ORAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

Oral and maxillofacial pathology offers you the opportunity

to deal with confidence the etiopathogenesis and

manifestations of diseases dealt with in almost every branch of dentistry.
It gives you a ray of hope towards fighting challenges in

diagnosis and therapeutics and to establish yourself in the

field of research and prove your abilities.

 Pathology of the oral regions has existed since the

very beginning of the dental profession.

The therapeutic aspects of dentistry have always

been based upon the treatment of pathologic changes occurring in the oral regions.

According to American Academy of Oral and Definition Maxillofacial Pathology(AAOMP):

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Oral and maxillofacial pathology is the speciality of dentistry and discipline of pathology that deals with the nature, identification and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of diseases. The practice of oral pathology include research and diagnosis of diseases using clinical, radiographic, microscopic, biochemical or other examinations, and management of patients. (Adopted may 1991)

MICROSCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Microscope is a special optical instrument which is used to study minute objects which are not visible by naked eyes.
The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy.

The term microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope.

Light & its properties

Form of energy, travels in all directions Visible light- 400nm (deep violet) to 800nm (far red)

Light source in microscope- heated filaments/ arcs of molten

metal

 By definition,

White light is a mixture of light that contains

some percentage of wavelengths from all of the visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Visible Light

 In a vacuum, light will travel in a straight line at fixed speed,

carrying energy from one place to another.

Two key properties of light interacting with a medium are:
1. It can be bounced off a surface (reflection). 2. It can be deflected upon passing from one medium to another

(refraction).

REFLECTION

REFRACTION

MICROSOPE
History
Earlier glass globes filled with water- first simple

microscope
In 1610 Galileo improvised a microscope with a

concave mirror

Simple microscope
One or several lenses mounted closely together Eg. Hand lenses

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Is composed of two/ sets of widely separated lenses

Two types
Monocular Binocular

Monocular microscope microscope

Binocular

THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Standard microscope has two parts The microscope proper (body

tube with objective and

eyepiece)
The stand with supporting,

adjusting and illuminating apparatus

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
Body tube
Attached to limb of microscope Contains

Draw tube, can vary the distance between eye piece & objective

Nosepiece with a number of objectives

Adjustment
Coarse adjustment
Stage, substage moves rapidly

up & down Fine adjustment

Works by micrometer screws Moves stage & substage slowly & accurately

Stage
On which the object to be examined is

placed

Illuminating apparatus
The sub stage consists of
1. 2. 3. 4.

Condenser Iris diaphragm Filter carrier Mirror/ light source

Condenser
Focus/ concentrate the light into the

plane of the object

Numerical aperture of condenser should

match the numerical aperture of objective

Lever controlling aperture diaphragm

The filter carrier

The mirror

Plane on one side Concave on other Fitted about 4 below the stage Focus of concave mirror 4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The light in the microscope base is directed upward through the

condenser, which focuses the light beam on the specimen. When light strikes the specimen, some is absorbed, some is deflected, and some is transmitted (passes through the specimen). The transmitted light enters the lens of the objective which magnifies the image.

 The light then strikes a prism or mirror located between the

objective and ocular. This prism deflects or bends the light

(image) to direct it into the oculars. The oculars contain

magnifying lenses that enlarge the image again and allow

the eye to focus on the image. The combination of these

two magnifying lens systems is the basis for the compound

microscope

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
MICROSCOPES UTILIZING A VISIBLE LIGHT

SOURCE: Microscopes that utilize the visible light as their source of illumination are of the following types; Light microscope Darkground Phase contrast microscope Polarizing microscope Interference

Microscopes utilizing a non-visible light source: Ultraviolet microscope Electron microscope -transmission electron microscope -scanning electron microscope

 INDICATIONS

Compound optical microscopes are typically used to examine a smear, or a thinly sectioned slice of some material.