Social Assessment For The Jakarta OBA Project

FORKAMI Forum Komunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Minum Indonesia Indonesian Communication Forum for Water Quality Management
Survey Report
Social Assessment for the Jakarta Output-Based Aid Project
A Household Survey to Assess Community Status, Service Preferences, and Willingness to Connect in Relation with Pro-Poor Water Supply Options in Jakarta By the FORKAMI Survey Team Manfred Oepen August Restiawan Trimeirani Wuryandari
July 2006
OBA Survey 2006
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Abbreviations Preface I Overview and Summary 1.1 Terms of Reference 1.2 Introduction 1.3 Key Highlights Respondent Data Existing Water Sources, Uses and Expenditure Willingness to Connect Socio-Economic Profile 1.4 Focus Group Discussion Results 1.5 Muara Baru Household Survey Results Working Methodology 2.1 Survey Objective 2.2 Survey Methodology 2.3 Population and Sample Size Determination 2.4 Screening Process 2.5 Challenges Data Analysis 3.1 Respondent, Household Dwelling and Sanitation Characteristics Status and Gender of Respondents within Household Average Number of People in a Household, Type of Dwelling and Status of the House Type and Distance of the Water Sources to the Septic Tank 3.2 Water Sources, Water Uses and Water Expenditure Water Sources Water Quality Water Usage and Water Expenditure 3.3 Willingness to Connect and Willingness to Pay Willingness to Connect Willingness to Pay for the Connection Willingness to Pay for the Monthly Bill Water Usage if Connected 3.4 Household Socio-Economic Profile Legal Status Household Income Household Expenditure Pattern 3.5 Renter Issue Results from Focus Group Discussions in Kelurahan Kalideres and Master Meter Scheme in Muara Baru 4.1 Focus Group Discussion in Kelurahan Kalideres 4.2 Master Meter Scheme in Muara Baru i iii Iv 1 1 4 4 6 8 10 11 11 13 14 16 16 18 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 30 32 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 41 41 43
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Annex
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TPJ and Palyja Long List of Potential Survey Locations Main Household Questionnaire Limited Household Questionnaire used in Muara Baru Determining the Sample Size Location Mapping Existing Water Systems BPS Poverty Data BPS Poverty Definition Non-valid Cluster Results Relevant Literature
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Abbreviations
BPS BR CBO FORKAMI HH IDR Jl. KDB Kecamatan Kelurahan LSM NGO Palyja PAM PDAM Pemda PERPAMSI phh pph PU PRA RT RW TPJ Walikota WB WTC WTP Central Statistics Bureau Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body Community-based organization Indonesian Communication Forum on Drinking Water Quality Management Household Indonesian Rupiah Street Land-Building Coefficient District Sub-district Non-governmental Organization Non-Governmental Organization PAM Lyonnaise Jaya Water Utility District Water Utility Local Government Indonesian Association of Water Utilities Potential households People per household Public Works Participatory Rapid Appraisal Neighborhood, lowest administrative unit of Community, second lowest administrative unit Thames PAM Jaya Mayor World Bank Willingness to connect Willingness to pay
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Preface
The Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) retained Castalia to prepare an Output-Based Aid project for improved water access in Jakarta provided by two concessionaires, TPJ (Thames PAM Jaya) and PALYJA (PAM Lyonnaise Jaya). Castalia contracted FORKAMI to conduct this social survey to support the selection of the communities and help determine the required level of subsidy for the OBA project.
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1.1
Overview and Summary

Terms of Reference
The Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) retained Castalia to prepare an Output-Based Aid project for improved water access in Jakarta provided by two concessionaires, TPJ (Thames PAM Jaya) and PALYJA (PAM Lyonnaise Jaya). Castalia contracted FORKAMI to conduct the social survey to support the selection of the communities and help determine the required level of subsidy for the OBA project. The primary scope of work for FORKAMI was to prepare and implement the social assessment survey through: Developing the survey questionnaires and planning the survey, Conducting the household survey and preparing a report on the survey results, Conducting focus groups in the communities targeted for master meter connections and preparing a report, and Providing local project management and coordination support.
FORKAMI was responsible for developing and implementing the social assessment work, which included a survey or a focus group discussion in selected communities. The selection was decided by means of a screening process comprising technical feasibility criteria agreed by the concessionaires, the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, Pam Jaya, and Castalia, and the political criteria set by the local government of DKI Jakarta. The household survey was conducted in communities where the concessionaires proposed to offer a piped household connection. Focus group discussions were supposed to be conducted in communities where the concessionaires will offer a connection using a master meter approach. When this turned out to be unsuitable, a limited survey was designed for one particular slum area.
1.2
Introduction
The OBA survey was conducted in DKI Jakarta where TPJ supplies water in the east and by PALYJA supplies water in the west of the city (see Survey Locations in Map of DKI Jakarta overleaf). In the TPJ area, the survey was conducted in five communities (RW) in two Kelurahan (Kel.) located in two different Kecamatan (Kec.) with a total number of 2.859 potential households:
Kel. Rorotan/Kec. Cilincing Community Potential households RW 06 775 RW 07 679 Kel. Kebon Pala/Kec. Makasar Community Potential households RW 03 688 RW 04 511 RW 09 206
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OBA Survey 2006
Map 1
Survey Locations in DKI Jakarta
6 7
9 1 3
Source: Dinas Pemetaan DKI and OBA Survey 2006
The areas where the main household survey was conducted were: TPJ PALYJA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kel. Kel. Kel. Kel. Kel. Kel. Kel. Rorotan/Kec. Cilincing Kebon Pala/Kec. Makasar Kepa Duri/Kec. Kebon Jeruk Cengkareng Barat/Kec. Cengkareng Kalideres /Kec. Kalideres Tegal Alur/Kec. Kalideres Pejagalan/Kec. Penjaringan.
In addition, two more assessments in the PALYJA area were conducted: 8 9 a Focus Group Discussion was held in the community of Warung Gatung, Kel. Kalideres. However, the location was later found unsuitable for the master meter approach, a limited household survey was conducted in Muara Baru, Kel. Penjaringan, a potential master meter location.
For more mapping details regarding the survey locations see Annex 5.
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In the PALYJA area, the survey was conducted in seven communities in six Kelurahan and four Kecamatan with a total number of 2,186 potential households:
Kel. Kepa Duri/Kec. Kebon Jeruk Community Jl. Nusa Indah Gang A + Gang E, RW 08 Potential households 230 Kel. Cengkareng Barat/Kec. Cengkareng Community Potential households Jl. Benda 3 RW 01 + 214 Jl. Daan Mogot Gang Madrasah RW 01 Jl. Rawa Bengkel 210 RW 07 Kel. Pegadungan/Kec. Kalideres Community Potential households Jalan Utan Jati RW11 281
Kel. Kalideres/Kec. Kalideres Community Potential households 214 Gompol Paya RW 10, Kampung Rawalele RW 10 + Kampung Buaran RW 06 Kel. Pejagalan/Kec. Penjaringan Community Potential households Gang Kantong RW 15 150
Kel. Tegal Alur/Kec. Kalideres Community Potential households Jalan Permata Jalan 375 Pelopor RW 11 + Jalan Menceng Raya RW 11
This constitutes a total number of 5,045 potential households. The target areas and communities originally proposed by TPJ and PALYJA (see Annex 1, in which the communities later selected for the survey are marked grey) were selected based on four criteria: 1-poverty orientation, 2-legal status, 3-technical feasibility for a direct pipe connection and 4brackish water in the area. The target respondents from those areas were 1,888 respondents representing a total of 5,045 potential households (phh) for a direct pipe connection. The respondents were selected by means of Community Random Sampling and interviewed by means of a Prepared Questionnaire (see Annex 2).
TPJ Location Kel. Rorotan Kel. Kebon Pala PALYJA Location Kel. Kepa Duri Kel. Cengkareng Barat Kel. Kalideres and Kel. Tegal Alur Kel. Pejagalan
Respondents 394 497
phh 1,454 1,405
Respondents 118 363 419
phh 230 705 841
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In addition, a limited household survey (see Questionnaire in Annex 3) was conducted in an urban slum area, Muara Baru in Kel. Penjaringan, a potential master meter location. A Focus Group Discussion was held in Kel. Kalideres. However, the related community was later found unsuitable for the master meter approach because of the type of community. Details on both locations are incorporated in Chapter 4.
1.3
Key Highlights from Main Household Survey
Respondent Data Most of the respondents (58%) in the survey area (see Map 1, locations 1-7) live in a Single Family House. The average is 67% in the TPJ area and 58% in the PALYJA area. An average of 65% of the houses are Owned by the occupant, with 71% in the TPJ area and 60% in the PALYJA area.
Figure 1
TPJ
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Barat Kalideres Other Pejagalan
Type of Dwelling
PALYJA
79%
Single Family Housing
Multi Family Housing
Source: OBA Survey 2006
Figure 2
Status of Houses
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
79% 65% 61% 39%
PALYJA
59% 38% 65% 65%
34% 21%
34%
28%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Barat Rent Own Share
Pejagalan
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OBA Survey 2006
The average Number of People living in a household is 4.80, with 4.60 in the TPJ area and 4.89 in the PALYJA area (see Figure 3).
Figure 3
TPJ
4.43 4.78 4.87
Number of People per Household

PALYJA
5.4 4.68 4.62
pph 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng Barat
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Except for Kelurahan Pejagalan in the PALYJA area, 60% of the houses in the survey area use Private Septic Tanks. People in Kelurahan Pejagalan mostly use River, Pond or Other for human waste disposal (see Figure 4).
Figure 4 Type of Septic Tank
80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Rorotan
TPJ
PALYJA
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri Kalideres Cengkareng Pejagalan
Private Septic Tank
Share Septic Tank
River or Pond
More than half of the people (59%) in the survey area have their Septic Tank less than eight meters from water sources. Although the distance of the Septic Tank to Water Source in Kelurahan Pejagalan is more than eight meters, but since they are using River, Pond or Other for human waste disposal, the ground water is likely to be contaminated with waterborne diseases (see Figure 5).
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006 Figure 5 Distance between Water Source and Septic Tank
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
PALYJA
Rorotan
Kepa Duri Kalideres Kebon Pala Cengkareng Pejagalan
Less Than 8 meter
More Than 8 meter

Existing Water Sources, Uses and Expenditure Forty two percent of respondents use Water Pump, Jet Pump, Hand Pump and Bore Well as water sources. Water Resellers and water obtained from Neighbors (39%) is other major source of water supply.
Figure 6 Existing Source of Water
TPJ 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% PALYJA
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Water Tank/Public Hydrant/Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump and Hand Pump Water Reseller & Neighbor (buy & free) Lake, River or other Natural Water Body Water Gallon Source: OBA Survey 2006
The average water usage from all sources is 24.16m3 a month in the survey area: 25.85m3 in the TPJ and 23.23m3 in the PALYJA area (see Figure 7).
Figure 7 Existing Water Usage
m 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
TPJ
28% 23% 26%
PALYJA
24%
22%
21%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres
Pejagalan
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It should be noted that the figures on monthly water expenditures below are an estimate using pumping costs of IDR 1,200 per cubic meter and Cost from Water Resellers of IDR 2,000 to 2,500 per m3. The monthly water expenditures without pumping costs have been put in brackets. The average water expenditure per month from all water sources is IDR 52,800 (IDR 37,275) in the survey area with an average of IDR 43,300 (IDR 37,774) in the TPJ area and IDR 57,550 (IDR 37,025) in the PALYJA area. This amounts to IDR 4,530 (IDR 3,585) per m3 on the average. The average on the TPJ area is IDR 3,360 (IDR 2,398) per m3 compared to IDR 5,110 (IDR 4,178) per m3 in the PALYJA area.
Figure 8
Existing Monthly Water Expenditure
IDR. 80,000 60,000
TPJ
63,341
PALYJA
67,768 54,956 44,132
40,072
46,529
40,000 20,000 0
Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Pejagalan
The higher costs in the PALYJA area are due to the main source of water: water resellers using water carts and jerry cans. The existing average water expenditures from all water sources per cubic meter are shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 Existing Water Expenditure per Cubic Meter
IDR. 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0
TPJ
PALYJA
5,948 4,720 3,770
5,340 4,457
2,954
Rorotan
Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres
Pejagalan
The existing Water Quality of various available water sources was also assessed. The water quality from Pumps is significantly worse than that of other water sources, including Lake, River or other Natural Water Body. Thirteen percent of respondents rated the pump water to have odor or smell, 25% to have taste (e.g. salty or brackish water) and 14% to have color (e.g. muddy color). The major findings are summarized in Table 1 below.
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006 Table 1 Water Quality

Average All the Survey Area 0dor Water Tank/Public Hydrant/Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump Water Reseller and Neighbor Lake, River or other Natural Water Body Water Gallon Taste Color Odor Average TPJ Area Taste Color Average PALYJA Area Odor Taste Color
0.50% 12.56% 5.19% 0.18% 0.28%
0.28% 25.46% 3.78% 0.40% 1.26%
0.63% 14.31% 1.70% 0.36% 0.30%
0.23% 11.68% 7.99% 0.25% 0.84%
0.00% 20.44% 5.18% 0.38% 3.78%
0.23% 15.58% 1.90% 0.38% 0.89%
0.64% 13.00% 3.79% 0.14% 0.00%
0.42% 27.97% 3.09% 0.41% 0.00%
0.83% 13.67% 1.60% 0.34% 0.00%
Willingness to Connect The average Willingness to Connect (WTC) for a direct pipe connection in the survey area is 62%, with an average of 68% in the TPJ area and 56% in the PALYJA area. Except for Kelurahan Kepa Duri in the PALYJA area (44%), the WTC in all other Kelurahan exceeds 53% (see Figure 10).
Figure 10 Willingness to Connect
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
83%
TPJ
56% 44%
PALYJA
71% 56% 44% 59% 41% 53% 47% 29%
17%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Kalideres
Cengkareng Pejagalan
Willing To Connect Not Willing to Connect

The main reasons respondents stated for not willing to connect (see Figure 11) are: Cant afford to pay any water tariff (25%) and Water from alternative source(s) is more convenient (23%). It should be noted that a deep well is operating in Kebon Pala I in the TPJ area, managed by a Community Based Organization with a license from The Mining Department of DKI Jakarta. This well may have limited the WTC (56%) in that area.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 11 Reasons Not to be Connected

TPJ
33% 22% 16% 29% 20% 29%
PALYJA
32% 25%23% 25% 19% 17%
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Lower cost of water from alternative source(s). Higher quality of water from alternative source(s) Water from alternative source(s) is more convenient Total Monthly Payment is too High (Would only be able to pay on a daily basis) Cant afford to pay any water tariff Other reason(s) Source: OBA Survey 2006
Respondents exhibited the following Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the onetime direct pipe connection and for the monthly water bill. The overwhelming majority of respondents (74%) who stated they are willing to connect show a WTP for a connection charge of IDR 100,000 or less. Only 24% are WTP IDR 100,000 to IDR 250,000 (see Figure 12).
Figure 12 Willingness to Pay for Connection Charge
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TPJ
77%
PALYJA
88% 83% 77%
62%
56% 44%
33% 19% 14% 22% 12%
Rorotan Up to 500000
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
250000 to 500000 less than 100000 Source: OBA Survey 2006
100000 to 250000
In addition to the one-time connection charge, a majority of 53% of these respondents are Willing to Pay a monthly water bill of IDR 22,500 or less. At an average use of 25 m3, the average water tariff per cubic meter is IDR 900 to IDR 1,000. Interestingly, the Kepa Duri respondents show the highest WTP for a connection charge over IDR 100,000 (44%), and for a monthly water bill up to IDR 22,500 (40%) and up to IDR 30,000 (29%). The Willingness to Pay for the monthly water bill in all survey areas looks as shown in Figure 13.
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006 Figure 13 Willingness to Pay for Monthly Water Bill
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

27%
TPJ
PALYJA
74% 64% 54%
48% 45% 33% 40% 31% 21% 16% 29%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
up to 75000 up to 30000
up to 60000 up to 22500
up to 45000 less than 22500 Source: OBA Survey 2006
Socio Economic Profile The average income in the survey area is IDR 1,368,500, with IDR 1,141,500 in the TPJ area and IDR 1,482,100 in the PALYJA area. The income ranges from IDR 638,000 in Rorotan to IDR 1,644,000 in Kebon Pala.
Figure 14 Monthly Household Income
IDR. 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0
TPJ
1,644,869
1,601,695
PALYJA
1,459,504 1,534,368 1,332,990
638,071
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
The Central Statistics Bureau (BPS) defined the 2004 poverty line for a family of two adults and two children at IDR 890,000. Research on propoor water supply projects in Jakarta report a household income range of between IDR 750,000 and over IDR 3,000,000 (see Kooy et al 2006: 22). It is stated that it is not so much the level but the security of income, which co-determines poverty and a preference for supply supply (see Surjadi et al 1994; for more references and definitions see Chapter 2).
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Except for Kelurahan Rorotan where Food (58%) and Transportation (30%), range highest, Other Expenditures (43%) exceed the other categories, followed by Food (32%) and Transportation (16%).
Table 2 Main Expenditures
Income
Expenditures Food Clothing 3.73% 1.78% 1.68% 1.93% 1.75% 1.83% 2.12% Electricity 9.63% 6.45% 4.71% 5.37% 5.63% 6.50% 6.38% Transportation 30.39% 15.85% 11.98% 12.77% 13.15% 13.11% 16.21% Other 0.00% 48.81% 55.91% 53.87% 52.24% 48.79% 43.27%
Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Pejagalan Average
638,071 1,644,869 1,601,695 1,459,504 1,534,368 1,332,990 1,368,583
57.52% 27.10% 25.71% 26.06% 26.65% 29.78% 32.14%
1.4
Focus Group Discussion Results
Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were supposed to be conducted in communities where the concessionaires will offer a connection using a master meter scheme. An FGD was held in Kel. Kalideres. The population of RW 06 Warung Gantung is eager to be connected to a master meter scheme. There are an estimated 512 potential households in this area. They are willing to organize a community-based organization to manage the scheme. However, this community was later found unsuitable for the master meter approach because of technical issues. Given the communitys high willingness to connect and to pay, it is recommended to consider providing direct pipe connection instead. Detailed results from the FGD process are incorporated in Chapter 4.
1.5
Muara Baru Household Survey Results
As the master meter scheme turned out to be unsuitable for Kel. Kalideres, the OBA stakeholders decided to conduct a social assessment survey in an urban slum area, RT 16 in Muara Baru, Kel. Penjaringan. There are an estimated 1,000 potential households in this area. Originally, a FGD approach was planned but ultimately considered inappropriate due to the socio-political situation in the area. Instead, a limited household survey (see Questionnaire in Annex 3) was conducted based on two service options offered by PALYJA: (1) a master meter or (2) individual meters located at the boundary of the house or a cluster meter. Most of the people in Muara Baru live in densely populated (4.83 pph) multi-family houses (58%), and use the Pluit Dam as a household toilet system (51%). The average income is about IDR 984,545 a month, 64% of which is spent on food alone.
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Currently, households pay IDR 4,000 to 20,000 per cubic meter to water resellers who buy the water from PALYJA at IDR 950 per cubic meter. Water resellers control public hydrants and organize water distribution using carts or water hoses at varying prices. The monthly water usage is 3,000 to 5,000 m3 for the whole RT 16 community. A households monthly average water usage is about 33.89 m3 and the average water expenditure is about IDR 21,278. During the dry season, most people use water obtained from water tanks, public and commercial hydrants, and public baths (50%). This number drops to 23% during the rainy season when alternative water sources are available. The situation is reversed in relation with water obtained from water and jet pumps, which are hardly used during the dry season, while 73% do so during the rainy season. This type of water as well as water obtained from lakes, rivers and rainwater reportedly is of low quality in terms of odor, taste and color. Out of 110 respondents, 87% are willing to participate in a Community Based Organization, and all of those are willing to pay for water supplied by PALYJA. All of those stated that a Community Based Organization will work in Muara Baru as related to bill payment and meter and pipe management. Flat Charges for their individual Water Bill are accepted by 24% while 76% prefer Individual Charges. Of the 96 WTC respondents, 24% are willing to pay more than IDR 100,000 and 76% are willing to pay less the IDR 100,000 for the Water Meter and Connection. At the same time, 27% are willing to pay less than IDR 750, 24% less than IDR 1,000 and 23% less than IDR 1,500 per day for a water bill.
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II.
2.1
Working Methodology
Survey Objective
The objectives of the OBA Survey are to ensure that service improvements reflect actual demand and the willingness to pay of beneficiaries and to identify the target communities for the proposed project. The community selection is based on tangible criteria that reflect the technical feasibility and social and political acceptance, which together provide some assurance as to the long-term viability of the services. To achieve this objective the consultants worked closely with: The concessionaires, TPJ and Palyja, and their community offices, operational and technical staff, The OBA Steering Committee, coordinated by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body (BR) and hosted by the local government of DKI Jakarta, including the public water utility, Pam Jaya, and The Castalia staff.
The identification of household demands and priorities for new or improved services was based on two types of services presented by the concessionaires. The options offered in the context of the OBA Project include (a) direct pipe connections and, in the case of Palyja, (b) communitybased master meters. Both systems constitute improvements to existing water supply systems (these are described in more detail in Annex 3). The potential for direct pipe connections in households willing to connect and willing to pay was assessed through a household survey. The master meter option was supposed to be investigated by means of focus group discussions (FGD) in selected communities. One FGD was conducted in Kel. Kalideres, West Jakarta but this community was later considered unsuitable for the master meter approach because of technical and social criteria. However, due to its high willingness to connect and to pay, the community is potentially suitable for direct pipe connections. Another FGD was planned in a poor community in Muara Baru, North Jakarta, but ultimately was cancelled because of concerns about the socio-political situation in this slum area. Instead, a limited household survey based on a modified questionnaire was conducted to assessment willingness to participate in the master meter scheme. Forkami prepared the following outputs: Overall survey design and methodology Selection criteria approved by project stakeholders Household questionnaire approved by project stakeholders Household interviews based on a main questionnaire Focus group discussions (FGD) methodology FGD in one location Modified household questionnaire for Muara Baru slum area Household interviews based on modified questionnaire
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Data analysis and cluster reports related to all locations Report on survey results and conclusions.
2.2
Survey Methodology
The survey methodology was determined by the overall design of the survey and translated into the main household questionnaires design. The surveys design (see overleaf) describes: The sequence and linkages of survey parameters such as Respondents Data, Existing Water Sources, Existing Water Usage, Existing Water Expenditure and the Socio-economic Profile, and The limiting factors on households to be selected such as PAM Existing Customer, Middle Income and High Income, Poverty Orientation, Legal Status, or Limitations regarding areas issued for Private Entities, Green Belts or Low Building Land Coefficient. The building land coefficient determines the space of a building structure as related to the space of the land surrounding it. Areas with a low building land coefficient are reserved for low-density types of dwellings only. Hence, DKI Jakarta does not want any new public infrastructure constructed in such areas.
The questionnaire design covers, in the following order: 1. Respondent Data consisting of: Type of Dwelling Data, People per Household, Status of the House, Type of Septic Tank and Distance between Septic Tank and Water Sources. Existing Water Sources, Water Use and Water Expenditure Water Sources consisting of the number of respondent that use Public Hydrants, Water Pumps, Indirect Connections, Collection of Rain Water, River of Natural Water Body, Gallon Water and Hand Pump. Water Use (measured in m3/day and expenses per day). Calculations were made to obtain the water use per month. Water Expenditure (obtained by multiplying water use per month with respective costs, calculated in m3 and on a monthly basis). Willingness-to-Connect and Willingness-to-Pay The Willingness of the respondent representing the population in the area to be connected with a direct pipe connection. This connection will allow water customers to obtain water with a water valve and pay the water according to their consumption. The Willingness to Pay represents the affordability of the customer to pay for the water they consume. Socio-Economic Profile The socio-economic profile of the respondents represents their Legal Status (owning an Identity Card, Family Card and Building & Land Tax), Expenditure Pattern (expenditure for Food, for Clothing, for Transportation, and for Electricity) and Monthly Income.
2.
3.
4.
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OBA Survey Design

Respondent Data: 1. Type of Dwelling 2. Average People / house 3. Status of the House 4. Type and Distance of Septic Tank to Water Info on Water Sources: PH, Pump, Well etc Info on Water Uses: 1. For Drinking & Cooking. 2. Washing Dishes& Clothes 3. Bath 4. Household Cleaning etc Average Existing Water Expenditure in Rp / month or Rp / m3. WTC? in % and by region WTP? in % and by region Reason for not Consuming PAM Water Socio-Economic Profile 1. ID Card / KTP 2. Family Card / KK 3. Land Tax / PBB 4. Expenditure
DKI Jakarta Long List by TPJ and PALYJA
Selected Communities
Exclude: 1. The PAM Existing Customer 2. The Middle Income and High Income - BPS Criteria (2100 Kcal / 27.900 daily Income) - World Bank Criteria
Screening Process: 1. Poverty Orientation 2. Legal Status 3. Technical Criteria 4. Brackish Water Criteria
Limitation: 1. Area issued for Private Entities. 2. Green Belt and Low KDB.
KTP=Kartu Tanda Penduduk / Identity Card KK=Kartu Keluarga / Family Card PBB=Pajak Bumi & Bangunan / Land & Building Tax DC=Direct House Connection MM=Master Meter
PH=Public Hydrant WTC=Willingness to Connect by Direct Pipe WTP=Willingness to Pay for Water Bill KDB=Koefisien Dasar Bangunan / Building Land Coefficient
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2.3
Population and Sample Size Determination
Secondary data for the population were obtained from long lists provided by the concessionaires (see Annex 1). The targeted communities are poor and partly in slum areas (see definition below). The concessionaires cross-checked the population data against those in the Evaluation of Slum Areas on RW Basis, 2004 conducted by the Central Statistics Bureau (BPS), DKI Jakarta (for definitions see Annex 7). The required sample size for a survey is determined by the extent of precision and confidence desired. The higher the desired precision or the smaller the sampling error, the larger the sample size must be (see Annex 4). For the purpose of the OBA Survey a 95% level of confidence was used because it allows for an acceptable number of respondents and a tolerable variance. As such, a survey targeting a a population of 1,000 will have 278 respondents when 95% level of confidence is applied.
2.4
Screening Process
The target areas and communities proposed by TPJ and Palyja were selected on the basis of four criteria: 1 - Poverty Orientation The OBA project is focused on poor people living in Jakarta. These poor people are living in a crowded areas with a high population density (up 250 households per hectare). Poor people usually obtain unsafe water that: has a bad odor, taste and color, has potentially been contaminated with water borne diseases if the water source was closer than eight meters to a septic tank, often contains metal substances (iron, sulfur etc.) 2 - Legal Status The poor as defined above can be categorized as living in a legal areas or illegal areas. There are various criteria the local government of DKI Jakarta uses to distinguish legal poor from illegal poor. Illegal areas are those that: have been issued to private entities, are part of a Green Belt area, or area with a low Building - Land Coefficient (Koefisien Dasar Bangunan, or KDB) 3 - Technical Feasibility for Direct Pipe Connection The systems offered by the concessionaires in the context of the OBA project are Direct Pipe Connection and Master Meter Scheme. Both systems constitute improvements to the existing water supply system.
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4 - Brackish Water In the northern part of DKI Jakarta and down to Central Jakarta, within a diameter radius of 20 km, the underground water is salty due to sea water intrusion. If the poor obtain ground water from water pumps, hand pumps or wells in the above mentioned areas, they are most likely to use brackish water. The screening process was implemented in three stages:
1
Technical feasibility. The long list of TPJ and Palyja served as a starting point as the concessionaires guaranteed the technical feasibility for direct pipe connections, that is that water would be available with the intended pressure and continuity in the listed areas. Due to water shortages in Jakarta and related political problems, DKI was very cautious not to let other service areas suffer because of the OBA Project. The other technical criterion, brackish water, was also included at this stage. Policy criteria. DKI was then supposed to apply the policy criteria (legal status and poverty orientation) to those communities on the long list. During OBA Steering Committee meetings, it turned out that those two criteria were often mutually exclusive. Many communities considered very poor and mostly slum areas did not meet the legal status criteria. Also, the policy criteria were often mutually exclusive with technical feasibility. This has to do with the low water pressure in primarily poor areas in North, West and East Jakarta which tend to be located at the periphery of the secondary water supply system. It took moderation by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body (BR) and a lot of time to arrive at conclusions and compromises for both dilemmas. The pragmatic approach finally adopted for the OBA Survey was to crosscheck during Stage 3 all long-listed TPJ and Palyja locations by means of BPS statistical data on poverty down to the community (RW) level. This was to verify that areas long-listed by TPJ or Palyja were indeed considered poor by the local and national government (for more references and definitions see end of this chapter, and BPS Jakarta 2004). Determining which communities met the policy criteria proved to be a difficult task. Social assessment. The last stage was to conduct the social survey to determine willingness to contact. However, much of the work on political limitation factors such as the above mentioned poverty check, the legal status or areas issued for private entities, green belts or low Building Land Coefficient had to be clarified by FORKAMI before the survey team could actually start what it was contracted for: the household survey and the community-based FGD. The survey was only conducted in those communities that were determined to be eligible based on the technical and policy criteria.
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Despite assistance from DKI, it took an average of six working days per survey location to confirm the policy criteria because different agencies were responsible for different aspects of urban, land use, infrastructure and other planning. This was achieved through a Mapping Approach. Under this approach, the FORKAMI team prepared maps that defined the areas that the survey could be undertaken. Details of this Mapping Approach for all survey locations are incorporated in Annex 5. From the basic maps that show boundaries of each Kelurahan, the DKI Spatial Planning Unit issued restrictions based on the following criteria: (1) Areas allocated for private entities for real estate, malls, factories etc. These areas will be developed within approximately five years time and are marked red on the maps. (2) Areas reserved for Green Belts (e.g. near toll roads, rail roads, rivers and canal banks) which are prohibited for settlements and marked green. (3) Areas that have a Land-Building Coefficient below 40% (i.e. 40m2 out of 100m2 can be developed) are marked yellow. Despite this careful mapping approach by the survey team, it turned out that in one survey and in one FGD location, both in Kec. Kalideres, the information provided by DKI and the concessionaires turned out to be incomplete and inaccurate. Therefore, data collected from those sub-samples could not be used but had to be re-done respectively (see 2.5, Chapter 4 and Annex 8).
2.5
Challenges
Cluster 1, Kecamatan Kalideres
Issue 1
The first cluster of the OBA Survey was conducted in Kel. Pegadungan, Kel. Kalideres and Kel. Tegal Alur in Kecamatan Kalideres Jakarta Barat (West Jakarta) of DKI Jakarta (see Map 1, Location 5). Kec. Kalideres consists of five Kelurahan. The survey was conducted in three areas that were on the Palyja long list (e.g., meet the criteria that water can be provided in that area with adequate water pressure), is a Poor or Slum area (according to BPS criteria) and has Brackish water). 242 households were interviewed in this area based on the main questionnaire. However, after conducting the survey, the surveyors found that some of the communities in Cluster 1 did not meet DKI legal status criteria: Due to DKI Tata Kota (City Planning), land has been issued to private entities, Due to DKI Tata Ruang (Spatial Planning), land has been reserved for a Green Belt area, Due to DKI Tata Ruang (Spatial Planning), land has been reserved for Open Space, Industrial, Office and Housing with KDB of 40%.
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Hence, the information provided by DKI and the concessionaires turned out to be incomplete and inaccurate. Therefore, data collected from this subsample (see Annex 8) could not be used and the surveys had to be re-done in a different area in the same Kecamatan. Issue 2 Focus Group Discussion, Kecamatan Kalideres
The Focus Group Discussion was conducted in RW 06 of Kelurahan Kalideres Kecamatan Kalideres, known as the Warung Gantung area or community. This area was selected for a master meter scheme because it was recommended due to a successful Department of Public Works water project there (Air Bersih Subsidi Energi untuk Air Bersih - PPSAB SEAB). It was also considered a less extreme area, which could meet the DKI Jakarta request that the master meter program be conducted in an area that was not an extreme slum. The FGD are conducted in this location with regards of the above recommendation (see Chapter 4 for details). However, it turned out during the FGD that part of the area, due to DKI Tata Ruang (Spatial Planning), is reserved for Open Space, Industrial, Office and Housing with a KDB of 40%. Also, five of the RT in the area have been serviced by direct pipe connections and the other seven RT buy water from public hydrants, water vendors and water cart. Hence, the information provided by DKI and the concessionaires turned out to be incomplete and inaccurate. Therefore, the FGD results organized from this sub-sample will not be used for the master meter scheme because the area partly does not meet the technical criteria for this option offered by Palyja. There are an estimated 512 potential households in this area, of which about 100 participated actively and enthusiastically in the FGD. They are willing to organize a community-based organization to manage the scheme. Given the communitys high willingness to connect and to pay, it is recommended to consider providing direct pipe connection instead. Issue 3 Community Based Organization in Kelurahan Kebon Pala, Kecamatan Makasar
The survey encountered a Community Based Organization supplying Water obtained from a deep well (around 120m deep) in RW 03 Kelurahan Kebon Pala Kecamatan Makasar. The specifications are: Operating at two liters per second, Providing service to around 100 houses with a direct pipe connection and using an individual water meter at every house serviced, The water tariff is IDR 1,000 a cubic meter, The investment cost is around IDR 4,000,000, The DKI Mining Department licensed the well.
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Due to these favorable characteristics of the deep well in the area, residents nearby were less likely to connect and pay for direct pipe connection provided by Palyja in this area, limiting the WTC to 56%. Again, the information provided by DKI was incomplete to a degree that it could significantly affect the results of a WTC/WTP survey. Issue 4 Inconsistent Data
During data analysis, inconsistent data in 99 questionnaires analyzed were detected (see Table 3 and 4). The inconsistencies concerned excessive water consumption and excessive monthly water expenditures. Human error was ruled out because the 99 questionnaires under discussion were found across six survey locations. A possible explanation is informal sector economic activities at the household level that consume high volumes of water. For the purposes of the survey analysis, the results from these 99 questionnaires were excluded from data analysis. Table 3 and 4 show survey results with and without the inconsistent data in question.
Table 3 Water Consumption (in m3) with inconsistent data 30,01 24,06 27,06 30,26 35,58 20,56 without inconsistent data 28,27 23,43 26,32 22,19 24,14 19,57
Questionnaires excluded because of inconsistent data 22 14 3 19 38 3
Table 4
Monthly Water Expenditures (in IDR) with inconsistent data 61.098 53.564 79.322 95.331 125.296 109.514 without inconsistent data 40.072 46.529 63.341 54.956 67.768 42.774
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Issue 5
Poverty Orientation
As described above, the policy criteria legal status and poverty orientation were often mutually exclusive. Many communities considered very poor and most slum areas did not meet the legal status criteria. Also, the policy criteria were often mutually exclusive with technical feasibility. This has to do with the low water pressure in primarily poor areas in North, West and East Jakarta which tend to be located at the periphery of the secondary water supply system. The pragmatic approach adopted for the OBA Survey was to cross-check long-listed TPJ and Palyja locations with statistical data on poverty down at the community (RW) level as far as thoses locations were included in the BPS data sets (see BPS Jakarta 2004). BPS here defines community poverty by means of 10 categories based on visual appraisal (see Annex 7, columns 514). The qualitative data are translated into quantitative data as percentage of each variable. Hence, the higher the aggregated score for a respective RW the poorer it will be. Four different classifications were used: Severe Slum: Total value less than average minus 1 deviation standard; the score will be less than 20 Medium Slum: Total value between average minus 1 deviation standard up to average plus 1 deviation standard; the score will be 21 - 28 Slight Slum: Total value more than average plus 1 standard deviation; the score will be 24 - 30 Very Slight Slum: The total value more than average plus 1 standard deviation; the score will be 30 35 As a result of the survey, the average income in the survey area amounts to IDR 1,368,500, with IDR 1,141,500 in the TPJ area and IDR 1,482,100 in the Palyja area. The Central Statistics Bureau (BPS) defined the 2004 poverty line for a family of two adults and two children at IDR 890,000. Because of the conflict between the poverty criteria and the spatial planning criteria, the average income in all but one of the areas is more than the BPS poverty line. Research on pro-poor water supply projects in Jakarta report a household income range of between IDR 750,000 and over IDR 3,000,000 (see Kooy et al 2006: 22). It is stated that it is not so much the level but the security of income, which co-determines poverty and a preference for supply supply. Households reliant on daily, fluctuating informal sector employment will have irregular incomes and, hence, prefer to avoid monthly, lump sum water charges. Instead, they prefer vended water even though it is more expensive and groundwater even though it may be unsafe to drink (see Kooy 2006: 22 and Surjadi et al 1994).
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Issue 6
Renters and Spouses
During the pre-test and the (invalid) first cluster surveyed in Kecamatan Kalideres (see Issue 1), the survey team encountered the following issues: Renters (49% of the respondents) were reluctant to connect to the direct pipe connection. The WTC for this cluster was 45%. Most of the respondents were the spouse of the head of the household (69%). Most of the spouses are reluctant in terms of WTC because the decision for the connection should be made by the head of the household.
In relation with the renters issue, it was later decided to add three questions under 3.3 to 3.5 to the questionnaire (see Annex 2):
1
2 3
Monthly Water Bill included in the Rent Bill to the questions Does your annual, monthly or daily rent include the water bill? If the answer was yes, an additional question was asked: If the rent includes the water bill, how much is the rent without the water bill? Period of time Renter will rent the house to the question Will you rent this house for more than a year? Cost of the rent to the question How much is your annual rent? More than IDR 5, 000, 000 a year?
In relation with the spouse issue, the questionnaire decision tree was later changed to the effect that if a household member approached for an interview was not the head of household, the interview was ended (see question 1.1 in Annex 2). For more data and information see also Chapter 3.5 Renters Issue.
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III. Data Analysis

The OBA survey distributed 2.000 questionnaires with 1.888 valid responses. This section reports on the findings for each question.
3.1
Respondent, Household Dwelling and Sanitation Characteristics

Status and Gender of Respondent within Household
The Number of Potential Households and Respondent Status and Gender in the surveyed area is presented in Table 5.
Table 5 Number of Potential Household, Respondent Status and Gender
No
Kelurahan
Number of Status Potential Head of Spouse Households Household 1454 1405 690 1710 3112 1109 9480 137 150 29 103 120 24 563 250 343 89 258 299 73 1312
Other 7 4 0 2 0 0 13
Gender Male Female 142 153 27 105 117 23 567 252 344 91 258 302 74 1321
1 2 3 4
Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Barat 5 Kalideres 6 Pejagalan Total
The pre-test had resulted in a low willingness to connect of 32%. The number of spouses who answered the pre-test questionnaire was 68%, equal to the 68% of respondents who were not willing to connect. The reasons for this high correlation were: a. The spouse could not make the pipe connection decision. b. The spouse felt that a decision regarding the relatively high up-front pipe connection cost should be made with the consent of the head of household. c. The spouse gave an uncertain answer (e.g. I want to be connected if the connection cost is free). To minimize the negative effects of spouses answers regarding the willingness to connect, the survey proceeded with a respondent only if the head of household was present. Most of the heads of the households were male and most spouses were female, as it is common for households in Jakarta.
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Average Number of People in a Household, Type of Dwelling and Status of the House The Average Number of People in a Household is presented in Figure 15.
Figure 15 Number of People in a Household
TPJ 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri
PALYJA 4.78 4.87 4.68 4.62 5.4
4.43
Cengkareng Barat
Kalideres
Pejagalan
The Type of Dwelling is presented in Figure 16 which shows that most of the people live in a Single Family House. Only in Kelurahan Kepa Duri, Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk the Multi Family House exceeds the Single Family House.
Figure 16 Type of Dwelling
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
PALYJA
Rorotan
Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Barat Single Family Housing Multi Family Housing Other
Pejagalan
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An important determinant to the willingness to connect is whether a family owns or rents a house. Owners can apply for the connection, while renters usually cannot. The Status of the House is presented in Figure 17:
Figure 17 Status of the House
TPJ 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
79% 65% 61% 39%
PALYJA
59% 38% 65% 65%
34% 21%
34% 28%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri Own
Cengkareng Barat Share
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Rent
Houses are mostly owned, except in Kelurahan Kepa Duri where rented houses exceeded owned houses. Type and Distance of the Water Sources to the Septic Tank The Type of Household Toilet System is presented in Figure 18:
Figure 18 Type of Household Toilet System
80% 70%
TPJ
67% 59% 62%
Palyja
66%
60%
50%
47%
47%
40% 31% 30% 25% 20% 10% 7% 0% Rorotan Kebon Pala Private Septic Tabk Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres River or Pond 8% 28% 24% 31% 26%
36%
17% 9%
10%
Pejagalan
Share Septic Tank
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Most of the people are using Private Septic Tank in the area surveyed. In Kelurahan Pejagalan, River and Pond are used the most as a Household Toilet System. The Distance between The Water Sources to The Toilet System is presented in Figure 19:
Figure 19 Distance between Water Sources and Toilet
TPJ
70% 61% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Pejagalan 57% 55% 45% 39% 43% 40% 34% 45% 55% 60%
PALYJA
66%
Less Than 8 meter
More Than 8 meter Source: OBA Survey 2006
Except for Kelurahan Pejagalan, the distance between Water Sources and Septic Tank is less than eight meters. Should related households use Water Pump, Hand Pump or Bore Well as a water source, the water is considered unsafe to drink.
3.2
Water Sources, Water Uses and Water Expenditure

Water Sources
The water sources in the survey area are presented in Figure 20. The major water source in the survey area is Water Pump and Jet Pump, with Kelurahan Kebon Pala the highest number of Water Pump and Jet Pump used, for more than 64.11% of all water sources available. This water is usually used for Bathing and Washing Clothes. The other major source of water is the water reseller which obtained water from PAM Jayas Public Hydrant. The water reseller uses water cart to
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distribute the water to the household. The water is usually used for Drinking, Cooking and Washing Dishes. The next major source of water is the water gallon (purified gallon water) sold at around IDR 2,000 to IDR 3,000 a Gallon. This water is used for Drinking and Cooking only.
Figure 20 Water Sources
TPJ
70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rorotan Kebon Pala
PALYJA
Kepa Duri Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Water Tank/Public Hydrant/Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump and Hand Pump Water Reseller & Neighbor (buy & free) Lake, River or other Natural body of Water Water Gallon Source: OBA Survey 2006
Water Quality The water quality was surveyed in relation with three parameters: odor, taste and color of the water used by the household in the survey area. The water quality related to the odor of the water used by the household in the survey area is presented in Figure 21. Regarding water pumps in Kelurahan Pejagalan 18% of the respondents report that the water has odor. Regarding water obtained from water resellers and the neighbors 16% of the respondents report that the water has odor.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 21 Odor of Existing Water Sources
TPJ
20.00% 18.00% 16% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0% 0.00% Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri 10% 14% 11%
PALYJA
18%
11%
12%
7% 5%
3% 0% Cengkareng Kalideres Pejagalan
Water Tank/Public Hydrant/Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump Water Reseller and Neighbor Lake, River or other Natural body of Water Water Gallon Source: OBA Survey 2006
The water quality related to the taste of water used by the household in the survey area is presented in Figure 22. Regarding water pumps in Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, 41% of the respondents report that the water has taste while the related percentage for pumps in Kelurahan Rorotan is 31% and 27% in Kelurahan Kalideres.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 22 Taste of Existing Water Sources
45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% Rorotan
TPJ
PALYJA
40%
31% 27% 23% 22%
10% 5% 0% 0% Kebon Pala 0% Kepa Duri 6% 0% Cengkareng 1% 0% Kalideres 1% 0% Pejagalan
7%
The water quality related to the color of water used by the household in the survey area is presented in Figure 23. Regarding water pumps in Kelurahan Rorotan, 19% of the respondents report that the water has color while the related percentage for pumps in Kelurahan Pejagalan is 16% and 14% in Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 23 Color of Existing Water Sources
TPJ
25.00%
PALYJA
20.00%
19% 16%
15.00% 12% 10.00% 11%
14%
13%
5.00%
4%
4% 2% 0% 0% Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres 0% Pejagalan
0.00% Rorotan Kebon Pala
Water Usage and Water Expenditure The average water usage in Kelurahan Rorotan at 48.77 m3 a month is the highest in the survey area while Kelurahan Pejagalan at 20.56 m3 has the lowest. Except for Kelurahan Rorotan, the other Kelurahan have an average water usage between 20 m3 and 27 m3. The average water usage per household in the survey area is presented in Figure 24.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 24 Average Water Usage
30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
28.27
TPJ
26.32 23.43
PALYJA
24.14 22.19 20.62
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kalideres
Pejagalan
The average water expenditure in the survey area is presented in Figure 25:
Figure 25 Average Water Expenditure
80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000
TPJ
63,341
PALYJA
67,768 54,956 46,529 44,132
40,072 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres Pejagalan
The average water expenditure of IDR 67,768 is highest in Kelurahan Kalideres and lowest in Kelurahan Kebon Pala at IDR 40,072. These expenditures are based on the assumption of pumping cost of IDR 1,200 per cubic meter. 1 The expenditure without pumping costs is presented in Figure 26.
1
For the respondents who obtained the water from the water pump using electricity, an assumption of IDR 1,200 a cubic meter is used. This figure is calculated from the hours used by the electricity water pump multiplied by IDR electricity by the hour divided by the cubic meter obtained.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 26 Average Water Expenditure Without Pumping Costs
IDR
80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0
TPJ
PALYJA
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
With Pumping Cost
Without Pumping Cost

OBA Survey 2006
The average water expenditure in Kelurahan Kebon Pala is almost the same with and without the pumping cost because almost all households use electrical water pumps.
3.3
Willingness to Connect and Willingness to Pay

The Willingness to Connect
The Willingness to Connect in the survey area is presented in Figure 27.

Figure 27 Willingness to Connect
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
TPJ
83% 56% 44% 17% 44%
PALYJA
71% 56% 59% 41% 53% 47% 29%
Rorotan Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri Kalideres
Cengkareng Pejagalan
Willing To Connect
Not Willing to Connect

The Willingness to Connect (WTC) of households in Kelurahan Rorotan is 83%. In Kelurahan Pejagalan, the WTC is 71%, followed by Kelurahan
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Kalideres at 59%, and Kelurahan Kebon Pala at 56%. Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat and Kelurahan Kepa Duri are at bottom of the list with a WTC of 44%. Out of 721 respondents who were not Willing to Connect to the water supply system of PAM Jaya, the reasons for their decision are listed in Figure 28.
Figure 28 Reason for Not Willing To Connect
40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
33% 22% 29% 16% 20% 29%
PALYJA
32% 25% 23% 25% 19% 17%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Lower cost of water from alternative source(s) Higher quality of water from alternative source(s) Water from alternative source(s) is more convenient Total monthly payment is too high (Would only be able to pay on a daily basis) Cant afford to pay any water tariff Other reason(s) Source: OBA Survey 2006
Willingness to Pay for the Connection The Willingness to Pay for the Connection for those households who are Willing to Connect is presented in Figure 29. Most of the respondents are Willing to Pay (WTP) for the Connection by means of a one-time, up-front connection fee of less than IDR 100,000. At almost 88%, Kelurahan Pejagalan, Kecamatan Penjaringan shows the highest WTP in this price range while Kelurahan Kepa Duri, Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk at 56% has the lowest WTP. As for the price range of IDR 100,000 to IDR 250,000, Kelurahan Kepa Duri has the highest WTP at 44% while the lowest WTP of 12% can be found in Kelurahan Pejagalan.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 29 Willingness to Pay for the Connection
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
77% 62% 56% 44% 33% 19%
PALYJA
88% 83% 77%
22% 14% 12%
Rorotan Up to 500000
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
250000 to 500000 less than 100000 Source: OBA Survey 2006
100000 to 250000
Willingness to Pay for the Monthly Bill For those households that are Willing to Connect, the Willingness to Pay for the Monthly Bill, which is based on the individual households water consumption, is presented in Figure 30. Most of the households are Willing to Pay Less than IDR 22,500 for the monthly water bill. Kelurahan Pejagalan, Kecamatan Penjaringan at almost 74% shows the highest WTP in this price range while Kelurahan Kepa Duri, Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk has the lowest WTP at 31%. For the price range of up to IDR 25,000, Kelurahan Kepa Duri has the highest WTP at 40% and Kelurahan Pejagalan the lowest at 16%.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 30 Willingness to Pay for the Monthly Bill
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
TPJ
PALYJA
74% 64% 54%
48% 45% 33% 27% 40% 31% 21% 16% 29%
Rorotan
Kebon Pala
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
up to 75000 up to 30000
up to 60000 up to 22500
up to 45000 less than 22500 Source: OBA Survey 2006
Water Usage in Case of a Piped Connection The question about future plans on how to use the water from the piped connection is relevant in light of the so-called zero consumption (less than 10m3 a month) among low-income customers that both concessionaires reported. One explanation offered for zero consumption is that customers use the water from the PAM water supply system for drinking and cooking, and for washing dishes only. For washing clothes, taking a bath and household cleaning, they use alternative water sources such as from a water pump. The Water Usage if Connected question, hence, intended to predict future water consumption for a range of potential usages. The survey has these data presented in Table 5.
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OBA Survey 2006 Table 5 TPJ Water Usage Drinking/ Cooking Washing Dishes Washing Clothes Bathing Household Cleaning Other Usage Kebon Pala 20.97% 18.09% 17.00% 18.09% 16.70% 9.15% Water Usage in Case of a Piped Connection PALYJA
Rorotan 24.28% 16.48% 16.41% 17.89% 16.18% 8.76%
Kepa Duri 24.17% 18.01% 17.06% 19.43% 14.69% 6.64%
Cengkareng 20.79% 18.70% 18.15% 18.26% 15.84% 8.25%
Kalideres 20.94% 17.96% 17.45% 17.28% 16.43% 9.96%
Pejagalan 21.25% 18.13% 18.13% 19.06% 16.88% 6.56%
Most of the poor people will use the water for Drinking and Cooking if connected. The second priority is for Personal Usages such as Bathing, Washing Dishes, and for Washing Clothes and Household Cleaning. A relatively small amount of water will be used for Other Usage such as the watering of plants.
3.4
Household Socio-Economic Profile

Legal Status
The Legal Status of the respondents is determined by means of the ownership of an Identity Card (KTP) or Family Card (KK) and the payment of the Building and Land Tax (PBB). Currently, PAM Jaya requires households to have an Identity Card (KTP) or Family Card (KK) and a Building and Land Tax (PBB) certificate to obtain a connection. The Identity Card Ownership in the survey area is presented in Figure 31 which shows that more than 84% of the people possess legal identification.
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OBA Survey 2006 Figure 31 Identity Card (KTP) Ownership
95% 90% 85% 80% 75%
TPJ
94% 91%
PALYJA
89% 86%
88% 85%
Rorotan Kebon Pala
Kalideres Pejagalan
The Ownership of a Building and Land Tax (PBB) Certificate in the survey area is presented in Figure 32.
Figure 32 Building and Land Tax (PBB) Certificate
TPJ
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
81% 73% 51%
PALYJA
77% 74%
73%
Rorotan Kebon Pala
Kalideres Pejagalan
More that 72% of the households have a Building & Land Tax Certificate. The respondents in Kelurahan Pejagalan, at 51%, have the lowest percentage of owning such a certificate. Household Income The average monthly Household Income in the survey area is presented in Figure 33.
Figure 33
Household Income per Month
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TPJ
1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Rorotan Kebon Pala Kepa Duri 638,071 1,644,869 1,601,695
PALYJA
1,459,504 1,534,368 1,332,990
Cengkareng
Kalideres
Pejagalan
Kelurahan Kebon Pala has the highest average Household Income per month at IDR 1,644,869 while Kelurahan Rorotan has the lowest one at IDR 638,071. Except Kelurahan Rorotan where the average Household Income is lower than IDR 1.000.000, the other Kelurahan have average Household Incomes of between IDR 1,300,000 and IDR 1,645,000. Often, the electricity bill is used as another yardstick for average Household Income. Kelurahan Kebon Pala has the highest average electricity bill at IDR 106,137 per month and Kelurahan Rorotan has the lowest one at IDR 61,421. Except Kelurahan Kebon Pala where the average electricity bill is higher than IDR 100.000, the other Kelurahans average electricity bill is between IDR 60,000 and IDR 87,000. Hence, the data concerning the electricity bills confirm the survey results regarding average Household Income in the survey area. Household Expenditure Pattern The Expenditure Pattern of the respondents in the survey area is presented in Table 6.
Table 6 Food 57.52% 27.10% 25.71% 26.06% 26.65% 29.78% Household Expenditure Pattern Clothing 3.73% 1.78% 1.68% 1.93% 1.75% 1.83% Electricity 9.63% 6.45% 4.71% 5.37% 5.63% 6.50% Transportation 30.39% 15.85% 11.98% 12.77% 13.15% 13.11% Other 0% 48.81% 55.91% 53.87% 52.24% 48.79%
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Respondents in Kelurahan Rorotan use 58% of their income for food and about 30% for transportation. Apparently, these households have no savings or income available for other expenditures. Respondents in Kelurahan Kebon Pala, Kepa Duri, Cengkareng Barat, Kalideres and Pejagalan use about 25% to 30% of their income for food and about 11% to 16% for transportation. Generally, these households have about 48% to 56% of their income available for other expenditure and for savings. Other expenditure include water expenditure.
3.5
Renter Issue
As a result of the pre-test, the survey encountered the so-called Renter Issue: respondents renting a house are reluctant to have a direct pipe connection because the related decision has to be made by the owner (see Issue 6 in Chapter 2). To accommodate this issue in light of the OBA Projects concern for the poors access to safe drinking water, three additional questions were added to the questionnaire directed at respondents renting a house. The results are summarized below. 1 - Monthly Water Bill Included in the Rent Bill Out of the respondents in the survey area who rent a house (368 of 1,888 respondents) 21% stated that their water bill is included in their yearly, monthly or daily rental fee they pay to the landlord. Those respondents who stated that their water bill is included in their rental fee were asked an additional question: If the rent includes the water bill, how much would you pay for the water bill per month if the latter was separated? Out of the respondents who rent a house which includes the water bill, 1% paid up IDR 75,000, another 1% up to IDR 60,000, followed by 2% who paid up to IDR 45,000 and 4% who paid up to IDR 30,000. Another 4% paid up to IDR 22,500 and 8% paid less than IDR 22,500. 2 - Rental Period The question Will you rent this house for more than 1 year? was answered yes by 49% of the respondents. It was assumed that respondents renting a house for less than a year will not be willing to invest in a piped water connection installed in a house they do not own. The survey results means that less than half of the respondents who rent a house are likely to consider an investment in a piped water connection.
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3 - Annual Rental Fee The question Is your annual rent more than IDR 5,000,000 a year? was answered yes by only 5% of the respondents. It was assumed that a lower rental fee would leave the house owner reluctant to invest in a piped water connection for his or her house. The survey result means that 95% of the house owners of respondents renting a house are unlikely to be willing to connect.
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IV.
Results from Focus Group Discussions in Kelurahan Kalideres and Master Meter Scheme in Muara Baru
Focus Group Discussion in Kelurahan Kalideres
4.1
The Focus Group Discussion (FGD) is a group discussion with a certain number of participants guided by a facilitator in which the participant can freely and spontaneously give opinion about a certain topic. The FGD is a qualitative method. The purpose is to obtain overall information about a concept, perception and innovation from a group. The FGD is conducted by means of plenary and small working groups sessions based on brainstorming techniques among the participants about a certain topic. The discussion is guided by a moderator. The methodology for the FGD is based on the Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA) which was developed as a contrast of the conventional top-down approach. PRA answers local problem that tend to be insignificant to topdown planning. The FGD in relation with the OBA project tried to identify, analyze and solve water supply problems of the urban poor in Jakarta. The FGD was conducted in Kelurahan Kalideres, Kecamatan Kalideres, RW 06, known as Warung Gantung area and considered a Light Slum (Kumuh Sangat Ringan) by DKI Jakarta (see BPS 2004). This area was considered a compromise to pilot the master meter approach in light of DKIs request that the area selected was not an extreme slum. There are 512 households in the area represented by 100 participants in the FGD where they were divided in five groups of 20-25 people each. The topics discussed in each groups were: 1. 2. 3. 4. What are the day-to-day water sources? How is the quality of the water (odor, taste and smell)? Where do we expel the wastewater? What type of septic tank do you use and how far is the septic tank from water sources? 5. How much is the monthly expenditure to obtain safe water? 6. How many m3 of water do you use in a day or in a month? 7. How about water usage? In groups, the FGD participants collected quantitative data and made maps related to (1) location of households, (2) existing water sources, (3) public facilities (mosques, schools, drainages, solid waste disposal sites etc.).
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As a result of the data collection and the working group discussions, the information shared below was derived. Social Composition The occupation of the participants is as follows: Participants in the FGD Jobless 16% Private Sector 11%
Workers 25%
Employees 30%
Teachers 3% Traders 9% Housewifes 6%
Water Sources Kecamatan Kalideres has received 32 water trucks to deliver bulk water from PDAM Tangerang and distribute it to every Kelurahan. The water is sold at IDR 75,000 for every 5,000 liter. From the water trucks, water is distributed using water carts, sold at IDR 2,000 for every 20 - 25 liters. This water is used for cooking, drinking, and washing dishes. Water pumps are used for washing clothes, bathing and other personal usages. Some households in RT 01, RT 05, RT 06, RT 07 and RT 14 have already been connected to the PAM Jaya water supply system. People in this area have organized a water community and self-financed a piped connection which, with Palyjas consent, taps into the tertiary network. In RT 01, some of the water is used for car and motorcycle washing business. Some of the PAM Jaya customers in RT 05, RT 06 and RT 07 have an illegal status. They are asking to be legalized through a Master Meter Scheme. Also, they mentioned a low continuity and low water pressure of the existing PAM Jaya connections.
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Dwelling People in Warung Gantung usually live in single family housing, mostly based on rental arrangements for a limited period of time. Sanitary System Households in RT 08, RT09, RT10 and RT 11, use rivers for the human waste disposal. Willingness to Connect The population of RW 06 Warung Gantung, Kelurahan Kalideres, Kecamatan Kalideres expressed enthusiasm throughout the focus group discussion regarding their willingness to connect to the PAM Jaya water supply system through a Master Meter Scheme. They will organize a community-based organization to manage the scheme. However, this community was later found unsuitable for the master meter approach because of technical issues. Given the communitys high willingness to connect and to pay, it is recommended to consider providing direct pipe connection instead.
4.2
Master Meter Scheme in Muara Baru
As the master meter scheme turned out to be unsuitable for Kel. Kalideres, the OBA stakeholders decided to conduct a social assessment survey among 110 respondents in an urban slum area, RW 17 RT 16 in Muara Baru, Kel. Penjaringan. There are around 7,000 households in Muara Baru, living in five RWs: RW 016, 017, RW 19, RW 20 and RW 22. The exact number of households varies due to high migration. The target area for the survey was RT 016 which consists of 10 sub RTs and around 1,000 household. Originally, a FGD approach was planned but ultimately considered inappropriate due to the socio-political situation in the area. Instead, a limited household survey (see Questionnaire in Annex 3) was conducted based on two service options offered by PALYJA: (1) a master meter or (2) individual meters located at the boundary of the house or a cluster meter. Socio Economic Profile Most of the people in Muara Baru live in densely populated (4.83 pph) multifamily houses (58%), and use the Pluit Dam as a household toilet system (51%). The average income in Muara Baru Community is about IDR 984,545
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a month, 64% of which is used to buy food, 4% for clothing and 7% to pay for electricity. The rest of their income is used to pay for transportation and other necessities. Respondent data on Muara Baru households are presented in Table 7.
Table 7 Respondent Data Number Type of Dwelling Single-family house Multi-family house temporary housing (bedeng) Other Number of people living in household Household toilet system Private septic tank Share septic tank River or pond Distance between septic tank and water supply system less than 8 meter more than 8 meter 38 64 8 0 4.83 40 13 56 Percentage 34.55% 58.18% 7.27% 0.00%
36.36% 11.82% 50.91%
26 84
23.64% 76.36%
Water Supply System The existing water supply system in Muara Baru is presented in Table 8.
Table 8
Water Supplied by PALYJA
Existing Water Supply System

Other Sources
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Pipe
Water Truck
Booster Pump Public Hydrants/ Reseller Water Household Self Household Water Households
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Currently, households pay IDR 4,000 to 20,000 per cubic meter to water resellers who buy the water from PALYJA at IDR 950 per cubic meter. Water resellers control public hydrants and organize water distribution using carts or water hoses at varying prices. The monthly water usage is 3,000 to 5,000 m3 for the whole RT 16 community. A households monthly average water usage is about 33.89 m3 and the average water expenditure is about IDR 21,278. Available water sources and their water quality are presented in Table 9. During the dry season, most people use Water Obtained from Water Tank, Public Hydrant, Commercial Hydrant and Public Bath (50%). This number drops to 23% during the rainy season when alternative water sources are available. The situation is reversed in relation with Water Obtained from Water Pump and Jet Pump. Only 1% of the population uses the Water Pump and Jet Pump during the dry season, while 73% do so during the rainy season. This type of water, people reported, always has Odor, Taste and Color. The same picture applies to Water Obtained from Lake, River and Natural Body of Water (in this case through rain water collection). Only 3% use it during the dry season, but 70% do so during the rainy season. Other water sources are Water Obtained from Water Resellers, either by Water Truck with Mountain Water (23% in the dry and 50% during the rainy season), or by Water Gallon with Mountain Water (22% in the dry and 51.68% in the rainy season).
Table 9 Water Source and Quality Dry Season Water Tank/Public Hydrant/Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump Lake, River or other Natural body of Water Water Reseller Other 50% 1% 3% 23% 22% Rainy Season 23% 73% 70% 50% 52%
Odor 13% 100% 0% 3% 0%
Taste 15.% 100% 0% 2% 0%
Color 12% 100% 0% 4% 0%
Willingness to Connect Out of 110 respondents, 96 (87%) are willing to participate in a Community Based Organization, and all of those are willing to pay for water supplied by PALYJA. All of the 96 respondents stated they would follow the rules and regulations of community participation as related to bill payment and meter and pipe management. In addition, they agreed to sanctions in case of irregularities and believe that a Community Based Organization will work in Muara Baru.
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Of the 96 respondents, 23 (24%) are willing to have the Flat Charges for their individual Water Bill while 73 (76%) prefer the Individual Charges based on individual water usage. Of the 96 respondents, 23 (24%) are willing to pay for more the IDR 100,000 and 73 (76%) are willing to pay for less the IDR 100,000 for the Water Meter and Connection. Twenty six of the 96 respondents (27%) are willing to pay less than IDR 750, 23 (24%) less than IDR 1,000 a day and 22 (23%) less than IDR 1,500 a day for Water Supply. Of the 14 respondents (13%) not willing to participate, 53% stated Water from the existing system is more convenient while 18% mentioned Total monthly payment is too high as reasons. Another 23% stated reasons such as Going to Move or temporary residence.
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Annex 1
Potential Target Areas for GPOBA Scheme
A TPJ Concession Area
Kecamatan Kelurahan Kel. Rambutan Kel. Susukan Kel. Ciracas Kel. Ciracas Kel. Ciracas Kel. Cibubur Kel. Kelapa Dua Wetan Kel. Makasar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Name of Community Kel. Rambutan RW 03 Jl Raya H. Baping RT 07/ RW06 Kel. Ciracas RT 12/ RW 09 Kel. Ciracas RT 001 - 014/ RW09 Jl Pengantin Ali RT 007 / RW 06 Jl Beriman I, II, III RW 12 Jl Kampung Baru I RT 009 010 Kel Makasar RW 07 Kel Makasar RW 04 Kel Makasar RW 02 Kel. Halim PK RW 05 Kel. Halim PK RW 06 Kel. Halim PK RW 07 Kel. Halim PK RW 08 Kel Kebon Pala RW 03 Kel Kebon Pala RW 04 Kel Kebon Pala RW 09 Kel Kebon Pala RW 12 Kel Kebon Pala RW 08 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 05 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 11 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 12 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 13 Kel Pinang Ranti RT 009,008,013,014/RW01 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 01 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 02 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 03 Kel Cipinang Melayu RW 04 Kel Cipinang Muara Kel 14 Cipinang Besar Selatan RW 0 Cipinang Besar Utara RW 0 Cipinang Besar Utara RW 0 Cipinang Besar Utara RW 0 Kel Kampung Tengah RW 07 Pulo Dukuh RT 011/RW04 Penggilingan Baru Kel Kramat Jati RW 11 Jl Raya Bogor Gg STM RT005&016/RW02 Jl Batu Sari RT 11/02 Pekayon Community RT 07, 09, 10 Kel. Kali Sari RT05/RW11,RT12/RW13,RT13/03 Jl Pamitran (Bulak III) RT 08/RW06 No 6 Jl Balai Rakyat RT 01/03 Number of Potential Household 333 132 753 80 178 1,492
Kec. Ciracas
Kel. Halim Perdana Kusuma
3,148 550 1,360
Kel. Kebon Pala Kec. Makasar
Kel. Cipinang Melayu
1,408
Kel Pinang Ranti
578
Kel. Cipinang Melayu Kel. Cipinang Muara Kel. Cipinang Besar Selatan Kel. Cipinang Besar Utara Kel. Kampung Tengah Kel Kramat Jati Kec. Kramat Jati Kel Kramat Jati Kel Batu Ampar Kel Pekayon Kec. Pasar Rebo Kel. Kali Sari Kel Cijantung Kel. Gedong Condet
1,605 238
Kec. Jatinegara
307 316
490 250 355 85 63
Kecamatan
Kelurahan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Rorotan Kel. Sukapura Kel. Cakung Timur Kel. Ujung Menteng Kel. Rawa Terate Kel. Tanah Tinggi 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Name of Community Kel Rorotan RW 05 Kel Rorotan RW 08 Kel Rorotan RW 08 Kel Rorotan RW 06 Kel Rorotan RW 07 Kel Rorotan RW 09 Kel. Sukapura RT 02/RW010 Kel. Cakung Timur RW 01 Kel Ujung Menteng RW 08 Jl Raya Bekasi RT 001/05 Jl Tanah Tinggi Barat RT 04/RW05 Total of Potential Households
Number of Potential Household
Kec. Cilincing
902
Kec. Cakung Kec. Johar baru
73 191 47 52 32 15.018
Source: Thames PAM Jaya, 2006
Communities marked grey were later included in the survey (see Chapter 1)
PALYJAs Concession Area

Number of potential household 150 400
Area
Kecamatan
Kelurahan Pejagalan Kapuk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cengkareng Barat 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Name of community Gang Kantong Gang Burung Gang Langgar 2 - Gang Taniwan (Kapuk) Kampung Duri Semanan RT 1 RW 1 Kampung Duri Semanan 2 Kampung Duri Semanan 3 Jl. H. Sanusi Kampung Gunung Jl. Nusa Indah Gang A & Gang E Jl. Benda 3 Jl. Rawa Bengkel RW 7 Jl. Daan Mogot Gang Madrasah Jl. Utan Jati Jl. Ubi Ujung Kepa Duri RW 8 (Kebon Jeruk) Kampung Pangkalan RW 2 & RW 10 Warung Pojok (Kampung Asem) Kampung Buaran (Kalideres) Kampung Sumur Bor RT 4 RW 12 Kalideres Gang Kunci Kampung Rawalele Gombol Paya Jl. Peta Utara 1 (behind Kantor Kel. Kalideres ) Jl. Permata - Jl. Pelopor Kampung Warung Gantung Jl. Menceng Raya
Duri Kosambi Cengkareng UPP Barat (North & West)
1,300
800
300 250 350
Kebon Jeruk
Kebon Jeruk Semanan
Kalideres
19 20 Kalideres 21 22 23 Tegal Alur 24 25
1,930
100 5,580 250 500 150 150 150 60
UPP Pusat (Center & North)
Penjaringan Tambora Tanah Abang Grogol Petamburan Setiabudi Pademangan
Palmerah
Sub-total Pluit 1 Air Baja (Pluit Mas) RT 6-7-8 RW 16 Mangga Dua Selatan 2 Jl. Mangga Dua 8 Bendungan Hilir 3 Bendungan Hilir (near WTP P2) Kota Bambu Selatan 4 Jl. Apus Karet Kuningan 5 Jl. Anggrek 12 Karet Kuningan RW 2 Ancol 6 Kampung Japat RT 4 RW 1 7 Kemanggisan Ilir 6 RT 2-3 RW 13 8 Jl. H. Sha'adan (Ubinus) RT 2-3 RW 12 Kemanggisan 9 Kemangisan Ilir 10 RT 17 RW 8 10 Kemanggisan Ilir 11 (Buntu) RT 4-5 RW 8 11 Anggrek Rosliana 7 - Jl. H. Sainin RT 3 RW 1 Palmerah 12 Jl. Kemanggisan Kincir RT 6 RW 8 13 Jl. Muluh 1 RT 1-3 RW 7 Jati Pulo 14 Jl. Kamboja Ujung Sub-total Total
1,500
150 2,910 8,490
Source: PAM Lyonnaise Jaya, 2006
Communities marked grey were later included in the survey. Note that the eleven communities listed here were later aggregated to seven communities in six Kelurahan and four Kecamatan (see Chapter 1).
Annex 2
HOUSEHOLD ID:
OBA Survey
Non-Connected Household Questionnaire
Interview Data
Community Identification: _____________ Community Location Kecamatan: Kelurahan: RW: Interviewer ID number: Date of interview:
A_______ B_______ C_______ D_______ E_______ month G_______
F_______ day
Interview number:
HOUSEHOLD IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: A B C D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2 G1 G2
Annex 2
OBA Survey: Household Questionnaire

Opening Statement
Dear Respondent! My name is _________________________. I represent FORKAMI (Forum Komunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Minum Indonesia) water sector study team. We are conducting a survey related to water use by urban households like yours. The information that we collect from this survey will help us design a program for expanding and improving water service to urban households for this and this areas PAM JAYA has been chosen as a test case for this important work. From within this PAM JAYA, your household has been selected at random to be interviewed. Information from households such as yours is vital in designing this program. This is not a marketing survey but a survey that will determine whether PAM JAYAs services will be offered in your community. We assure you that your individual responses will not be disclosed to anyone. After questionnaires are completed, they will be processed by computer and no information on any single household will be disclosed to anyone. You can of course choose not to participate. The survey will take approximately 30 minutes and we will be asking you questions primarily related to your households: Basic characteristics Sources and uses of water Expenditures on water Willingness to connect to PAM JAYAs network
Are you willing to participate? If no, THANK THE RESPONDENT and END THE INTERVIEW.
Thank you for participating. The usefulness of the results from this survey will depend on your sincerity and exactness in answering these questions. There are no right or wrong answers to any of these questions and you will not be judged in any way based on your responses. Please answer all questions as accurately and truthfully as possible. Again, thank you for taking the time to participate in this survey.
Sections
1. 2. 3. 4. Dwelling, Connection, and Household Characteristics 3 Water Source and Water Expenditure ............................................. 4 Willingness to Connect to PAM JAYA Connection and Willingness to Pay for PAM JAYA Water Tariff ..5 Household Economic Profile............................................................ 6
1. Dwelling, Connection, and Respondent Characteristics 1.1 What is your status within this household? [READ ITEMS] head of household ............................................................................................................................................................................ spouse of head of household. other ................................................................................................................................................................................................. [If 1.1 is other, THANK THE RESPONDENT and END THE INTERVIEW.] 1.2 Is your household directly connected to the PAM JAYA water system? (including direct dwelling connection, yard connection) yes .................................................................................................................................................................................................... no ............................................................................................. dont know ........................................................................................................................................................................................ [If 1.2 is yes or dont know, THANK THE RESPONDENT and END THE INTERVIEW.] 1.3 Gender of respondent: male.................................................................................................................................................................................................. female............................................................................................................................................................................................... 1.4 What type of dwelling is this? [READ ITEMS] single-family house (rumah) ............................................................................................................................................................. multi-family house (rumah petak) ..................................................................................................................................................... temporary housing (bedeng) ............................................................................................................................................................ other .................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2
1 2 3 4
1.5 On average over the course of the past month how many people have lived in this household_______ 1.6 What is the ownership or rental status of this household in this dwelling? rent ................................................................................................................................................................................................... own ................................................................................................................................................................................................... share (menumpang) ......................................................................................................................................................................... dont know ........................................................................................................................................................................................ other ................................................................................................................................................................................................. [If 1.6 is 1 or rent, in time, ask the question 3.3 to 3.5.] 1.7 What is the type of the household toilet system? Private septic tank ............................................................................................................................................................................ Share septic tank or public drainage system ................................................................................................................................... River or pond ................................................................................................................................................................................... Other ................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
1.8 What is the distance of the household of the toilet system to your water sources? Less than 8 meter ............................................................................................................................................................................ More than 8 meter ...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 2
2. Water Sources and Water Expenditure 2.1 Does this household ever obtain water from the following sources? [READ ITEMS] Dry Season Yes No 2.1.1 TA/HU/HC/public tap/MCK .. 1 . 2 2.1.2 ground well and pump well ... 1 . 2 2.1.3 neighbors (free).. 1 . 2 2.1.4 neighbors (buy) 1 . 2 2.1.5 private water vendors. 1 . 2 2.1.6 purchase from PAM JAYA 1 . 2 2.1.7 lake,river,stream/other natural body of water 1 . 2 2.1.8 collection of rainwater 1 . 2 2.1.9 Other 1 . 2
Rainy Season Yes No 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2 1 .2
Odor Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No
WaterQuality taste Color Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No
Please estimate the average total amount (volume) of water obtained by this household (in m3) per day and estimate the cost of water obtained by this household (in Rp), if the following sources of water is used. [READ ITEMS]
Do you use water from the following sources? (circle the response given)
2.2.a Daily Uses (l/h)
TA / HU / HC / public tap/MCK
ground well and pump well
neighbors (purchased)
Purchase from PAM Jaya
Lake, River, Stream etc
Rain Water
Other .
Total
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
. No
Yes
No
Yes
No
2.2.b Unit Cost Fill if regular monthly payment 2.2.c Cost / month
2.3 Water Usage

2.3 1 Drinking / Cooking
For what purposes do you use water from this source? (Check all that apply)
2.3.2 Washing Dishes
2.3.3 Washing Clothes
2.3.4 Bathing
2.3.5 Household Cleaning
2.3. 6 Other Usage
3. Willingness to Pay for PAM JAYA Connection and Water Tariff [ENUMERATOR READS: Imagine now that your household could have a direct connection to the PAM JAYA water system. The services are explained in the illustration shown to you. Your household will be billed on a monthly basis for the water that you use from this connection. The monthly charge will be determined using the quantity of water that you use and the price per quantity. The quantity of water that your household uses would be determined by a meter connected to your dwelling only. Any additional plumbing required from that meter to provide water inside your dwelling would have to be paid by the owner of the house. This meter would be checked every month. From this connection, your household could use as much water as it wishes and will be charged based on this amount.] 3.1 Lets assume your household is connected to the PAM JAYA water system and you would have to pay a water bill of Rp. 20.000 30.000 per month. Yes No Would you be willing to pay this monthly bill under these conditions?................................................................................... 1 2 [If the answer of 3.1 is yes, continue with question 3.3 (rent) or 3.6 (own) and if the answer is no, continue to question 3.2 ] 3.2 Which of the following statements is a reason why your household would not be willing to pay the monthly bill for the PAM JAYA water supply? [READ ITEMS] Yes 1 1 1 1 1 1 No 2 2 2 2 2 2
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6
Lower cost of water from alternative source(s). ............................................................................ .......................... Higher quality of water from alternative source(s) ........................................................................ .......................... Water from alternative source(s) is more convenient ................................................................... .......................... Total Monthly Payment is too High (Would only be able to pay on a daily basis) . Cant afford to pay any water tariff ................................................................................................ .......................... Other reason(s)............................................................................................................................. ..........................
[After answering 3.2, continue with questions in Section 4 ] [If answer to question 1.6 is 1 or rent ask the question 3.3 to 3.5 else continue to question 3.6 to 3.8] 3.3 Does your annual, monthly or daily rent included the water tariff .. [If the answer of 3.3 is yes, continue with question 3.6 to 3.8 to the owner of the house or the landlord ] 3.4 Will you rent this house for more than 1 (one) year ....................... [If the answer of 3.4 is no, continue with question 3.6 to 3.8 to the owner of the house or the landlord] 3.5 How much is your annual rent ? more than Rp 5.000.000,- a year [If the answer of 3.5 is no, continue with question 3.6 to 3.8 to the owner of the house or the landlord ] Yes 1 No 2
[Footnote for 3.1 for the surveyor, in case, the household head asks for more information where the Rupiah amount is derived from:] Based on estimates of the Badan Regulator a household like yours would use about 20m3 of water per month. At current water tariff rates, this would cost you Rp. 20.000 30.000 per month.
3.6 Would you be willing to be connected to the PAM JAYA water system, if you had to pay the following amount as a one-time (up front) connection fee, in addition to the estimated monthly water tariff mentioned above? Yes No 3.6.1 If the connection fee are more than Rp 500 000........ ........ 1 2 3.6.2 If the connection fee are between Rp 250 000 to Rp 500.000 ..... ............... 1 2 3.6.3 If the connection fee are between Rp 100 000 to Rp 250.000 ..... ... . 1 2 3.6.4 If the connection fee are less than Rp 100 000 ........ ........ ....... . 1 2 3.7 Would you be willing to pay the following amount as your monthly or daily water bill as a result of the direct PAM JAYA water connection? Yes No 3.7.1 up to Rp 75.000 a month (equal to Rp 2.500,- a day)....... ....... . ..... 1 2 3.7.2 up to Rp 60.000 a month (equal to Rp 2.000,- a day) ...... ....... 1 2 3.7.3 up to Rp 45.000 a month (equal to Rp 1.500,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.7.4 up to Rp 30.000 a month (equal to Rp 1.000,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.7.5 up to Rp 22.500 a month (equal to Rp 750,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.7.6 less than Rp 22.500 (equal less than Rp 750,- a day).... 1 2 3.8 If you had a direct connection to the PAM JAYA water system, would your household use water from the PAM JAYA connection for the following tasks? [READ ITEMS] Yes No 3.8.1 drinking/cooking .......................................................... 1 2 3.8.2 washing dishes ........................................................... 1 2 3.8.3 washing clothes .......................................................... 1 .2 3.8.4 bathing ........................................................................ 1 .2 3.8.5 household cleaning ..................................................... 1 .2 3.8.6 other uses ................................................................... 1 .2 4. Household Socio-Economic Profile 4.1 Does your household have a KK (kartu keluarga / Family Card) for living in this kelurahan or do adult members of this household have valid (up-to-date) KTP (kartu tanda penduduk / ID card) for living in this kelurahan? yes ......................................................................................................... 1 no........................................................................................................... 2 4.2 Does your household pay an annual Land Tax or PBB (Pajak Bumi and Bangunan) in this kelurahan? yes ......................................................................................................... no........................................................................................................... 4.3 What is total expenditure for food in this household within one month ?
< Rp. 100.000 ................................................................................................... Rp. 100.001 Rp. 300.000 ............................................................................... Rp. 300.001 - Rp. 600.000 ................................................................................ Rp. 600.001 - Rp. 900.000 ................................................................................ > Rp. 900.000 .................................................................................................... 1 2 3 4 5
1 2
4.4 What is average expenditure for clothing in this household within one month ?
4.5 What is average expenditure for electricity in this household within one month ?
4.6 What is total expenditure for transportation in this household within one month ? < Rp. 100.000 ................................................................................................... Rp. 100.001 Rp. 300.000 ............................................................................... Rp. 300.001 - Rp. 600.000 ................................................................................ Rp. 600.001 - Rp. 900.000 ................................................................................ > Rp. 900.000 .................................................................................................... 4.7 What is the average total combined monthly income of the household head and the spouse of the household head? < Rp 300,000......................................................................................... .. Rp 300,001 Rp 600,000 ..................................................................... .. Rp 600,001 Rp 900,000 ..................................................................... .. Rp 900,001 Rp 1,200,000 .................................................................. .. Rp 1,200,001 Rp 1,500,000 ............................................................... .. Rp 1,500,001 Rp 1,800,000 ............................................................... .. Rp 1,800,001 Rp 2,100,000 ............................................................... .. > Rp 2,100,000......................................................................................
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
End of Questions and Survey on _______________________ Thank you for your cooperation
Respondent Signature Enumerator Signature
Check on_______________ Supervisor Signature
Annex 3
HOUSEHOLD ID:
OBA Survey
Non-Connected Household Questionnaire
(only used in Muara Baru, Kel. Penjaringan)
Interview Data
Community Identification: _____________ Community Location Kecamatan: Kelurahan: RW: Interviewer ID number: Date of interview:
A_______ B_______ C_______ D_______ E_______ month G_______
F_______ day
Interview number:
HOUSEHOLD IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: A B C D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2 G1 G2
Annex 3
OBA Survey: Household Questionnaire

Opening Statement
Dear Respondent! My name is _________________________. I represent FORKAMI (Forum Komunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Minum Indonesia) water sector study team. We are conducting a survey related to water use by urban households like yours. The information that we collect from this survey will help us design a program for expanding and improving water service to urban households for this and this areas PAM JAYA has been chosen as a test case for this important work. From within this PAM JAYA, your household has been selected at random to be interviewed. Information from households such as yours is vital in designing this program. This is not a marketing survey but a survey that will determine whether PAM JAYAs services will be offered in your community. We assure you that your individual responses will not be disclosed to anyone. After questionnaires are completed, they will be processed by computer and no information on any single household will be disclosed to anyone. You can of course choose not to participate. The survey will take approximately 30 minutes and we will be asking you questions primarily related to your households: Basic characteristics Sources and uses of water Expenditures on water Willingness to connect to PAM JAYAs network
Are you willing to participate? If no, THANK THE RESPONDENT and END THE INTERVIEW.
Thank you for participating. The usefulness of the results from this survey will depend on your sincerity and exactness in answering these questions. There are no right or wrong answers to any of these questions and you will not be judged in any way based on your responses. Please answer all questions as accurately and truthfully as possible. Again, thank you for taking the time to participate in this survey.
Sections
1. 2. 3. 4. Dwelling, Connection, and Household Characteristics 3 Water Source and Water Expenditure ............................................. 4 Willingness to Connect to PAM JAYA Connection and Willingness to Pay for PAM JAYA Water Tariff ..5 Household Economic Profile............................................................ 6
1. Dwelling, Connection, and Respondent Characteristics 1.1 What type of dwelling is this? [READ ITEMS] single-family house (rumah) ............................................................................................................................................................. multi-family house (rumah petak) ..................................................................................................................................................... temporary housing (bedeng) ............................................................................................................................................................ other .................................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3 4
1.2 On average over the course of the past month how many people have lived in this household_______ 1.3 What is the type of the household toilet system? Private septic tank ............................................................................................................................................................................ Share septic tank or public drainage system ................................................................................................................................... River or pond ................................................................................................................................................................................... Other ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1. 4 What is the distance of the household of the toilet system to your water sources? Less than 8 meter ............................................................................................................................................................................ More than 8 meter ...........................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3 4
1 2
2. Water Sources and Water Expenditure 2.1 What is the Quality of the following source? [READ ITEMS] Yes 1 1 1 1 1 No 2 2 2 2 2 Water Quality Odor Taste Yes / No Yes/ No Yes / No Yes/ No Yes / No Yes/ No Yes / No Yes/ No Yes / No Yes/ No Color Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No Yes/ No
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5
Public Hydrant / MCK... ground well and pump well ... lake, river, stream/ other natural body of water Water Reseller. Other
. . . . .
Please estimate the average total amount (volume) of water obtained by this household (in m3) per day and estimate the cost of water obtained by this household (in Rp), if the following sources of water is used. [READ ITEMS]
Do you use water from the following sources? (circle the response given)
2.2.a Daily Uses (l/h)
Public Hydrant/MCK
ground well and pump well
Lake, River, Stream etc
Water Reseller
Other .
Total
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
. No
Yes
No
Yes
No
2.2.b Unit Cost Fill if regular monthly payment 2.2.c Cost / month
2.3 Water Usage

2.3 1 Drinking / Cooking
2.3.2 Washing Dishes
2.3.3 Washing Clothes
2.3.4 Bathing
2.3.5 Household Cleaning
2.3. 6 Other Usage
3. Willingness to Pay for PAM JAYA Connection and Water Tariff [ENUMERATOR READS: Imagine now that your household could have a connection to the PAM JAYA water system with the Master Meter Scheme, which require a Community Based Organization. The services are explained in the illustration shown to you. Your household will be billed on a monthly basis for the water that you use from this connection. The monthly charge will be determined using the quantity of water that you use and be treated though Community Based Organization. This meter would be checked every month by the Community Based Organization and your household will be billed every month. From this connection, your household could use water and pay the bill according to the rules of the Community Based Organization
Yes
3.1 The master meter scheme should have a Community Based Organization. 3.1.1 Would you participate in the Organization?............................................................................................................ 3.1.2 Would you be willing to pay this monthly bill under these conditions?.................................................................. [If the answer of 3.1 is yes, continue with question 3.2 and if the answer is no, continue to question 3.4 ] 3.2 Question regarding Community Based Organization 3.2.1 Would you follow the rules and regulations committed by community participation? ........................................... 3.2.2 If you perform any irregularity according the rules and regulations, are you willing to be sanction? ....................... 3.2.3 Do you think a community based Organization for Water Supply with the Master Meter Scheme will work in this area?............................................................................................................................................... [Please state the reason if the answer is No On different sheet of Paper ] 3.3 Options of the Master Meter; After you decide to have a master meter, which of the following tariff scheme is more convenient to you? 3.3.1 The Flat Charges of Individual Water Bill ............................................................................................................ 3.3.2 The Individual Charges , in which the Individual Water Bill is based with the Individual Water Usage......... 3.3.3 The Average Charges in which the Individual Water Bill is based Average Usage on Baby/Cluster Meter........ 1 1
No
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
Yes
1 1 1
No
2 2 2
3.4 Which of the following statements is a reason why your household would not be willing to pay the monthly bill for the PAM JAYA water supply? [READ ITEMS] Yes No 3.4.1 Lower cost of water from the existing system... 1 2 3.4 2 Water from the existing system is more convenient ..................................................................... .......................... 1 2 3.4.3 Total Monthly Payment is too High (Would only be able to pay on a daily basis) . 1 2 3.4.4 Cant afford to pay any water tariff ................................................................................................ .......................... 1 2 3.4.5 Other reason(s)............................................................................................................................. .......................... 1 2 [After answering 3.4, continue with questions in Section 4 ] [Footnote for 3.1 for the surveyor, in case, the household head asks for more information where the Rupiah amount is derived from:] Based on estimates of the Badan Regulator a household like yours would use about 20m3 of water per month. At current water tariff rates, this would cost you Rp. 20.000 30.000 per month. [Footnote for 3.2 the irregularities are:] 1. Extreme usage of Water 2. Late Payment of Water Bill (Does not include of System and Meter Dysfunction)
3.5 Would you be willing to be connected to the PAM JAYA water system, if you had to pay the following amount as a one-time (up front) connection fee, in addition to the estimated monthly water tariff mentioned above? Yes No 3.5.1 If the connection fee are more than Rp 100.000... . 1 2 3.5.2 If the connection fee are less than Rp 100 000 ........ ........ ....... . 1 2 3.6 Would you be willing to pay the following amount as your monthly or daily water bill as a result of the direct PAM JAYA water connection? Yes No 3.6.1 up to Rp 75.000 a month (equal to Rp 2.500,- a day)....... ....... . ..... 1 2 3.6.2 up to Rp 60.000 a month (equal to Rp 2.000,- a day) ...... ....... 1 2 3.6.3 up to Rp 45.000 a month (equal to Rp 1.500,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.6.4 up to Rp 30.000 a month (equal to Rp 1.000,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.6.5 up to Rp 22.500 a month (equal to Rp 750,- a day) ...... ....... .. 1 2 3.6.6 less than Rp 22.500 (equal less than Rp 750,- a day).... 1 2 4. Household Socio-Economic Profile 4.1 Does your household have a KK (kartu keluarga / Family Card) for living in this kelurahan or do adult members of this household have valid (up-to-date) KTP (kartu tanda penduduk / ID card) for living in this kelurahan? yes ......................................................................................................... 1 no........................................................................................................... 2 4.2 What is total expenditure for food in this household within one month ?
4.3 What is average expenditure for clothing in this household within one month?
4.4 What is average expenditure for electricity in this household within one month?
4.5 What is the average total combined monthly income of the household head and the spouse of the household head? < Rp 300,000......................................................................................... .. Rp 300,001 Rp 600,000 ..................................................................... .. Rp 600,001 Rp 900,000 ..................................................................... .. Rp 900,001 Rp 1,200,000 .................................................................. .. Rp 1,200,001 Rp 1,500,000 ............................................................... .. Rp 1,500,001 Rp 1,800,000 ............................................................... .. Rp 1,800,001 Rp 2,100,000 ............................................................... .. > Rp 2,100,000......................................................................................
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
End of Questions and thank you for your cooperation

Surveyed on _______________________ Respondent Signature Enumerator Signature Checked on_______________ Supervisor Signature
Annex 4 Determining the Sample Size

Summary from Rea & Parker (1997) and Uma Sekaran (1995) by August Restiawan The sample size of a research is governed by the extent of precision and confidence desired. The higher the desired precision or the smaller sampling error will result in the higher number of sample, and the analysis will be more accurate with a smaller interval. A survey with 1,000 populations will use 63 respondents if 90% level of confidence is applied; 278 respondents if 95% level of confidence is applied, and 943 respondents if 99% level of confidence is applied. The variance presented by 943 of respondents is smaller than the variance obtained by other levels of confidence. A survey research is limited by the budget, time frame, number of available surveyor or enumerator. The higher level of confidence will give a higher budget, a longer time frame and more surveyor or enumerator. But have a smaller variance and higher accuracy of the survey. If the result of the survey gives a more or less 70% Willingness to Connect of the Potential Household, a 90% Level of Confidence will range from 60% to 80% of potential household that are willing to connect. A 95% Level of Confidence will range from 65% to 75% of potential household that are willing to connect and a 99% Level of Confidence will range from 69% to 71% of potential household that are willing to connect. To calculate of the number of sample size, the below formula are used: 2 rN Z S= 2 2 Z r + (N 1) e Whereas: S = the sample Size Z = Level of Confidence / average value of standard error For 90% level of confidence, the Z value are 1.64 For 95% level of confidence, the Z value are 1.96 For 99% level of confidence, the Z value are 2.58
r=
Variance Proportion of Population, for a balance population 0.25 is used N = Number of Population in the Target Area e = Sampling error (%).
Example: A 1,000 potential household on the target area will give a: If 99% level of Confidence are implied: 2,582 * 0.25 *1,000 S= = 943 2,582 * 0,25 + (1,000 1) 0,012 If 95% level of Confidence are implied: 1.96 2 * 0.25 *1,000 S= = 278 1,96 2 * 0,25 + (1,000 1) 0,052
If 90% level of Confidence are implied: 1.64 2 * 0.25 *1,000 S= = 63 1,64 2 * 0,25 + (1,000 1) 0,12
The 90% level of confidence gives a small number of respondent or sample size, but a higher variance. Usually a 95% level of Confidence is used, because it gives a tolerate number of respondent and a tolerate variance. And the 99% level of confidence, will give a very high number of sample, almost as high as the population itself, but it give a very small variance. The above formula is implemented in district area to obtain the number of respondent in that district. And the numbers of respondent from every district are summed to obtain the total number of respondent for the survey.
References
1. Eriyanto, Metodologi Polling : Memberdayakan Suara Rakyat. PT Remaja Rosdakarya Bandung,Bandung (1999) 2. Dajan, Anto. Pengantar Metode Statistik Jilid I dan II. LP3ES, 1986 3. Rea, Luis M. and Robert A. Parker. Designing and Conducting Survey Research: a comprehensive guide. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. (1997) 4. Sekaran, Uma, Research Methods for Business, A Skill Building Approach, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1995)
OBA Survey 2006
Annex 6 Location Mapping Approach

From the basic map that shows boundaries of each Kelurahan with specific RW (Rukun Warga), the DKI Spatial Planning implemented the following criteria: 1. The area that had been issued for Private Entities that is area that had been reserved for Real Estate, Malls, Factory etc. This area will be built in around 5 years time. Mark Red on the Maps. The area that had been reserved for Green Belt, including area: Near the Toll Road, Near the Rail Road, River and Canal banks etc. These areas are forbidden to be inhabitant. Mark Green on the Maps. The area that has a low Land-Building Coefficient of under 40% (KDB=Koefisien Dasar Bangunan). This means, if someone own a land of 100m2, and the KDB is 40%, than he or she can only build a house of maximum 40m2.
2.
3.
Kelurahan Rorotan Kecamatan Cilincing The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 1 Kelurahan Rorotan Kecamatan Cilincing
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
From the basic map of Kelurahan Rorotan, the Yellow shaded area is eligible for survey. The Red Shaded, Green Shaded and Blue Shaded are not eligible to service through pipe connection. This area is on the Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ) concession and in Kelurahan Rorotan; we have the RW 06 with the 775 potential households and 679 potential households in RW 07. The communities in Kelurahan Rorotan are: Table 2.5.1 Communities in Kelurahan Rorotan Map No II.01 II.03 II.04 II.05 A II.05 B Number of Potential Population s 1,251 917 4,651 4,075 224 11,118 Number of Potential Household s 0 0 775 679 0 1,454 Number of Sample s 0 0 200 193 0 393
Kelurahan and RW Kel. Rorotan RW 05 Kel. Rorotan RW 08 Kel. Rorotan RW 06 Kel. Rorotan RW 07 Kel. Rorotan RW 09 Total
Sources: Thames Pam Jaya and OBA Survey, 2006.
From the above Rorotan map (Map 2.2), RW 05 and RW 09 are excluded by the Dinas Tata Kota DKI (Provincial DKI City Planning) because the land have been issued to private entities, PT Nusa Indah Kirana, a real estate developer. RW 08 is excluded by Dinas Tata Ruang DKI on the base of the area is reserved for the Green Belt and Open Space. Beyond the right hand border of Kelurahan Rorotan Kecamatan Cilincing, is Kabupaten Bekasi West Java Province. The Provincial Border is a Flood Control Canal, known as BKT (Banjir Kanal Timur or East Flood Canal). On the Canal bed, is Poor Slum Housing, with the area around 100 meters from the Canal. This area is subject to be cleared on prior notice, at the mean time, around 1,000 poor people and around 250 slum households are living on that area. Kelurahan Kebon Pala Kecamatan Makasar The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 2 Kelurahan Kebon Pala Kecamatan Makasar
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
Sources: OBA Survey 2006
From the basic map of Kelurahan Kebon Pala, the Yellow shaded area is eligible for survey. The Red Shaded, Green Shaded and Blue Shaded are not eligible to service through pipe connection. This area is on the Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ) concession and in Kelurahan Kebon Pala; we have the RW 03 with 688 potential household, RW 04 with 511 potential household, and RW 09 with 206 potential household. The communities in Kelurahan Kebon Pala are: Table 2.5.2 Communities in Kelurahan Kebon Pala Map No VI.0 6 VI.0 7 VI.0 8 Number of Potential Population s 4,125 3,068 1,235 1,549 4,463 8,428 Number of Potential Household s 688 511 206 0 0 1,405 Numbe r of Sample s 194 176 117 0 0 487
Kelurahan and RW Kel. Kebon Pala RW 03 Kel. Kebon Pala RW 04 Kel. Kebon Pala RW 09 Kel. Kebon Pala RW 12 Kel. Kebon Pala RW 08 Total
Sources: Thames Pam Jaya and OBA Survey, 2006.
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
The RW 12 and RW 08 of Kelurahan Kebon Pala are reserved for private entities, by the Dinas Tata Kota DKI (Provincial DKI City Planning). Although there are around 6,000 population and around 800 slum housing, these people are subject to leave, because most of them are already compensated for their land. a. Kelurahan Kepa Duri Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk
The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 3 Kelurahan Kepa Duri Kecamatan Kebon Jeruk
This area has not been screened by DKI. However, the area is eligible for a Pipe Connection or Master Meter scheme. This area is on the PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) concession, in Kelurahan Kepa Duri; we have the RW 08 with 230 potential household.
b.
Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat Kecamatan Cengkareng
The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 4 Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat Kecamatan Cengkareng
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
From the basic map of Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, the Yellow shaded area is eligible for survey. The Red Shaded, Green Shaded and Blue Shaded are not eligible to service through pipe connection. This area is on the PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) concession and in Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat; we have the RW 01 with 428 potential household and Kelurahan Tegal Alur RW 11 with 375 household. c. Kelurahan Kalideres Kecamatan Kalideres
The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 5 Kelurahan Kalideres Kecamatan Kalideres
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
From the basic map of Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, the Yellow shaded area is eligible for survey. The Red Shaded, Green Shaded and Blue Shaded are not eligible to service through pipe connection. This area is on the PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) concession and in Kelurahan Kalideres; we have the RW 10 with 466 potential household and Kelurahan Pegadungan with 281 household. The Blue area with low KDB is proposed for the Master Meter Scheme. This area is RW 06 known as the Warung Gantung area with 521 potential household d. Kelurahan Pejagalan Kecamatan Penjaringan
The areas surveyed are the black shaded ones: Map 6 Kelurahan Pejagalan Kecamatan Penjaringan
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
From the basic map of Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, the Yellow shaded area is eligible for survey. The Red Shaded, Green Shaded and Blue Shaded are not eligible to service through pipe connection. This area is on the PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) concession and in Kelurahan Pejagalan; we have the RW 15 with 150 potential households. Kampung Sumur Bor RT 4 RW 12 and Kalideres Gang Kunci RW 06 are excluded by Dinas Tata Kota DKI on the bases of reserved for Private Entities. Jalan Peta Utara 1 and Kampung Warung Gantung RW 06 are also reserved by Dinas Tata Kota DKI with the bases of Building to Land Coefficient are 40% or Marked Blue on the map. The last two area, can be build with only 40 percent of land filled by building and the rest 60% are to reserved for Open Space. The DKI will forced this policy by retaining the Building Permit (IMB=Ijin Mendirikan Bangunan) for building which does not apply with the policy. The policy are to preserve the land in order the rain water can be absorb by the land. The communities for Kelurahan Kepa Duri, Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, Kelurahan Kalideres and Kelurahan Pejagalan are as follows:
FORKAMI
OBA Survey 2006
Table 2.5.3 Communities in Kelurahan Kepa Duri, Kelurahan Cengkareng Barat, Kelurahan Kalideres and Kelurahan Pejagalan Number of Household 1,109 1,260 382 622 855 855 128 512 1,500 375 1,500 690 855 214 855 841 561 12,526 210 281 1,925 118 138 1,002 119 230 124 157 Number of Potential Household 150 252 0 0 214 0 0 Number of Sample 97 130 0 0 119 0 0
Kelurahan Pejagalan 1 2 3 4 Kalideres 5 6 7 9 8 Tegal Alur 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
Name of community Gang Kantong RW 15 Kampung Buaran (Kalideres) RW 06 Kampung Sumur Bor RT 4 RW 12 Kalideres Gang Kunci RW 06 Kampung Rawalele RW 10 Gombol Paya RW 10 Jl. Peta Utara 1 Kampung Warung Gantung Jl. Permata - Jl. Pelopor RW 11 Jl. Menceng Raya RW 11 Jl. Nusa Indah Gang A & Gang E RW 08 Jl. Benda 3 RW 01 Jl. Daan Mogot Gang Madrasah RW 01 Jl. Rawa Bengkel RW 7 Jl. Utan Jati
Kepa Duri
Cengkareng Barat
Sources: PAM Lyonnaise Jaya and OBA Survey, 2006
FORKAMI
Annex 7 Existing Water Supply Systems

1. The Public Hydrant System
Water Supplied by PAM
Primary and Secondary Pipe
Public Hydrant
Households Households Households
2. Water Reseller
Water Supplied by PAM
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Pipe
Water Truck
HH
PH Water Cart Households Self Services Households Water Hose Households
3. The Pump and Hand Pump Water System

Land
pipe Pumps / intake
4. River, Pond or Natural Water Body

River/Pond Land
Annex 7 BPS Poverty Definition TABEL C. Directory of Poverty Variables in RWs in Kecamatan Penjaringan
Province Location DKI Jakarta West Jakarta
Kecamatan
Kelurahan
RW No
Classification
Community Typical Density (per Building ha) Placement
House Impermanent Building Without Air Coefficient House Building Ventilation Percentage
Coefficient LandBuilding Percentage
Permanent Pavement Percentage
Percentage Max. access Percentage using clean Percentage of to drinking of waste water for people using water picked up drinking water river toilets (hour/day) weekly (hour/day)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5) 1420 78 466 358 339 597 378 392 832 455 439 474 433 396 724 300 448 286 579 648 1221
(6) 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 3 4
(7) 50 50 50 80 40 35 45 60 30 40 30 40 50 70 10 25 10 60 5 30 0
(8) 60 30 60 85 10 90 20 60 5 15 10 40 45 70 0 40 40 35 20 30 0
(9) 95 95 100 80 10 92 80 80 100 90 95 88 70 70 98 94 95 100 90 70 99
(10) 10 50 70 80 60 10 75 75 75 85 30 75 60 60 35 98 80 60 98 60 80
(11) 0 6 2 3 3 12 4 5 12 3 3 6 4 12 0 24 2 2 2 24 3
(12) 90 100 100 100 100 99 100 85 75 100 98 100 70 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 100
(13) 10 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 5 3 8 10 0 10 0 0
(14) 3 7 7 2 2 6 7 1 2 2 2 3 7 3 3 2 3 4 2 1 7
Penjaringan Penjaringan
15 Medium Slum 16 Light Slum 17 Light Slum
Pademangan West Pademangan
7 Medium Slum 10 Very Light Slum 11 Medium Slum 12 Very Light Slum 13 Light Slum 14 Light Slum 15 Very Light Slum
East Pademangan Ancol Tanjung Priuk Sunter Agung
1 Light Slum 10 Light Slum 2 Medium Slum 4 Medium Slum 1 Medium Slum 2 Light Slum 3 Light Slum 4 Light Slum 5 Very Light Slum 6 Medium Slum 8 Very Light Slum
Poverty Definition BPS here defines community poverty by means of 10 categories based on visual appraisal (see columns 5-14 below). The qualitative data are translated into quantitative data as percentage of each variable. Hence, the higher the aggregated score for a respective RW the poorer it will be. Four different classifications were used: 1. Severe Slum: Total value less than average minus 1 deviation standard; the score will be less than 20 2. Medium Slum: Total value between average minus 1 deviation standard up to average plus 1 deviation standard; the score will be 21 - 28 3. Light Slum: Total value more than average plus 1 standard deviation; the score will be 24 - 30 4. Very Light Slum: The total value more than average plus 1 standard deviation; the score will be 30 - 35
Annex 8 Non-Valid Cluster Results from Kel. Pegadungan, Kel. Kalideres and Kel. Tegal Alur in Kec. Kalideres
1. Dwelling, Connection, and Respondent Characteristics
1.1 Head of household Spouse of head of household 74 168 242 242 30.58% 69.42% 100.00% 100.00%
1.2 1.3
All non connected with water system Gender of the respondent male female
74 168 242
30.58% 69.42% 100.00%
1.4
Type of Dwelling single family house multi family house temporary house Other
128 93 15 6 242 4.58
52.89% 38.43% 6.20% 2.48% 100.00%
1.5 1.6
Average people living in this household Ownership Rent Own Share don't know Other
119 116 5 2 242
49.17% 47.93% 2.07% 0.83% 100.00%
1.7
Household toilet system Private septic tank Share septic tank River or Pond Other
93 93 53 3 242
38.43% 38.43% 21.90% 1.24% 100.00%
1.8
Distance between septic tank and water system less than 8 meter more than 8 meter
113 129
46.69% 53.31%
2. Water Sources an Water Expenditure

2.1 Does this household ever obtain water from the following sources?
Dry Season Rainy Season Yes 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 Water Tank/Public Hydrant/ Commercial Hydrant/Public Bath Water Pump, Jet Pump Neighbor (free) Neighbor (buy) Water Reseller Purchase Water from PAM Jaya Lake, River/other Natural body of Water Collection of rainwater Other 207 12 28 87 51 2 2 0 35 230 214 155 191 240 240 242 200 10 27 81 49 2 2 0 42 232 215 161 193 240 240 242 49 1 5 16 6 0 1 0 193 241 237 226 236 242 241 242 82 3 4 8 7 1 1 0 160 239 238 234 235 241 241 242 42 1 3 8 5 0 1 0 200 241 239 234 237 242 241 242 3 No 239 Yes 3 No 239 Odor 2 240 Taste 3 239 Color 2 240
There is no significant different of water source between dry and rainy season. Only a small portion of water sources has odor, taste or color, but a significant portion on the Water Pump sources. 2.2 Which of the following statements is a reason why your household does not have a PAM JAYA connection
Yes 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 Lower cost of water from alternative source(s). Higher quality of water from alternative source(s) Water from alternative source(s) is more convenient Low pressure of water from PAM JAYA connection PAM JAYA connections not available in this area PAM JAYA connections charges are too high Cant afford to pay ay water tariff Procedures for PAM JAYA connections are difficult Do not have KTP other reason(s) 92 47 129 65 28 122 102 106 21 28 No 150 195 113 177 214 120 140 136 221 214
2.3 The result of average water uses are 39,84 m3 a month with average water expenditure of Rp 75.767,- a month.
Average Water Uses 39.84 Average Water Expenditure 75.767
3. Willingness to Pay for PAM JAYA Connection and Water Tariff

Yes 31 32 Willingness to Connect Willingness to Pay Connection Up to 500000 250000 to 500000 100000 to 250000 less than 100000 33 Willingness to Pay Monthly bill up to 75000 up to 60000 up to 45000 up to 30000 Less than 30000 8 8 9 32 52 109 34 if have a direct connection, how much water much less less same more much more 28 19 43 11 8 109 35 Water usage Drinking/Cooking Washing Dishes Washing Clothes Bathing Household Cleaning Other Usage Yes 28 82 83 82 73 52 25.69% 75.23% 76.15% 75.23% 66.97% 47.71% No 81 27 26 27 36 57 74.31% 24.77% 23.85% 24.77% 33.03% 52.29% 7.34% 7.34% 8.26% 29.36% 47.71% 101 101 100 77 57 92.66% 92.66% 91.74% 70.64% 52.29% 1 8 28 72 109 0.92% 7.34% 25.69% 66.06% 108 101 81 36 99.08% 92.66% 74.31% 33.03% 109 45.04% 133 No 54.96%
4. Household Socio-Economic Profile

Yes 41 42 43 KK / KTP? PBB? Food a month <100000 100001-300000 300001-600000 600001-900000 >900000 44 Clothing a year <100000 100001-300000 300001-600000 600001-900000 >900000 45 Electricity <100000 100001-300000 300001-600000 600001-900000 >900000 46 Transportation <100000 100001-300000 300001-600000 600001-900000 >900000 47 Income <300000 300000-600000 600000-900000 900000-1200000 1200000-1500000 1500000-1800000 1800000-2100000 >2100000 150000 450000 750000 1050000 1350000 1650000 1950000 2550000 34 73 72 36 14 5 6 2 242 5100000 32850000 54000000 37800000 18900000 8250000 11700000 5100000 173700000 717,769 50000 200000 450000 750000 1350000 90 95 49 8 0 242 4500000 19000000 22050000 6000000 0 51550000 213,017 50000 200000 450000 750000 1350000 191 51 0 0 0 242 9550000 10200000 0 0 0 19750000 81,612 50000 200000 450000 750000 1350000 50 101 65 14 12 242 2500000 20200000 29250000 10500000 16200000 78650000 325,000 50000 200000 450000 750000 1350000 13 86 101 33 9 242 650000 17200000 45450000 24750000 12150000 100200000 414,050 195 139 No 47 103
Annex 9
Relevant Literature
Aznan M.D. 2001: Water Policy Reform in Jakarta, Indonesia: A CGE Analysis. Unpublished phd thesis, Department of Agricultural, Enviromental and Developmental Economics, Ohio State University BPS 2004: Data dan Informasi Kemiskinan (Data and Information on Poverty), Jakarta BPS Jakarta 2004: Evaluasi Rukun Warga (RW) Kumuh DKI Jakarta (Evaluation of Poor Neighborhoods in DKI Jakarta) Crane R. 1994: Water Markets, Market Reform and the Urban Poor: Results from Jakarta, Indonesia. World Development 22(1), 71-83 Kooy, M./Shofiani, N.E./Bakker, K.: Serving the Poor? January 2006: An evaluation of the Fuel Subsidy Compensation water supply projects in Jakarta (2001-2004), and suggestions for future pro-poor water supply strategies, unpublished research report of the University of British Columbia/ Vancouver, Canada Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body 2004: Regulatory Approach to the Jakarta Water Supply Concession Contracts. Presentation by A. Lanti at Stockholm Water Symposium, August 16-20, 2004 Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body 2005: Urban Water in Jakarta. Presentation: Urban Water and Citizenship workshop, University of Indonesia, 11 May. Kooy M, Bakker K. forthcoming: Networks of water, power and knowledge in Jakarta, 1870-1945, in (eds) M.Gandy and S. Frank, Hydropolis: Water and the City of Modernity Campus Publishing House: Berlin Lovei L, Whittington D. 1993: Rent-extracting behavior by multiple agents in the provision of municipal water supply: a study of Jakarta, Indonesia Water Resources Research 29(7), 1965-1975 Surjadi C. 2003: Public private partnership and the poor: drinking water concessions, a study for better understanding public-private partnerships and water provision in low-income settlements Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre. Susantono B. 2001: Informal Water Services in Metropolitan Cities of Developing Word: The Case of Jakarta, Indonesia. Berkeley: Doctoral thesis, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California Warta Konsumen 2005: Tagihan Siluman dan Kenaikan Tariff PDAM (The Invisible Invoice, and the Increase in PDAM Tariffs), YLKI, Warta Konsumen Magazine, April 2005, vol. 4: 26-29 Yayasan Dian Desa 1989: Monitoring and Evaluation of Public Hydrants and Water Terminals in North Jakarta, Final Report. UNICEF and BAPPENAS: Yogyakarta

Social Assessment For The Jakarta OBA Project

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FORKAMI Forum Komunikasi Pengelolaan Kualitas Air Minum Indonesia Indonesian Communication Forum for Water Quality Management

OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

Overview and Summary

OBA Survey 2006

Survey Locations in DKI Jakarta

Source: Dinas Pemetaan DKI and OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

Respondents 394 497

phh 1,454 1,405

Respondents 118 363 419

phh 230 705 841

OBA Survey 2006

Key Highlights from Main Household Survey

Single Family Housing

Multi Family Housing

Source: OBA Survey 2006

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Source: OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

Number of People per Household

Source: OBA Survey 2006

80% 60% 40% 20% 0%

Kepa Duri Kalideres Cengkareng Pejagalan

Private Septic Tank

Share Septic Tank

Source: OBA Survey 2006

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Kepa Duri Kalideres Kebon Pala Cengkareng Pejagalan

Less Than 8 meter

More Than 8 meter

m 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00

Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres

Source: OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006

Existing Monthly Water Expenditure

IDR. 80,000 60,000

IDR. 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0

Kebon Pala Kepa Duri Cengkareng Kalideres

Source: OBA Survey 2006

OBA Survey 2006 Table 1 Water Quality

0.50% 12.56% 5.19% 0.18% 0.28%

0.28% 25.46% 3.78% 0.40% 1.26%

0.63% 14.31% 1.70% 0.36% 0.30%

0.23% 11.68% 7.99% 0.25% 0.84%

0.00% 20.44% 5.18% 0.38% 3.78%

0.23% 15.58% 1.90% 0.38% 0.89%

0.64% 13.00% 3.79% 0.14% 0.00%

0.42% 27.97% 3.09% 0.41% 0.00%

0.83% 13.67% 1.60% 0.34% 0.00%

Source: OBA Survey 2006

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Willing To Connect Not Willing to Connect

OBA Survey 2006 Figure 11 Reasons Not to be Connected

40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

33% 19% 14% 22% 12%

250000 to 500000 less than 100000 Source: OBA Survey 2006

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

48% 45% 33% 40% 31% 21% 16% 29%