
Bi 123. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc:
P =
a
2
+ 1
b
2
+ 1
c
2
+ 1
+
b
2
+ 1
c
2
+ 1
a
2
+ 1
+
c
2
+ 1
a
2
+ 1
b
2
+ 1
Li gii:
rng:
a
2
+ 1 = (a + b)(c + a)
b
2
+ 1 = (a + b)(b + c)
c
2
+ 1 = (b + c)(c + a)
Khi biu thc P vit li thnh:
P = (a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a) = 2(a + b + c)
Mt khc, ta li c:
(a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca) = 3
Do :
P 2
3
3.
3
3
.
Bi 124. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
2
3a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
6b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
+
6c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
< 5
3
Li gii:
Vit bt ng thc cn chng minh di dng:
2a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
2
3b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
+
2
3c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
< 5
2a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
a
a + b
+
a
a + c
Tng t:
2
3b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
b
b + a
+
3b
b + c
2
3c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
c
c + a
+
3c
c + b
Cng cc bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
2a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
2
3b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
+
2
3c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
a
a + b
+
b
b + a
+
c
c + a
+
a
a + c
+
3b
b + c
+
3c
c + b
= 5
ng thc khng xy ra. Do :
2a
_
(a + b)(a + c)
+
2
3b
_
(b + a)(b + c)
+
2
3c
_
(c + a)(c + b)
< 5
1
a(a + b)
+
1
b(b + c)
+
1
c(c + a)

27
2(a + b + c)
2
Li gii:
p dng bt ng AM-GM, ta c:
1
a(a + b)
+
1
b(b + c)
+
1
c(c + a)
3
3
_
1
abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(1)
abc
_
a + b + c
3
_
3
(2)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
_
2(a + b + c)
3
_
3
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra:
1
a(a + b)
+
1
b(b + c)
+
1
c(c + a)

27
2(a + b + c)
2
Bi 126. Cho a, b l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
4
a
2
+ b
2

32(a
2
+ b
2
)
(a + b)
4
Li gii:
Ta c:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
4
a
2
+ b
2
=
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
4a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
4a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)

(a
2
+ b
2
+ 2ab)
2
2a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
=
(a + b)
4
2a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
Ta cn chng minh:
(a + b)
4
2a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)

32(a
2
+ b
2
)
(a + b)
4
Tht vy, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:
(a + b)
4
8ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
[(a
2
+ b
2
) + 2ab]
2
8ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
(a b)
4
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng vi mi a, b.
Bi 127. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc:
P = x
4
+ 2y
4
+ 3z
4
Li gii:
(x
4
+ 2y
4
+ 3z
4
)
_
1 +
1
3
2
+
1
3
3
_
_
x
2
+
3
2y
2
+
3
3z
2
_
2
(1)
_
x
2
+
3
2y
2
+
3
3z
2
_
_
1 +
1
3
2
+
1
3
3
_
(x + y + z)
2
= 9 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
P
81
_
1 +
1
3
2
+
1
3
3
_
3
81
_
1 +
1
3
2
+
1
3
3
_
3
.
_
_
x =
3
3
6
3
6 +
3
3 +
3
2
y =
3
3
3
3
6 +
3
3 +
3
2
z =
3
3
2
3
6 +
3
3 +
3
2
.
Bi 128. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a +b +c = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu
thc:
A =
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
Li gii:
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
Do :
A
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
3
2
9ab
+
3
2
9bc
+
3
2
9ca
Lin tip s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
A
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
9
2
9(ab + bc + ca)
10
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 9(ab + bc + ca)
=
10
2
(a + b + c)
2
+ 7(ab + bc + ca)
7(ab + bc + ca)
7
3
(a + b + c)
2
= 21
Do :
A
10
2
3
2
+ 21
=
10
3
10
3
.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
A = a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc
Li gii:
Xt ng thc sau:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3abc = (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
Suy ra:
abc =
1
3
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca
Do :
A =
4
3
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) + ab + bc + ca
4
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + ab + bc + ca
=
1
2
(a + b + c)
2
+
5
6
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
9
2
+
5
6
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c)
2
3
= 3
T suy ra:
A 7
Vy gi tr nh nht ca A bng 7.
A =
a
3
a
2
+ 3ab + b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ 3bc + c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ 3ca + a
2
Li gii:
Bin i v s dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
a
3
a
2
+ 3ab + b
2
= a
ab(3a + b)
a
2
+ 3ab + b
2
a
ab(3a + b)
5ab
=
2a b
5
Tng t:
b
3
b
2
+ 3bc + c
2

2b c
5
c
3
c
2
+ 3ca + a
2

2c a
5
Cng ba bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
A
a + b + c
5
=
3
5
3
5
.
2a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
2b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+
2c
3
c
2
+ a
2
a + b + c
Li gii:
2a
3
a
2
+ b
2
= 2a
2ab
2
a
2
+ b
2
2a
2ab
2
2ab
= 2a b
Tng t:
2b
3
b
2
+ c
2
2b c
2c
3
c
2
+ a
2
2c a
2a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
2b
3
b
2
+ c
2
+
2c
3
c
2
+ a
2
a + b + c
1
a
2
+ bc
+
1
b
2
+ ca
+
1
c
2
+ ab

a + b + c
abc
Li gii:
a
2
+ bc 2a
bc
b
2
+ ca 2b
ca
c
2
+ ab 2c
ab
Do :
1
a
2
+ bc
+
1
b
2
+ ca
+
1
c
2
+ ab

1
2a
bc
+
1
2b
ca
+
1
2c
ab
=
ab +
bc +
ca
2abc
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta li c:
ab +
bc +
ca a + b + c
T suy ra:
1
a
2
+ bc
+
1
b
2
+ ca
+
1
c
2
+ ab

a + b + c
abc
Bi 133. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
2 + b
a
+
b
2 + c
b
+
c
2 + a
c
1
Li gii:
t

a =
x
y
,
b =
y
z
,

c =
z
x
Khi v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh:
P =
(zx)
2
(xy)
2
+ 2xyz
2
+
(xy)
2
(yz)
2
+ 2x
2
yz
+
(yz)
2
(zx)
2
+ 2xy
2
z
P =
(zx)
2
(xy)
2
+ 2xyz
2
+
(xy)
2
(yz)
2
+ 2x
2
yz
+
(yz)
2
(zx)
2
+ 2xy
2
z
(xy + yz + zx)
2
(xy)
2
+ (yz)
2
+ (zx)
2
+ 2xyz(x + y + z)
= 1
Bi 134. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x, y, z (0; 1) v xyz = (1x)(1y)(1z).
Chng minh rng:
x
2
+ y
4
y
+
y
2
+ z
4
z
+
z
2
+ x
4
x

15
8
Li gii:
t a =
1 x
x
, b =
1 y
y
, c =
1 z
z
. T iu kin ta c abc = 1 v a, b, c > 0.
Nhn xt:
Trong 3 s a, b, c c tch bng 1 lun tn ti 2 s nm cng pha so vi 1. Gi s 2 s l a v b.
Khi :
(a 1)(b 1) 0 a + b 1 + ab =
1 + c
c
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2

1
(1 + ab)
_
1 +
a
b
_ +
1
(1 + ab)
_
1 +
b
a
_
=
b
(1 + ab)(a + b)
+
a
(1 + ab)(a + b)
=
1
1 + ab
=
c
c + 1
Suy ra:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2
+
1
(1 + c)
2
c
c + 1
+
1
(c + 1)
2
=
(c 1)
2
4(c + 1)
2
+
3
4

3
4
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
x
2
y
+
y
2
z
+
z
2
x

(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)(x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
=
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
2
(1)
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta cng c:
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)(x + y + z) (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
(*)
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (x + y + z)
2
(**)
T (*) v (**) ta c:
3(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
_
3
4
_
3
Suy ra:
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3
8
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c:
x
2
+ y
4
y
+
y
2
+ z
4
z
+
z
2
+ x
4
x

15
8
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
2
.
Bi 135.
a) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
(a + b)(a + c) 2
_
abc(a + b + c)
b) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng:
3a
3
+ 17b
3
18ab
2
Li gii:
a) Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
(a + b)(a + c) = (a
2
+ ac + ab) + bc
= a(a + b + c) + bc
2
_
abc(a + b + c)
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a(a + b + c) = bc. C th a = 1, b = 2, c = 3.
b) Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
3a
3
+ 17b
3
= 3a
3
+ 8b
3
+ 9b
3
3
3
216a
3
b
6
= 18ab
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 0.
Bi 136. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn a, b, c > 1 v abc = 8.
P =
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
Li gii:
Trc ht, ta chng minh:
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b

2
1 +
ab
vi mi a, b > 1
1
1 + a

1
1 +
ab
+
1
1 + b

1
1 +
ab
0
(
b)
2
(
ab 1)
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 +
ab)
0 vi mi a, b > 1
p dng kt qu trn, ta c:
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
+
1
1 +
3
abc
2
1 +
ab
+
2
1 +
6
abc
4
4
1 +
12
a
4
b
4
c
4
=
4
1 +
3
abc
T suy ra:
P =
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c

3
1 +
3
abc
= 1
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng 1.
Bi 137. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
F =
a
2
+ 1 +
b
2
+ 1 +
c
2
+ 1
a + b + c
Li gii:
a
2
+ 1 +
2a
_
2(a
2
+ 1 + 2a) =
2(a + 1)
Tng t:
b
2
+ 1 +
2b
2(b + 1)
c
2
+ 1 +
2c
2(c + 1)
a
2
+ 1 +
b
2
+ 1 +
c
2
+ 1 +
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
2(3 + a + b + c)
a
2
+ 1 +
b
2
+ 1 +
c
2
+ 1
2(3 + a + b + c)
2
_
a +
b +
c
_
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
a +
b +
c 3
6
abc = 3
Do :
a
2
+ 1 +
b
2
+ 1 +
c
2
+ 1
2(a + b + c)
a
2
+ 1 +
b
2
+ 1 +
c
2
+ 1
a + b + c

2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca F bng
2.
Bi 138. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh rng:
a
3a b + c
+
b
3b c + a
+
c
3c a + b
1
Li gii:
K hiu:
P =
a
3a b + c
+
b
3b c + a
+
c
3c a + b
Ta c:
Q = 4P =
4a
3a b + c
+
4b
3b c + a
+
4c
3c a + b
=
(3a b + c) + (a + b c)
3a b + c
+
(3b c + a) + (b + c a)
3b c + a
+
(3c a + b) + (c + a b)
3c a + b
= 3 +
a + b c
3a b + c
+
b + c a
3b c + a
+
c + a b
3c a + b
= 3 +
(a + b c)
2
(a + b c)(3a b + c)
+
(b + c a)
2
(b + c a)(3b c + a)
+
(c + a b)
2
(c + a b)(3c a + b)
Q 3 +
(a + b + c)
2
(a + b c)(3a b + c) + (b + c a)(3b c + a) + (c + a b)(3c a + b)
= 3 +
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
= 4
Suy ra:
P 1 hay
a
3a b + c
+
b
3b c + a
+
c
3c a + b
1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c ABC u.
Bi 139. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
a + b
2
+
b
2
b + c
2
+
c
2
c + a
2

3
2
Li gii:
a
2
a + b
2
= a
ab
2
a + b
2
a
ab
2
2b
a
= a
b
a
2
Tng t:
b
2
b + c
2
b
c
b
2
c
2
c + a
2
c
a
c
2
a
2
a + b
2
+
b
2
b + c
2
+
c
2
c + a
2
a + b + c
1
2
_
b
a + c
b + a
c
_
By gi ta cn chng minh b
a + c
b + a
c 3 l bi ton c gii quyt.

Tht vy, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
b
a + c
b + a
c =
ab +
bc +
ca
_
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
_
(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)
2
3
= 3
Do :
a
2
a + b
2
+
b
2
b + c
2
+
c
2
c + a
2

3
2
ng thc xy ra khi v chi khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 140. Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s thc dng tha mn a + b + c + d = 1. Chng minh rng:
1
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ abcd
+
1
b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
+ abcd
+
1
c
4
+ d
4
+ a
4
+ abcd
+
1
d
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
+ abcd

1
abcd
Li gii:
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
abc(a + b + c)
Do :
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
abc(a + b + c)
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ abcd abc(a + b + c + d)
1
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ abcd

d
abcd
Chng minh tng t ta c:
1
b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
+ abcd

a
abcd
1
c
4
+ d
4
+ a
4
+ abcd

b
abcd
1
d
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
+ abcd

c
abcd
Cng cc bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
1
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ abcd
+
1
b
4
+ c
4
+ d
4
+ abcd
+
1
c
4
+ d
4
+ a
4
+ abcd
+
1
d
4
+ a
4
+ b
4
+ abcd

1
abcd
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d =
1
4
.
8 Bi 141 n bi 160
a
a
3
+ b
2
+ c
+
b
b
3
+ c
2
+ a
+
c
c
3
+ a
2
+ b
1
Li gii:
a
a
3
+ b
2
+ c
=
a
_
1
a
+ 1 + c
_
(a
3
+ b
2
+ c)
_
1
a
+ 1 + c
_
a
_
1
a
+ 1 + c
_
(a + b + c)
2
=
1 + a + ca
9
Tng t:
b
b
3
+ c
2
+ a

1 + b + ab
9
c
c
3
+ a
2
+ b

1 + c + bc
9
a
a
3
+ b
2
+ c
+
b
b
3
+ c
2
+ a
+
c
c
3
+ a
2
+ b

3 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca
9
ab + bc + ca
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
= 3
Do :
a
a
3
+ b
2
+ c
+
b
b
3
+ c
2
+ a
+
c
c
3
+ a
2
+ b
1
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P = a
b + b
c + c
abc
Li gii:
t x =

a, y =
b, z =

c.
iu kin tr thnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3 v P = x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x xyz.
D thy P 3 theo bt ng thc AM-GM.
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s y l s nm gia x v z.
Khi ta c:
z(y x)(y z) 0 y
2
z + z
2
x xyz yz
2
Do :
P yx
2
+ yz
2
= y(x
2
+ z
2
)
2y
2
(x
2
+ z
2
)(x
2
+ z
2
)
_
2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
_
3
= 8
T suy ra:
P y(x
2
+ z
2
) 2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 2.
_
_
x = y = z
_
_
_
z = 0
x
2
= 2y
2
_
a = b = c = 1
_
_
a = 2
b = 1
c = 0
v cc hon v.
Bi 143. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2
+
1
(1 + c)
2
+
2
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c)
Li gii:
Trong ba s a, b, c c tch bng 1 lun tn ti hai s cng nm mt pha so vi 1.
Gi s hai s l a v b.
Khi ta c:
(a 1)(b 1) 0 a + b 1 + ab =
1 + c
c
Suy ra:
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) = (1 + a + b + ab)(1 + c)
2(1 + ab)(1 + c) =
2(1 + c)
2
c
1
(1 + a)
2
+
1
(1 + b)
2

1
(1 + ab)
_
1 +
a
b
_ +
1
(1 + ab)
_
1 +
b
a
_
=
b
(1 + ab)(a + b)
+
a
(1 + ab)(a + b)
=
1
1 + ab
=
c
c + 1
Do :
P
c
c + 1
+
1
(c + 1)
2
+
c
(c + 1)
2
=
c(c + 1) + 1 + c
(c + 1)
2
= 1
Bi 144. Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha mn min {a + b; b + c; c + a} > 0 v
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 2(ab + bc + ca). Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
_
ab
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
bc
b
2
+ c
2
+
_
ca
c
2
+ a
2
Li gii:
Ta c:
2P =
_
2ab
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
2bc
b
2
+ c
2
+
_
2ca
c
2
+ a
2
=
_
2ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
2bc(b
2
+ c
2
)
b
2
+ c
2
+
_
2ca(c
2
+ a
2
)
c
2
+ a
2
_
2ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2

2ab
a
2
+ b
2
Tng t:
_
2bc(b
2
+ c
2
)
b
2
+ c
2

2bc
b
2
+ c
2
_
2ca(c
2
+ a
2
)
c
2
+ a
2

2ca
c
2
+ a
2
2P
2ab
a
2
+ b
2
+
2bc
b
2
+ c
2
+
2ca
c
2
+ a
2
Suy ra:
Q =
2P + 3 =
(a + b)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
(b + c)
2
b
2
+ c
2
+
(c + a)
2
c
2
+ a
2
Q
(a + b + b + c + c + a)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
2 [a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)]
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
2.4(ab + bc + ca)
2(ab + bc + ca)
= 4
Do :
P
4 3
2
=
1
2
1
2
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a, b, c) = (x, x, 0) v cc hon v.
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a

_
a
2
+ b
2
2
+
_
b
2
+ c
2
2
+
_
c
2
+ a
2
2
Li gii:
_
a
2
b
a + b
_
+ b =
a
2
ab + b
2
b
+ b
2
a
2
+ b
2
ab
=
a
2
+ b
2
ab +
a
2
ab + b
2
=
a
2
+ b
2
ab +
_
3
4
(a b)
2
+
1
4
(a + b)
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
a
2
+ b
2
2
+
1
2
(a + b)
=
_
a
2
+ b
2
2
+
a + b
2
Do :
a
2
b

3(a b)
2
+
_
a
2
+ b
2
2
b
2
c

3(b c)
2
+
_
b
2
+ c
2
2
c
2
a

3(c a)
2
+
_
c
2
+ a
2
2
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a

_
a
2
+ b
2
2
+
_
b
2
+ c
2
2
+
_
c
2
+ a
2
2
P = a
a + b
b + c
abc
Li gii:
t x =

a, y =
b, z =

c.
iu kin cho tr thnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3 v P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
xyz.
D thy P 0 theo bt ng thc AM-GM.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x y z.
Khi ta c:
z
2
xy , x
2
+ y
2
= 3 z
2
3
Suy ra:
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z(z
2
xy) x
3
+ y
3
(x
3
+ y
3
)
2
= (x
2
+ 2xy + y
2
)(x
2
xy + y
2
)
2
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
)
3
_
3
27
Suy ra:
P = x
3
+ y
3
3
3
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng 3
3.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a, b, c) = (0, 0, 3) v cc hon v.
(a + b + c)
2
3
a
bc + b
ca + c
ab
Li gii:
(a + b + c)
2
3
ab + bc + ca
=
ab + ac
2
+
bc + ba
2
+
ca + cb
2
a
bc + b
ca + c
ab
Bi 148. Cho a, b l cc s thc tha mn a, b > 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a
2
b 1
+
b
2
a 1
Li gii:
a
2
b 1
+ 4(b 1) 4a
b
2
a 1
+ 4(a 1) 4b
Cng hai bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
a
2
b 1
+
b
2
a 1
8
Bi 149. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn

a +
b +
c = 1.
P =
_
ab
a + b + 2c
+
_
bc
b + c + 2a
+
_
ca
c + a + 2b
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t x =

a, y =
b, z =

c.
iu kin cho tr thnh x+y+z = 1 v P =
xy
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ 2z
2
+
yz
_
y
2
+ z
2
+ 2x
2
+
zx
_
z
2
+ x
2
+ 2y
2
P =
xy
3
2
_
1
9
+
1
9
+
2
9
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ 2z
2
)
+
yz
3
2
_
1
9
+
1
9
+
2
9
_
(y
2
+ z
2
+ 2x
2
)
+
zx
3
2
_
1
9
+
1
9
+
2
9
_
(z
2
+ x
2
+ 2y
2
)
xy
3
2
_
x
3
+
y
3
+
2z
3
_ +
yz
3
2
_
y
3
+
z
3
+
2x
3
_ +
zx
3
2
_
z
3
+
x
3
+
2y
3
_
1
4
_
2xy
z + x
+
2xy
y + z
_
+
1
4
_
2yz
y + z
+
2yz
x + y
_
+
1
4
_
2zx
x + y
+
2zx
y + z
_
=
x + y + z
2
=
1
2
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P bng
1
2
.
1
3
a = b = c =
1
9
.
Cch 2.
1
_
4(a + b + 2c)
a +
b + 2
1
4
_
1
a +
c
+
1
b +
c
_
Suy ra:
_
ab
a + b + 2c

1
2
_

ab
a +
c
+
ab
b +
c
_
_
bc
b + c + 2a

1
2
_

bc
b +
a
+
bc
c +
a
_
_
ca
c + a + 2b

1
2
_
ca
c +
b
+
ca
a +
b
_
P
1
2
(
a +
b +
c) =
1
2
1
2
.
1
9
.
Bi 150. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
3
1
(a + b)
3
+
1
(b + c)
3
+
1
(c + a)
3
2
2
3
9
Li gii:
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
_
6 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
_
6
_
3 (a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) 3
2 (1)
Mt khc, ta c:
[(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)(x + y + z)]
2
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
4
(*)
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1
3
(x + y + z)
2
(**)
T (*) v (**) suy ra:
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
2
1
3
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
p dng kt qu trn v s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
_
1
(a + b)
3
+
1
(b + c)
3
+
1
(c + a)
3
_
2
1
3
_
1
(a + b)
2
+
1
(b + c)
2
+
1
(c + a)
2
_
3
1
3
_
1
2 (a
2
+ b
2
)
+
1
2 (b
2
+ c
2
)
+
1
2 (c
2
+ a
2
)
_
3
1
3
_
9
4 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
_
3
1
3
_
9
4
_
3 (a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
)
_
3
9
64
Suy ra:
3
1
(a + b)
3
+
1
(b + c)
3
+
1
(c + a)
3

3
3
2
(2)
Nhn (1) v (2) ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
3
1
(a + b)
3
+
1
(b + c)
3
+
1
(c + a)
3
2
3
3
2
= 2
2
3
9
a
2
+ b
2
a + b
+
b
2
+ c
2
b + c
+
c
2
+ a
2
c + a

3(ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c
Li gii:
Cch 1.
a
2
+ b
2
a + b
+
b
2
+ c
2
b + c
+
c
2
+ a
2
c + a

(a + b)
2
2(a + b)
+
(b + c)
2
2(b + c)
+
(c + a)
2
2(c + a)
= a + b + c (1)
a + b + c
3(ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
a
2
+ b
2
a + b
+
b
2
+ c
2
b + c
+
c
2
+ a
2
c + a

3(ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c
Cch 2.
_
a
2
+ b
2
a + b

ab + bc + ca
a + b + c
_
+
_
b
2
+ c
2
b + c

ab + bc + ca
a + b + c
_
+
_
c
2
+ a
2
c + a

ab + bc + ca
a + b + c
_
0
(a b)
2
_
1
2(a + b)
+
1
a + b + c
_
+ (b c)
2
_
1
2(b + c)
+
1
a + b + c
_
+(c a)
2
_
1
2(c + a)
+
1
a + b + c
_
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng nn ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
a + b
+
b
2
+ c
2
b + c
+
c
2
+ a
2
c + a

3(ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c
Bi 152. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn 9a
2
+ 8ab + 7b
2
6.
P = 7a + 5b + 12ab
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Xt hm s:
f(a; b) = 9a
2
+ 7b
2
4ab 7a 5b + 3
Ta c:
a
= 59(2b 1)
2
0
Theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta c:
f(a; b) 0
Suy ra:
7a + 5b + 12ab 9 9a
2
+ 8ab + 7b
2
6 7a + 5b + 12ab 9
1
2
.
Cch 2.
7a + 5b + 12ab 7
_
a
2
+
1
4
_
+ 5
_
b
2
+
1
4
_
+ 12ab
=
__
9a
2
+ 8ab + 7b
2
_
+ 3
2(a b)
2
9
1
2
.
Bi 153. Gi s cc s thc x, y, z > 1 tha mn
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
= 2. Chng minh rng:
x + y + z
x 1 +
y 1 +
z 1
Li gii:
_
x 1 +
_
y 1 +
z 1
_
2
=
_
x.
_
1
1
x
+
y.
_
1
1
y
+
z.
_
1
1
z
_
2
(x + y + z)
_
3
1
x

1
y

1
z
_
= x + y + z
Suy ra:
x + y + z
x 1 +
y 1 +
z 1
3
2
.
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
+
_
ab + bc + ca
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

5
2
Li gii:
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
=
a
2
ca + ab
+
b
2
ab + bc
+
c
2
bc + ca
(a + b + c)
2
2(ab + bc + ca)
= 1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2(ab + bc + ca)
t
u =
_
ab + bc + ca
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
vi 0 < u 1
Ta ch cn chng minh 1 +
1
2u
2
+ u
5
2
l bi ton c gii quyt.
Tuy nhin, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:
1
2u
2
+ u
3
2
(u 1)
2
(2u + 1) 0 (lun ng vi mi 0 < u 1)
Do :
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
+
_
ab + bc + ca
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2

5
2
Bi 155. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P =
ab
c
2
+ 2ab
+
bc
a
2
+ 2bc
+
ca
b
2
+ 2ca
Li gii:
Thc hin php bin i biu thc P, ta c :
Q = 3 2P =
a
2
a
2
+ 2bc
+
b
2
b
2
+ 2ca
+
c
2
c
2
+ 2ab
Q
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
= 1
T suy ra:
P 1
Bi 156. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng:
_
ab + ac
a
2
+ bc
+
_
ab + bc
b
2
+ ca
+
_
ac + bc
c
2
+ ba
2
Li gii:
a
2
+ bc
ab + ac
+ 1 2
_
a
2
+ bc
ac + ab

_
a
2
+ bc
ac + ab

2a(b + c)
(a + b)(c + a)
Tng t:
_
ab + bc
b
2
+ ca

2b(c + a)
(b + c)(a + b)
_
ac + bc
c
2
+ ba

2c(a + b)
(c + a)(b + c)
Cng v theo v ba bt ng thc trn, ta c:
_
ab + ac
a
2
+ bc
+
_
ab + bc
b
2
+ ca
+
_
ac + bc
c
2
+ ba
2
_
a(b + c)
(a + b)(c + a)
+
b(c + a)
(b + c)(a + b)
+
c(a + b)
(c + a)(b + c)
_
Ta ch cn chng minh
a(b + c)
(a + b)(c + a)
+
b(c + a)
(b + c)(a + b)
+
c(a + b)
(c + a)(b + c)
1 l bi ton c gii
quyt.
Tuy nhin, bt ng thc trn li tng ng vi bt ng thc ng sau:
a(b + c)
2
+ b(c + a)
2
+ c(a + b)
2
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 0 4abc 0
Do :
_
ab + ac
a
2
+ bc
+
_
ab + bc
b
2
+ ca
+
_
ac + bc
c
2
+ ba
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a, b, c) = (x, x, 0) v cc hon v.
Bi 157. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + 2b ab = 0.
P =
a
2
4 + 8b
+
b
2
1 + a
Li gii:
Theo gi thit, ta c:
a + 2b = ab
1
b
+
2
a
= 1
1
b
+
2
a
2
_
2
ba

ab 2
2
Mt khc , ln lt s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM, ta c:
P =
a
2
4 + 8b
+
b
2
1 + a
=
a
2
b
4
b
+ 8
+
8.
b
2
a
8
a
+ 8
(
a
b
+
8b
a
)
2
20

(2
8ab)
2
20

8
5
8
5
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 4, b = 2.
Bi 158. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3.
P =
1
a
2
+ 2
+
1
b
2
+ 2
+
1
c
2
+ 2
Li gii:
Thc hin php bin i biu thc P, ta c:
Q = 3 2P =
a
2
a
2
+ 2
+
b
2
b
2
+ 2
+
c
2
c
2
+ 2
Q
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 6
=
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
= 1
Do :
3 2P 1 P 1
Bi 159. Vi x, y, z l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng:
xy + yz + zx
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
(x + y + z)
3
xyz
28
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM, ta c:
(x + y + z)
3
9xyz
=
1
9
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
+
2(xy + yz + zx)(x + y + z)
9xyz
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
9
_ _
9
xy + yz + zx
_
+
2.3
3
_
(xyz)
2
.3
3
xyz
9xyz
=
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
xy + yz + zx
+ 2 (1)
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta li c:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy + yz + zx
+
xy + yx + zx
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2 (2)
8(x + y + z)
3
9xyz

8
_
3
3
xyz
_
3
9xyz
= 24 (3)
Cng (1), (2) v (3) v theo v, ta c:
xy + yz + zx
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
(x + y + z)
3
xyz
28
Bi 160. Cho a, b, c l ba s dng tho mn a +b +c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
Li gii:
Lin tip s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
P
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
9
ab + bc + ca
=
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
4
2(ab + bc + ca)
+
7
(ab + bc + ca)
9
(a + b + c)
2
+
7
ab + bc + ca
= 9 +
7
ab + bc + ca
Mt khc, bt ng thc AM-GM cho ta:
3(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca
1
3
Do :
P 9 + 21 = 30
1
3
.
9 Bi 161 n bi 180
Bi 161. Cho x, y, z l ba s dng tho mn

xy +
yz +
zx = 1.
P =
x
2
x + y
+
y
2
y + z
+
z
2
z + x
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM, ta c:
P
(x + y + z)
2
2(x + y + z)
=
x + y + z
2
xy +
yz +
zx
2
=
1
2
1
2
.
1
3
.
Bi 162. Cho x, y l hai s thc dng tho mn x + y = 1. Chng minh rng:
x
1 x
2
+
y
_
1 y
2
3
Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra:
x
_
3 (1 x
2
)
+
y
_
3 (1 y
2
)
=
x
_
3y (y + 2x)
+
y
_
3x (x + 2y)
Mt khc, ln lt s dng bt ng thc AM-GM v Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
x
_
3y (y + 2x)
+
y
_
3x (x + 2y)
x
2y + x
+
y
2x + y
=
x
2
x
2
+ 2xy
+
y
2
y
2
+ 2xy
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
+ 2xy
2
3
Do :
x
_
3 (1 x
2
)
+
y
_
3 (1 y
2
)
2
3
1 x
2
+
y
_
1 y
2
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
1
2
.
Bi 163. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c 3.
P =
ab
ab + 3c
+
bc
bc + 3a
+
ca
ca + 3b
Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra:
P
ab
_
ab + (a + b + c)c
+
bc
_
bc + (a + b + c)a
+
ca
_
ca + (a + b + c)b
=
ab
_
(b + c)(c + a)
+
bc
_
(c + a)(a + b)
+
ca
_
(a + b)(b + c)
Mt khc, ln lt s dng bt ng thc AM-GM v Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
P
2ab
(b + c) + (c + a)
+
2bc
(c + a) + (a + b)
+
2ca
(a + b) + (b + c)
1
4
_
2ab
b + c
+
2ab
c + a
_
+
1
4
_
2bc
c + a
+
2bc
a + b
_
+
1
4
_
2ca
a + b
+
2ca
b + c
_
=
a + b + c
2

3
2
3
2
.
Bi 164. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3.
P =
1
xy + 1
+
1
yz + 1
+
1
zx + 1
Li gii:
Vit li biu thc cho di dng:
P = 3
_
xy
1 + xy
+
yz
1 + yz
+
zx
1 + zx
_
Ln lt s dng bt ng thc AM-GM v Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
P 3
1
2
_
xy +
yz +
zx
_
3
1
2
_
3 (xy + yz + zx)
3
1
2
_
3 (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) =
3
2
3
2
.
Bi 165. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
.
P = x + y + z
Li gii:
x
3
+ 1 + 1 3
3
x
3
= 3x
Tng t:
y
3
+ 1 + 1 3y
z
3
+ 1 + 1 3z
3(x + y + z) x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
+ 6 = 9
x + y + z 3
Bi 166. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn x + 2y + 4z = 12.
P =
2xy
x + 2y
+
8yz
2y + 4z
+
4zx
4z + x
Li gii:
T bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta suy ra:
P =
2xy
x + 2y
+
8yz
2y + 4z
+
4zx
4z + x
1
4
_
2xy
x
+
2xy
2y
+
8yz
2y
+
8yz
4z
+
4zx
4z
+
4zx
x
_
=
1
4
[2(x + 2y + 4z)] = 6
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (x; y; z) = (2; 3; 1).
Bi 167. Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 5 v x y + z = 3.
Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P =
x + y 2
z + 2
Li gii:
T iu kin ta c:
5 z
2
= x
2
+ y
2
=
(x + y)
2
+ (x y)
2
2
(x + y)
2
= 10 2z
2
(3 z)
2
(x + y)
2
= 1 + 6z 3z
2
D thy z = 0. Ta c:
P (z + 2) + 2 = x + y
[P (z + 2) + 2]
2
= 1 + 6z 3z
2
(P
2
+ 3) z
2
+ (4P
2
+ 4P 6) z + 4P
2
+ 8P + 3 = 0
Phng trnh c nghim n z khi v ch khi
z
0
_
2P
2
+ 2P 3
_
2
_
P
2
+ 3
_ _
4P
2
+ 8P + 3
_
0

36
23
P 0
- Vi P = 0 khi v ch khi x = 2, y = 0, z = 1.
- Vi P =
36
23
khi v ch khi x =
20
31
, y =
66
31
, z =
7
31
.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 0, gi tr nh nht ca P l
36
23
.
Bi 168. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c
3
2
. Chng minh rng:
a + b + c +
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

27
2
Li gii:
1
a
2
+ 4
4
a
Tng t:
1
b
2
+ 4
4
b
1
c
2
+ 4
4
c
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

4
a
+
4
b
+
4
c
12
P = a + b + c +
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

_
a + b + c +
4
a
+
4
b
+
4
c
_
12
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
4
a
+
4
b
+
4
c

6
2
a + b + c
=
36
a + b + c
Suy ra:
P a + b + c +
36
a + b + c
12
n y, s dng tip bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
P =
_
a + b + c +
9
4(a + b + c)
_
+
135
4(a + b + c)
12
2
(a + b + c)
_
9
4(a + b + c)
_
+
21
2
=
27
2
1
2
.
Bi 169. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c c tch bng 1. Chng minh rng:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
9(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
Li gii:
Chng ta cn chng minh tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc sau:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
9abc(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
9abc(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) = 27(ab)(ac)
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3a

_
ab + ac +
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3a
_
3
=
_
ab + bc + ca +
(a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
3a
_
3
kt thc chng minh, ta cn ch ra rng:
ab + bc + ca +
(a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
3a
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
Tuy nhin, bt ng thc trn li tng ng vi:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)
_
1
a + b + c
3a
_
0
nh gi trn th lun ng do ta c th gi s a = max{a, b, c}
Bi 170. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
P =
ab
c + 2
ab
+
bc
a + 2
bc
+
ca
b + 2
ca
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Biu thc cho c vit li thnh:
P =
ab
c + 2
ab
+
bc
a + 2
bc
+
ca
b + 2
ca
=
1
c
ab
+ 2
+
1
b
ca
+ 2
+
1
a
bc
+ 2
t
a
bc
= x,
b
ca
= y,
c
ab
= z.
Suy ra
xyz = 1 v P =
1
2 + x
+
1
2 + y
+
1
2 + z
Ta s chng minh rng P =
1
2 + x
+
1
2 + y
+
1
2 + z
1
Tht vy , bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:
(x + 2)(y + 2) + (y + 2)(z + 2) + (z + 2)(x + 2) (x + 2)(y + 2)(z + 2)
xy + yz + zx + 4(x + y + z) + 12 xyz + 2(xy + yz + zx) + 4(x + y + z) + 8
xy + yz + zx 3
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng theo AM-GM ta c:
xy + yz + zx 3
3
_
(xyz)
2
= 3
Cch 2.
Ta bin i biu thc P nh sau:
2P =
2
ab
c + 2
ab
+
2
bc
a + 2
bc
+
2
ca
b + 2
ca
= 3
_
c
c + 2
ab
+
a
a + 2
bc
+
b
b + 2
ca
_
(Hng 1)
2
ab a + b; 2
bc b + c; 2
ca c + a
Do :
2P 3
_
c
c + a + b
+
a
a + b + c
+
b
b + c + a
_
= 2
(Hng 2)
2P 3
(
a +
b +
c)
2
a + b + c + 2
ab + 2
bc + 2
ca
= 2
T suy ra:
P 1
Bi 171. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 3abc.
P =
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
+
1
c
3
Li gii:
Ta c:
a + b + c = 3abc
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
= 3
1
a
3
+ 1 + 1
3
a
Tng t, ta cng c:
1
b
3
+ 1 + 1
3
b
;
1
c
3
+ 1 + 1
3
c
Do :
P + 6 3
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
T bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
3
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
= 9
Suy ra:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
3
Do :
P 3
Bi 172. Cho cc s thc a, b tho mn a
2
+b
2
a +b. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
P = a + 2b
Li gii:
Ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
a + b (a
1
2
)
2
+ (b
1
2
)
2
1
2
Biu thc P c bin i thnh:
P = (a
1
2
) + 2(b
1
2
) +
3
2
_
(a
1
2
) + 2(b
1
2
)
_
2
(1
2
+ 2
2
)
_
(a
1
2
)
2
+ (b
1
2
)
2
_
5
2
T suy ra:
P
3 +
10
2
3 +
10
2
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a; b) =
_
5 +
10
10
;
5 + 2
10
10
_
.
Bi 173. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:
ab + bc + ca + 1
(a + b + c + 1)
2
+
3
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
1
Li gii:
ab + ba + ca + 1
(a + b + c)
2

2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(Hng 1)
Tht vy, bt ng thc trn tng ng vi:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)(a + b + c + abc) + 2abc(ab + bc + ca) + (ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)
4abc(a + b + c) + 3abc
T bt ng thc AM-GM, ta suy ra:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab bc ca)(a + b + c + abc) 0 (1)
(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)
3

3
3
_
(abc)
2
.3
3
abc
3
= 3abc (2)
2abc(ab + bc + ca) +
2(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)
3
4
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
.abc(a + b + c)
3
4
_
3abc(a + b + c)abc(a + b + c)
3
= 4abc(a + b + c) (3)
Cng (1), (2) v (3) v theo v ta c:
ab + ba + ca + 1
(a + b + c)
2

2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(Hng 2)
(ab + bc + ca + 1)
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+ 1
_
(a + b + c + 1)
2
(ab + bc + ca + 1)
_
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c
+ 1
_
(b + c + a + 1)
2
Cng hai bt ng thc ny li theo v, ta thu c:
(ab + bc + ca + 1)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
2(a + b + c + 1)
2
T suy ra:
ab + bc + ca + 1
(a + b + c + 1)
2

2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Nh vy, ta ch cn phi chng minh:
2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
+
3
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
1
Bt ng thc ny li ng theo AM-GM:
2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
+
3
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
=
2abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
+
1
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
+
1
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
+
1
8
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
4
4
abc
256
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
abc
_
3
= 1
Bi 174. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho mn (1 a) (1 b) (1 c) = 8abc.
Chng minh rng:
a + b + c 1
Li gii:
Gi s a b c.V 8abc > 0 nn ta xt 2 trng hp sau:
Trng hp 1: a > 1, b > 1, c < 1. Khi bt ng thc cho hin nhin ng.
Trng hp 2: a < 1, b < 1, c < 1.
Ta c:
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) = 8abc
1 a
a
.
1 b
b
.
1 c
c
= 8
t:
1 a
a
= x,
1 b
b
= x,
1 c
c
= x
T iu kin ta c xyz = 8 v bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh:
1
x + 1
+
1
y + 1
+
1
z + 1
1 x + y + z 6
Bt ng thc trn lun ng theo AM-GM:
x + y + z 3
3
xyz = 6
1
3
.
Bi 175. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
= 3abc. Chng minh rng:
P = 3a + 2b + c +
8
a
+
6
b
+
4
c
Li gii:
P = a +
b
2
+ 2
_
a +
4
a
_
+
3
2
_
b +
4
b
_
+
_
c +
4
c
_
a +
b
2
+ 2 4 +
3
2
4 + 4
=
2a + b
2
+ 18
Mt khc:
3abc = (a
2
+ c
2
) + 2(b
2
+ c
2
) 2ac + 4bc
3ab 2(a + 2b)
3
2

2
a
+
1
b
M theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
2
a
+
1
b

9
2a + b
T suy ra:
2a + b 6
Do :
P
6
2
+ 18 = 21
Bi 176. Cho cc s thc a, b, c ln hn 1 v tha mn iu kin a + b + c = abc.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
P =
a 2
b
2
+
b 2
c
2
+
c 2
a
2
Li gii:
T gi thit, ta c:
a + b + c = abc
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
= 1
Ta bin i biu thc P thnh:
P =
(a 1) + (b 1)
b
2

1
b
+
(b 1) + (c 1)
c
2

1
c
+
(c 1) + (a 1)
a
2

1
a
= (a 1)
_
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
_
+ (b 1)
_
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
_
+ (c 1)
_
1
c
2
+
1
a
2
_
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
P
2(a 1)
ab
+
2(b 1)
bc
+
2(c 1)
ca

_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
=
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
=
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
2
3
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
2 =
3 2
3 2.
3.
Bi 177. Cho x, y, z l s thc thuc on [1; 4] v x y; x z.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
P =
x
2x + 3y
+
y
y + z
+
z
z + x
Li gii:
t a =
y
x
, b =
z
y
, c =
x
z
v t =
bc.Ta c
1
4
a 1, abc = 1 v 1 t 2
Khi :
P =
1
3a + 2
+
1
b + 1
+
1
c + 1
1
b + 1
+
1
c + 1
=
b + c + 2
(b + 1)(c + 1)
= 1 +
1 bc
bc + b + c + 1
1 +
1 bc
bc + 2
bc + 1
=
2
bc + 1
=
2
t + 1
Do :
P
1
3a + 2
+
2
t + 1
=
1
3
t
2
+ 2
+
2
t + 1
=
t
2
2t
2
+ 3
+
2
t + 1
= f(t)
Xt hm f(t) trn on [1; 2], ta thy f
(t) = 2
_
3t
(2t
2
+ 3)
2

1
(1 + t)
2
_
, v
3t(t + 1) (2t
2
+ 3)
t + 3
2
(t + 1) (2t
2
+ 3)
2 + 3
2
(t + 1) (2t
2
+ 3) =
(t 1)(4t 1)
4
0
Do f(t) nghch bin trn on [1; 2].
V vy P f(2) =
34
33
34
33
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (x; y; z) = (4; 1; 2).
Bi 178. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca xyz bit:
8 x
4
16 + x
4
+
8 y
4
16 + y
4
+
8 z
4
16 + z
4
0
Li gii:
Biu thc cho c bin i thnh:
8 x
4
16 + x
4
+
8 y
4
16 + y
4
+
8 z
4
16 + z
4
0
1
16 + x
4
+
1
16 + y
4
+
1
16 + z
4

1
8
T suy ra:
1
16 + x
4

1
8

1
16 + y
4

1
16 + z
4
=
1
16

1
16 + y
4
+
1
16

1
16 + z
4
=
y
4
16(16 + y
4
)
+
z
4
16(16 + z
4
)
y
4
16(16 + y
4
)
+
z
4
16(16 + z
4
)

y
2
z
2
8
_
(16 + y
4
)(16 + z
4
)
(1)
Tng t ta c:
z
4
16(16 + z
4
)
+
x
4
16(16 + x
4
)

z
2
x
2
8
_
(16 + z
4
)(16 + x
4
)
(2)
x
4
16(16 + x
4
)
+
y
4
16(16 + y
4
)

x
2
y
2
8
_
(16 + x
4
)(16 + y
4
)
(3)
Nhn (1), (2) v (3) v theo v ta c:
1
(16 + x
4
)(16 + y
4
)(16 + z
4
)

(xyz)
4
8
3
(16 + x
4
)(16 + y
4
)(16 + z
4
)
(xyz)
4
8
3
4
4
2 xyz 4
4
2
- Vi xyz = 4
4
2 khi v ch khi x = y = z =
4
8 - Vi xyz = 4
4
2 khi v ch khi x = y = z =
4
8
Vy gi tr ln nht ca xyz bng 4
4
2; gi tr nh nht ca xyz bng 4

4
2.
a
2
2a
2
+ bc
+
b
2
2b
2
+ ca
+
c
2
2c
2
+ ab
1
Li gii:
bc
2a
2
+ bc
+
ca
2b
2
+ ca
+
ab
2c
2
+ ab
1
bc
2a
2
+ bc
+
ca
2b
2
+ ca
+
ab
2c
2
+ ab
=
(bc)
2
2a
2
bc + (bc)
2
+
(ca)
2
2ab
2
c + (ca)
2
+
(ab)
2
2abc
2
+ (ab)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(ab)
2
+ (bc)
2
+ (ca)
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c)
= 1
a
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
b
c
2
+ ca + a
2
+
c
a
2
+ ab + b
2

a + b + c
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
a
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
b
c
2
+ ca + a
2
+
c
a
2
+ ab + b
2
=
a
2
ab
2
+ abc + c
2
a
+
b
2
bc
2
+ abc + a
2
b
+
c
2
ca
2
+ abc + b
2
c
(a + b + c)
2
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + 3abc
rng:
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + 3abc = (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
Do :
a
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
b
c
2
+ ca + a
2
+
c
a
2
+ ab + b
2

a + b + c
ab + bc + ca
10 Bi 181 n bi 200
a
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
c
2
+ ca + a
2

a + b + c
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Li gii:
a
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
c
2
+ ca + a
2
=
a
2
a
3
+ a
2
b + ab
2
+
b
2
b
3
+ b
2
c + bc
2
+
c
2
c
3
+ c
2
a + ca
2
(a + b + c)
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
rng:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) = (a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Do :
a
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
c
2
+ ca + a
2

a + b + c
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Bi 182. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tha mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
9
16
xy.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
P = xy + yz + zx
Li gii:
12
5 17
32
x
2
+
12
5 17
32
y
2
12
5 17
16
xy (1)
49 12
5
32
y
2
+
z
2
2

3
5 2
4
yz (2)
49 12
5
32
x
2
+
z
2
2

3
5 2
4
zx (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+
9
16
xy
3
5 2
4
(zy + yz + zx)
Do :
xy + yz + zx
4
3
5 2
=
4(3
5 + 2)
41
4(3
5 + 2)
41
.
_
_
x =
2
41
_
82
15
_
15 + 2
5
_
y =
2
41
_
82
15
_
15 + 2
5
_
z =
_
1
30
_
15 2
5
_
.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
P =
ab
4
ab
+
bc
4
bc
+
ca
4
ca
Li gii:
t a = x
2
, b = y
2
, c = z
2
.
iu kin cho c vit li x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
= 3 v P =
xy
4 xy
+
yz
4 yz
+
zx
4 zx
Ta c:
Q =
P + 3
2
=
2
4 xy
+
2
4 yz
+
2
4 zx
M:
2
4 xy
= 1
2 xy
4 xy
= 1
4 (xy)
2
9 (xy 1)
2
1
4 (xy)
2
9
1
4
9
+
(xy)
2
9
=
5
9
+
(xy)
2
9
Chng minh tng t, ta c:
2
4 yz

5
9
+
(yz)
2
9
2
4 zx

5
9
+
(zx)
2
9
Do :
Q
5
3
+
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
9
Tuy nhin, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta li c:
(x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
)
2
(x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
)
2
= 9
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
3
V vy:
Q
5
3
+
1
3
= 2 hay P 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 1.
Bi 184. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b + c bc
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c + a ca
12
Li gii:
Ta c:
a + b ab = (a + b) (a + b + c) ab = a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
Do :
V T =
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c
2
+ a
2
+ ab + bc + ca
=
(a
2
+ 1) + (b
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
(b
2
+ 1) + (c
2
+ 1)
b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
(c
2
+ 1) + (a
2
+ 1)
c
2
+ a
2
+ ab + bc + ca
=
cyc
_
a
2
+ 1
a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + bc + ca
+
a
2
+ 1
c
2
+ a
2
+ ab + bc + ca
_
cyc
_
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2 (ab + bc + ca)
_
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ (a + b + c)
2
+
4 (b
2
+ 1)
b
2
+ (a + b + c)
2
+
4 (c
2
+ 1)
c
2
+ (a + b + c)
2
4 (a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ 1
+
4 (b
2
+ 1)
b
2
+ 1
+
4 (c
2
+ 1)
c
2
+ 1
= 12
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Bi 185. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
+ a + b + c 6
Li gii:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a

(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca
=
3
ab + bc + ca
+ 2
Ta cn chng minh:
3
ab + bc + ca
+ a + b + c 4
t t = a + b + c > 0, bt ng thc tr thnh:
6
t
2
3
+ t 4
Tng ng (t 3)
2
(t + 2) 0 (lun ng)
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
Bi 186. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
= 1. Tm GTNN ca
P =
b + c
a
2
+
c + a
b
2
+
a + b
c
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
Khi gi thit c vit li l
x + y + z = 1
v
P =
x
2
(y + z)
yz
+
y
2
(x + z)
xz
+
z
2
(x + y)
xy
xy
1
4
(x + y)
2
yz
1
1
4(y + z)
2
xz
1
4
(x + z)
2
Do ta c
P
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
P =
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y

(x + y + z)
2
2(x + y + z)
=
x + y + z
2
=
1
2
1
3
a = b = c = 3.
Cch 2.
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
, x + y + z = 1
Khi :
P = x
2
_
1
y
+
1
z
_
+ y
2
_
1
z
+
1
x
_
+ z
2
_
1
x
+
1
y
_
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
_
x
y + z

y + z +
y
z + x

z + x +
z
x + y

x + y
_
2
2
_
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y
_
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y

1
2
(x + y + z)
2
=
1
2
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
x
2
_
1
y
+
1
z
_
=
x
2
y + z
(y + z)
_
1
y
+
1
z
_
4x
2
y + z
Do :
P 4
_
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y
_
= 2
1
3
, hay a = b = c = 3.
Bi 187. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn: a + b + c = 0 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
3 + 4
a
+
3 + 4
b
+
3 + 4
c
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
3 + 4
a
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 4
a
4
4
4
a
3 + 4
a
2
8
4
a
Do :
P 2.3
3
_
8
4
a
.4
b
.4
c
= 6
24
4
a+b+c
= 6
Cch 2.
P =
3 + 4
a
+
_
3 + 4
b
+
3 + 4
c
Minkovski
_
_
3 +
3 +
3
_
2
+ (2
a
+ 2
b
+ 2
c
)
2
AMGM
_
27 + 9(
3
2
a+b+c
)
2
= 6
Cch 3.
4
x
+ 3
_
1
2
ln 2
_
x + 2 vi x R.
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
1
1 ab
+
1
1 bc
+
1
1 ca

27
8
Li gii:
Ta c
a + b + c = p = 1, ab + bc + ca = q, abc = r q
1
3
; r
1
27
()
BDT
3 2(ab + bc + ca) + abc(a + b + c)
1 (ab + bc + ca) + abc(a + b + c) a
2
b
2
c
2

27
8
3 2q + r
1 q + r r
2

27
8
3 + 19r 11q 27r
2
0 (1)
Ta lun c:
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) abc (1 2c)(1 2b)(1 2a) abc 4q 1 + 9r (2)
T (1); (2) 11(1 + 9r) 4(3 + 19r 27r
2
) (1 27r) + 4r(1 27r) 0 (lun ng do ())
Vy bt ng thc cho ng!
Bi 189. Chng minh rng nu0 y x 1 th:
x
y y
x
1
4
Cch 1.
V 0 x 1 nn

x x
2
Ta c:
y
x +
1
4
yx
2
+
1
4
2
_
1
4
.x
2
y = x
y
Do : x
y y
x
1
4
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (x; y) = (1;
1
4
)
Cch 2.
Ta c:
x
y y
x =

x.
y(
y)
AMGM

x.
_
y +
y
2
_
2
x
4

1
4
ng thc xy ra khi
_
x = 1
y =

x
_
_
_
x = 1
y =
1
4
_
1 +
2a
b
_
2
+
_
1 +
2b
c
_
2
+
_
1 +
2c
a
_
2
9(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
3
V T =
_
1 +
2a
b
_
2
+
_
1 +
2b
c
_
2
+
_
1 +
2c
a
_
2
= 3 + 4
_
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
_
+ 4
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
=
_
1 +
a
2
b
2
_
+
_
1 +
b
2
c
2
_
+
_
1 +
c
2
a
2
_
+ 3
_
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
c
2
+
c
2
a
2
_
+ 4
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
+
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
+ 4
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
+ 3
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
+ 4
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
= 9
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
9(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca
Cch 2.
Ta c
V T =
_
1 +
2a
b
_
2
+
_
1 +
2b
c
_
2
+
_
1 +
2c
a
_
2
1
3
_
3 + 2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
__
2
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)
2
(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ca

a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
nn ta cn chng minh
_
3 + 2
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
__
2
27
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
t t =
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
(t 3), th bt ng thc tr thnh:
(3 + 2t)
2
27t
(t 3)(4t 3) 0
(lun ng do t 3)
Bi 191. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a + b
a + b + c
+
b + c
b + c + 4a
+
c + a
a + c + 16b
Li gii:
t
_
_
x = a + b + c
y = b + c + 4a
z = c + a + 16b
Khi ta c
_
_
a =
y x
3
b =
z x
15
c =
21x 5y z
15
v
P =
6x + 5y + z
15x
+
20x 5y
15y
+
16x z
15z
=
4
5
+
y
3x
+
4x
3y
+
z
15x
+
16x
15z
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
y
3x
+
4x
3y

4
3
z
15x
+
16x
15z

8
15
nn ta suy ra
P
4
5
+
4
3
+
8
15
=
16
15
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
_
_
y
3x
=
4x
3y
z
15x
=
16x
15z
_
a =
5
7
c
b =
3
7
c
ab
1 c
2
+
bc
1 a
2
+
ca
1 b
2

3
8
Li gii:
Ta c
1 c
2
= (a + b + c)
2
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
AMGM
2(ab + bc) + 2(ab + ac)
1
2(ab + bc) + 2(ab + ac)

1
4
_
1
2(ab + bc)
+
1
2(ab + ac)
_
Do
ab
1 c
2

ab
2(ab + bc) + 2(ab + ac)

1
8
_
ab
ab + bc
+
ab
ab + ac
_
Tng t ta cng c
bc
1 a
2

1
8
_
bc
bc + ac
+
bc
bc + ab
_
ac
1 b
2

1
8
_
ac
ac + ab
+
ac
ac + bc
_
Cng li th ta c
ab
1 c
2
+
bc
1 a
2
+
ac
1 b
2

1
8
cyc
_
ab
ab + bc
+
bc
ab + bc
_
=
3
8
1
3
.
Bi 193. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
b
3
+ 8
+
b
2
c
3
+ 8
+
c
2
a
3
+ 8
1
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM th ta c
b
3
+ 8 =
_
(b + 2)(b
2
2b + 4)
1
2
(b
2
b + 6)
Tng t th ta cng c
c
3
+ 8
1
2
(c
2
c + 6)
a
3
+ 8
1
2
(a
2
a + 6)
Do
a
2
b
3
+ 8
+
b
2
c
3
+ 8
+
c
2
a
3
+ 8
2a
2
b
2
b + 6
+
2b
2
c
2
c + 6
+
2c
2
a
2
a + 6
a
2
b
2
b + 6
+
b
2
c
2
c + 6
+
c
2
a
2
a + 6

(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c) + 18
Do , ta cn chng minh
2(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c) + 18
1
2(a + b + c)
2
(a + b + c)
2
(a + b + c) + 12
(a + b + c)
2
+ (a + b + c) 12 0
M iu trn th lun ng bi v
a + b + c
_
3(ab + bc + ca) = 3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a=b=c=1.
Bi 194. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng . Chng minh rng:
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z

x
2
+ 2010y
2
x
3
+ 2010y
3
+
y
2
+ 2010z
2
y
3
+ 2010z
3
+
z
2
+ 2010x
2
z
3
+ 2010x
3
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc Holder th ta c
(x
3
+ 2010y
3
)
2
(1 + 2010) (x
2
+ 2010y
2
)
3
(x
2
+ 2010y
2
)(1 + 2010) (x + 2010y)
2
Do ta c
2011
2
(x
3
+ 2010y
3
)
2
(x
2
+ 2010y
2
) (x
2
+ 2010y
2
)
3
(x + 2010y)
2
x
2
+ 2010y
2
x
3
+ 2010y
3

2011
x + 2010y
(1)
Tng t th ta cng c
y
2
+ 2010z
2
y
3
+ 2010z
3

2011
y + 2010z
(2)
z
2
+ 2010x
2
z
3
+ 2010x
3

2011
z + 2010x
(3)
Cng (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c
cyc
x
2
+ 2010y
2
x
3
+ 2010y
3

2011
x + 2010y
+
2011
y + 2010z
+
2011
z + 2010x
(4)
Mc khc, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
2010.
1
x
+
1
y

2011
2
2010x + y
2010.
1
y
+
1
z

2011
2
2010y + z
2010.
1
z
+
1
x

2011
2
2010z + x
Cng li ta c
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z

2011
2010x + y
+
2011
2010y + z
+
2011
2010z + x
(5)
T (4), (5) ta c
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z

x
2
+ 2010y
2
x
3
+ 2010y
3
+
y
2
+ 2010z
2
y
3
+ 2010z
3
+
z
2
+ 2010x
2
z
3
+ 2010x
3
Bi 195. Cho a,b,c, d l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c + d = 4. Chng minh rng:
1,
a
1 + b
2
c
+
b
1 + c
2
d
+
c
1 + d
2
a
+
d
1 + a
2
b
2
2,
a + 1
b
2
+ 1
+
b + 1
c
2
+ 1
+
c + 1
d
2
+ 1
+
d + 1
a
2
+ 1
4
Li gii:
Cch 1.
a
1 + b
2
c
= a
ab
2
c
1 + b
2
c
a
ab
2
c
2b
c
= a
1
2
b
a ac a
1
4
b(a + ac) = a
1
4
(ab + abc)
Tng t ta c
b
1 + c
2
d
b
1
4
(bc + bcd)
c
1 + d
2
a
c
1
4
(cd + cda)
c
1 + d
2
a
d
1
4
(da + dab)
Cng li ta c
cyc
a
1 + b
2
c
(a + b + c + d)
1
4
(ab + bc + cd + da)
1
4
(abc + bcd + cda + adb)
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM th ta c
ab + bc + cd + da = (a + c)(b + d)
1
4
(a + b + c + d)
2
= 4
abc + bcd + cda + adb
= ab(c + d) + cd(a + b)
1
4
(a + b)
2
(c + d) +
1
4
(c + d)
2
(a + b)
=
1
4
(a + b)(c + d)(a + b + c + d)
1
16
(a + b + c + d)
3
= 4
Do ta c
a
1 + b
2
c
+
b
1 + c
2
d
+
c
1 + d
2
a
+
d
1 + a
2
b
4
1
4
4
1
4
4 = 2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1.
Cch 1.
a + 1
b
2
+ 1
= (a + 1)
(a + 1)b
2
b
2
+ 1
a + 1
(ab + b)b
2b
= a + 1
1
2
(ab + b)
Tng t ta c
b + 1
c
2
+ 1
b + 1
1
2
(bc + c)
c + 1
d
2
+ 1
c + 1
1
2
(cd + d)
d + 1
a
2
+ 1
d + 1
1
2
(ad + a)
Cng li ta c
cyc
a + 1
b
2
+ 1
(a + b + c + d) + 4
1
2
(a + b + c + d)
1
2
(ab + bc + cd + da)
=
1
2
(a + b + c + d) + 4
1
2
(ab + bc + cd + da)
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM ta li c
ab + bc + cd + da = (a + c)(b + d)
1
4
(a + b + c + d)
2
= 4
nn suy ra
cyc
a + 1
b
2
+ 1

1
2
4 + 4
1
2
4 = 4
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d = 1.
Bi 196. Cho a,b,c, d l cc s thc dng tha mn
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
= 2. Chng minh rng:
1
a + 3b
+
1
b + 3c
+
1
c + 3a
1
Li gii:
a + 3b = a + b + b + b 4
4
ab
3
T suy ra
1
a + 3b
1
2.
_
4
ab.
4
b
2
1
4
_
1
4
ab
+
1
4
b
2
_
1
8
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
2
b
_
=
1
8
_
1
a
+
3
b
_
Tng t ta c
1
b + 3c
1
8
_
1
b
+
3
c
_
1
c + 3a
1
8
_
1
c
+
3
a
_
Cng li ta c
cyc
1
a + 3b
1
8
cyc
_
1
a
+
3
b
_
=
1
8
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
= 1
_
_
_
a = b = c
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
= 2
a = b = c =
9
4
.
Bi 197. Cho a,b,c, d l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ ac + a
2

a + b + c
3
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c
3a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
2a b (1)
Tht vy
(1) 3a
3
(2a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
(a b)
2
(a + b) 0 (lun ng)
Tng t ta c
3b
3
b
2
+ bc + c
2
2b c
3c
3
c
2
+ ac + a
2
2c a
Cng li ta c
a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
+
b
3
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
c
3
c
2
+ ac + a
2

1
3
(2a b + 2b c + 2c a) =
a + b + c
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c
Cch 2.
V T =
cyc
a
4
a(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
cyc
(a(a
2
+ ab + b
2
))
Ta c hng ng thc
cyc
_
a(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
_
= (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
v theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th ta c
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
Do ta c
V T
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a + b + c

a + b + c
3
Cch 3.
Ta c
a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2

b
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
= a b
nn ta c
cyc
a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2

cyc
b
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
= (a b) + (b c) + (c a) = 0
cyc
a
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
=
cyc
b
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
T suy ra
2V T =
cyc
a
3
+ b
3
a
2
+ ab + b
2
M ta li c
a
3
+ b
3
1
3
(a + b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
(a + b)(a b)
2
0 (lun ng)
Do
2V T
1
3
cyc
(a + b) =
2(a + b + c)
3
V T
a + b + c
3
Bi 198. Cho a,b,c, d l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
a
2
a + b
+
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a
+
1
2
(
ab +
bc +
ca) a + b + c
Li gii:
1
2
(
ab +
bc +
ca)
_
a
a
2
a + b
_
+
_
b
b
2
b + c
_
+
_
c
c
2
c + a
_
1
2
(
ab +
bc +
ca)
cyc
ab
a + b
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc AM-GM th
ab
a + b

ab
2
ab
=
ab
2
Tng t ta cng c
bc
b + c

ab
2
ca
c + a

ac
2
Cng li th ta c
1
2
(
ab +
bc +
ca)
cyc
ab
a + b
Bi 199. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn xy + yz + zx = 3xyz. Chng minh rng:
y
2
xy
2
+ 2x
2
+
x
2
zx
2
+ 2z
2
+
z
2
yz
2
+ 2y
2
1
Li gii:
t a =
1
x
, b =
1
y
, c =
1
z
Khi iu kin c vit li l
_
_
_
a, b, c > 0
a + b + c = 3
v bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
a
2
a + 2b
2
+
b
2
b + 2c
2
+
c
2
c + 2a
2
1
a
2
a + 2b
2
= a
2ab
2
a + b
2
+ b
2
a
2ab
2
3
3
ab
4
= a
2
3

3
ab ab 1 a
2
9
(2ab + 1)
Tng t ta cng c
b
2
b + 2c
2
b
2
9
(2bc + 1)
c
2
c + 2a
2
c
2
9
(2ac + 1)
Cng li ta c
a
2
a + 2b
2
+
b
2
b + 2c
2
+
c
2
c + 2a
2
(a + b + c)
4
9
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3
M theo ta li c
ab + bc + ca
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
= 3
Suy ra
a
2
a + 2b
2
+
b
2
b + 2c
2
+
c
2
c + 2a
2
3
4
9

2
3

2
3
= 1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 x = y = z =
1
3
.
Bi 200. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng ln hn 1 tha mn xy + yz + zx 2xyz.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = (x 1)(y 1)(z 1)
Li gii:
T gi thit ta suy ra
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
2
Do ta c
_
_
1
x

y 1
y
+
z 1
x
2
_
y 1
y

z 1
x
1
y

z 1
z
+
x 1
x
2
_
z 1
z

x 1
x
1
z

x 1
x
+
y 1
y
2
_
x 1
x

y 1
y
Suy ra
1
xyz
8
_
y 1
y

z 1
x

z 1
z

x 1
x

x 1
x

y 1
y
(x 1)(y 1)(z 1)
1
8
Vy Max P =
1
8

_
_
_
x = y = z
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
= 2
x = y = z =
3
2
11 Bi 201 n bi 220
2
+y
2
+z
2
= 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = xy + yz + zx +
5
x + y + z
Li gii:
Ta c
2P + 3 = (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2(xy + yz + zx)) +
10
x + y + z
= (x + y + z)
2
+
10
x + y + z
t t = x + y + z th ta c
_
_
_
t
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3
t >
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
3
t (
3; 3]
v
2P + 3 = f(t) = t
2
+
10
t
(t (
3; 3])
Ta c
f
(t) =
2(t
3
5)
t
2
> 0 t (
3; 3]
Suy ra hm s f(t) ng bin t (
3; 3]
f(t) f(3) =
37
3
Hay P
14
3
. Vy Max P =
14
3

_
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3
x + y + z = 3
x, y, z > 0
x = y = z = 1.
Bi 202. Cho a, b [0; 1]. Chng minh rng:
1
1 + a + b
1
a + b
2
+
ab
3
Li gii:
Bng php quy ng ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
6 6(1 + a + b) 3(a + b)(1 + a + b) + 2ab(1 + a + b)
a(1 a)(3 2b) + b(1 b)(3 2a) 0(lun ng do a, b [0; 1] )
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
a
2
b
2
c
2
.
Tm GTNN ca:
A =
a
2
b
2
c
3
(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
b
2
c
2
a
3
(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
a
2
c
2
b
3
(a
2
+ c
2
)
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
Khi iu kin c vit li l
_
_
_
x, y, z > 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
1
v
A =
cyc
x
3
y
2
+ z
2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz ta c
A =
cyc
x
4
x(y
2
+ z
2
)

(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
cyc
(x(y
2
+ z
2
))
x(y
2
+ z
2
) =
1
2
_
2x
2
(y
2
+ z
2
) (y
2
+ z
2
)
_
2x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
3
_
3
=
2
3
9
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Tng t ta cng c
y(x
2
+ z
2
)
2
3
9
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
z(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
3
9
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Do
A
3
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
=
3
2
Vy Max A =
3
2

_
_
_
x = y = z
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1
x = y = z =
1
3
a = b = c =
3
Bi 204. Cho a, b l cc s khng m tha mn a
2
+ b
2
= 4. Chng minh rng:
ab
a + b + 2

2 1
Li gii:
Ta c
ab
a + b + 2
=
(a + b)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2(a + b + 2)
=
(a + b)
2
4
2(a + b + 2)
=
a + b 2
2
(1)
Li c
a + b
_
2(a
2
+ b
2
) = 2
2
nn ta c
a + b 2
2

2
2 2
2
=
2 1 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
_
_
_
a = b
a
2
+ b
2
= 4
a = b =
2
Bi 205. Cho a, b, c, d, e [0; 1]. Chng minh rng:
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c
3abc
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
(a 1)
2
0 a(2 a) 1
1
2 a
a (do a [0; 1])
Tng t ta cng c
1
2 b
b
1
2 c
c
Suy ra
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c
a + b + c (1)
M ta li c a, b, c [0; 1] a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3 nn kt hp vi bt ng thc AM-GM th ta c
3(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(a + b + c) 3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
3
3
abc = 3abc
a + b + c 3abc (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c
3abc (pcm)
Bi 206. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + a + b = 3. Chng minh rng:
3a
b + 1
+
3b
a + 1
+
ab
a + b
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
Li gii:
T gi thit ta suy ra
_
_
_
ab = 3 (a + b)
3 (a + b) = ab
(a + b)
2
4
a + b 2
Ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
3((a + b)
2
2ab) + 3(a + b)
ab + a + b + 1
+
3 (a + b)
a + b
(a + b)
2
2ab +
3
2
3(a + b)
2
6(3 (a + b)) + 3(a + b)
4
+
3 (a + b)
a + b
(a + b)
2
2(3 (a + b)) +
3
2
t t = a + b(2 t 3) th ta cn chng minh
3t
2
+ 9t 18
4
+
3 t
t
t
2
+ 2t
9
2
3t
3
+ 9t
2
18t + 12 4t 4t
3
+ 8t
2
18t
(t 2)(t
2
+ t + 6) 0 (lun ng do t 2 )
Vy bt ng thc cho ng.
_
_
_
a + b = 2
ab = 1
a = b = 1.
Bi 207. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c =
bc
3a
. Chng minh rng:
a
2
3 3
6
(b + c)
Li gii:
Ta c
a + b + c =
bc
3a

(b + c)
2
12a
Suy ra
12a
2
+ 12a(b + c) (b + c)
2
0
12
_
a
b + c
_
2
+ 12
_
a
b + c
_
1 0
_
a
b + c
+
3 + 2
3
6
__
a
b + c

2
3 3
6
_
0
a
b + c

2
3 3
6
a
2
3 3
6
(b + c)(pcm)
_
_
b = c
a =
(2
3 3)b
3
.
Bi 208. Cho a b > 0. Chng minh rng:
_
2
a
+
1
2
a
_
b
_
2
b
+
1
2
b
_
a
Li gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
(1 + 4
a
)
b
(1 + 4
b
)
a
ln(1 + 4
a
)
a

ln(1 + 4
b
)
b
Xt hm f(x) =
ln(1 + 4
x
)
x
vi x > 0. Ta c:
f
(x) =
4
x
. ln 4
x
(1 + 4
x
) ln(1 + 4
x
)
x
2
(1 + 4
x
)
< 0
Suy ra f(x) nghch bin trn khong (0; +)
Do f(x) nghch bin trn (0; +) v a b > 0 nn f(a) f(b) v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 209. Cho x, y l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y 4. Tm GTNN ca
A =
3x
2
+ 4
4x
+
y
3
+ 2
y
2
Li gii:
Ta c
A =
3
4
x +
1
x
+
2
y
2
+ y
=
_
x
4
+
1
x
_
+
_
x
2
+
y
2
_
+
_
2
y
2
+
y
4
+
y
4
_
x
4
+
1
x
2
_
x
4

1
x
= 1
2
y
2
+
y
4
+
y
4
3
3
_
2
y
2

y
4

y
4
=
3
2
Do ta c
A 1 + 2 +
3
2
=
9
2
_
_
x
4
=
1
x
x + y = 4
2
y
2
=
y
4
_
_
_
x = 2
y = 2
Bi 210. Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s
y =
2
1 x + 4
x +
1 x + 2
Li gii:
Ta c
y 2 =
3
1 x
x +
1 x + 2
0
Suy ra
Vy Max y = 2 x = 1
Mt khc, ta c
y 1 =
x + 2(1
1 x)
x +
1 x + 2
0
Suy ra
Vy Min y = 1 x = 0
Bi 211. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a
2
1 + ab + bc
+
b
2
1 + bc + ca
+
c
2
1 + ca + ab
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz ta c
a
2
1 + ab + bc
+
b
2
1 + bc + ca
+
c
2
1 + ca + ab

(a + b + c)
2
3 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
=
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
= 1
Vy Min
_
a
2
1 + ab + bc
+
b
2
1 + bc + ca
+
c
2
1 + ca + ab
_
= 1 a = b = c = 1
Bi 212. Cho a,b,c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng:
(ab + bc + ca)
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
(b c)
2
+
1
(c a)
2
_
4
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s a b c, khi ta c
ab + bc + ca ab,
1
(b c)
2

1
b
2
,
1
(c a)
2

1
a
2
Do ta c
V T ab
_
1
(a b)
2
+
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
_
ab
(a b)
2
+
a
b
+
b
a
=
ab
(a b)
2
+
(a b)
2
ab
+ 2
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
ab
(a b)
2
+
(a b)
2
ab
2
Suy ra
V T 2 + 2 = 4
_
_
_
c = 0
(a b)
2
= ab
_
c = 0
a =
3 +
5
2
b
Bi 213. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
1
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3
+
1
y
2
+ 2z
2
+ 3
+
1
z
2
+ 2x
2
+ 3

1
2
Li gii:
x
2
+ y
2
2xy
y
2
+ 1 2y
Suy ra
1
x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 3

1
2xy + 2y + 2
Tng t ta cng c
1
y
2
+ 2z
2
+ 3

1
2yz + 2z + 2
1
z
2
+ 2x
2
+ 3

1
2xz + 2x + 2
Do ta c
V T
1
2
_
1
xy + y + 1
+
1
yz + z + 1
+
1
zx + x + 1
_
Mt khc, do xyz = 1 nn ta c
1
xy + y + 1
+
1
yz + z + 1
+
1
zx + x + 1
=
1
xy + y + 1
+
y
xy + y + 1
+
xy
xy + y + 1
=
xy + y + 1
xy + y + 1
= 1
Suy ra V T
1
2
Bi 214. Cho x, y l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
P =
x
3
x
3
+ 8y
3
+
4y
3
y
3
+ (x + y)
3
Li gii:
Do x > 0 nn ta c
P =
_
1
1 +
8y
3
x
3
+
_
4
1 +
_
x
y
+ 1
_
3
t t =
y
x
(t > 0) th ta c
P =
_
1
1 + 8t
3
+
4
1 + (
1
t
+ 1)
3
1 + 8t
3
= (1 + 2t)(4t
2
2t + 1)
1
4
(4t
2
+ 2)
2
= (2t
2
+ 1)
2
_
1
1 + 8t
3

1
2t
2
+ 1
(1)
Ta s chng minh
_
4
1 + (
1
t
+ 1)
3
2t
2
2t
2
+ 1
(2)
Tht vy, ta c
(2) (2t
2
+ 1)
2
t
4
+ t(t + 1)
3
(t 1)
2
(2t
2
+ t + 1) 0(lun ng)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra
P
1
2t
2
+ 1
+
2t
2
2t
2
+ 1
= 1
Vy Min P = 1, ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
_
1 + 2t = 4t
2
2t + 1
t = 1
t = 1 x = y
Bi 215. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: a + b + c = 3 v lm cho biu thc T lun
xc nh. Tm GTLN ca:
T =
a
2
+ a 1 +
b
2
+ b 1 +
c
2
+ c 1
Li gii:
Biu thc T c ngha khi v ch khi
a, b, c
5 1
2
Ta c:
a
2
+ a 1 =
_
(3a 1)
2
4

5(a 1)
2
4

3a 1
2
Tng t ra c
b
2
+ b 1
3b 1
2
c
2
+ c 1
3c 1
2
Suy ra
T
3(a + b + c) 3
2
= 3
Vy Max T = 3 x = y = z = 1.
Bi 216. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: ab + bc + ca = 5. Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P =
3a + 3b + 2c
_
6(a
2
+ 5) +
_
6(b
2
+ 5) +
c
2
+ 5
Li gii:
T gi thit ab + bc + ca = 5 v theo bt ng thc AM-GM th ta c
2
_
6(a
2
+ 5) + 2
_
6(b
2
+ 5) + 2
c
2
+ 5
= 2
_
6(a + b)(a + c) + 2
_
6(b + a)(b + c) + 2
_
(c + a)(c + b)
= 2
_
(3a + 3b)(2a + 2c) + 2
_
(3b + 3a)(2b + 2c) + 2
_
(c + a)(c + b)
3a + 3b + 2a + 2c + 3b + 3a + 2b + 2c + c + a + c + b
= 3(3a + 3b + 2c)
Do
P =
3a + 3b + 2c
_
6(a
2
+ 5) +
_
6(b
2
+ 5) +
c
2
+ 5
2
3
Suy ra Min P = 1.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1, c = 2.
Bi 217. Cho cc s thc dng x, y tha mn: 2x + 3y = 5. Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P =
_
(1 + x
2
)(1 + y
2
) 1
2y
+
_
(1 + x
3
)(1 + y
3
) 1
3x
2
Li gii:
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz th ta c
P =
_
(1 + x
2
)(1 + y
2
) 1
2y
+
_
(1 + x
3
)(1 + y
3
) 1
3x
2
1 + xy 1
2y
+
1 +
_
x
3
y
3
1
3x
2
=
x
2
+
y
y
3
x
=
x
3
+
_
x
6
+
y
y
6
x
+
y
y
6
x
_
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
x
6
+
y
y
6
x
+
y
y
6
x
3
3
x
6

y
y
6
x

y
y
6
x
=
y
2
Suy ra
P
x
3
+
y
2
=
2x + 3y
6
=
5
6
Vy GTNN ca P =
5
6

_
_
x = y
x
6
=
y
y
6
x
2x + 3y = 5
x = y = 1.
Bi 218. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: abc = 1. Tm GTLN ca biu thc
P =
ab
a + b + ab
+
bc
b + c + bc
+
ca
c + a + ab
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
3
, y =
1
b
3
, z =
1
c
3
Ta c iu kin cho c vit li thnh
_
_
_
xyz = 1
x, y, z > 0
v
P =
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1
+
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1
+
1
x
3
+ z
3
+ 1
Ta li c x
3
+ y
3
xy(x + y) (x y)
2
(x + y) 0(lun ng)
Do ta c
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1

1
xy(x + y) + xyz
=
z
x + y + z
Tng t ta c
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1

x
x + y + z
1
x
3
+ z
3
+ 1

y
x + y + z
Suy ra
P
x
x + y + z
+
y
x + y + z
+
z
x + y + z
= 1
Vy Max P = 1, ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b = c = 1.
Bi 219. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: ab + bc + ca = 3. Chng minh rng:
1
1 + a
2
(b + c)
+
1
1 + b
2
(a + c)
+
1
1 + c
2
(a + b)

1
abc
Li gii:
abc =
ab bc ac
_
ab + bc + ca
3
_
3
= 1
Suy ra
V T =
1
1 + a
2
(b + c)
+
1
1 + b
2
(a + c)
+
1
1 + c
2
(a + b)
1
abc + a
2
(b + c)
+
1
abc + b
2
(a + c)
+
1
abc + c
2
(a + b)
=
1
ab + bc + ca
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
=
1
ab + bc + ca

ab + bc + ca
abc
=
1
abc
_
_
_
ab = bc = ca
ab + bc + ca = 3
a = b = c = 1
Bi 220. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: a + b + c 2. Chng minh rng:
1
a
2
+ bc
+
1
b
2
+ ac
+
1
c
2
+ ab

1
abc
Li gii:
V T
1
2a
bc
+
1
2b
ac
+
1
2c
ab
=
ab +
bc +
ac
2abc
S dng AM-GM ta c
ab +
bc +
ac
1
2
(a + b) +
1
2
(b + c) +
1
2
(a + c) = a + b + c 2
Do
V T
2
2abc
=
1
abc
(pcm)
_
_
_
a = b = c
a + b + c = 2
a = b = c =
2
3
.
12 Bi 221 n bi 240
Bi 221. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn: a + b + c =
3
4
. Tm GTNN ca:
P =
1
3
a + 3b
+
1
3
b + 3b
+
1
3
c + 3a
Li gii:
P =
1
3
a + 3b
+
1
3
b + 3b
+
1
3
c + 3a
1
a + 3b + 1 + 1
3
+
1
b + 3c + 1 + 1
3
+
1
c + 3a + 1 + 1
3
=
3
a + 3b + 2
+
3
b + 3c + 2
+
3
c + 3a + 2
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz ta c
1
a + 3b + 2
+
1
b + 3c + 2
+
1
c + 3a + 2

9
4(a + b + c) + 6
=
9
3 + 6
= 1
Suy ra P 3
Vy Min P = 3
_
_
_
a + b + c =
3
4
a = b = c
a = b = c =
1
4
.
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1
+
2
(b + 1)
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1
1
Li gii:
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1 = a
2
+ b
2
+ 2a + 2 2(ab + a + 1)
Suy ra:
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1

1
ab + a + 1
Tng t:
2
(b + 1)
2
+ c
2
+ 1

1
bc + b + 1
2
(c + 1)
2
+ a
2
+ 1

1
ca + c + 1
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn, ta c:
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1
+
2
(b + 1)
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1

1
ab + a + 1
+
1
bc + b + 1
+
1
ca + c + 1
T iu kin abc = 1, ta c:
1
ab + a + 1
+
1
bc + b + 1
+
1
ca + c + 1
=
1
ab + a + 1
+
a
abc + ab + a
+
ab
a
2
bc + abc + ab
=
1
ab + a + 1
+
a
ab + a + 1
+
ab
ab + a + 1
= 1
Do :
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1
+
2
(b + 1)
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
2
(a + 1)
2
+ b
2
+ 1
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 223. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
3a
b + c
+
4b
c + a
+
5c
a + b
Li gii:
Cng hai v ca biu thc P vi 12, ta c:
P + 12 = (a + b + c)
_
3
b + c
+
4
c + a
+
5
a + b
_
3
b + c
+
4
c + a
+
5
a + b

(
3 + 2 +
5)
2
a + b + c
Do :
P + 12 (a + b + c)
(
3 + 2 +
5)
2
a + b + c
P (
3 + 2 +
5)
2
12
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P bng (
3 + 2 +
5)
2
12.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi:
b + c
3
=
c + a
2
=
a + b
5
.
P =
1
a
2
a + 3
+
1
b
2
b + 3
+
1
c
2
c + 3
Li gii:
u tin ta chng minh:
1
a
2
a + 3

4 a
9
, a (0; 3) (*)
Tht vy:
(*) 9 (4 a)(a
2
a + 3) (a 3)(a 1)
2
0
Biu thc trn lun ng a (0; 3)
Tng t, ta c:
1
b
2
b + 3

4 b
9
1
c
2
c + 3

4 c
9
1
a
2
a + 3
+
1
b
2
b + 3
+
1
c
2
c + 3

12 a b c
9
= 1
ab +
bc +
ca = 1.
Chng minh rng:
a
2
a + b
+
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a

1
2
Li gii:
a
2
a + b
+
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a

(a + b + c)
2
2(a + b + c)
=
a + b + c
2
(1)
a + b + c =
a + b
2
+
b + c
2
+
c + a
2

ab +
bc +
ca = 1
(2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
a
2
a + b
+
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a

1
2
Bi 226. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1. Chng minh rng:
3
_
1
a
+ 6b +
3
_
1
b
+ 6c +
3
_
1
c
+ 6a
1
abc
Li gii:
3
_
1
a
+ 6b =
3
3
_
3.9bc.(1 + 6ab)
9
3
abc
4 + 9bc + 6ab
9
3
abc
Tng t:
3
_
1
b
+ 6c
4 + 9ca + 6bc
9
3
abc
3
_
1
c
+ 6a
4 + 9ab + 6ca
9
3
abc
3
_
1
a
+ 6b +
3
_
1
b
+ 6c +
3
_
1
c
+ 6a
12 + 15(ab + bc + ca)
9
3
abc
=
3
3
abc
(1)
T iu kin ab + bc + ca = 1 v bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c:
1 = ab + bc + ca 3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
3
3
abc
1
abc
(2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
3
_
1
a
+ 6b +
3
_
1
b
+ 6c +
3
_
1
c
+ 6a
1
abc
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =
3
3
.
Bi 227. Cho a, b, c [0, 1] v a + b + c = 0. Chng minh rng:
1
ab + 1
+
1
bc + 1
+
1
ca + 1

5
a + b + c
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s 1 a b c 0.
Ta c:
c
ab + 1
+
a
bc + 1
+
b
ca + 1

a + b + c
bc + 1

1 + b + c + (1 b)(1 c) + bc
bc + 1
= 2 (1)
Mt khc:
a + b
ab + 1
+
b + c
bc + 1
+
c + a
ca + 1
=
_
a + b
ab + 1
1
_
+
_
b + c
bc + 1
1
_
+
_
c + a
ca + 1
1
_
+ 3
=
(1 a)(1 b)
ab + 1

(1 b)(1 c)
bc + 1

(1 c)(1 a)
ca + 1
+ 3
3 (2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c:
a + b + c
ab + 1
+
a + b + c
bc + 1
+
a + b + c
ca + 1
5
1
ab + 1
+
1
bc + 1
+
1
ca + 1

5
a + b + c
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1, c = 0 v cc hon v.
1
1 a
+
1
1 b
+
1
1 c

2
1 + a
+
2
1 + b
+
2
1 + c
Li gii:
p dng bt ng quen thuc
1
x
+
1
y

4
x + y
, ta c:
1
1 a
+
1
1 b

4
2 a b
=
4
1 + c
Tng t:
1
1 b
+
1
1 c

4
1 + a
1
1 c
+
1
1 a

4
1 + b
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn,ta c:
2
_
1
1 a
+
1
1 b
+
1
1 c
_
4
_
1
1 + a
+
1
1 + b
+
1
1 + c
_
1
1 a
+
1
1 b
+
1
1 c

2
1 + a
+
2
1 + b
+
2
1 + c
1
3
.
a
2
+ 3ab
a + b
+
b
2
+ 3bc
b + c
+
c
2
+ 3ca
c + a
2
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc 4xy (x + y)
2
, ta c:
a
2
+ 3ab
a + b
= a +
2ab
a + b
a +
1
2
(a + b)
Tng t:
b
2
+ 3bc
b + c
b +
1
2
(b + c)
c
2
+ 3ca
c + a
c +
1
2
(c + a)
a
2
+ 3ab
a + b
+
b
2
+ 3bc
b + c
+
c
2
+ 3ca
c + a
2(a + b + c) = 2
1
3
.
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
+
b
3
b
3
+ (c + a)
3
+
c
3
c
3
+ (a + b)
3
1
Li gii:
Vi mi s thc x dng, ta c:
4(1 + x
3
) = 4(1 + x)(1 x + x
2
) (2 + x
2
)
2
p dng bt ng thc trn v bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
4
_
1 +
_
b + c
a
_
3
_
_
2 +
_
b + c
a
_
2
_
2
_
2 +
2(b
2
+ c
2
)
a
2
_
2
4
_
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
a
3
_
4
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a
2
_
2
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3

a
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Tng t:
b
3
b
3
+ (c + a)
3

b
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
c
3
c
3
+ (a + b)
3

c
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
a
3
a
3
+ (b + c)
3
+
b
3
b
3
+ (c + a)
3
+
c
3
c
3
+ (a + b)
3
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Bi 231. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c =
3
4
. Chng minh rng:
3
a + 3b +
3
b + 3c +
3
c + 3a 3
Li gii:
(a + 3b) + 1 + 1 3
3
a + 3b
3
a + 3b
a + 3b + 2
3
Tng t:
3
b + 3c
b + 3c + 2
3
3
c + 3a
c + 3a + 2
3
3
a + 3b +
3
b + 3c +
3
c + 3a
4(a + b + c) + 6
3
= 3
1
4
.
P =
a
3
a + bc
+
b
3
b + ca
+
c
3
c + ab
Li gii:
a
3
a + bc
+
a + bc
4
+
1
2

3a
2
b
3
b + ca
+
b + ca
4
+
1
2

3b
2
c
3
c + ab
+
c + ab
4
+
1
2

3c
2
a
3
a + bc
+
b
3
b + ca
+
c
3
c + ab

5
4
(a + b + c)
1
4
(ab + bc + ca)
3
2
Ta li c:
ab + bc + ca
1
3
(a + b + c)
2
= 3
Do :
P =
a
3
a + bc
+
b
3
b + ca
+
c
3
c + ab

3
2
3
2
.
Bi 233. Cho tam gic ABC c ba cnh a, b, c tha mn
1
a
2
+ 1
+
1
b
2
+ 1
+
1
c
2
+ 1
= 2.
Chng minh rng:
S
ABC

3
8
Li gii:
T iu kin cho ta bin i tng ng:
a
2
a
2
+ 1
+
b
2
b
2
+ 1
+
c
2
c
2
+ 1
= 1
a
2
a
2
+ 1
+
b
2
b
2
+ 1
+
c
2
c
2
+ 1

(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
Do :
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
1 ab + bc + ca
3
2
p dng hai bt ng thc quen thuc:
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) abc
3abc(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
2
Ta c:
S
ABC
=
1
4
_
(a + b + c)(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b)
1
4
_
abc(a + b + c)
1
4
_
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3
3
8
2
2
.
Bi 234. Cho a, b, c l ba cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh rng:
a + c
3a + b
+
a + b
3a + c
+
2a
2a + b + c
< 2
Li gii:
Do a, b, c l ba cnh ca tam gic nn: a + b > c, b + c > a, c + a > b
Ta t: x =
a + b
2
, y =
a + c
2
, z = a (x, y, z > 0)
Suy ra: x + y > z, y + z > x, z + x > y
Ta c:
a + c
3a + b
+
a + b
3a + c
+
2a
2a + b + c
=
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
Mt khc:
x + y > z 2z(x + y) > z(x + y + z)
2z
x + y + z
>
z
x + y
Tng t:
2x
x + y + z
>
x
y + z
2y
x + y + z
>
y
z + x
x
y + z
+
y
z + x
+
z
x + y
< 2
Do :
a + c
3a + b
+
a + b
3a + c
+
2a
2a + b + c
< 2
Bi 235. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P =
ab
c + 3
ab
+
bc
a + 3
bc
+
ca
b + 3
ca
Li gii:
t x =

a, y =
b, z =

c. Khi :
P =
yz
x
2
+ 3yz
+
zx
y
2
+ 3zx
+
xy
z
2
+ 3xy
= 1
1
3
_
x
2
x
2
+ 3yz
+
y
2
y
2
+ 3zx
+
z
2
z
2
+ 3xy
_
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v bt ng thc 3(xy + yz + zx) (x + y + z)
2
, ta c:
x
2
x
2
+ 3yz
+
y
2
y
2
+ 3zx
+
z
2
z
2
+ 3xy

(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
+ xy + yz + zx

3
4
Suy ra: P
3
4
3
4
.
Bi 236. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn a + b + c = 6. Chng minh rng:
8
a
+ 8
b
+ 8
c
4
a+1
+ 4
b+1
+ 4
c+1
Li gii:
t x = 2
a
, y = 2
b
, z = 2
c
. Ta c
xyz = 2
a+b+c
= 64, (x, y, z > 0)
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
4(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
x
3
+ y
3
+ y
3
3xy
2
x
3
+ z
3
+ z
3
3xz
2
2x
3
+ 2z
3
+ 2z
3
3x(y
2
+ z
2
) 5x
3
+ 2y
3
+ 2z
3
3x(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Tng t:
5y
3
+ 2z
3
+ 2x
3
3y(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
5z
3
+ 2x
3
+ 2y
3
3z(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Cng ba bt ng thc theo v, ta c:
3(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (x + y + z)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Theo bt ng thc AM-GM, ta li c:
x + y + z 3
3
xyz = 12
Suy ra:
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
4(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Bi 237. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
1 + a
2
+
b
1 + b
2
+
3c
1 + c
2
10
Li gii:
t a = tan
A
2
, b = tan
B
2
, c = tan
C
2
vi A, B, C (0, )
T iu kin ta c:
tan
A
2
tan
B
2
+ tan
B
2
tan
C
2
+ tan
C
2
tan
A
2
= 1
1
tan
A
2
=
tan
B
2
+ tan
C
2
1 tan
B
2
tan
C
2
tan
_
2

A
2
_
= tan
_
B
2
+
C
2
_
A + B + C =
1
2
sinA +
1
2
sinB + 3sin
C
2

10
Tht vy, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
1
2
sinA +
1
2
sinB + 3sin
C
2
= sin
A + B
2
cos
A B
2
+ 3sin
C
2
= cos
C
2
cos
A B
2
+ 3sin
C
2
cos
C
2
+ 3sin
C
2
10
_
cos
2
C
2
+ sin
2
C
2
=
10
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
cos
A B
2
= 1
cos
C
2
1
=
sin
C
2
3
a = b = 3 +
10, c = 3
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
3
3
3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
Li gii:
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
3
3
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(1)
S dng bt ng thc (x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + zx), ta li c:
(ab + bc + ca)
2
3abc(a + b + c)
1
abc

3(a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
3
3
3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)

(ab + bc + ca)
2
Bi 239. Cho a, b l hai s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
(1 + a
2
b)(1 + b
2
)
(a
2
a + 1)(1 + b
3
)
2
Li gii:
Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau:
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) (1 +
3
xyz)
3
()
Tht vy, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
(1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) = 1 + x + y + z + xy + yz + zx + xyz
1 + 3
3
xyz + 3
3
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
+ xyz = (1 +
3
xyz)
3
Do bt ng thc (*) c chng minh.
Du bng trong (*) xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z.
p dng bt ng thc (*), ta c:
(1 + a
3
)(1 + a
3
)(1 + b
3
) (1 + a
2
b)
3
(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + a
3
) (1 + a)
3
(1 + 1)(1 + b
3
)(1 + b
3
) (1 + b
2
)
3
Nhn ba bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
8(1 + a
3
)
3
(1 + b
3
)
3
(1 + a)
3
(1 + a
2
b)
3
(1 + b
2
)
3
(1 + a
2
b)(1 + b
2
)
(a
2
a + 1)(1 + b
3
)
2
Bi 240. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c
3
2
.
P = a + b + c +
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
Li gii:
p dng bt ng Cauhy-Schwarz v bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
P = a + b + c +
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
a + b + c +
9
a + b + c
=
_
a + b + c +
9
4(a + b + c)
_
+
27
4(a + b + c)
2.
3
2
+
27
4
.
2
3
=
15
2
15
2
.
1
2
.
13 Bi 241 n bi 260
Bi 241. Cho a, b l hai s thc tha mn (a + b)
3
+ 4ab 2.
P = 3(a
4
+ b
4
+ a
2
b
2
) 2(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
Li gii:
T iu kin v bt ng thc quen thuc (a + b)
2
4ab, ta c:
(a + b)
3
+ 4ab 2
(a + b)
2
4ab
_
(a + b)
3
+ (a + b)
2
2 a + b 1
Suy ra:
a
2
+ b
2
(a + b)
2
2

1
2
Ta c:
P = 3(a
4
+ b
4
+ a
2
b
2
) 2(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
= 3
_
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
a
2
b
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
3
_
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
4
_
2(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
P
9
4
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
) + 1
=
1
4
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
+
_
_
2a
2
+
2b
2
_
2
2.
_
2a
2
+
2b
2
_
.
1
2
+
1
2
_
+
1
2
=
1
4
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
+
_
2a
2
+
2b
2
2
_
2
+
1
2
1
4
.
1
4
+
1
2
=
9
16
9
16
.
1
2
.
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc:
P =
1
5a
2
+ 2ab + 2b
2
+
1
5b
2
+ 2bc + 2c
2
+
1
5c
2
+ 2ca + 2a
2
Li gii:
T iu kin, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

3
_
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
_
=
3
Ta c: 5a
2
+ 2ab + 2b
2
= (2a + b)
2
+ (a b)
2
(2a + b)
2
Do :
1
5a
2
+ 2ab + 2b
2
1
2a + b
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta li c:
1
2a + b

1
9
_
2
a
+
1
b
_
Suy ra:
1
5a
2
+ 2ab + 2b
2
1
9
_
2
a
+
1
b
_
Tng t:
1
5b
2
+ 2bc + 2c
2
1
9
_
2
b
+
1
c
_
1
5c
2
+ 2ca + 2a
2
1
9
_
2
c
+
1
a
_
Cng ba bt ng trn theo v, ta c:
P
1
3
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
3
3
3
3
.
3.
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 4abc 13
Li gii:
Cch 1.
3
_
(a + b + c)
2
2(ab + bc + ca)
+ 4abc 13
3 [9 2(ab + bc + ca)] + 4abc 13
3(ab + bc + ca) 2abc 7
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c a 1
Ta c:
3(ab + bc + ca) 2abc = 3a(b + c) + bc(3 2a)
3a(b + c) +
(b + c)
2
4
(3 2a)
= 3a(3 a) +
(3 a)
2
4
(3 2a)
=
1
2
a
3
+
3
4
a
2
+
27
4
Xt hm s f(a) =
1
2
a
3
+
3
4
a
2
+
27
4
vi 0 < a 1
Ta c: f
(a) =
3
2
a
2
+
3
2
a =
3
2
a(1 a) 0 a (0; 1]
hm s f(a) lun ng bin trn (0; 1]
f(a) f(1) = 7
Do :
3(ab + bc + ca) 2abc 7
Cch 2.
Ta c:
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) = (3 2a)(3 2b)(3 2c)
= 27 18(a + b + c) + 12(ab + bc + ca) 8abc
= 12(ab + bc + ca) 27 8abc
T bt ng thc abc (a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b), ta c:
abc 12(ab + bc + ca) 27 8abc abc
4
3
(ab + bc + ca) 3
Do :
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 4abc 3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) +
16
3
(ab + bc + ca) 12
=
1
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) +
8
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca) 12
1
9
(a + b + c)
2
+
8
3
(a + b + c)
2
12 = 13
Cch 3.
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s c(1 a)(1 b) 0 abc c(a + b) c
Khi :
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 4abc 3
_
1
2
(a + b)
2
+ c
2
_
+ 4c(a + b) 4c
= 3
_
1
2
(3 c)
2
+ c
2
_
+ 4c(3 c) 4c
=
(c 1)
2
+ 26
2
13
Bi 244. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c > 0.
P =
a
3
+ b
3
+ 16c
3
(a + b + c)
3
Li gii:
t x =
a
a + b + c
, y =
b
a + b + c
, z =
c
a + b + c
(x, y, z > 0)
Khi :
_
x + y + z = 1
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ 16z
3
(x
2
+ y
2
+ 4z
2
)
_
1 + 1 +
1
4
_
(x + y + z)
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4z
2
4
9
(x + y + z)(x
3
+ y
3
+ 16z
3
) (x
2
+ y
2
+ 4z
2
)
2
x
3
+ y
3
+ 16z
3
16
81
16
81
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 4z a = b = 4c.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
2 + abc
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b nm gia a v c. Ta c: (b a)(b c) 0
Do :
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
abc = b(a
2
+ c
2
) + a(b a)(b c)
b(a
2
+ c
2
)
= 2
_
b
2
.
a
2
+ c
2
2
.
a
2
+ c
2
2
AMGM
2
_
_
_
_
b
2
+
a
2
+ c
2
2
+
a
2
+ c
2
2
3
_
_
_
3
= 2
Suy ra:
ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
2 + abc
Bi 246. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 2abc. Chng minh rng:
1
a(2a 1)
2
+
1
b(2b 1)
2
+
1
c(2c 1)
2

1
2
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
T iu kin ta c: x + y + z = 2
x
3
(2 x)
2
+
y
3
(2 y)
2
+
z
3
(2 z)
2

1
2

x
3
(y + z)
2
+
y
3
(z + x)
2
+
z
3
(x + y)
2

1
2
x
3
(y + z)
2
+
y + z
8
+
y + z
8

3
4
x
y
3
(z + x)
2
+
z + x
8
+
z + x
8

3
4
y
z
3
(x + y)
2
+
x + y
8
+
x + y
8

3
4
z
x
3
(y + z)
2
+
y
3
(z + x)
2
+
z
3
(x + y)
2
+
x + y + z
2

3
4
(x + y + z)
x
3
(y + z)
2
+
y
3
(z + x)
2
+
z
3
(x + y)
2

1
4
(x + y + z) =
1
2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z =
2
3
a = b = c =
3
2
.
Bi 247. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1.
P = 2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
Li gii:
17 1
4
a
2
+
17 1
4
b
2
17 1
2
ab
9
17
4
b
2
+
1
2
c
2
17 1
2
bc
1
2
c
2
+
9
17
4
a
2
17 1
2
ca
2a
2
+ 2b
2
+ c
2
17 1
2
(ab + bc + ca) =
17 1
2
17 1
2
.
1
4
17
, c =
17 1
2
4
17
.
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 1.
P = a + 2b + 5c
Li gii:
a
3
+
1
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
+
1
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
3
a
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
b
3
+
2
2
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
+
2
2
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
3
2a
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
c
3
+
5
5
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
+
5
5
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
3
5a
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 2
3
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
(a + 2b + 5c)
a + 2b + 5c
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
3
_
(1 + 2
2 + 5
5)
2
.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a =
1
3
_
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
, b =
2
3
_
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
, c =
5
3
_
1 + 2
2 + 5
5
.
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ 1
+
1
b
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
1
c
2
+ a
2
+ 1
1
Li gii:
t x
3
= a
2
, y
3
= b
2
, z
3
= c
2
(x, y, z > 0).
Ta c x
3
y
3
z
3
= a
2
b
2
c
2
= 1 xyz = 1
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1
+
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1
+
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1 = (x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
xy) + xyz
(x + y)xy + xyz
= xy(x + y + z)
Suy ra:
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1

1
xy(x + y + z)
Tng t:
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1

1
yz(x + y + z)
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1

1
zx(x + y + z)
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1
+
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1
+
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1

1
xy(x + y + z)
+
1
yz(x + y + z)
+
1
zx(x + y + z)
=
1
x + y + z
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
=
1
x + y + z
.
x + y + z
xyz
=
1
xyz
= 1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b = c = 1.
Bi 250. Cho a, b l hai s thc dng tha mn a +b = 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a
1 + b
2
+
b
1 + a
2
Li gii:
Ta c:
a
1 + b
2
+
b
1 + a
2
=
_
a
ab
2
1 + b
2
_
+
_
b
ba
2
1 + a
2
_
= 2
ab
2
1 + b
2

ba
2
1 + a
2
2
ab
2
2b

ba
2
2a
= 2 ab
2
1
4
(a + b)
2
= 1
Bi 251. Cho a, b, c (0, 1]. Chng minh rng:
1
a + b + c

1
3
+ (1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s 1 a b c > 0
a
a + b + c

1
3
p dng bt ng AM-GM, ta c:
(1 b) + (1 c) + (1 +b + c) 3
3
_
(1 b)(1 c)(1 + b + c)
1 (1 b)(1 c)(1 + b + c)
1 a
1 + b + c
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
Do
1 a
a + b + c

1 a
1 + b + c
nn:
1 a
a + b + c
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
1
a + b + c
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) +
a
a + b + c
1
3
+ (1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
Bi 252. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
1
a + b + 1
+
1
b + c + 1
+
1
c + a + 1
1
Li gii:
t x
3
= a, y
3
= b, z
3
= c (x, y, z > 0).
Ta c x
3
y
3
z
3
= abc = 1 xyz = 1
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1
+
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1
+
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1 = (x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
xy) + xyz
(x + y)xy + xyz
= xy(x + y + z)
Suy ra:
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1

1
xy(x + y + z)
Tng t:
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1

1
yz(x + y + z)
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1

1
zx(x + y + z)
1
x
3
+ y
3
+ 1
+
1
y
3
+ z
3
+ 1
+
1
z
3
+ x
3
+ 1

1
xy(x + y + z)
+
1
yz(x + y + z)
+
1
zx(x + y + z)
=
1
x + y + z
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
=
1
x + y + z
.
x + y + z
xyz
=
1
xyz
= 1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b = c = 1.
P =
3
_
4(a
3
+ b
3
) +
3
_
4(b
3
+ c
3
) +
3
_
4(c
3
+ a
3
) + 2
_
a
b
2
+
b
c
2
+
c
a
2
_
Li gii:
4(x
3
+ y
3
) = x
3
+ y
3
+ 3(x + y)(x
2
+ y
2
xy)
x
3
+ y
3
+ 3(x + y)xy
= (x + y)
3
Suy ra:
P (a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a) + 2
_
a
b
2
+
b
c
2
+
c
a
2
_
= 2
_
a + b + c +
a
b
2
+
b
c
2
+
c
a
2
_
AMGM
12
Bi 254. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c
3
2
.
P = (a + b)
_
1 +
1
a
2
b
2
+
_
c
2
+
1
c
2
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc quen thuc
_
a
2
1
+ a
2
2
+
_
b
2
1
+ b
2
2

_
(a
1
+ b
1
)
2
+ (a
2
+ b
2
)
2
, ta c:
P =
(a + b)
2
+
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
+
_
c
2
+
1
c
2
(a + b + c)
2
+
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta li c:
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

9
a + b + c
Do :
P
(a + b + c)
2
+
81
(a + b + c)
2
=
_
(a + b + c)
2
+
81
16(a + b + c)
2
_
+
1215
16(a + b + c)
2
AMGM
_
9
2
+
135
4
=
3
17
2
3
17
2
.
1
2
.
P =
a
2
+ abc +
b
2
+ abc +
c
2
+ abc + 9
abc
Li gii:
Ta c:
P =
_
a
2
(a + b + c) + abc +
_
b
2
(a + b + c) + abc +
_
c
2
(a + b + c) + abc + 9abc
=
_
a(a + b)(a + c) +
_
b(b + c)(b + a) +
_
c(c + a)(c + b) + 9abc
cyc
_
a(a + b)(a + c)
cyc
1
2
a [(a + b) + (a + c)] =
1
2
cyc
a(a + 1)
Ta li c:
1
2
a(a + 1) +
abc =
1
2
a(a + 1 + 2
bc)
1
2
a(a + b + c + 1)
Do :
P
1
2
(a + b + c + 1)(
a +
b +
c) + 6
abc
1
2
(a + b + c + 1)
_
3(a + b + c) + 6
_
a + b + c
3
_
3
=
5
3
3
5
3
3
.
1
3
.
1
a
+
8
b
+
27
c
= 1.
P = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Li gii:
(a + 2b + 3c)
_
1
a
+
8
b
+
27
c
_
(1 + 4 + 9)
2
a + 2b + 3c 196
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(1 + 4 + 9) (a + 2b + 3c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
2744
_
_
1
a
+
8
b
+
27
c
= 1
a
1
=
b
2
=
c
3
_
a = 14
b = 28
c = 42
.
Bi 257. Cho a, b l hai s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
(1 + a)
_
1 +
b
a
__
1 +
9
b
_
2
256
Li gii:
(1 + a)
_
1 +
b
a
_
(1 +
b)
2
(1 +
b)
2
_
1 +
9
b
_
2
(1 + 3)
4
Nhn hai bt ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
(1 + a)
_
1 +
b
a
__
1 +
9
b
_
2
256
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = 3, b = 9.
Bi 258. Cho a, b l hai s thc khc 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
P =
a
4
b
4
+
b
4
a
4

a
2
b
2

b
2
a
2
+
a
b
+
b
a
Li gii:
t t =
a
b
+
b
a
t
2
=
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
a
2
+ 2 4 |t| 2
Khi :
P = (t
2
2)
2
2 (t
2
2) + t = t
4
5t
2
+ t + 6
P + 2 = t
4
5t
2
+ t + 8 = (t + 2)(t
3
2t
2
t + 3)
Nu t 2 th:
t
3
2t
2
t + 3 = (t 2)(t
2
1) + 1 1
P + 2 = (t + 2)(t
3
2t
2
t + 3) (2 + 2).1
P 2 (1)
Nu t 2 th:
t
3
2t
2
t + 3 = (t + 2) [(t 2)
2
+ 3] 11 11 < 0
P + 2 = (t + 2)(t
3
2t
2
t + 3) 0
P 2 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: P 2
ng thc xy khi v ch khi t = 2 a = b.
a
a + b
3
+ c
3
+
b
b + c
3
+ a
3
+
c
c + a
3
+ b
3
1
Li gii:
p dng bt ng Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
(a + b
3
+ c
3
)(a
3
+ b + c)
a
a + b
3
+ c
3

a
4
+ ab + ac
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
cyc
a
a + b
3
+ c
3

a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
Ta cn chng minh:
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
1
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
ab + bc + ca
Tht vy, p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
3(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) (ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
3
3
a
4
b
4
c
4
= 3
Nhn theo v hai bt ng thc trn, ta c:
(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
2
(ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
ab + bc + ca
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1. Chng minh rng:
a
b
2
+ c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ a
2
+
c
a
2
+ b
2

3
3
2
Li gii:
a
2
(b
2
+ c
2
)
2
=
1
2
.2a
2
(1 a
2
)(1 a
2
)
1
2
_
2a
2
+ 1 a
2
+ 1 a
2
3
_
3
=
4
27
Suy ra:
a(b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3
9

a
b
2
+ c
2

3
3
2
a
2
Tng t:
b
c
2
+ a
2

3
3
2
b
2
c
a
2
+ b
2

3
3
2
c
2
a
b
2
+ c
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ a
2
+
c
a
2
+ b
2

3
3
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) =
3
3
2
3
3
.
14 Bi 261 n bi 280
Bi 261. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc + a + c = b.
P =
2
a
2
+ 1

2
b
2
+ 1
+
3
c
2
+ 1
Li gii:
Ta c:
abc + a + c = b b =
a + c
1 ac
t a = tanA, b = tanB, c = tanC. Khi :
tanB =
tanA + tanC
1 tanAtanC
= tan(A + C) B = A + C
Do :
P =
2
1 + tan
2
A

2
1 + tan
2
B
+
3
1 + tan
2
C
= 2cos
2
A 2cos
2
B + 3cos
2
C
= cos2A cos2B + 3cos
2
C
= 2sinCsin(A + B) 3sin
2
C + 3
=
_
3sinC
1
3
sin(A + B)
_
2
+
1
3
sin
2
(A + B) + 3
3 +
1
3
=
10
3
10
3
.
_
_
sin(A B) = 1
sin C =
1
3
sin(A B)
B = A + C
_
a =
2
2
b =
2
c =
2
4
.
Bi 262. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn c = 8ab. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
P =
1
4a + 2b + 3
+
c
4bc + 3c + 2
+
c
2ac + 3c + 4
Li gii:
t x
2
= 2a, y
2
= 2b, z
2
=
2
c
(x, y, z > 0)
x
2
y
2
z
2
=
8ab
c
= 1 xyz = 1
Ta c:
P =
1
2x
2
+ 3 + y
2
+
1
2y
2
+ 3 + z
2
+
1
2z
2
+ 3 + x
2
=
1
(x
2
+ y
2
) + (x
2
+ 1) + 2
+
1
(y
2
+ z
2
) + (y
2
+ 1) + 2
+
1
(z
2
+ x
2
) + (z
2
+ 1) + 2
AMGM
1
2
_
1
xy + x + 1
+
1
yz + y + 1
+
1
zx + z + 1
_
=
1
2
_
1
xy + x + 1
+
x
xyz + xy + x
+
xy
x
2
yz + xyz + xy
_
=
1
2
_
1
xy + x + 1
+
x
xy + x + 1
+
xy
xy + x + 1
_
=
1
2
1
2
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b =
1
2
, c = 2.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3.
P =
3
a + 3b + 4 +
3
b + 3c + 4 +
3
c + 3a + 4
Li gii:
(a + 3b + 4) + 8 + 8 12
3
a + 3b + 4
a + 3b + 4
a + 3b + 20
12
Tng t:
3
b + 3c + 4
b + 3c + 20
12
3
c + 3a + 4
c + 3a + 20
12
3
a + 3b + 4 +
3
b + 3c + 4 +
3
c + 3a + 4
4(a + b + c) + 60
12
Ta li c:
a + b + c
_
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = 3
Do :
3
a + 3b + 4 +
3
b + 3c + 4 +
3
c + 3a + 4 6
a
2
b + c
+
b
2
c + a
+
c
2
a + b
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a
+
a
2
a + b
Li gii:
B : Vi hai dy s a b c > 0; x y z > 0. Ta c: ax + by + cz bx + cy + az ().
Tht vy:
ax + by + cz bx + cy + az
x(a b) + y(b c) + z(c a) 0
x(a b) y(a b) + y(a c) z(a c) 0
(x y)(a b) + (y z)(a c) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng. Vy (*) c chng minh.
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c
a
2
b
2
c
2
;
1
b + c
c + a

1
a + b
p dng b trn ta c:
a
2
b + c
+
b
2
c + a
+
c
2
a + b
b
2
b + c
+
c
2
c + a
+
a
2
a + b
Bi 265. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c abc. Chng minh rng:
1
a
2
+ 2bc
+
1
b
2
+ 2ca
+
1
c
2
+ 2ab

1
3
Li gii:
a
2
+ 2bc = a
2
+ bc + bc 3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
1
a
2
+ 2bc

1
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
Tng t:
1
b
2
+ 2ca

1
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
1
c
2
+ 2ab

1
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
1
a
2
+ 2bc
+
1
b
2
+ 2ca
+
1
c
2
+ 2ab

1
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
Ta li c:
abc a + b + c 3
3
abc
1
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
1
3
Do :
1
a
2
+ 2bc
+
1
b
2
+ 2ca
+
1
c
2
+ 2ab

1
3
3.
P =
4a
a + b + 2c
+
b + 3c
2a + b + c

2c
a + b + 3c
Li gii:
t
_
_
x = a + b + 2c
y = 2a + b + c
z = a + b + 3c
. Ta c:
_
_
a = 2x + y + z
b = 5x y 3z
c = x + z
Khi :
P =
4(2x + y + z)
x
+
5x y 3z + 3(x + z)
y

2(x + z)
z
=
4y
x
+
4z
x
+
2x
y
+
2x
z
11
4
4
_
4y
x
.
4z
x
.
2x
y
.
2x
z
11 = 8
2 11
2 11.
a
2 2
2
=
b
4 + 5
2
=
c
1
2
.
Bi 267. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = abc. Chng minh rng:
a + bc +
b + ca +
c + ab
abc +
a +
b +
c
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
T iu kin ta c: x + y + z = 1
Bt ng thc cn chng minh:
x + yz +
y + zx +
z + xy 1 +
xy +
yz +
zx
x + yz =
_
x(x + y + z) + yz
=
_
(x + y)(x + z)
x +
yz
Tng t:
y + zx y +
zx
z + xy z +
xy
x + yz +
y + zx +
z + xy x + y + z +
xy +
yz +
zx = 1 +
xy +
yz +
zx
1
3
a = b = c = 3.
Bi 268. Cho a, b l hai s thc dng tha mn a
2
+ 2b
2
= 1. Chng minh rng:
a
b
2
+
4b
a
2
+ b
2
3
3
Li gii:
a
4
a
2
.b
2
.b
2

a
4
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ b
2
3
_
3
=
a
4
_
1
3
_
3
a
2
b
4
3
3
a
4
a
b
2
3
3a
2
(1)
16b
4
2b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)(a
2
+ b
2
)

16b
4
_
2b
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
+ a
2
+ b
2
3
_
3
=
16b
4
_
2
3
_
3
16b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
)
2
108b
4
4b
a
2
+ b
2
3
3.2b
2
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v, ta c:
a
b
2
+
4b
a
2
+ b
2
3
3(a
2
+ 2b
2
) = 3
3
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b =
3
3
.
1
a + b + c
+
6
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2

3
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
Li gii:
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) (a + b + c)
2
Nhn theo v ba bt ng thc trn, ta c:
3(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a + b + c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
(1)
Cng t hai bt ng thc trn cho ta:
3(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
4

1
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
6(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2

2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(2)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
+
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3 (3)
Cng (1), (2) v (3) theo v ta c:
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
a + b + c
+
6(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3
1
a + b + c
+
6
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2

3
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
Bi 270. Cho a, b l hai s thc khc 0 tha mn (a + b)ab = a
2
+ b
2
ab.
P =
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
Li gii:
Bin i tng ng iu kin:
(a + b)ab = a
2
+ b
2
ab
(a + b)ab = (a + b)
2
3ab
1
a
+
1
b
=
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
3
ab
T bt ng thc quen thuc 4xy (x + y)
2
. Ta c:
1
a
+
1
b

_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
3
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
1
a
+
1
b

1
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
0 <
1
a
+
1
b
4
Ta c:
P =
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
=
(a + b)(a
2
+ b
2
ab)
a
3
b
3
=
(a + b)(a + b)ab
a
3
b
3
=
_
1
a
+
1
b
_
2
16
1
2
.
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
2
_
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
abc
Li gii:
2
_
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
abc

a + b + c
a
+
ab + bc + ca
bc
=
b + c
a
+
a
c
+
a
b
+ 2
Ta cn chng minh:
b + c
a
+
a
c
+
a
b
+ 2
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
2
b
c
+
c
b
Bt ng thc cui lun ng.
1
ab + 2c
2
+ 2c
+
1
bc + 2a
2
+ 2a
+
1
ca + 2b
2
+ 2b

1
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
(ab + bc + ca)
2
= a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
+ 2abc(a + b + c)
= a
2
b
2
+ (b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) + 2abc
a
2
b
2
+ 2abc
2
+ 2abc
= ab(ab + 2c
2
+ 2c)
Suy ra:
1
ab + 2c
2
+ 2c

ab
(ab + bc + ca)
2
Tng t:
1
bc + 2a
2
+ 2a

bc
(ab + bc + ca)
2
1
ca + 2b
2
+ 2b

ca
(ab + bc + ca)
2
1
ab + 2c
2
+ 2c
+
1
bc + 2a
2
+ 2a
+
1
ca + 2b
2
+ 2b

1
ab + bc + ca
1
3
.
a
4a + 4b + c
+
b
4b + 4c + a
+
c
4c + 4a + b

1
3
Li gii:
a (4a + 4b + 4c)
4a + 4b + c
+
b (4a + 4b + 4c)
4b + 4c + a
+
c (4a + 4b + 4c)
4c + 4a + b

(4a + 4b + 4c)
3
a +
3ca
4a + 4b + c
+ b +
3ab
4b + 4c + a
+ c +
3bc
4c + 4a + b

(4a + 4b + 4c)
3
ca
4a + 4b + c
+
ab
4b + 4c + a
+
bc
4c + 4a + b

a + b + c
9
ca
4a + 4b + c
=
ca
(a + a + b) + (a + a + b) + (b + b + c)

1
9
_
ca
2a + b
+
ca
2a + b
+
ca
2b + c
_
ab
4b + 4c + a
=
ab
(b + b + c) + (b + b + c) + (c + c + a)

1
9
_
ab
2b + c
+
ab
2b + c
+
ab
2c + a
_
bc
4c + 4a + b
=
bc
(c + c + a) + (c + c + a) + (a + a + b)

1
9
_
bc
2c + a
+
bc
2c + a
+
bc
2a + b
_
ca
4a + 4b + c
+
ab
4b + 4c + a
+
bc
4c + 4a + b

1
9
_
2ca
2a + b
+
bc
2a + b
+
2ab
2b + c
+
ca
2b + c
+
2bc
2c + a
+
ab
2c + a
_
=
a + b + c
9
Bi 274. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn 2
ab +
ac = 1.
P =
3bc
a
+
4ca
b
+
5ab
c
Li gii:
bc
a
+
ca
b
2c
2bc
a
+
2ab
c
4b
3ca
b
+
3ab
c
6a
3bc
a
+
4ca
b
+
5ab
c
6a + 4b + 2c
Tip tc s dng bt ng thc AM-GM:
6a + 4b + 2c = 4(a + b) + 2(a + c) 8
ab + 4
ac = 4
3bc
a
+
4ca
b
+
5ab
c
4
1
3
.
Bi 275. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a + b + c =
5. Chng minh rng:

|(a
2
b
2
)(b
2
c
2
)(c
2
a
2
)|
5
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a = min{a, b, c}
Ta c: b + c =
5 a
5
t: P = |(a
2
b
2
)(b
2
c
2
)(c
2
a
2
)|
P
2
= (b
2
a
2
)
2
(c
2
a
2
)
2
(b
2
c
2
)
2
b
4
c
4
(b c)
2
(b + c)
2
5b
4
c
4
(b c)
2
5
_
bc + bc + bc + bc + (b
2
+ c
2
2bc)
5
_
5
= 5
_
(b + c)
2
5
_
5
5
P
5
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0, b =
5 + 1
2
, c =
5 1
2
v cc hon v.
1
a
2
+ b + c
+
1
b
2
+ c + a
+
1
c
2
+ a + b
1
Li gii:
(a
2
+ b + c)(1 + b + c) (a + b + c)
2
1
a
2
+ b + c

1 + b + c
(a + b + c)
2
Tng t:
1
b
2
+ c + a

1 + c + a
(a + b + c)
2
1
c
2
+ a + b

1 + a + b
(a + b + c)
2
1
a
2
+ b + c
+
1
b
2
+ c + a
+
1
c
2
+ a + b

3 + 2(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)
2
= 1
Bi 277. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x ta c:
_
12
5
_
x
+
_
15
4
_
x
+
_
20
3
_
x
3
x
+ 4
x
+ 5
x
Li gii:
_
12
5
_
x
+
_
15
4
_
x
2.3
x
_
15
4
_
x
+
_
20
3
_
x
2.5
x
_
20
3
_
x
+
_
12
5
_
x
2.4
x
Cng theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c:
_
12
5
_
x
+
_
15
4
_
x
+
_
20
3
_
x
3
x
+ 4
x
+ 5
x
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0.
_
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a
_
2
3
2
_
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
_
Li gii:
t x =
a
b
, y =
b
c
, z =
c
a
xyz = 1
(x + y + z)
2
3
2
(xy + yz + zx + x + y + z)
x + y + z 3
3
xyz = 3
(x + y + z)
2
3(x + y + z) (1)
Ta cng c:
(x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + zx) (2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v, ta c:
2(x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + zx + x + y + z)
(x + y + z)
2
3
2
(xy + yz + zx + x + y + z)
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1 a = b = c.
Bi 279. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau:
P =
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
abc
Li gii:
Cch 1.
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, v ch a + b + c = 1, ta c:
ab + bc + ca 3
3
_
(abc)
2
(a + b + c)
3
9abc
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, kt hp vi nh gi trn ta c:
P =
_
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
9abc
+
1
9abc
_
+
7
9abc
9
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2.9abc
+
7
9abc

9
(a + b + c)
2
+
7
9.
(a + b + c)
3
27
= 30
Khi a = b = c =
1
3
th P = 30.
Vy ga tr nh nht ca P l 30 khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Cch 2.
Vi gi thit a + b + c = 1, biu thc P c vit li nh sau:
P =
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
a + b + c
abc
=
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v nh gi quen thuc ab + bc + ca
(a + b + c)
2
3
, ta c:
P
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
9
ab + bc + ca
=
_
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+
1
ab + bc + ca
+
1
ab + bc + ca
_
+
7
ab + bc + ca
9
(a + b + c)
2
+
7
ab + bc + ca
9
(a + b + c)
2
+
7
(a + b + c)
2
3
= 30
Khi a = b = c =
1
3
th P = 30.
Vy ga tr nh nht ca P l 30 khi a = b = c =
1
3
.
Bi 280. Cho a, b, c khng m v a + b + c = 3, hy chng minh rng:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc 4
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s: a b c 0. T ta c c 1
rng ta c phn tch sau vi gi thit a + b + c = 3:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc = 9 2(ab + bc + ca) + abc = 9 + ab(c 2) 2c(3 c)
Ta li c: ab (
a + b
2
)
2
= (
3 c
2
)
2
v c 1 dn n c 2 0
Nh vy ta d dng suy ra c:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ abc 9 + (c 2)(
3 c
2
)
2
2c(3 c)
Vic cn li ca ta l chng minh :
9 + (c 2)(
3 c
2
)
2
2c(3 c) 4
M: (c 1)
2
(c + 2) 0 (bt ng thc ny lun ng)
Nh vy, bi ton c chng minh xong.
15 Bi 281 n bi 300
Bi 281. Cho a, b, c 0 tha a + b + c = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc sau:
P = a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a
Li gii:
Gi s a = max {a; b; c}, ta i xt 2 trng hp :
* a b c dn n kt qu sau:
P a
2
b + abc + c
2
b = b(a
2
+ ac + c
2
) b(a + c)
2
1
2
_
2b + (a + c) + (a + c)
3
_
3
=
4
27
* a c b dn n kt qu sau:
P a
2
c + b
2
c + abc = c(a
2
+ b
2
+ ab) b(a + c)
2
1
2
_
2b + (a + c) + (a + c)
3
_
3
=
4
27
ng thc xy ra khi (a; b; c) = (
2
3
;
1
3
; 0) v cc hon v.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca biu thc l:
4
27
Bi 282. cho a, b > 0, tha mn ab + a + b = 3. Chng minh rng:
3a
b+1
+
3b
a+1
+
ab
a+b
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
Li gii:
Vi gi thit : ab + a + b = 3, v tri ca biu thc c vit li nh sau:
LHS =
(ab + a + b)a
b + 1
+
(ab + a + b)b
a + 1
+
ab
a + b
=
a
2
(b + 1) + ab
b + 1
+
b
2
(a + 1) + ab
(a + 1)
+
ab
a + b
= a
2
+ b
2
+
ab
b + 1
+
ab
a + 1
+
ab
a + b
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, v ch ab + a + b = 3 , ta c:
a
2
+ b
2
+
ab
b + 1
+
ab
a + 1
+
ab
a + b
a
2
+ b
2
+
a(b + 1)
4
+
(a + 1)b
4
+
a + b
4
a
2
+ b
2
+
3
2
Vy bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 283. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh rng:
(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
_
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
_
3
2
_
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z
_
Li gii:
Cch 1.
3 +
x
3
+ y
3
z
3
+
y
3
+ z
3
x
3
+
z
3
+ x
3
y
3

3
2
(
x + y
z
+
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
)
M ta c
x
3
+ y
3
(x + y)
3
4
ta t
a =
x + y
z
; b =
y + z
x
; c =
z + x
y
Do ta cn chng minh:
12 +
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
6(a + b + c)
M theo AM-GM ta c
a
3
+ 8 + 8 12a
b
3
+ 8 + 8 12b
c
3
+ 8 + 8 12c
6(a + b + c) 36
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z.
Cch 2.
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
_
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
_
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
3
xyz
Ta s chng minh
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
3
xyz

3
2
_
y + z
x
+
z + x
y
+
x + y
z
_
2
_
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
_
(x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x) + (x
2
z + y
2
x + z
2
y)
Theo AM-GM ta c
x
3
+ x
3
+ y
3
3x
2
y
y
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3y
2
z
z
3
+ z
3
+ x
3
3z
2
x
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x
Mt khc
x
3
+ x
3
+ z
3
3x
2
z
y
3
+ y
3
+ x
3
3y
2
x
z
3
+ z
3
+ y
3
3z
2
y
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
x
2
z + y
2
x + z
2
y
Cng v vi v ta c iu phi chng minh.
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z.
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

b + c
a
2
+ bc
+
c + a
b
2
+ ca
+
a + b
c
2
+ ab
Li gii:
Cch 1.
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz c:
a + b
c
2
+ ab
=
(a + b)
2
(a + b)(c
2
+ ab)
=
(a + b)
2
a(b
2
+ c
2
) + b(a
2
+ c
2
)

b
2
a(b
2
+ c
2
)
+
a
2
b(a
2
+ c
2
)
Lm tng t cho cc biu thc cn li c:
b + c
a
2
+ bc

c
2
b(a
2
+ c
2
)
+
b
2
c(a
2
+ b
2
)
c + a
b
2
+ ca

a
2
c(a
2
+ b
2
)
+
c
2
a(b
2
+ c
2
)
rng :
sym
b
2
a(b
2
+ c
2
)
=
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
Cng 3 bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Cch 2.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b = max {a; b; c} . Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
_
1
a

a + b
c
2
+ ab
_
+
_
1
c

b + c
a
2
+ bc
_
+
_
1
b

a + c
b
2
+ ac
_
0
(c
2
a
2
)
_
1
a(c
2
+ ab)

1
c(a
2
+ bc)
_
+
(b c)(b a)
b
3
+ abc
0
(c a)
2
(c + a)(bc + ab ca)
ca(c
2
+ ab)(a
2
+ bc)
+
(b c)(b a)
b
3
+ abc
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do bi ton chng minh xong.
1
a
4
+
1
b
4
+
1
c
4

2a
a
6
+ b
4
+
2b
b
6
+ c
4
+
2c
c
6
+ a
4
Li gii:
Cch 1.
S dng bt ng thc x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy + yz + zx v bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
1
a
4
+
1
b
4
+
1
c
4

1
a
2
b
2
+
1
b
2
c
2
+
1
c
2
a
2
=
a
a
3
b
2
+
b
b
3
c
2
+
c
c
3
a
2
2a
a
6
+ b
4
+
2b
b
6
+ c
4
+
2c
c
6
+ a
4
Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Cch 2.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v bt ng thc AM-GM nh sau
V T =
1
2
_
a
2
a
6
+
1
b
4
+
b
2
b
6
+
1
c
4
+
c
2
c
6
+
1
a
4
_
1
2
_
(a + 1)
2
a
6
+ b
4
+
(b + 1)
2
b
6
+ c
4
+
(c + 1)
2
c
6
+ a
4
_
2a
a
6
+ b
4
+
2b
b
6
+ c
4
+
2c
c
6
+ a
4
Bi 286. Cho a, b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:
a
2
bc
2a
2
+ ab + ac
+
b
2
ca
2b
2
+ bc + ba
+
c
2
ab
2c
2
+ ca + cb
0
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Bng phng php bin i thm bt, bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
cyc
(a b)
2
2ac + 2bc + c
2
+ ab
(2a
2
+ ab + ac)(2b
2
+ bc + ab)
0
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c .
Cch 2.
bc a
2
2a
2
+ ab + ac
+ 1 +
ac b
2
2b
2
+ ab + bc
+ 1 +
ba c
2
2c
2
+ cb + ac
+ 1 3
_
(a + b)(a + c)
a(2a + b + c)
+
(b + c)(b + a)
b(2b + a + c)
+
(c + a)(c + b)
c(2c + b + a)
_
3
Ta li c:
V T =
_
(a + b)(a + c)
a(2a + b + c)
+
(b + c)(b + a)
b(2b + a + c)
+
(c + a)(c + b)
c(2c + b + a)
_
3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3
_
abc(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(2a + b + c)(2b + c + a)(2c + a + b)
= 3
3
[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]

2
abc(2a + b + c)(2b + a + c)(2c + a + b)
Gi ta ch cn chng minh:
3.
3
[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]

2
abc(2a + b + c)(2b + a + c)(2c + a + b)
3
[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]
2
abc(2a + b + c)(2b + a + c)(2c + a + b)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c) 2abc(a + b + c)
2
+ 3abc(ab + bc + ca)
Tht vy ta c
(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
3

9abc(ab + cb + ac)
3
= 3abc(ab + bc + ca)
2(ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
3

2.3abc(a + b + c)(a + b + c)
3
= 2abc(a + b + c)
2
Cng tng v ca hai bt ng thc trn trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
Cch 3.
cyc
bc
2a
2
+ ab + ac

cyc
a
2a + b + c
cyc
bc
2a
2
+ ab + ac

(ab + bc + ca)
2
cyc
bc (2a
2
+ ab + ac)
=
(ab + bc + ca)
2
4abc(a + b + c)

3
4
Cn v phi c nh gi nh bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
cyc
a
2a + b + c

1
4
cyc
_
a
a + b
+
a
a + c
_
=
3
4
Do ta c
cyc
bc
2a
2
+ ab + ac

cyc
a
2a + b + c
Bi 287. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn
27
4
abc 3(a +b +c) +4. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = a + b + c
Li gii:
Ta c:
(a + b + c)
3
4

27abc
4
3(a + b + c) + 4
Tng ng vi
(a + b + c + 2)
2
(a + b + c 4) 0 a + b + c 4
Vy Min P = 4. Du bng t c khi a = b = c =
4
3
.
Bi 288. Chng minh rng: Nu a + b 0 th :
(a + b)(a
3
+ b
3
)(a
5
+ b
5
) 4(a
9
+ b
9
)
Li gii:
(a
9
+ b
9
)(a + b) (a
5
+ b
5
)
2
(a
5
+ b
5
)(a + b) (a
3
+ b
3
)
2
4(a
3
+ b
3
) (a + b)
3
Nhn v theo v ba bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
a + b + 3c
3a + 3b + 2c
+
a + 3b + c
3a + 2b + 3c
+
3a + b + c
2a + 3b + 3c

15
8
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t x = 3b + 3c + 2a, y = 3a + 3c + 2b, z = 3a + 3b + 2c . Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh
tng ng vi
7
8
_
x
z
+
z
x
_
+
7
8
_
y
z
+
z
y
_
+
7
8
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
27
8

15
8
7
8
_
x
z
+
z
x
_
+
7
8
_
y
z
+
z
y
_
+
7
8
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
42
8
7
8
_
x
z
+
z
x
_
+
7
8
_
y
z
+
z
y
_
+
7
8
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
14
8
+
14
8
+
14
8
=
42
8
Cch 2.
V T = 1 +
7
3
_
c
2c + 3a + 3b
+
b
2b + 3a + 3c
+
a
2a + 3b + 3c
_
= 1 + 7(a + b + c)
_
1
2a + 3b + 3c
+
1
2b + 3c + 3a
+
1
2c + 3b + 3a
_
7
6 +
63(a + b + c)
8(a + b + c)
=
15
8
Bi 290. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c = 3.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
a
3
b(2c + a)
+
b
3
c(2a + b)
+
c
3
a(2b + c)
Li gii:
Cch 1.
(
a
3
+
b
3
+
c
3
)(
a +
b +
c) (a + b + c)
2
= 3
_
3(a + b + c)
3(
a +
b +
c)
(
a
3
+
b
3
+
c
3
) 3
T y p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz mt ln na ta c
P
(
a
3
+
b
3
+
c
3
)
2
3(ab + bc + ca)
a
3
+
b
3
+
c
3
)
2
(a + b + c)
2
3
2
3
2
= 1
Cch 2.
a
3
b(2c + a)
=
a
3
b(2c + a)
+
b
3
+
2c + a
9

b
3

2c
9

a
9
a
b
3

2c
9

a
9
=
8a
9

b
3

2c
9
Do ta c:
P =
a
3
b(2c + a)
+
b
3
c(2a + b)
+
c
3
a(2b + c)
_
8a
9

b
3

2c
9
_
+
_
8b
9

c
3

2a
9
_
+
_
8c
9

a
3

2b
9
_
=
a + b + c
3
= 1
Bi 291. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn ab + bc + ca = abc. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ 3b
2
ab
+
b
2
+ 3c
2
bc
+
c
2
+ 3a
2
ca
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c ab + bc + ca = abc
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
= 1
(1 + 3)(a
2
+ 3b
2
) (a + 3b)
2
a
2
+ 3b
2
a + 3b
2
t y ta suy ra
a
2
+ 3b
2
ab
+
b
2
+ 3c
2
bc
+
c
2
+ 3a
2
ca

a + 3b
2ab
+
b + 3c
2cb
+
c + 3a
2ac
= 2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
= 2
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 3..
Cch 2.
p dng bt ng thc Minkowski ta c
V T =
cyc
a
2
+ 3b
2
ab
=
cyc
_
1
b
2
+
3
a
2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
+ 3
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
= 2
ab
a
2
+ bc + ca
+
bc
b
2
+ ca + ab
+
ca
c
2
+ ab + bc

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Bt ng thc cn chng minh (k hiu BDT) tng ng vi
cyc
a(
a
ab + bc + ca

b
a
2
+ bc + ca
) 0
C th coi c = min{a; b; c}, bng php bin i tng ng ta c
BDT
cyc
a(
a
ab + bc + ca

b
a
2
+ bc + ca
) 0
a(a b)(a + b)(a + c)

a
2
+ bc + ca
+
b(b c)(b + c)(b + a)
b
2
+ ca + cb
+
c(c a)(c + a)(c + b)
c
2
+ ab + bc
0
a(a b)(a + b)(a + c)

a
2
+ bc + ca
+
b(b a + a c)(b + c)(b + a)
b
2
+ ca + cb
+
c(c a)(c + a)(c + b)
c
2
+ ab + bc
0
c(a + b)(a b)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ ab + ca + cb)
(a
2
+ bc + ac)(b
2
+ ca + ab)
+
+
(b + c)(c a)(c b)(2ac
2
+ 2ab
2
+ abc + c
2
b + b
2
c)
(b
2
+ ca + cb)(c
2
+ ab + bc)
0
ng do c = min{a; b; c}
Cch 2.
(a
2
+ bc + ca) (b
2
+ bc + ca) (ab + bc + ca)
2
cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
a
2
c
+
b
2
a
+
c
2
b
a + b + c,
Nn suy ra: a
3
b + b
3
c + c
3
a abc (a + b + c)
Vy
ab
3
+ bc
3
+ ca
3
+ 2abc (a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca)
2

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
T cc nh gi trn ta c:
cyc
ab
a
2
+ bc + ca
=
cyc
ab (b
2
+ bc + ca)
(a
2
+ bc + ca) (b
2
+ bc + ca)
cyc
ab (b
2
+ bc + ca)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
=
ab
3
+ bc
3
+ ca
3
+ 2abc (a + b + c)
(ab + bc + ca)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
Cui cng ta chng minh c
ab
a
2
+ bc + ca
+
bc
b
2
+ ca + ab
+
ca
c
2
+ ab + bc

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca
Bi 293. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
2(a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a) + 3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 4abc 19
Li gii:
Ta c 19 = 27 8 = 3(a + b + c)
2
8 = 3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 6(ab + bc + ca) 8.
Khi , bt ng thc tng ng vi
a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a + 2abc + 4 3(ab + bc + ca).
Li c, 3(ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) = (a
2
b + b
2
c + c
2
a) + (ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
) + 3abc.
Nn bt ng thc tr thnh
4 ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc.
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s b nm gia a v c, suy ra a(b a)(b c) 0, hay
ab
2
+ ca
2
abc + a
2
b.
Nh vy, ab
2
+ bc
2
+ ca
2
+ abc a
2
b + c
2
b + 2abc = b(a + c)
2
= 4b
_
a+c
2
_
2
4
_
b+
a+c
2
+
a+c
2
3
_
3
= 4.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c. = 1.
cyc
a(a 2b + c)
ab + 1
0
Li gii:
cyc
a(a b) + a(c b)
1 + ab
=
cyc
(a b)
2
ac
(1 + ab)(1 + ac)
+
cyc
(a c)(a b)
(1 + ab)(1 + ac)
0
ng theo bt ng thc Schur . Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Bi 295. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
1
1 + bc
+
1
1 + ca
+
1
1 + ab

9
2(
a +
b +
c)
Li gii:
Ta c:
cyc
1
1 + ab
= 3
cyc
ab
1 + ab
3
cyc
ab
2
=
15 (
a +
b +
c)
2
4
t x =

a +
b +
c Ta cn chng minh:
15 x
2
4

9
2x
(x 3)
_
x +
3 +
33
2
__
x
3
33
2
_
0
bt ng thc ny ng x [
3; 3]. Bt ng thc c chng minh.

Bi 296. Cho 0 a, b, c 1 . Chng minh rng:
a
b + c + 1
+
b
c + a + 1
+
c
a + b + 1
+ (1 a)(1 b)(1 c) 1
Li gii:
Gi s: a b c khi suy ra
cyc
a
b + c + 1

a + b + c
b + c + 1
= 1
1 a
1 + b + c
.
Ta ch cn chng minh
(1 a) (1 b) (1 c)
1 a
b + c + 1
0
l xong. iu tng ng vi
(1 b) (1 c) (1 + b + c) 1 0
bt ng thc cui ng theo AM-GM. Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c(= 0 hay = 1).
Bi 297. Cho x + y + z = xyz v x, y, z > 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
y 2
x
2
+
z 2
y
2
+
x 2
z
2
Li gii:
T gi thit ta suy ra
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
= 1. Ta li c:
P =
(y 1) + (x 1)
x
2
+
(z 1) + (y 1)
y
2
+
(x 1) + (z 1)
z
2
)
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
Tip tc bin i
P =
cyc
(y 1)
_
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
_
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
cyc
(y 1)
2
xy

_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
=
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
2
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
xz
_
3.
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
xz
_
2
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
xz
_
=
3 2
Vy gi tr nh nht ca P =
3 2.
3.
Bi ton c gii quyt.
Bi 298. Cho x, y, z > 0, x + y + z = 1 . Chng minh rng:
9xyz + 1 4(xy + yz + zx).
Li gii:
Cch 1.
K hiu BDT l bt ng thc cn chng minh, khi ta c:
BDT (x + y + z)
3
4(x + y + z)(xy + yz + xz) + 9xyz 0
x(x y)(x z) + y(y z)(y x) + z(z x)(z y) 0
Gi s x y z > 0. Khi ta c:
z(z x)(z y) 0
x(x y)(x z) + y(y z)(y x) = (x y)(x
2
xz y
2
+ yz)
= (x y)
2
(x + y z) 0
Cng cc v ca hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
1
3
.
Cch 2.
Gi s z = min(x; y; z)
BDT xy (9z 4) + 1 4z (1 z) 0
(1 z)
2
4
(9z 4) + 1 4z (1 z) 0
Bt ng thc cui cng ng. Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Cch 3.
Ta c bt ng thc quen thuc sau: (dnh cho bn c)
xyz (x + y z)(y + z x)(z + x y
Kt hp vi iu kin x + y + z = 1 ta c:
BDT xyz (1 2z)(1 2x)(1 2y)
xyz 1 2(x + y + z) + 4(xy + yz + zx) 8xyz
9xyz 1 2(x + y + z) + 4(xy + yz + zx)
Lu x + y + z = 1 , t ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 299. Cho x, y, z [0; 1] . Chng minh rng:
2(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (x
2
y + y
z
+ z
2
x) 3.
Li gii:
Ta c (x 1)(y 1)x 0 . Nn suy ra x
2
x
2
y x xy Tng t cho cc b s khc. T y suy
ra
2(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
) (x
2
y + y
2
z + z
2
x) 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) x
2
y y
2
z z
2
x
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ x + y + z xy yz xz
Mt khc ta c: (x 1)(y 1) 0. Nn suy ra x xy 1 y
Cho nn ta nhn c
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+x+y+zxyyzxz x
2
+y
2
+z
2
xyz+3 = x(x1)+y(y1)+z(z1)+3 3
Bt ng thc c chng minh. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.
Bi 300. Cho a, b, c > 0, a + b + c = 3 . Chng minh rng:
a + b
ab + 3
+
b + c
bc + 3
+
c + a
ca + 3

3
2
Li gii:
K hiu BDT l bt ng thc cn chng minh, khi ta c:
BDT 4abc(ab + bc + ca) + 6(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)+
+ 18abc + 36(a + b + c) 3[a
2
b
2
c
2
+ 3abc(a + b + c) + 9(ab + bc + ca) + 27]
4qr + 27 3r
2
+ 9r + 9q ()
Vi p = a + b + c = 3, q = ab + bc + ca 3, r = abc 1
Do ta c: 3r
2
+ 9r + q(9 4r) 3r
2
+ 9r + 3(9 4r) = 3r(r 1) + 27 27, nn (*) ng.
16 Bi 301 n bi 320
Bi 301. a, b, c dng tho mn a + b + c = 3 . Chng minh rng:
a
2
b
2a + b
+
b
2
c
2b + c
+
c
2
a
2c + a

3
2
Li gii:
cyc
a
2
b
2a + b

cyc
1
9
(
a
2
b
a
+
a
2
b
a
+
a
2
b
b
) =
(a + b + c)
2
9
<
3
2
Bi 302. a, b, c l cc s thc dng tu . Chng minh rng:
ab
c
2
+
bc
a
2
+
ca
b
2

1
2
(
a + b
c
+
b + c
a
+
c + a
b
)
Li gii:
Cch 1.
a(b + c)(b c)
2
b
2
c
2
0
Lun ng do a; b; c > 0.
Cch 2.
Sau khi quy ng v ph ngoc ta c bt ng thc tng ng:
2[(ab)
3
+ (bc)
3
+ (ca)
3
]
cyc
(ab)
2
(ac + bc)
t ab = x, bc = y, ca = z , ta cn chng minh:
2(x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
)
cyc
x
2
(y + z) =
cyc
xy(x + y)
p dng m
3
+ n
3
mn(m + n) ta c
cyc
x
3
+ y
3
cyc
xy(x + y)
Bi 303. a, b, c l l cc s khng m tho mn a + b + c 3 . Chng minh rng:
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
+ b
3
_
c + a
2
_
4
+ c
3
_
a + b
2
_
4
1
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
Li gii:
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
= a
2
.(b + c)
2
.
2a(b + c)(b + c)
2
5
a
2
.2(b
2
+ c
2
).
8(a + b + c)
3
2
5
.27
a
2
b
2
+ a
2
c
2
2
T y suy ra:
cyc
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
1
2
cyc
_
a
2
b
2
+ a
2
c
2
_
= a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3
Bi 304. a, b, c l l cc s khng m tho mn a + b + c 3 . Chng minh rng:
a
4
_
b + c
2
_
5
+ b
4
_
c + a
2
_
5
+ c
4
_
a + b
2
_
5
1
9
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
Li gii:
Trong bi trn ta chng minh:
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
a
2
(b
2
+ c
2
)
2
Ta c cc kt qu sau y:
a
5
_
b + c
2
_
6
= a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
.
a
2
(b + c)
2
2
2
a
2
(b
2
+ c
2
)
2
.
a
2
(b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= a
2
.
2a
2
. (b
2
+ c
2
) . (b
2
+ c
2
)
8
a
2
.
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
27
T y suy ra:
cyc
a
5
_
b + c
2
_
6
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
.
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
3
27
=
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
4
27
Mt khc theo kt qu bi 303 ta c:
cyc
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
1
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
2
T cc kt qu trn ta nhn c:
_
cyc
a
4
_
b + c
2
_
5
_
2
cyc
a
3
_
b + c
2
_
4
_
.
_
cyc
a
5
_
b + c
2
_
6
_
1
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
2
.
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
4
27
Bi 305. a, b, c l l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
a
2
(b + c)
b
2
+ bc + c
2
+
b
2
(c + a)
c
2
+ ca + a
2
+
c
2
(a + b)
a
2
+ ab + b
2

2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
a + b + c
Li gii:
4(ab + bc + ca)(bc + b
2
+ c
2
) (ab + bc + ca + bc + b
2
+ c
2
)
2
= (b + c)
2
(a + b + c)
2
T y suy ra:
a
2
(b + c)
b
2
+ bc + c
2

4a
2
(ab + bc + ca)
(b + c)(a + b + c)
2
Vy
V T
4(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b + c)
2
_
cyc
a
2
b + c
_
Do , chng minh bt ng thc
cyc
a
2
b + c

(a + b + c)(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2(ab + bc + ca)
Ta s chng minh
cyc
a
2
b + c

(a + b + c)
3
2(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b + c)
Hay cn phi chng minh
cyc
(
a
2
b + c
+ a)
(a + b + c)
3
2(ab + bc + ca)
iu tng ng vi
cyc
a
b + c

(a + b + c)
2
2(ab + bc + ca)
Bt ng thc cui cng hin nhin ng theo Cauchy-Shwarz. Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Bi 306. a, b l l cc s thc dng tho mn a
2
+ b
2
= 1 . Chng minh rng:
1
a
+
1
b
2
2 +
_
_
a
b

_
b
a
_
2
Li gii:
Ta thc hin cc php bin i tng ng
1
a
+
1
b
2
2 +
a
b
+
b
a
2
a + b + 2ab 2
2ab + 1
a + b + (a + b)
2
1
2(a + b)
2
+ 1
2
(1
2)t
2
+ t +
2 2 0, t = a + b
(1
2)(t
2)(t 1) 0
T iu kin u bi d suy ra c 1 < t
2 nn bt ng thc cui cng ng.

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b .
Bi 307. a, b, c l l cc s thc dng tho mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c
3
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c bt ng thc sau y ng
1
2 a

a
2
+ 1
2
Do ta c a(a 1)
2
0
Do
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
2
= 3
Cch 2.
a
2 a
+
b
2 b
+
c
2 c
3
Do:
a
2 a
+
b
2 b
+
c
2 c

(a + b + c)
2
2(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
(a + b + c)
2
2(a + b + c) 3
3
Tng ng vi
(a + b + c)
2
+ 9 6(a + b + c)
(ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM )
Cch 3.
a
2 a
+
b
2 b
+
c
2 c
3
Ta chng minh
9
2 (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
)
3
Thy vy, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
+ 3 2
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
Hay tng ng vi
_
a
4
+ a
2
_
+
_
b
4
+ b
2
_
+
_
c
4
+ c
2
_
2
_
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
_
Bt ng thc cui cng ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM
T y, sau khi p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
a
2 a
+
b
2 b
+
c
2 c

(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
2 (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
) (a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
)
3
Bi 308. x, y, z l l cc s thc dng tho mn xy + yz + zx = 1 . Chng minh rng:
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
3 +
_
1
x
2
+ 1 +
_
1
y
2
+ 1 +
_
1
z
2
+ 1
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
3 +
_
1
x
2
+ 1 +
_
1
y
2
+ 1 +
_
1
z
2
+ 1 3 +
_
3(
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
+ 3)
Gi ta phi chng minh:
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
3 +
_
3(
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
+ 3)
(
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
3)
2
3(
1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
+ 3)
(x + y + z)
2
3
x
2
y
2
z
2
0
(x y)
2
+ (y z)
2
+ (z x)
2
z
2
x
2
y
2
0
Bt ng thc cui cng hin nhin ng
1
3
.
Cch 2.
Ta c
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
= (xy + yz + zx)
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
= 3 +
z
x
+
z
y
+
x
y
+
x
z
+
y
z
+
y
x
= 3 +
1
2
_
x + y
x
+
x + z
x
_
+
1
2
_
z
x
+
z
y
+
x
y
+
x
z
+
y
z
+
y
x
_
3
3 +
_
x + y
x
.
x + z
x
+
_
y + z
y
.
y + x
y
+
_
z + x
z
.
z + y
z
+
1
2
.6 3
= 3 +
_
1
x
2
+ 1 +
_
1
y
2
+ 1 +
_
1
z
2
+ 1 +
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
=
_
1 +
z
y
+
z
x
_
+
_
1 +
y
x
+
y
z
_
+
_
1 +
x
z
+
x
y
_
= 3 +
_
z
y
+
y
x
+
x
z
_
+
_
z
x
+
y
z
+
x
y
_
3 +
_
3
2
+
1
2
_
z
y
+
y
x
+
x
z
__
+
_
3
2
+
1
2
_
z
x
+
y
z
+
x
y
__
3 +
1
2
_
_
1 +
y
x
_
+
_
1 +
z
x
_
+
_
1 +
z
y
_
+
_
1 +
x
y
_
+
_
1 +
x
z
_
+
_
1 +
y
z
_
_
3 +
1
2
_
(x + y) + (x + z)
x
+
(y + z) + (y + x)
y
+
(z + x) + (z + y)
z
_
3 +
_
(x + y) (x + z)
x
+
_
(y + z) (y + x)
y
+
_
(z + x) (z + y)
z
3 +
_
x
2
+ xy + yz + zx
x
+
_
y
2
+ xy + yz + zx
y
+
_
z
2
+ xy + yz + zx
z
3 +
x
2
+ 1
x
+
_
y
2
+ 1
y
+
z
2
+ 1
z
3 +
_
1
x
2
+ 1 +
_
1
y
2
+ 1 +
_
1
z
2
+ 1
Cch 3.
T gi thit t
1
x
= tanA;
1
y
= tanB;
1
z
= tanC. T y suy ra A + B + C =
Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
sinAsinBcosC
3cosA +
cosAcosB
sin
2
A 6
cosA + 2
cosAcosB
1 2
cosA +
cosAcosB
( Bt ng thc cui cng ng theo AM GM ) Bt ng thc c chng minh.
1
3
.
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
9
a + b + c
4
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
Li gii:
Nhn (a + b + c) vo hai v bt ng thc cn chng minh; sau khi thu gn ta c:
cyc
(
1
a
+
1
b
)
cyc
4c
a + b
Bt ng thc cui cng tng ng vi
cyc
c(a b)
2
ab(a + b)
0
hin nhin ng.
cyc
a
2
b

cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
Li gii:
Ta c
cyc
a
2
b
=
cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
b
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta nhn c
(a + b + c)
_
cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
b
_
cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
_
2
v
cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
a + b + c
T y suy ra (a + b + c)
_
cyc
a
2
b
_
(a + b + c)
_
cyc
a
2
ab + b
2
_
Bi 311. a, b, c l cc s khng m tho mn a
7
+ b
7
+ c
7
3 . Chng minh rng:
1
2 a
+
1
2 b
+
1
2 c
3.
Li gii:
Ta c bt ng thc i din:
1
2 a

a
7
+ 6
7
(do tng ng vi (a 1)
2
(a
6
a
4
2a
3
3a
2
4a 5) 0 ()
V: a
7
3 . Nn a
6
3
6
< 5
T y suy ra a
6
a
4
2a
3
3a
2
4a 5 0
Vy () ng).Tng t p dng cho hai bt ng thc cn li.
Bi 312. Cho x, y, z l s thc dng tho x + y + z = 3xyz
Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
Li gii:
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+ 1
3
xy
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
+ 1
3
yz
1
z
3
+
1
x
3
+ 1
3
zx
_
_
2
_
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
_
+ 3 3
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
= 9
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
+
1
z
3
3.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc bng 3 t c khi x = y = z = 1.
Bi 313. a, b, c l cc s khng m tho mn
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ abc
+
1
1 +
_
(b + c)
3
+ abc
+
1
1 +
_
(c + a)
3
+ abc
3
4
Li gii:
T iu kin ta c:
3 =
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2

3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
3 abc 1
Do :
V T
1
1 +
_
(a + b)
3
+ 1
+
1
1 +
_
(b + c)
3
+ 1
+
1
1 +
_
(c + a)
3
+ 1
=
_
(a + b)
3
+ 1 1
(a + b)
3
+
_
(b + c)
3
+ 1 1
(b + c)
3
+
_
(c + a)
3
+ 1 1
(c + a)
3
Mt khc ta c:
1 + x
3
=
_
(1 + x) (1 x + x
2
)
(1 + x) + (1 x + x
2
)
2
= 1 +
x
2
2

1 + x
3
1
x
2
2
1 + x
3
1
x
3

1
2x
Suy ra:
V T
1
2
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
1
4
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
1
4
3
_
1
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
_
=
3
4
Bi 314. a, b, c thc dng tho mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a

4
a
2
+ 7
+
4
b
2
+ 7
+
4
c
2
+ 7
Li gii:
Ta c:
1
a + b
+
1
b + c

4
a + 2b + c
,
1
b + c
+
1
c + a

4
a + b + 2c
,
1
c + a
+
1
a + b

4
2a + b + c
T y suy ra:
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a

2
a + 2b + c
+
2
a + b + 2c
+
2
2a + b + c
=
4
2a + 2b + 2b + 2c
+
4
2a + 2b + 2c + 2c
+
4
2a + 2a + 2b + 2c
4
(a
2
+ 1) + (b
2
+ 1) + (b
2
+ 1) + (c
2
+ 1)
+
4
(a
2
+ 1) + (b
2
+ 1) + (c
2
+ 1) + (c
2
+ 1)
+
+
4
(a
2
+ 1) + (a
2
+ 1) + (b
2
+ 1) + (c
2
+ 1)
=
4
a
2
+ 7
+
4
b
2
+ 7
+
4
c
2
+ 7
Vy ta c:
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a

4
a
2
+ 7
+
4
b
2
+ 7
+
4
c
2
+ 7
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
a
a
2
+ b + c
+
b
b
2
+ c + a
+
c
c
2
+ a + b
3
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
LHS =
a
1 + b + c
_
(a
2
+ b + c)(1 + b + c)
+
b
1 + a + c
_
(b
2
+ c + a)(1 + a + c)
+
c
1 + a + b
_
(c
2
+ a + b)(1 + a + b)
1 + b + c + b
1 + a + c + c
1 + b + a
a + b + c
Ta ch cn chng minh:
a
1 + b + c + b
1 + a + c + c
1 + b + a
a + b + c

3
Hay tng ng vi chng minh
a
1 + b + c + b
1 + a + c + c
1 + b + a
3(a + b + c)
Bin i v tri bt ng thc cui ta c
a
1 + b + c + b
1 + a + c + c
1 + b + a
_
(a + b + c)(a + ab + ac + b + bc + ba + c + ac + cb)
=
_
(a + b + c)[(a + b + c) + 2(ab + bc + ca)]
_
(a + b + c)[(a + b + c) + 2
(a + b + c)
2
3
]
_
(a + b + c)[(a + b + c) + 2(a + b + c)] =
3(a + b + c)
Cch 2.
Ta c cc nh gi sau:
a + b + c
_
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = 3 = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(1 + b + c)(a
2
+ b + c) (a + b + c)
2
_
cyc
a
a
2
+ b + c
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
a
a
2
+ b + c
+
b
b
2
+ c + a
+
c
c
2
+ a + b
_
3.
a(1 + b + c) + b(1 + c + a) + c(1 + a + b)
(a + b + c)
2
= 3.
a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b + c)
2
3.
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b + c)
2
= 3
T y ta c:
cyc
a
a
2
+ b + c
3
Bi 316. a, b, c l cc s khng m . Chng minh rng:
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
4(a + b + c)(a b)(b c)(c a)
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s b nm gia a v c. Khi , ta c hai trng hp xy ra.
a/ Nu a b c, th bt ng thc hin nhin ng do V T 0 V P.
b/ Xt trng hp c b a. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
4(a+b+c)(ab)(bc)(ca) = 4(ca)(cb)(ba)(a+b+c) [(c a)(c b) + (b a)(a + b + c)]
2
Mt khc, li thy
(c a)(c b) + (b a)(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = a(2a + 2c b) 0
Kt hp hai nh gi ny li, ta c ngay kt qu cn chng minh.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
1 ab
(a + b)
2
+
1 bc
(b + c)
2
+
1 ca
(c + a)
2

3
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c cc kt qu sau y
cyc
1
(a + b)
2

9
(a + b)
2
+ (b + c)
2
+ (c + a)
2

9
4(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
9
4
cyc
c
2
(a + b)
2

1
3
_
cyc
c
a + b
_
2
Nesbit
1
3
_
3
2
_
2
=
3
4
1 ab
(a + b)
2
=
1
2
2 2ab
(a + b)
2
=
1
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 2ab
(a + b)
2
=
1
2
_
1
(a + b)
2
+
(a b)
2
(a + b)
2
+
c
2
(a + b)
2
_
1
2
_
1
(a + b)
2
+
c
2
(a + b)
2
_
T y rt ra:
cyc
1 ab
(a + b)
2

1
2
_
cyc
1
(a + b)
2
+
cyc
c
2
(a + b)
2
_
1
2
_
9
4
+
3
4
_
Vy, ta chng minh c:
1 ab
(a + b)
2
+
1 bc
(b + c)
2
+
1 ca
(c + a)
2

3
2
1
3
.
Cch 2.
Ta c cc kt qu sau y
cyc
1
(a + b)
2

9
(a + b)
2
+ (b + c)
2
+ (c + a)
2

9
4(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
9
4
1 ab
(a + b)
2

1
(a + b)
2
4
(a + b)
2
=
1
(a + b)
2

1
4
cyc
1 ab
(a + b)
2

cyc
1
(a + b)
2

3
4

9
4

3
4
=
3
2
T y rt ra:
1 ab
(a + b)
2
+
1 bc
(b + c)
2
+
1 ca
(c + a)
2

3
2
1
3
.
Cch 3.
T iu kin suy ra: 1 = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca 2 a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca Do ta c:
2.
1 ab
(a + b)
2
=
2 2ab
(a + b)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca 2ab
(a + b)
2
=
(a b)
2
+ c
2
+ ab + bc + ca
(a + b)
2

(c + a) (c + b)
(a + b)
2
T y suy ra:
2
_
1 ab
(a + b)
2
+
1 bc
(b + c)
2
+
1 ca
(c + a)
2
_
(c + a) (c + b)
(a + b)
2
+
(a + b) (a + c)
(b + c)
2
+
(b + c) (b + a)
(c + a)
2
3
Vy ta c
1 ab
(a + b)
2
+
1 bc
(b + c)
2
+
1 ca
(c + a)
2

3
2
1
3
.
Bi 318. a, b, c thc dng tho mn a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng:
ab
c + 6ab
+
bc
a + 6bc
+
ca
b + 6ca

1
3
Li gii:
Ta ln lt c cc kt qu sau:
c + 6ab = c (a + b + c) + 6ab = (ab + bc + ca) + (c
2
+ 2ab) + 3ab
cyc
ab
ab + bc + ca
=
ab
ab + bc + ca
+
bc
ab + bc + ca
+
ca
ab + bc + ca
= 1
cyc
ab
c
2
+ 2ab
=
3
cyc
c
2
c
2
+ 2ab
2
CauchySchwarz
3
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2(ab + bc + ca)
2
= 1
ab
c + 6ab
=
ab
(ab + bc + ca) + (c
2
+ 2ab) + 3ab

1
9
_
ab
ab + bc + ca
+
ab
c
2
+ 2ab
+
ab
3ab
_
cyc
ab
c + 6ab

1
9
_
cyc
ab
ab + bc + ca
+
cyc
ab
c
2
+ 2ab
+ 1
_
1
9
(1 + 1 + 1)
T y kt lun
cyc
ab
c + 6ab

1
3
1
3
.
Bi 319. a, b, c thc dng tho mn a + b + c = abc. Chng minh rng:
1
a
2
(1 + bc)
+
1
b
2
(1 + ca)
+
1
c
2
(1 + ab)

1
4
Li gii:
Ch ng thc quen thuc sau:
cyc
_
ac
a + b
+
ac
c + b
_
= a + b + c
t: x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
Ta c xy + yz + zx = 1
Khi Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:
x
2
yz
1 + yz
+
y
2
zx
1 + zx
+
z
2
xy
1 + xy

1
4
Ta c cc nh gi sau:
x
2
yz
1 + yz
=
xy.xz
(xy + yz) + (zx + yz)

1
4
_
xy.xz
xy + yz
+
xy.xz
zx + yz
_
cyc
x
2
yz
1 + yz

1
4
cyc
_
xy.xz
xy + yz
+
xy.xz
zx + yz
_
=
1
4
(xy + yz + zx) =
1
4
T y suy ra
x
2
yz
1 + yz
+
y
2
zx
1 + zx
+
z
2
xy
1 + xy

1
4
3.
Cch 2.
Ta c cc nh gi sau
1
a
2
(1 + bc)
+
1
b
2
(1 + ca)
+
1
c
2
(1 + ab)
=
1
a(a + abc)
+
1
b(b + abc)
+
1
c(c + abc)
=
1
a(2a + b + c)
+
1
b(2b + a + c)
+
1
c(2c + b + a)
cyc
_
1
4a(a + b)
+
1
4a(a + c)
_
=
1
4ab
+
1
4bc
+
1
4ca
=
1
4
V ta cng c:
1
a
2
+ a
2
bc
=
1
a
2
+ a(a + b + c)
=
abc
a(a + b + c)(2a + b + c)
=
bc
(a + b + c)(2a + b + c)
Do biu thc cui cng l ng nht nn ta c th gi s a + b + c = 1.
(Nu a + b + c = k, ta c th t a = ka
; b = kb
, c = kc
.) khi ta c
V T =
cyc
bc
2a + b + c
=
cyc
bc
a + b + a + c

1
4
cyc
(
bc
a + b
+
bc
a + c
)
1
4
Bi 320. a, b thc dng. Chng minh rng:
1 +
2(
a +
b)
a + b

1 + a + b
ab
Li gii:
(a + b)
ab + 2(
a +
b)
ab (a + b) + (a + b)
2
Ta c
(a + b)
2
2

(a + b).2
ab
2
=
ab(a + b)
(a + b)
2
2
+ (a + b)
4ab + (
a +
b)
2
2
2(
a +
b)
ab
Cng cc v ca hai bt ng thc trn ta c iu phi chng minh.
17 Bi 321 n bi 340
Bi 321. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m tha mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
xyz
Li gii:
Gi s x y z
_
x
2
yz x
2
yz 0
y
2
+ z
2
= 3 x
2
3
Khi ta c
P = y
3
+ z
3
+ x(x
2
yz) y
3
+ z
3
= Q
Q
2
= (y + z)
2
(y
2
yz + z
2
)
2
= (y
2
+ 2yz + z
2
)(y
2
yz + z
2
)(y
2
yz + z
2
)
_
3(y
2
+ z
2
)
3
_
3
3
3
P Q 3
3
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 0, z =
3 hoc cc hon v.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 3
3.
Bi 322. a, b, c thc dng tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
+
b
2
c
2
+ 7
(b + c)
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ 7
(c + a)
6
Li gii:
Cch 1.
S dng gi thit v kt hp vi bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

2ab + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b)
2
= 1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
(a + b)
2
1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
2 (a
2
+ b
2
)
=
3
2
+
c
2
a
2
+ b
2
T ta c
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

9
2
+
cyc
c
2
a
2
+ b
2

9
2
+
3
2
= 6
Bt ng thc cui ng theo Nesbit.
Cch 2.
Ta c cc nh gi sau:
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

2ab + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b)
2
= 1 +
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
(a + b)
2
Suy ra:
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
3 +
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
(a + b)
2
T (a + b)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
) suy ra
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
8(a
2
+ b
2
)(b
2
+ c
2
)(c
2
+ a
2
)
T kt qu
4(a
2
+ b
2
)(a
2
+ c
2
)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
_
2
Suy ra
64
_
(a
2
+ b
2
)(b
2
+ c
2
)(c
2
+ a
2
)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
_
2
_
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2a
2
_
2
_
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2b
2
_
2
8(a
2
+ b
2
)(b
2
+ c
2
)(c
2
+ a
2
)
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
_ _
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2a
2
_ _
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2b
2
_
T ta c
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
_ _
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2a
2
_ _
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2b
2
_
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM
cyc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
(a + b)
2
3
3
(a
2
+ b
2
+ 2c
2
) (b
2
+ c
2
+ 2a
2
) (c
2
+ a
2
+ 2b
2
)
(a + b)
2
(b + c)
2
(c + a)
2
3
Vy ta nhn c:
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
3 + 3 = 6
Cch 3.
Ta c :
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2
=
a
2
b
2
+ +1 + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
(a + b)
2

2ab + 2c
2
(a + b)
2
+ 1
Vy gi ta s chng minh:
2ab + 2c
2
(a + b)
2
3
Ta c :
2ab + 2c
2
(a + b)
2
1 =
2c
2
a
2
b
2
(a + b)
2
Gi s: a b c, khi
2c
2
(a + b)
2

2b
2
(c + a)
2

2a
2
(b + c)
2
V
a
2
+ b
2
(a + b)
2

a
2
+ c
2
(a + c)
2

b2 + c
2
(b + c)
2
Vy bt ng thc ng theo Ch-b-sp . Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Cch 4.
Ta c:
cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
(a + b)
2

cyc
a
2
b
2
+ 7
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
i bin a
2
= x, b
2
= y, c
2
= z v t x +y +z = p, xy +yz +zx = q, xyz = r. Ta cn chng minh:
cyc
xy + 7
x + y
12
tng ng vi chng minh
cyc
(xy + 7)(y + z)(z + x) 12(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
khai trin v thu gn li ta c:
7p
2
+ 7q + q
2
+ rp 12pq 12r
q
2
29q + 15r + 63 0(p = 3)
Theo bt ng thc Schur ta c r
4q 9
3
Suy ra
q
2
29q + 15r + 63 q
2
29q + 15.
4q 9
3
+ 63 = (q 3)(q 6) 0 ( q 3 )
Bi 323. Cho x, y, z thc dng tha mn xy + yz + zx = 1. Chng minh rng:
x
y(1 + x
2
)
+
y
z(1 + y
2
+
z
x(1 + z
2
)

9
4
Li gii:
Ta c cc nh gi sau y:
x
2
y
2
+ x
2
y
2
+ x
2
y
2
+ xyz (x + y + z) = (xy + yz + zx)
2
xyz (x + y + z)
xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
8(xy + yz + zx)
3
27
=
8
27
(x + y + z) = (x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx)
9
8
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
Do nu k kiu VT - v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh ta s c:
V T =
cyc
x
y (1 + x
2
)
=
cyc
x
y (x + y) (x + z)
=
cyc
x
2
z (y + z)
xyz (x + y) (x + z) (y + z)
=
x
2
y
2
+ x
2
y
2
+ x
2
y
2
+ xyz (x + y + z)
xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
=
(xy + yz + zx)
2
xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)

(x + y + z)
(x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
27
8

9
8
=
9
4
Vy ta c
x
y(1 + x
2
)
+
y
z(1 + y
2
)
+
z
x(1 + z
2
)

9
4
1
3
.
Bi 324. Cho x, y, z thc dng tha mn xy + yz + zx = 1. Chng minh rng:
x
y(1 + z
2
)
+
y
z(1 + x
2
)
+
z
x(1 + y
2
)

9
4
Li gii:
Ta c cc nh gi sau:
xyz(x + y + z)
(xy + yz + xy)
2
3
=
1
3
(x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + xz) = 3
Vy ta c:
x
y(1 + z
2
)
+
y
z(1 + x
2
)
+
z
x(1 + y
2
)
(z + x + y)
2
xy + yz + xz + xyz(x + y + z)
9
4
1
3
.
Bi 325. Cho a; b; c thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b + c bc
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c + a ca
12
Li gii:
Ta ln lt nh gi
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2
a + b ab
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ 2
b + c bc
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ 2
c + a ca
=
cyc
(a
2
+ 1)
_
1
a + b ab
+
1
a + c ac
_
cyc
4(a
2
+ 1)
2a + b + c a(b + c)
=
cyc
4(a
2
+ 1)
2a + 1 a a(1 a)
=
cyc
4(a
2
+ 1)
a
2
+ 1
= 12
1
3
.
Bi 326. Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng:
ab
_
(1 c)
3
(1 + c)
+
bc
_
(1 a)
3
(1 + a)
+
ca
_
(1 b)
3
(1 + b)
2
8
Li gii:
Ta nhn thy rng
ab
_
(1 c)
3
(1 + c)
=
ab
(a + b)
_
(a + b)(a + c + b + c)
1
2
ab
(a + b)(a + c + b + c)

1
2

ab
ab
(a + b)2
_
(a + c)(b + c)
1
2
_
1
4
ab
(a + c)(b + c)

1
2
1
8
_
a
a + c
+
b
b + c
_
T y, sau khi p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta s c
V T
cyc
1
2
1
8
_
a
a + c
+
b
b + c
_

1
2
_
9
8
=
3
2
8
1
3
.
Bi 327. Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
3. Chng minh rng:
ab
3 + c
+
bc
3 + a
+
ca
3 + b
3
2
Li gii:
Ta c
9 a
3
+ 1 + 1 + b
3
+ 1 + 1 + c
3
+ 1 + 1 3(a + b + c)
Suy ra 3 (a + b + c) v t 9 (a + b + c)
2
3(ab + bc + ca) suy ra 3 (ab + bc + ca)
T ta c
ab
3 + c
+
bc
3 + a
+
ca
3 + b
ab
a + b + c + c
+
bc
a + b + c + a
+
ca
a + b + c + b
_
ab
a + c + b + c
+
bc
a + c + b + a
+
ca
a + c + b + b
_
(ab + bc + ca)
_
3
4
_
cyc
ab
a + c
+
ba
b + c
_
=
_
3
4
(a + b + c)
3
2
Bi 328. Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ 1
+
1
b
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
1
c
2
+ a
2
+ 1
1.
Chng minh rng:
ab + bc + ca 3
Li gii:
p dung bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
1
cyc
1
a
2
+ b
2
+ 1

cyc
1 + 1 +a
2
(a + b + c)
2
=
6 + a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c)
2
T y d dng suy ra
ab + bc + ca 3
Bi 329. Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
a + b + c
2
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ a
b + c + a
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ b
c + a + b
2
3
Li gii:
Ta c
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c)(a + b + c
2
)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3)
2
4
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
a + b + c
2
=
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
_
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c)(a + b + c
2
)
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
suy ra
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
a + b + c
2
+
b
2
+ c
2
+ a
b + c + a
2
+
c
2
+ a
2
+ b
c + a + b
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ c
2
+ a
2
+ a + b + c)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
=
4(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 6
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
Ta cn chng minh
4(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 6
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 3
3
Tng ng vi chng minh
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
iu lun ng vi mi a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c = 3 bi v :
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(a + b + c)
2
3
= 3
Bi 330. Cho a, b, c thc dng tha mn a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
b + 5
+
b
2
c + 5
+
c
2
a + 5

1
2
.
Li gii:
a
2
b + 5
+
b
2
c + 5
+
c
2
a + 5

1
2
3
_
cyc
a
2
b + 2
_
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta li c
1
2
3
_
cyc
a
2
b + 2
_
1
2
_
3
_
cyc
a
b + 2
_
Ta ch cn chng minh
cyc
a
b + 2
1
Hay tng ng vi
cyc
a(a + 2)(b + 2) (a + 2)(b + 2)(c + 2)
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b + 2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 8 + abc
Bt ng thc cui suy ra t hai bt ng thc sau
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
a
2
c + b
2
a + c
2
b 2 + abc
Hai bt ng thc ny dnh cho c gi nh l mt bi tp nh.
Bi 331. Cho a; b; c thc dng tha mn (a + b + c)
2
= 9abc. Chng minh rng:
1
1 + 3a
2
+
1
1 + 3b
2
+
1
1 + 3c
2
3
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t a = yz; b = zx; c = xy, ta c:
9x
2
y
2
z
2
= (xy + yz + zx)
2
3xyz = xy + yz + zx 3
3
xyz xyz 1
Khi ta c:
V T =
1
_
1 + 3y
2
z
2
+
1
1 + 3z
2
x
2
+
1
_
1 + 3x
2
y
2
=
x
_
x
2
+ 3x
2
y
2
z
2
+
y
_
y
2
+ 3x
2
y
2
z
2
+
z
_
z
2
+ 3x
2
y
2
z
2
x
_
x
2
+ 3xyz
+
y
_
y
2
+ 3xyz
+
z
_
z
2
+ 3xyz
x
_
x
2
+ xy + yz + zx
+
y
_
y
2
+ xy + yz + zx
+
z
_
z
2
+ xy + yz + zx
x
_
(x + y) (x + z)
+
y
_
(y + z) (y + x)
+
z
_
(z + x) (z + y)
1
2
_
x
x + y
+
x
x + z
_
+
1
2
_
y
y + z
+
y
y + x
_
+
1
2
_
z
z + x
+
z
z + y
_
1
2
_
x
x + y
+
y
y + x
_
+
1
2
_
y
y + z
+
z
z + y
_
+
1
2
_
z
z + x
+
x
x + z
_
3
2
Cch 2.
T gi thit (a + b + c)
2
= 9abc 3(ab + bc + ca) v t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
Ta c x + y + z 3.
Do 3(xy + yz + zx) (x + y + z)
2
9 nn xy + yz + zx 3
Khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
cyc
x
x
2
+ 3
3
2
Tht vy, ta c:
cyc
x
x
2
+ 3
cyc
x
_
x
2
+ xy + yz + zx
=
cyc
x
_
(x + y)(x + z)
1
2
cyc
_
x
x + y
+
x
x + z
_
=
3
2
Bi 332. Cho a; b; c thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
a
2
b
a + b
+
b
2
c
b + c
+
c
2
a
c + a
Li gii:
Ta c abc = 1, nn c th t a =
x
y
, b =
y
z
, c =
z
x
. Khi ta c:
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+ 3
_
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
_
=
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
2
+
_
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
_
4
3
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
2
T y suy ra:
P =
cyc
a
2
b
a + b
=
cyc
x
2
y
2
.
y
z
x
y
+
y
z
=
cyc
2x
2
2xz + 2y
2
cyc
2x
2
2xz + 2y
2
2.
cyc
x
2
x
2
+ z
2
+ 2y
2
Li p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
2.
cyc
x
2
x
2
+ z
2
+ 2y
2
2.
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
x
4
+ y
4
+ z
4
+ 3 (x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
)
2.
3
4
=
3
2
T y suy ra
P =
cyc
a
2
b
a + b

3
2
Gi tr nh nht ny ca P t c khi cho a = b = c = 1.
Bi 333. Cho a; b; c thc dng tha mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1. Chng minh rng:
P =
a
b
2
+ c
2
+
b
c
2
+ a
2
+
c
a
2
+ b
2

3
3
2
Li gii:
27.2a
2
_
b
2
+ c
2
_ _
b
2
+ c
2
_
8
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
3
= 8
T suy ra:
a
b
2
+ c
2

3
3
2
a
2
Thit lp hai biu thc tng t v cng v vi v, ta c:
P
3
3
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
=
3
3
2
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
1
3
.
Bi 334. Cho a; b; c thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng:
a
2
b
2a + b
+
b
2
c
2b + c
+
c
2
a
2c + a
1
Li gii:
Ta c:
1
2a + b
=
1
a + a + b

1
9
_
1
a
+
1
a
+
1
b
_
=
1
9
_
2
a
+
1
b
_
T y suy ra
a
2
b
2a + b
a
2
b.
2
a
+
1
b
9
=
2ab + a
2
9
Tng t cho hai phn s cn li , ta c c
a
2
b
2a + b
+
b
2
c
2b + c
+
c
2
a
2c + a

1
9
(a + b + c)
2
= 1
Bi 335. Cho a; b; c l di cc cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh rng:
(a + b)
4
+ (c + b)
4
+ (a + c)
4
+ 9(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
)
Li gii:
Sau khi ph ngoc v rt gn, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi
6(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) 7(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) + 4(a
3
b + ab
3
+ c
3
b + cb
3
+ a
3
c + ac
3
) 0
p dng AM-GM ta c
4(a
3
b + ab
3
+ c
3
b + cb
3
+ a
3
c + ac
3
) 8(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
)
Ta li c theo bt ng thc trong tam gic
14(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) 7(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) = 7(a + b + c)(a + b c)(a b + c)(b a + c) 0
t y suy ra
6(a
2
b
2
+ b
2
c
2
+ c
2
a
2
) 7(a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
) + 4(a
3
b + ab
3
+ c
3
b + cb
3
+ a
3
c + ac
3
) 0
Bi 336. Cho x , y , z l cc s dng tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh rng:
_
x
x + 8z
+
_
y
y + 8x
+
_
z
z + 8y
1
Li gii:
Cch 1.
T iu kin ta c th t x =
a
b
; y =
b
c
; z =
c
a
khi bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
a
a
2
+ 8bc
+
b
b
2
+ 8ca
+
c
c
2
+ 8ab
1
Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc i din sau:
a
a
2
+ 8bc
a
4/3
a
4/3
+ 2(bc)
2/3
Tng ng vi chng minh
a
2
(a
4
3
+ 2(bc)
2
3
)
2
a
8
3
(a
2
+ 8bc)
Hay tng ng vi
(bc)
4
3
+ a
4
3
(bc)
2
3
2a
2
3
bc
Bt ng thc ny ng theo AM-GM
T y suy ra
a
a
2
+ 8bc
+
b
b
2
+ 8ca
+
c
c
2
+ 8ab
cyc
a
4/3
a
4/3
+ 2(bc)
2/3

cyc
a
4/3
a
4/3
+ b
4/3
+ c
4/3
= 1
Cch 2.
Cng bin i nh trn ta cn chng minh
cyc
a
a
2
+ 8bc
1
V T
(a + b + c)
2
a
a
2
+ 8bc + b
b
2
+ 8ac + c
c
2
+ 8ba
Li p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
(a
a
2
+ 8bc + b
b
2
+ 8ac + c
c
2
+ 8ba)
2
(a + b + c)(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 24abc) (a + b + c)
4
T y suy ra
a
a
2
+ 8bc + b
b
2
+ 8ac + c
c
2
+ 8ba (a + b + c)
2
Bi 337. Cho a; b; c l cc s thc dng tho mn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
biu thc
P =
1
1 + ab
+
1
1 + bc
+
1
1 + ca
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
P
9
3 + ab + bc + ca

9
3 + a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=
3
5
Vy MinP =
3
5
khi a = b = c = 2.
Cch 2.
Ta c
1
1 + ab
+
1 + ab
25

2
5
ab + bc + ca a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 12
Khi ta c
P =
1
1 + ab
+
1
1 + bc
+
1
1 + ca

9
3 + ab + bc + ca

9
3 + 12
=
3
5
Vy MinP =
3
5
khi a = b = c = 2.
Bi 338. Cho a; b; c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng:
a
2
3a
2
+ 8b
2
+ 14ab
+
b
2
3b
2
+ 8c
2
+ 14bc
+
c
2
3c
2
+ 8a
2
+ 14ca
a + b + c
5
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c: 3a
2
+ 8b
2
+ 14ab (2a + 3b)
2
, suy ra
cyc
a
2
3a
2
+ 8b
2
+ 14ab
cyc
a
2
2a + 3b
2
cyc
a
2
2a + 3b
.
2a + 3b
25

cyc
2a + 3b
25
=
a + b + c
5
Cch 2.
Ta c:
cyc
a
2
3a
2
+ 8b
2
+ 14ab
=
cyc
a
2
_
(2a + 3b)
2
(a b)
2
cyc
a
2
2a + 3b
cyc
a
2
2a + 3b

(a + b + c)
2
5(a + b + c)
=
a + b + c
5
Bi 339. Cho a; b; c l cc s thc dng mn iu kin 3ab + bc + 2ac = 6. Tm gi tr ln
nht ca biu thc
A =
1
a
2
+ 1
+
4
b
2
+ 4
+
9
c
2
+ 9
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t x = a; y =
b
2
; z =
c
3
. T iu kin suy ra xy + yz + zx = 1
T y ta c
3 A =
x
2
1 + x
2
+
y
2
1 + y
2
+
z
2
1 + z
2
(x + y + z)
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 3
=
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
+ 1
= 1
1
(x + y + z)
2
+ 1
1
1
3(xy + yz + zx) + 1
=
3
4
Vy
A =
1
1 + x
2
+
1
1 + y
2
+
1
1 + z
2

9
4
Du bng t c khi v ch khi
x = y = z =
1
3
Tng ng vi
a =
1
3
, b =
2
3
, c =
3
Cch 2.
t: a = x, b = 2y, c = 3z
T iu kin, suy ra: xy + yz + zx = 1. Khi ta c
A =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1
=
1
x
2
+ xy + yz + zx
+
1
y
2
+ xy + yz + zx
+
1
z
2
+ xy + yz + zx
=
1
(x + y)(x + z)
+
1
(y + z)(y + x)
+
1
(z + x)(z + y)
=
2(x + y + z)
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
=
2(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx)
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
Do:
(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) = (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) + xyz
Suy ra:
A = 2[1 +
xyz
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
]
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c: 8xyz (x + y)(y + z)(z + x), nn ta c
xyz
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

1
8
Suy ra A
9
4
Vy MaxA =
9
4
Du bng t c khi v ch khi x = y = z =
1
3
Tng ng vi
a =
1
3
, b =
2
3
, c =
3
Cch 3.
t a = x, b = 2y, c = 3z, suy ra xy + yz + zx = 1ta c A =
1
x
2
+ 1
+
1
y
2
+ 1
+
1
z
2
+ 1
Tip tc t x = tan
A
2
, y = tan
B
2
; z = tan
C
2
ta c
2A = (cos
2
A
2
+ cos
2
B
2
+ cos
2
C
2
)
= 3 + cosA + cosB + cosC 3 +
3
2
=
9
2
Vy A
9
4
. Du bng t c khi v ch khi
a =
1
3
, b =
2
3
, c =
3
Bi 340. Cho a; b l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
(1 + a)
_
1 +
b
a
__
1 +
9
b
_
2
256
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz:
(1 + a)(1 +
b
a
)(1 +
9
b
)
2
(1 +
b)
2
(1 +
9
b
)
2
(1 + 3)
4
= 256
ng thc xy ra khi a = 3; b = 9.
Cch 2.
Ta c theo bt ng thc Holder:
(1 + a)(1 +
b
a
)(1 +
9
b
)
2
= (1 + a +
b
a
+ b)(1 +
9
b
)
2
(1.1.1.1 + +
4
a.
4
_
b
a
.
4
b
.
4
b
)
4
= 256
Cch 3.
V T =(1 + a +
b
a
+ b)(1 +
9
b
)
2
AMGM
(1 + 2
b + b)(1 +
9
b
)
2
= [(1 +
b)(1 +
9
b
)]
2
256
(Bt ng thc cui cng ng theo AM-GM) ng thc xy ra khi a = 3; b = 9.
Cch 4.
S dng ng nht thc sau
(1 + a)
_
1 +
b
a
__
1 +
9
b
_
2
= 256 + 32(
3
4
b)
2
+ (
3
4
b)
4
+ (
_
b
a

a)
2
_
1 +
9
b
_
2
18 Bi 341 n bi 360
Bi 341. Cho a; b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 3. Chng minh rng
1
a
2
+ b + c
+
1
b
2
+ c + a
+
1
c
2
+ a + b
1
Li gii:
Cch 1.
Ta c:
(1 + b + c)(a
2
+ b + c) (a + b + c)
2
Suy ra
cyc
1
a
2
+ b + c

cyc
1 + b + c
(a + b + c)
2
=
3 + 2(a + b + c)
(a + b + c)
2
= 1
Cch 2.
S dng phng php tip tuyn ta c :
4 a
9

1
a
2
+ 3 a
=
(3 a)(a 1)
2
9(a
2
+ 3 a)
0
Do
1
a
2
+ b + c
+
1
b
2
+ c + a
+
1
c
2
+ a + b

cyc
4 a
9
= 1
Bi 342. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca + abc = 4. Chng minh rng
ab +
bc +
ca 3
Li gii:
Cch 1.
t x =
bc; y =

ca; z =
ab Suy ra
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ xyz = 4
(x + y + z)
2
4 = 2 (xy + yz + zx) xyz
(x + y + z)
2
4(x + y + z) + 4 = (2 x)(2 y)(2 z)
(
6 x y z
3
)
3
t t = x + y + z, ta c:
(t 6)
3
+ 27(t
2
4t + 4) 0
(t 3)(t + 6)
2
0
t 3
ab +
bc +
ca 3
Cch 2.
t
ab = 2x,
bc = 2y;
ca = 2z ta c:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xyz = 1
Ta cn chng minh x + y + z
3
2
, tht vy
S dng phng php lng gic, t x = cosA, y = cosB, z = cosC ta c
cosA + cosB + cosC 3cos(
A + B + C
3
) =
3
2
Bi 343. Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m tha mn a+b+c = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
A =
a
b
2
+ c
2
+ 1
+
b
c
2
+ a
2
+ 1
+
c
a
2
+ b
2
+ 1
Li gii:
cyc
a(b
2
+ c
2
+ 1)].A (a + b + c)
2
= 9
Suy ra
A
9
a(b
2
+ c
2
+ 1)
t
P = a(b
2
+ c
2
+ 1) = 3 + ab(a + b)
Gi s a b, a c suy ra
ab(a + b) ab(a + b) + 2abc + ca(a + c)
= ab(a + b + c) + ac(a + b + c)
= 3a(b + c)
3
4
(a + b + c)
2
=
27
4
Bt ng thc thc cui cng ng theo AM-GM.
T y suy ra
P
39
4
Vy
A
12
13
ng thc khi a = b =
3
2
, c = 0 v cc hon v.
Bi 344. Cho 1 a
5
4
. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc
P =
5 4a
1 + a
5 4a + 2
1 + a + 6
Li gii:
Ta chng t rng gi tr ln nht v nh nht biu thc bng
1
3
v
1
6
. Tht vy ta c
P
1
3
=
1
3
.
2
5 4a 5
1 + a 6
5 4a + 2
1 + a + 6
0
ng v hm 6 2
5 4 a +5
1 + a n iu do c o hm bng
4
5 4a
+
5
2
1 + a
0. Gi
tr ln nht ny t c khi cho a = 1 Ta c tip
P +
1
6
=
1
6
.
7
5 4a 4
1 + a 6
5 4a + 2
1 + a + 6
0
ng do hm t s n iu. Gi tr ny t c khi cho x =
5
4
.
Bi 345. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z = 1.
P =
2xy
z + xy
+
3yz
x + yz
+
2zx
y + zx
Li gii:
Ta s chng minh P
5
3
bng phng php ng bc.
t
T =
2xy
(z + x)(z + y)
+
3yz
(x + y)(x + z)
+
2zx
(y + z)(y + x)
=
2x(x + y) + 3yz(y + z) + 2zx(x + z)
(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
Xt
T
5
3
=
6xy(x + y) + 9yz(y + z) + 6zx(x + z) 5 (xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + zx(x + z) + 2xyz)
3(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
=
TS
MS
Vi
TS = xy(x + y) + 4yz(y + z) + zx(z + x) 10xyz
= x(y
2
+ xy + z
2
+ zx) + 4yz(y + z) 10xyz
2x
2
yz + 8yx
yz 8xyz = 2
yz(x 2
yz)
2
0
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x =
1
2
; y =
1
4
; z =
1
4
.
1 +
3
a + b + c

6
ab + bc + ca
Li gii:
t
x =
1
a
; y =
1
b
; z =
1
c
bt ng thc c vit li di dng
1 +
3
xy + yz + xz

6
x + y + z
p dng bt ng thc quen thuc
(x + y + z)
2
3(xy + yz + zx)
ta c
1 +
3
xy + yz + zx
1 +
9
(x + y + z)
2
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho ta
1 +
9
(x + y + z)
2

6
x + y + z
T suy ra iu phi chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 347. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
4
. Chng minh rng
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) +
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
+
1
c
3
25
Li gii:
Ta c:
3
4
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc
1
8
M s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
+
1
c
3

3
abc
T ta c
P = (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) +
1
a
3
+
1
b
3
+
1
c
3
8abc +
1
8abc
+
23
8abc
2 + 23 = 25
1
2
.
Bi 348. Trong tam gic ABC c cc cnh a, b, c. Chng minh rng :
a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
+ 3abc a(b
2
+ c
2
) + b(a
2
+ c
2
) + c(a
2
+ b
2
)
Li gii:
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c + a b) abc
(a + b c)(b + c a) (
a + b c + b + c a
2
)
2
= b
2
Xy dng cc bt ng thc tng t:
(b + c a)(c + a b) c
2
(a + b c)(c + a b) a
2
Nhn 3 bt ng thc trn ta s c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 349. Cho cc s a, b, c, [0; 1]. Chng minh rng :
a(1 b) + b(1 c) + c(1 a) 1
Li gii:
Do a, b, c, [0; 1] nn ta c
0 (1 a)(1 b)(1 c)
0 1 (a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca abc 1 (a + b + c) + ab + bc + ca
(1 b) + b(1 c) + c(1 a) 1
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = 0, c = 1 v cc hon v.
Bi 350. Cho a, b, c > 0 v ab + bc + ca = 1. Chnh minh rng
3
_
1
a
+ 6b +
3
_
1
b
+ 6c +
3
_
1
c
+ 6a
1
abc
Li gii:
3
(1 + 6ab).
3
a
.3
4 + 6ab +
3
a
3
Xy dng cc bt ng thc tng t ri cng li ta c :
V T
12 + 6(ab + bc + ca) +
3
ab + bc + ca
abc
3
3
= 2
3 +
1
3abc

2
3abc
+
1
3abc
=
1
abc
V (abc
1
3
3
)
1
3
.
Bi 351. Vi s thc dng x, hy tm gi tr nh nht ca
T = x +
11
2x
+
4
_
1 +
7
x
2
_
Li gii:
T = x +
11
2x
+
_
_
3 +
7
x
_
2
+ 7
_
1
3
x
_
2
4
x +
11
2x
+
3
2
+
7
2x
=
3
2
+ x +
9
x

3
2
+ 2
_
x.
9
x
=
15
2
ng thc xy ra khi x = 3.
Vy minP =
15
2
.
Bi 352. Cho x, y, z [0; 2] v x + y + z. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
A = x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
Li gii:
Do x [0; 2] ta c :
(2 x)(2 y)(2 z) 0 4 + 2(xy + yz + zx) xyz 0
Do
A = 9 2(xy + yz + zx) 5 xyz 5
ng thc xy ra khi x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 v cc hon v.
Vy maxA = 5.
Bi 353. Gi a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca 1 tam gic c chu vi a + b + c = 2. Chng minh rng
52
27
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc < 2
Li gii:
V a + b + c = 2 nn di mi cnh nh hn 1.
S dng AM-GM cho ba s dng: 1 a, 1 b, 1 c ta c:
3 (a + b + c) 3
3
_
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) > 0
1
27
(1 a)(1 b)(1 c) > 0
28
27
ab + bc + ca abc > 1
2 < 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 2abc
56
27
2 < (a + b + c)
2
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc)
56
27
52
27
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2abc < 2
2
3
.
Bi 354. Cho x, y l cc s thc. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
A =
_
(x 1)
2
+ y
2
+
_
(x + 1)
2
+ y
2
+|y 2|
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc vc t v bt ng thc v tr tuyt i, ta c:
A =
_
(x 1)
2
+ y
2
+
_
(x + 1)
2
+ y
2
+|y 2|
=
_
_
(x 1)
2
+ y
2
_
_
_
3
2
_
2
+
_
1
2
_
2
_
_
+
_
_
(x + 1)
2
+ y
2
_
_
_
3
2
_
2
+
_
1
2
_
2
_
_
+|2 y|
3
2
(x 1) +
y
2
3
2
(x + 1) +
y
2
+|2 y|
3
2
(x 1) +
y
2
+
3
2
(x + 1) +
y
2
+ 2 y
= 2 +
3
Du bng xy ra khi x = 0, y =
1
3
. Vy minA = 2 +
3.
Bi 355. Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 2. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc:
P = x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz
Li gii:
S dng hng ng thc quen thuc c:
P = (x + y + z)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx)
P
2
= (x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xy + 2yz + 2zx)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
xy yz zx)
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
3
_
3
= 8
Do ta c:
2
2 P 2
2
T ta c kt lun
max P = 2
2
minP = 2
2
Bi 356. Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn a + b + c = 1.Chng minh rng:
_
ab
c
+ 1 +
_
bc
a
+ 1 +
_
ca
b
+ 1 2(
a +
b +
c)
Li gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c :
(c + b)(a + c) (
ac +
bc)
2
Do :
_
ab
c
+ 1 =
_
ab + c(a + b + c)
c
=
_
(c + b)(c + a)
c

ca +
cb
c
=
a +
b
To cc bt ng thc tng t cng vo ta s c iu phi chng minh.
1
3
.
Bi 357. Cho x, y = 0 tho mn iu kin xy(x + y) = x
2
xy + y
2
. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
Li gii:
t a =
1
x
, b =
1
y
Khi gi thit xy(x + y) = x
2
xy + y
2
c vit li l a + b = a
2
ab + b
2
v
P = a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
) = (a + b)
2
a + b = a
2
ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
3ab (a + b)
2
3.
(a + b)
2
4
(a + b)
2
4(a + b) 0 0 (a + b) 4
P = (a + b)
2
16
Vy maxP = 16 khi x = y =
1
2
.
Bi 358. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng :
(2a + b + c)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+
(2b + c + a)
2
2b
2
+ (c + a)
2
+
(2c + a + b)
2
2c
2
+ (a + b)
2
8
Li gii:
rng
3
(2a + b + c)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
=
2(b + c a)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
2(b + c a)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+
2(c + a b)
2
2b
2
+ (c + a)
2
+
2(a + b c)
2
2c
2
+ (a + b)
2
1
2(b + c a)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2

2(b + c a)
2
2a
2
+ 2(b
2
+ c
2
)
=
(b + c a)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
Thit lp 2 biu thc tng t, sau cng v theo v, ta c
LHS
(b + c a)
2
+ (c + a b)
2
+ (a + b c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta thy rng
(b + c a)
2
2
+
(c + a b)
2
2

(b + c a + c + a b)
2
2 + 2
= c
2
(c + a b)
2
2
+
(a + b c)
2
2
a
2
(a + b c)
2
2
+
(b + c a)
2
2
b
2
(b + c a)
2
+ (c + a b)
2
+ (a + b c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
T ta c
2(b + c a)
2
2a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+
2(c + a b)
2
2b
2
+ (c + a)
2
+
2(a + b c)
2
2c
2
+ (a + b)
2
1
Bi ton c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.
Bi 359. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng :
1
a
3
(b + c)
+
1
b
3
(c + a)
+
1
c
3
(a + b)

3
2
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
th xyz = 1. Khi
1
a
3
(b + c)
+
1
b
3
(c + a)
+
1
c
3
(a + b)
=
xyz.x
2
y + z
+
xyz.y
2
z + x
+
xyz.z
2
x + y
=
x
2
y + z
+
y
2
z + x
+
z
2
x + y
= P
x
2
y + z
+
y + z
4
2
_
x
2
4
= x
Tng t cho 2 biu thc cn li, cng v vi v ta c:
P +
x + y + z
2
x + y + z
P
x + y + z
2

3
3
xyz
2
=
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi: a = b = c = 1.
Bi 360. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P vi x + y + z = 1 v x, y, z 0
P = 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 4xyz 9x + 2011
Li gii:
Cch 1.
P = 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 4xyz 9x + 2011
2x
2
+ (y + z)
2
x(y + z)
2
9x + 2011
= 2x
2
+ (y + z)
3
9x + 2011
= 2(x 1)
2
+ (y + z)
3
5(x 1) + 2004 2004.
Vy minP = 2004 khi x = 1; y = z = 0.
Cch 2.
P = 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 4xyz 9x + 2011
2x
2
+ (y + z)
2
x(y + z)
2
9x + 2011
= 2x
2
+ (1 x)
3
9x + 2011
= x
3
+ 5x
2
12x + 2012 = f(x), (x [0; 1])
Ta c:
f
(x) = 3x
2
+ 10x 12 < 0, x [0; 1]
f(x) f(1) = 2004
Vy minP = 2004 khi x = 1; y = z = 0.
19 Bi 361 n bi 380
Bi 361. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng :
a
a
2
+ 2
+
b
b
2
+ 2
+
c
c
2
+ 2
1
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
a
a
2
+ 1 + 1
+
b
b
2
+ 1 + 1
+
c
c
2
+ 1 + 1

a
2a + 1
+
b
2b + 1
+
c
2c + 1
Ta s chng minh
a
2a + 1
+
b
2b + 1
+
c
2c + 1
1
Tht vy sau khi quy ng v rt gn, vi ch abc = 1 ta c
2(a + b + c) 6
Bt ng thc ng theo AM-GM, do bi ton chng minh xong.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng :
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a

9
a + b + c
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
a
b
+
b
c
+
c
a

(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ac
Ta s chng minh
(a + b + c)
2
ab + bc + ac

9
a + b + c

3
ab + bc + ca
+ 2
9
a + b + c
t a + b + c = t th ta cn chng minh
6
t
2
3
+ 2
9
t
(t + 3)(t 3)
2
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, do bi ton c chng minh xong.
ng thc ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 363. Cho a, b, c 0 v min{a + b; b + c; c + a} > 0 tho mn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 2(ab +bc +ca).
Chng minh rng
_
ab
a
2
+ b
2
+
_
bc
b
2
+ c
2
+
_
ca
c
2
+ a
2

1
2
Li gii:
Ta c:
_
ab
a
2
+ b
2
=
_
ab(a
2
+ b
2
)
a
2
+ b
2

2ab
a
2
+ b
2
cyc
2ab
a
2
+ b
2
1 3 +
cyc
2ab
a
2
+ b
2
4
cyc
(a + b)
2
a
2
+ b
2
4
cyc
(a + b)
2
a
2
+ b
2

4(a + b + c)
2
2(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 2 +
4(ab + bc + ca)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 4
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0, b = c v cc hon v.
Bi 364. Cho x, y l hai s thc dng tho mn iu kin x
2
+ y
2
= 1.
P = (1 + x
2
)
_
1 +
1
y
_
2
+ (1 + y)
2
_
1 +
1
x
_
2
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c
2P = 2
_
(1 + x)
2
_
1 +
1
y
_
2
+ (1 + y)
2
_
1 +
1
x
_
2
_
_
(1 + x)
_
1 +
1
y
_
+ (1 + y)
_
1 +
1
x
__
2
=
_
1 +
1
y
+ x +
x
y
+ 1 +
1
x
+ y +
y
x
_
2
=
_
_
x
_
y
2
+
1
2
+
1
2
_
+ y
_
x
2
+
1
2
+
1
2
_
xy
+
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
+ 2
_
_
2
_
x.3
3
_
y
2
4
+ y.3
3
_
x
2
4
xy
+
_
x
y
+
y
x
_
+ 2
_
_
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.3.
xy
3
_
y
2
4
.
x
2
4
xy
+ 2 + 2
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
=
_
6
6
16
.
1
6
xy
+ 2
_
2
_
_
_
_
6
6
16
.
1
6
_
1
2
+ 4
_
_
_
_
2
= 2(17 + 12
2).
Vy P 17 + 12
2, ng thc t c khi x = y =
2
2
.
Bi 365. Gi s a, b, c 0 v a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1. Chng minh rng :
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+ a + b + c 4
3
Li gii:
1 = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc
1
3
3
Do
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

3
3
abc
3
3
_
1
3
3
= 3
3
2
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
6
3 (1)
Mt khc cng theo AM-GM th
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+ 3a + 3b + 3c
3
3
abc
+ 3.3
3
abc = 3
_
1
3
abc
+ 3
3
abc
_
6
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+ 3a + 3b + 3c 6
3 (2)
Cng v vi v (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 366. Cho cc s thc khng m tho mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng
x
2
+ 1
y
2
+ 1
+
y
2
+ 1
z
2
+ 1
+
z
2
+ 1
x
2
+ 1

7
2
Li gii:
Gi s a = max {a, b, c}. Ta s chng minh rng
b
2
+ 1
c
2
+ 1
+
c
2
+ 1
a
2
+ 1
(b + c)
2
+ 1 +
1
a
2
+ 1
Tht vy. bt ng thc trn tng ng vi
c
2
a
2
+ 1

(b + c)
2
c
2
+ (b + c)
2
+ c
2
b
2
c
2
+ 1

c
2
a
2
+ 1

(b + c)
2
c
2
+ 2bc + 2c
2
c
2
+ 1
Lun ng do a = max {a, b, c}.
Do :
a
2
+ 1
b
2
+ 1
+
b
2
+ 1
c
2
+ 1
+
c
2
+ 1
a
2
+ 1
a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+ 1 +
1
a
2
+ 1
+ 2
Nh vy ta s chng minh:
a
2
+ (b + c)
2
+
1
a
2
+ 1

3
2

(1 a)(1 3a 4a
3
)
2(1 + a
2
)
0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng do
1 a
1
3
Bi ton c chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi a = 1; b = c = 0.
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 1. Chng minh rng:
a
2
1 bc + b
2
1 ca + c
2
1 ab
_
2
3
Li gii:
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng tng ng :
a
2
2 2bc + b
2
2 2ca + c
2
2 2ab
2
3
a
2
2 2bc a
2
_
2 (b
2
+ c
2
) = a
2
1 + a
2
=
a
4
+ a
6
Tng t
b
2
2 2ca
b
4
+ b
6
c
2
2 2ab
c
4
+ c
6
T ta c
LHS
a
4
+ a
6
+
b
4
+ b
6
+
c
4
+ c
6
_
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
+ (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
=
_
2
3
+
1
3
+ (a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
2
2
3
+ 2
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
3
(1)
Mt khc theo Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
V
(a + b + c)
_
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
Nn
(a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
)
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
_
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
=
1
3
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
a
2
1 bc + b
2
1 ca + c
2
1 ab
_
2
3
1
3
.
Bi 368. Cho a, b, c > 0 tho abc = 8. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
P =
1
2a + b + 6
+
1
2b + c + 6
+
1
2c + a + 6
Li gii:
t a = 2x
2
, b = 2y
2
, c = 2z
2
xyz = 1
P =
1
2
.
1
2x
2
+ y
2
+ 3
Mt khc
(2x
2
+ y
2
+ 3) =
[(x
2
+ y
2
) + (x
2
+ 1) + 2]
2(xy + x + 1)
P
1
4
1
xy + x + 1
Ta c :
1
xy + x + 1
= 1.
Tht vy, da vo tch xyz = 1 ta c :
1
xy + x + 1
=
1
x + xy + 1
+
1
y +
1
x
+ 1
+
xyz
zx + z + xyz
=
1
x + xy + 1
+
x
xy + x + 1
+
xy
xy + x + 1
= 1
Nn ta c P
1
4
1
xy + x + 1

1
4
Vy gi tr ln nht P
max
=
1
4
t c khi a = b = c = 2.
Bi 369. Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha mn: ab +bc +ca = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
:
P = 40a
2
+ 27b
2
+ 14c
2
Li gii:
Theo AM-GM ta c
16a
2
+ 9b
2
24ab
24a
2
+ 6c
2
24ac
18b
2
+ 8c
2
24bc
Cng v theo v ca cc bt ng thc cng chiu ta c :
P 24(ab + bc + ca) = 24
Vy minP = 24.
Bi 370. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng v tha mn iu kin a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3.
P =
_
3a +
2
b + c
2
_
+
_
3b +
2
c + a
_
2
+
_
3c +
2
a + b
_
2
Li gii:
Ta c:
P =
_
3a +
2
b + c
2
_
+
_
3b +
2
c + a
_
2
+
_
3c +
2
a + b
_
2
= 9(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) + 12
_
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
_
+ 4
_
1
(a + b)
2
+
1
(b + c)
2
+
1
(c + a)
2
_
S dng bt ng thc Nesbit v bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
P 27 + 12.
3
2
+
4
3
_
1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a
_
2
45 +
4
3
.
9
2
2
2
(a + b + c)
2
45 +
27
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
= 48
Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 371. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng v tha mn iu kin a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3.
P =
_
6a
2
6a + 5 +
2
ab + ac
_
3
+
_
6b
2
6b + 5 +
2
bc + ba
_
3
+
_
6c
2
6c + 5 +
2
ca + cb
_
3
Li gii:
6a
2
6a + 5 +
2
ab + ac
= 5(a
2
+ 1) 6a + a
2
+
2
ab + ac
4a + a
2
+
2
ab + ac
= 2a + 2a +
_
a
2
+
2
ab + ac
_
3
3
2a.2a.
_
a
2
+
2
ab + ac
_
_
6a
2
6a + 5 +
2
ab + ac
_
3
27
_
4a
4
+
8a
b + c
_
Tng t
_
6b
2
6b + 5 +
2
bc + ba
_
3
27
_
4b
4
+
8b
c + a
_
_
6c
2
6c + 5 +
2
ca + cb
_
3
27
_
4c
4
+
8c
a + b
_
T ta c:
P 108
_
a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
_
+ 216
_
a
b + c
+
b
c + a
+
c
a + b
_
108
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)
2
3
+ 216.
3
2
= 648
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = 648. t c khi a = b = c = 1
Bi 372. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng v tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 3xyz.
P =
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
2
_
x
4
(xy + 1)(xz + 1)
+
y
4
(yz + 1)(yx + 1)
+
z
4
(zx + 1)(zy + 1)
_
Li gii:
Cch 1.
P
9
3
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
xyz(x + y + z) + 3 + 2(xy + z + zx)
_
27(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
xyz(x + y + z) + 3 + 2(xy + zy + zx)
Ta s chng minh
27(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
xyz(x + y + z) + 3 + 2(xy + zy + zx)

27
4
4(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) xyz(x + y + z) + 3 + 2(xy + zy + zx)
Li c:
2(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) 2(xy + yz + zx)
2(x
2
+ y
2
+ x
2
)
2
3
(x + y + z)
2
= 2xyz(x + y + z)
Nn cng vic tr v chng minh
xyz(x + y + z) 3
Tht vy da vo iu kin ta c xyz 1 nn bt ng thc trn ng theo AM-GM .
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1. Vy minP =
27
4
.
Cch 2.
S dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v kt hp gi thit, ta c
P
81
(x + y + z)
2
_
x
4
(xy + 1) (xz + 1)
+
y
4
(yz + 1) (yx + 1)
+
z
4
(zx + 1) (zy + 1)
_
=
9
x
2
y
2
z
2
_
x
4
(xy + 1) (xz + 1)
+
y
4
(yz + 1) (yx + 1)
+
z
4
(zx + 1) (zy + 1)
_
= 9
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
(xy + 1) (xz + 1)
+
y
2
z
2
x
2
(yz + 1) (yx + 1)
+
z
2
x
2
y
2
(zx + 1) (zy + 1)
_
= 9
_
xy.xz
y
3
z
3
(xy + 1) (xz + 1)
+
yz.yx
z
3
x
3
(yz + 1) (yx + 1)
+
zx.zy
x
3
y
3
(zx + 1) (zy + 1)
_
t a =
1
yz
, b =
1
zx
, c =
1
xy
T iu kin ta c a + b + c = 3. Khi P c vit li l
P = 9
_
a
3
(1 + b) (1 + c)
+
b
3
(1 + c) (1 + a)
+
c
3
(1 + a) (1 + b)
_
p dng AM-GM :
a
3
(1 + b) (1 + c)
+
1 + b
8
+
1 + c
8

3
4
a
b
3
(1 + c) (1 + a)
+
1 + c
8
+
1 + a
8

3
4
b
c
3
(1 + a) (1 + b)
+
1 + a
8
+
1 + b
8

3
4
c
T ta c
a
3
(1 + b) (1 + c)
+
b
3
(1 + c) (1 + a)
+
c
3
(1 + a) (1 + b)
+
3
4
+
1
4
(a + b + c)
3
4
(a + b + c)
a
3
(1 + b) (1 + c)
+
b
3
(1 + c) (1 + a)
+
c
3
(1 + a) (1 + b)

3
4
Vy P
27
4
Gi tr nh nht ca P =
27
4
t c khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi 373. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3. Chng minh rng
1
1 + a
2
(b + c)
+
1
1 + b
2
(c + a)
+
1
1 + c
2
(a + b)

1
abc
Li gii:
ab + bc + ca = 3 3
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
abc 1
T ta suy ra
1 + a
2
(b + c) a(ab + bc + ca) = 3a
Tng t 2 biu thc cn li, ta c :
cyc
1
1 + a
2
(b + c)

cyc
1
3a
=
1
3
_
ab + bc + ca
abc
_
=
1
abc
Bi 374. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
a
3
1 + b c + b
3
1 + c a + c
3
1 + a b 1.
Li gii:
_
1.1(1 + b c)
3 + b c
3
T ta c:
a
3
1 + b c + b
3
1 + c a + c
3
1 + a b
cyc
_
a +
ab ac
3
_
= 1
1
3
.
Bi 375. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
x
2
1 + yz
+
y
2
1 + zx
+
z
2
1 + xy

3
2
Li gii:
Cch 1.
x
2
1 + yz
+
y
2
1 + zx
+
z
2
1 + xy

(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
3 + xyz(x + y + z)

9
3 +
(xy + yz + zx)
2
3
3
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1
Cch 2.
Ta c
x
2
1 + yz
+
y
2
1 + zx
+
z
2
1 + xy
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
x
2
yz
1 + yz
+
y
2
zx
1 + zx
+
z
2
xy
1 + xy
_
3
1
4
_
x
2
(1 + yz) + y
2
(1 + zx) + z
2
(1 + xy)
_
9
4

1
12
(xy + yz + zx)
2
9
4

1
12
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
2
=
3
2
.
Bi 376. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
P = a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 5c
2
Li gii:
P =
2
3
a
2
+
3
2
b
2
+
1
2
b
2
+ 2c
2
+ 3c
2
+
1
3
a
2
2(ab + bc + ca) = 2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi (a; b; c) =
_
3
11
;
2
11
;
1
11
_
.
Vy minP = 2.
Bi 377. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
abc. Tm gi tr ln nht ca
T =
_
a
6a
2
+ 9
+
_
b
6b
2
+ 9
+
_
c
6b
2
+ 9
Li gii:
T
2
3
a
6a
2
+ 9

3
7
a
7
9a
12
=
3
7
1
7
9a
5
3
49
_
2
3
+
5
a
_
M
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
=
ab + bc + ca
abc

a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
abc
1
T ta suy ra T
_
3
7
.
3.
Bi 378. Cho a, b, c l cc s dng tha mn: a + b + c =
3
4
Chng minh rng:
1
3
a + 3b
+
1
3
b + 3c
+
1
3
c + 3a
3
Li gii:
a + 3b + 1 + 1
3

3
a + 3b
T ta suy ra
1
3
a + 3b
3
a + 3b + 2
Chng minh tng t vi 2 hng t cn li, sau cng v theo v, ta c
1
3
a + 3b
+
1
3
b + 3c
+
1
3
c + 3a
3
_
1
a + 3b + 2
+
1
b + 3c + 2
+
1
c + 3a + 2
_
n y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
3
_
1
a + 3b + 2
+
1
b + 3c + 2
+
1
c + 3a + 2
_
27
4(a + b + c) + 6
= 3
Nh vy
1
3
a + 3b
+
1
3
b + 3c
+
1
3
c + 3a
3
1
4
.
Bi 379. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh rng:
_
xy
xy + z
+
_
yz
yz + x
+
_
zx
zx + y

3
2
Li gii:
S dng gi thit x + y + z = 1 v bt ng thc AM-GM ta c:
LHS =
_
xy
xy + z (x + y + z)
+
_
yz
yz + x (x + y + z)
+
_
zx
zx + y (x + y + z)
=
_
xy
(z + x) (y + z)
+
_
yz
(x + y) (z + x)
+
_
zx
(y + z) (x + y)
1
2
_
x
z + x
+
y
y + z
_
+
1
2
_
y
x + y
+
z
z + x
_
+
1
2
_
z
y + z
+
x
x + y
_
=
1
2
__
x
z + x
+
z
z + x
_
+
_
y
y + z
+
z
y + z
_
+
_
y
x + y
+
x
x + y
__
=
3
2
.
1
3
Bi 380. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng v tha mn a + b + c = 3.
_
ab
2a
2
+ 3b
2
+ 7
+
_
bc
2b
2
+ 3c
2
+ 7
+
_
ca
2c
2
+ 3a
2
+ 7

3
2
Li gii:
ab
2a
2
+ 3b
2
+ 7
=
ab
2(a
2
+ 1) + 3(b
2
+ 1) + 2

ab
4a + 6b + 2

ab
4
_
1
6b
+
1
4a + 2
_
n y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
ab
4a + 6b + 2

ab
4
_
1
6b
+
1
4a + 2
_
=
a
24
+
1
8
ab
a + a + 1

a
24
+
1
8
.
ab
9
_
1
a
+
1
a
+ 1
_
=
a
24
+
b
36
+
ab
72
T ta c
ab
2a
2
+ 3b
2
+ 7

a
24
+
b
36
+
ab
72
Tip tc s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v kt hp nh gi trn, ta c
LHS
2
3
_
ab
2a
2
+ 3b
2
+ 7
+
bc
2b
2
+ 3c
2
+ 7
+
ca
2c
2
+ 3a
2
+ 7
_
3
__
a
24
+
b
36
+
ab
72
_
+
_
b
24
+
c
36
+
bc
72
_
+
_
c
24
+
a
36
+
ca
72
_
_
= 3
_
a + b + c
24
+
a + b + c
36
+
ab + bc + ca
72
_
3
4
Nh vy
_
ab
2a
2
+ 3b
2
+ 7
+
_
bc
2b
2
+ 3c
2
+ 7
+
_
ca
2c
2
+ 3a
2
+ 7

3
2
20 Bi 381 n bi 400
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng:
_
a
2
a
2
+ b + c
+
_
b
2
b
2
+ c + a
+
_
c
2
c
2
+ a + b

3
Li gii:
Cch 1.
_
a
2
+ b + c
_
(1 + b + c) (a + b + c)
2
a
2
a
2
+ b + c

_
a
a + b + c
_
2
(1 + b + c)
_
a
2
a
2
+ b + c

_
a
a + b + c
.
_
a (1 + b + c)
a + b + c
_
a
2
a
2
+ b + c

_
a
a + b + c
.
_
a (1 + b + c)
a + b + c
(1)
Tip tc s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c:
_
_
a
a + b + c
.
_
a (1 + b + c)
a + b + c
_
2
a
a + b + c
__
a (1 + b + c)
a + b + c
_
= 1.
_
1 +
2 (ab + bc + ca)
a + b + c
_
1 +
2(a + b + c)
2
3 (a + b + c)
= 1 +
2
3
(a + b + c) 1 +
2
3
_
3 (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = 3
T ta c
_
a
a + b + c
.
_
a (1 + b + c)
a + b + c

3 (2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) ta c
_
a
2
a
2
+ b + c
+
_
b
2
b
2
+ c + a
+
_
c
2
c
2
+ a + b

3
Cch 2.
a + b + c
_
3(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) = 3 = a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(1 + b + c)(a
2
+ b + c) (a + b + c)
2
T ta c
a
a
2
+ b + c
+
b
b
2
+ c + a
+
c
c
2
+ a + b

a(1 + b + c) + b(1 + c + a) + c(1 + a + b)
(a + b + c)
2
=
a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b + c)
2
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b + c)
2
= 1
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th
_
a
_
a
a
2
+ b + c
+
b
_
b
b
2
+ c + a
+
c
_
c
c
2
+ a + b
_
2
(a + b + c)
_
a
a
2
+ b + c
+
b
b
2
+ c + a
+
c
c
2
+ a + b
_
3.
Cn bc 2 hai v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 382. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng v tha mn a + b + c = 3.
2
_
1
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
+
1
3b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 5
+
1
3c
2
+ 4a
2
+ 5
_
_
3
abc
Li gii:
_
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
+
_
abc
3b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 5
+
_
abc
3c
2
+ 4a
2
+ 5

3
2
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
=
abc
a
2
+ b
2
+ 2a
2
+ 2 + 3b
2
+ 3

abc
2ab + 4a + 6b
Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz ta c
abc
2ab + 4a + 6b

abc
8
_
1
ab + 2
+
1
3b
_
abc
8.9
_
1
ab
+ 1 + 1
_
+
ac
24
=
c
72
+
abc
36
+
ac
24
T ta suy ra
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5

c
72
+
abc
36
+
ac
24
Thit lp 2 biu thc tng t, sau cng v theo v, ta c
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
+
abc
3b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 5
+
abc
3c
2
+ 4a
2
+ 5
_
c
72
+
abc
36
+
ac
24
_
+
_
a
72
+
abc
36
+
ba
24
_
+
_
b
72
+
abc
36
+
bc
24
_
LHS
2
3
_
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
+
abc
3b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 5
+
abc
3c
2
+ 4a
2
+ 5
_
3
__
c
72
+
abc
36
+
ac
24
_
+
_
a
72
+
abc
36
+
ba
24
_
+
_
b
72
+
abc
36
+
bc
24
__
= 3
_
a + b + c
72
+
3abc
36
+
ab + bc + ca
24
_
3
4
Nh vy
_
abc
3a
2
+ 4b
2
+ 5
+
_
abc
3b
2
+ 4c
2
+ 5
+
_
abc
3c
2
+ 4a
2
+ 5

3
2
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 3. Chng minh rng
a
1 + bc
+
b
1 + ca
+
c
1 + ab

3
2
abc
Li gii:
Cch 1.
1
ab (1 + ab)
+
1
bc (1 + bc)
+
1
ca (1 + ca)

3
2
rng ta c phn tch sau:
1
ab(1 + ab)
=
5 3ab
4
+
(ab 1)
2
(3ab + 4)
4ab(1 + ab)
Thit lp dng t i vi bc v ca ta c:
1
bc(1 + bc)
=
5 3bc
4
+
(bc 1)
2
(3bc + 4)
4bc(1 + bc)
1
ca(1 + ca)
=
5 3ca
4
+
(ca 1)
2
(3ca + 4)
4ca(1 + ca)
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c
cyc
1
ab(1 + ab)
=
15 3(ab + bc + ca)
4
+
cyclic
(ab 1)
2
(3ab + 4)
4ab(1 + ab)

3
2
+
cyclic
(ab 1)
2
(3ab + 4)
4ab(1 + ab)

3
2
Cch 2.
(a + b + c)
2
3
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
= 9
(ab + bc + ca)
2
_
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
_
2
= 9
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th
a
1 + bc
+
b
1 + ca
+
c
1 + ab

(a + b + c)
2
a + b + c + 3abc
=
(a + b + c)
3
(a + b + c)
2
+ 3abc (a + b + c)
(a + b + c)
3
(a + b + c)
2
+ (ab + bc + ca)
2
(a + b + c)
3
9 + 9
3
2
abc.
a
2
ab + b
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
2
bc + c
2
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
ca + a
2
c
2
+ a
2

3
2
Li gii:
(a + b)
a
2
+ b
2
ab =
_
(a + b)(a
3
+ b
3
) a
2
+ b
2
T ta suy ra
a
2
ab + b
2
a
2
+ b
2

1
a + b
Thit lp tng t, ta c
b
2
bc + c
2
b
2
+ c
2

1
b + c
c
2
ca + a
2
c
2
+ a
2

1
c + a
a
2
ab + b
2
a
2
+ b
2
+
b
2
bc + c
2
b
2
+ c
2
+
c
2
ca + a
2
c
2
+ a
2

1
a + b
+
1
b + c
+
1
c + a

9
2(a + b + c)
=
3
2
Bi 385. Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z. Chng minh rng
(x + y + z)
_
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
_
3
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
Li gii:
_
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
_
(xy + yz + zx) (x + y + z)
2
Mt khc, theo AM-GM ta c:
3(xy + yz + zx)
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) =
_
27(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)(xy + yz + zx)
2
_
(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xy + 2yz + 2zx)
3
= (x + y + z)
3
Nhn v vi v hai bt ng trn ta c
(x + y + z)
_
x
y
+
y
z
+
z
x
_
3
_
3(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z.
Bi 386. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn 13x + 5y + 12z = 9. Tm gi tr ln nht
ca:
T =
xy
2x + y
+
3yz
2y + z
+
6zx
2z + x
Li gii:
2x + y
xy
=
1
y
+
1
y
+
1
x

9
y + y + x
T suy ra
xy
2x + y

2y + x
9
Tng t ta c:
3yz
2y + z

2y + z
3
6zx
2z + x

4x + 2z
3
Cng v vi v ba bt ng thc trn ta c
T
13x + 5y + 12z
9
= 1.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca T l 1.
Bi 387. Cho cc s dng a, b, c tho mn abc = 1. Chng minh rng
a
2 + b
a
+
b
2 + c
b
+
c
2 + a
c
1
Li gii:
V abc = 1 nn ta c th t

a =
x
y
,
b =
y
z
,
c =
z
x
.
cyc
a
2 + b
a
=
cyc
x
y
2 +
y
2
z
2
.
x
y
=
cyclic
(xz)
2
2xyz
2
+ (xy)
2

(xy + yz + zx)
2
(xy)
2
+ (yz)
2
+ (zx)
2
+ 2xyz(x + y + z)
= 1
Bi 388. Cho a, b, c l s thc dng tha mn a + b + c = abc. Chng minh rng
bc
a (1 + bc)
+
ca
b (1 + ca)
+
ab
c (1 + ab)

3
3
4
Li gii:
t a =
1
x
, b =
1
y
, c =
1
z
th gi thit c vit li l: xy + yz + zx = 1.
D thy x + y + z
_
3(xy + yz + zx) =
3.
x
yz + 1
+
y
zx + 1
+
z
xy + 1

(x + y + z)
2
3xyz + x + y + z
=
(x + y + z)
3
3xyz(x + y + z) + (x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
3
(xy + yz + zx)
2
+ (x + y + z)
2
=
(x + y + z)
3
1 + (x + y + z)
2
=
_
x + y + z
3
_ _
4(x + y + z)
2
+
3(x + y + z)
2
+ 3
_
4
_
1 + (x + y + z)
2
_ +
3
3
4
3
4
.
3.
Bi 389. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn xy + yz + zx = 3xyz. Chng minh rng:
y
2
xy
2
+ 2x
2
+
x
2
zx
2
+ 2z
2
+
z
2
yz
2
+ 2y
2
1
Li gii:
t x =
1
a
, y =
1
b
, z =
1
c
th gi thit c vit li l a + b + c = 3
Khi ta c:
y
2
xy
2
+ 2x
2
+
x
2
zx
2
+ 2z
2
+
z
2
yz
2
+ 2y
2
=
a
2
a + 2b
2
+
b
2
b + 2c
2
+
c
2
c + 2a
2
= a + b + c
_
2ab
2
a + 2b
2
+
2bc
2
b + 2c
2
+
2ca
2
c + 2a
2
_
a + b + c
2
3
_
3
a
2
b
2
+
3
b
2
c
2
+
3
c
2
a
2
_
3
a
2
b
2
=
3
ab.ab.1
ab + ab + 1
3
Tng t
3
b
2
c
2
bc + bc + 1
3
3
c
2
a
2
ca + ca + 1
3
T ta c
a + b + c
2
3
_
3
a
2
b
2
+
3
b
2
c
2
+
3
c
2
a
2
_
a + b + c
2
9
(2ab + 2bc + 2ca + 3) 1
Bi 390. Cho a, b, c [1; 4] tha a + 2b + 3c 4. Chng minh rng
a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
36
Li gii:
V a, b, c [1; 4] nn ta c
(a + 1)(a 4) 0 a
2
3a + 4
2(b + 1)(b 4) 0 2b
2
6b + 8
3(c + 1)(c 4) 0 3c
2
9c + 12
T suy ra
a
2
+ 2b
2
+ 3c
2
3(a + 2b + 3c) + 24 36
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = c = 1, b = 4.
Bi 391. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y + z
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
. Chng minh rng:
x + y + z
3
x + y + z
+
2
xyz
Li gii:
Theo gi thit v s dng bt ng thc quen thuc a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
ab + bc + ca ta c
(x + y + z)
2
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
2
3
_
1
xy
+
1
yz
+
1
zx
_
= 3
x + y + z
xyz
T ta c
2
3
(x + y + z)
2
xyz
Nh vy, ta c
x + y + z =
1
3
(x + y + z) +
2
3
(x + y + z)
1
3
_
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
_
+
2
3
(x + y + z)
3
x + y + z
+
2
xyz
Bi 392. Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh ca tam gic. Chng minh :
a
_
1
3a + b
+
1
3a + c
+
2
2a + b + c
_
+
b
3a + c
+
c
3a + b
< 2
Li gii:
Nhn xt: Nu x, y, z > 0, x < y th
x
y
<
x + z
y + z
Do
a
_
1
3a + b
+
1
3a + c
+
2
2a + b + c
_
+
b
3a + c
+
c
3a + b
=
a + c
3a + b
+
a + b
3a + c
+
2a
2a + b + c
<
2a + 2b
4a + b + c
+
2a + 2c
4a + b + c
+
4a
4a + b + c
= 2.
Bi 393. Cho x, y > 0 tha mn: x + y = 2. Chng minh rng
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
) 2
v
x
3
y
3
(x
3
+ y
3
) 2
Li gii:
1
4
.2xy.2xy(x
2
+ y
2
)
1
4
.
(x + y)
2
2
.
(2xy + x
2
+ y
2
)
2
4
= 2
x
3
y
3
(x
3
+ y
3
) = 2xy.xy.xy(x
2
xy + y
2
) 2
_
xy + xy + xy + x
2
xy + y
2
4
_
4
= 2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = 1.
Bi 394. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc dng. Chng minh rng
(a + 2) (b + 2)
(b + 1) (b + 5)
+
(b + 2) (c + 2)
(c + 1) (c + 5)
+
(c + 2) (a + 2)
(a + 1) (a + 5)

9
4
Li gii:
Ta c bt ng thc lun ng sau:
(b + 2)
(b + 1) (b + 5)

3
4(b + 2)
4b
2
+ 16b + 16 3b
2
+ 18b + 15 (b 1)
2
0
T ta suy ra
(a + 2) (b + 2)
(b + 1) (b + 5)

3 (a + 2)
4(b + 2)
Tng t
(b + 2) (c + 2)
(c + 1) (c + 5)

3 (b + 2)
4(c + 2)
(c + 2) (a + 2)
(a + 1) (a + 5)

3 (c + 2)
4(a + 2)
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn, v s dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s, ta c:
(a + 2) (b + 2)
(b + 1) (b + 5)
+
(b + 2) (c + 2)
(c + 1) (c + 5)
+
(c + 2) (a + 2)
(a + 1) (a + 5)

3
4
_
(a + 2)
(b + 2)
+
(b + 2)
(c + 2)
+
(c + 2)
(a + 2)
_
9
4
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1
1
a (1 + b)
+
1
b (1 + c)
+
1
c (1 + a)

3
1 + abc
Li gii:
t a = k
x
y
, b = k
y
z
, c = k
z
x
vi k > 0
Khi ta c RHS =
3
1 + k
3
LHS =
cyc
1
a(1 + b)
=
cyc
1
k
x
y
(1 + k
y
z
)
=
cyc
yz
kxz + k
2
xy
=
cyc
a
2
1
ka
1
b
1
+ k
2
a
1
c
1
(a
1
+ b
1
+ c
1
)
2
(k
2
+ k)(a
1
b
1
+ b
1
c
1
+ c
1
a
1
)

3
k
2
+ k
vi a
1
= yz; b
1
= zx; c
1
= xy. Nh vy ta cn chng minh
k
3
+ 1 k
2
+ k (k 1)
2
(k + 1) 0
Bt ng thc cui lun ng, bi ton c chng minh xong.
Bi 396. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha mn abc = 1.
(a
2
+ 8)(b
2
+ 8)(c
2
+ 8) (a + b + c)
6
Li gii:
(a
2
+ 8) (b
2
+ 8) (c
2
+ 8)
(a + b + c)
6
=
(a
2
+ 8abc) (b
2
+ 8abc) (c
2
+ 8abc)
(a + b + c)
6
=
(a + 8bc) (b + 8ca) (c + 8ab)
(a + b + c)
6
[a + b + c + 8 (ab + bc + ca)]
3
27(a + b + c)
6
_
a + b + c +
8
3
(a + b + c)
2
_
3
27(a + b + c)
6
=
1
27
_
1
a + b + c
+
8
3
_
3
1
27
_
1
3
3
abc
+
8
3
_
3
= 1.
Do
(a
2
+ 8)(b
2
+ 8)(c
2
+ 8) (a + b + c)
6
a +
ab +
3
abc
4
3
Li gii:
ab = 2
_
a
4
b
a
4
+ b
abc =
3
_
a
4
b(4c)
a
4
+ b + 4c
3
T ta c
a +
ab +
3
abc
4(a + b + c)
3
=
4
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =
16
21
, b =
4
21
, c =
1
21
.
Bi 398. Cho x, y, z l nhng s dng tha mn x + y + z 6.
x
3
y + z
+
y
3
x + z
+
z
3
x + y
6
Li gii:
Cch 1.
x
3
y + z
+
x
3
y + z
+
(y + z)
2
8

3
2
x
2
y
3
z + x
+
y
3
z + x
+
(z + x)
2
8

3
2
y
2
z
3
x + y
+
z
3
x + y
+
(x + y)
2
8

3
2
z
2
Cng v vi v cc bt ng thc trn, ta c
2
_
x
3
y + z
+
y
3
z + x
+
z
3
x + y
_
+
1
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ xy + yz + zx
_
3
2
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
2
_
x
3
y + z
+
y
3
z + x
+
z
3
x + y
_
5
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
1
4
(xy + yz + zx)
Mt khc, ta c
5
4
_
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
_
1
4
(xy + yz + zx)
5
12
(x + y + z)
2
1
12
(x + y + z)
2
=
1
3
(x + y + z)
2
12
Do
x
3
y + z
+
y
3
x + z
+
z
3
x + y
6
Cch 2.
x
4
x(y + z)
+
y
4
y(z + x)
+
z
4
z(x + y)

(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
)
2
2(xy + yz + zx)

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2

(x + y + z)
2
6
= 6
Do
x
3
y + z
+
y
3
x + z
+
z
3
x + y
6
Bi 399. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m tha mn a +b +c = 3. Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
P = (a
2
ab + b
2
)(b
2
bc + c
2
)(c
2
ca + a
2
)
Li gii:
Gi s a = min{a, b, c}. Ta c b + c = 3 c 3
P =
_
a(a b) + b
2
_
(b
2
bc + c
2
)
_
a(a c) + c
2
_
b
2
(b
2
bc + c
2
)c
2
=
4
9
.
3
2
bc.
3
2
bc(b
2
bc + c
2
)
4
9
.
_
_
3
2
bc +
3
2
bc + (b
2
bc + c
2
)
3
_
_
3
=
4
9
.
_
(b + c)
2
3
_
3
12
ng thc xy ra khi a = 0, b = 2, c = 1 v cc hon v.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 12.
Bi 400. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c khng m ta c:
_
ab + bc + ca
3

3
_
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
8
Li gii:
S dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta thu c
abc =
3
abc.
3
a
2
b
2
c
2
a + b + c
3
.
ab + bc + ca
3
=
(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)
9
M theo 1 hng ng thc quen bit th
(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c) = (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) + abc
Do ta c
8
9
(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc AM-GM ta c
3
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) (a + b) + (b + c) + (c + a) = 2 (a + b + c)
T suy ra
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
8
9
(ab + bc + ca)(a + b + c)
8
9
(ab + bc + ca).
3
2
3
_
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
hay tng ng
_
ab + bc + ca
3

3
_
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
8

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Mc lc

2). Khi ta c c lng:

2. Trong khi V P(1) < (a + b + c)

3(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

3.(a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

5(5 sin + cos ) = 9 +

c 3 l bi ton c gii quyt.

2; gi tr nh nht ca xyz bng 4

3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)

3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a + b + c)

5. Chng minh rng:

3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]

[(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]

a(a b)(a + b)(a + c)

a(a b)(a + b)(a + c)

3; 3]. Bt ng thc c chng minh.

2 nn bt ng thc cui cng ng.

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