VOYAGE ESTIMATING Before the shipowner can go out into the market to charter his ship he must first

ascertain his total costs. These can basically be divided into three: 1. Administration and depreciation costs 2. The daily running costs 3. Voyage costs The administration costs will of course vary enormously. Depreciation is the capital cost divided by the expected life of the ship which must of necessity be a relatively arbitrary sort of figure. Different owners have different ways of considering the daily running costs but basically they are made upofcrew's wages, crew's victualling, stores, repairs, insurance, Pand I club. Voyage costs are the additional working costs that vary from voyage to voyage. They include Fuel and lubricating oil Canal dues, port dues and costs Agency Loading and discharging Vocabulary A Questione for comprehension what must the shipowner do before he can go out into the market to charter his ship 2. How can total costs basically be divided 3What is deprecation 4- What are the daily runningcosts made up of 5. What are the voyage costs 6. What do the voyage costs include? B. Make up an abstract of the lesson basing on the anusers to the queationa c Rearrange the folloeing groupe of toorde to form meaningful sentencee i. Figured cor, arbitrary, relatively, a, be, of necessity, must which ship, the, of, life, expected, the by, divided cost, depreciation, is, the, capital

2- voyage, to, voyage, from, vary, that, costs working,additional the voyage, costs, are. 3- enormously, vary, ofcourse, will, costs, the administration. 4- costs, total, his, ascertain, first, must, he ship, his, charter, to, market, the, into, out, go, can, before, shipowner, the D. Complete each of the following sentences by adding an adverbial clause of result 1. The weather was warm and sunny, so that 2. The wind blew hard, so that 3. The sea was rough, so that 4. He speaks English fluently, so that E. Translate into Engli