JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet: 01

Q. 1. [CO1] Suppose we have a noisy channel with a 1-MHz bandwidth in which the signal-to-noise
ratio is 1. Find out the maximum capacity for the channel using Shannon capacity theorem.
Q. 2. [CO1] For a channel operating between 3 MHz to 4 MHz and has SNR of 20 dB, what will be
the capacity?
Q. 3. [CO1] Consider the transmission path from point 1 to point 4. Here the signal is attenuated by 9
dB between point 1 and 2. After getting a 14-dB boost from an amplifier at point 3, it is again attenuated
by 3 dB between point 3 and 4. Find out the signal level at point 4 relative to point 1.
Q. 4. [CO1] What are the energies in eV of light at wavelength 850, 1310, 1490, and 1550 nm?
Q. 5. [CO1] Convert the following periods of sine wave in frequencies;
a) 25 µs
b) 250 ns
c) 125 ps
Q. 6. [CO1] Covert the absolute power gains to decibel (dB) power gain: 10-3, 0.3, 1.4, 10, 500, 2n
Q. 7. [CO1] Convert the decibel power gain in absolute power gain: -30 dB, 0 dB, 13 dB, 30 dB, 10n
dB
Q. 8. [CO1] Convert absolute power levels to dBm values: 1pW, 1mW, 10mW
Q.9. [CO1] Convert dBm values to power levels in mW: -13 dBm, 6dBm, 17dBm
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 JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet: 02

Q1. [CO1] A light ray traveling in air (n1= 1.00), is incident on a smooth, flat slab of crown
glass, which has a refractive index n2 = 1.52. If the incoming ray makes an angle of
𝛷1 = 30.0° with respect to the normal, what is the angle of refraction 𝛷2 in the glass?
Q2. [CO1] Calculate the value of critical angle (with respect to the interface), when light travels
from glass (n1= 1.5) into water (n2= 1.33). Also calculate the critical angle with
respect to normal drawn on interface plane at the point of incidence.
Q3. [CO1] A Silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory
analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index of 1.47.
Determine:
(a) The critical angle at the core cladding interface.
(b) The NA of the fiber.
(c) The acceptance angle in air for the fiber.

Q4. [CO1] The relative refractive index difference of an optical fiber is 0.05. If the entrance end
of the fiber is facing the air medium and refractive index of core is 1.46. Estimate
the numerical aperture.
Q5. [CO1] A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber, designed for long
distance transmission, is 1%. Estimate the NA and the solid acceptance angle in air
for the fiber when the core index is 1.46. Further, calculate the critical angle at the
core – cladding interface within the fiber.
Q6. [CO1] An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. Compare the acceptance angle for meridional
rays with that for skew rays which change direction by 100° at each reflection.
Q7. [CO1] A GI fiber with parabolic profile has a refractive index of 1.458 at the centre of the
core. Estimate the value of numerical aperture of fiber at a point exactly midway
between axis of core and core cladding interface assuming Δ = 0.01.
 Optical Communications - (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet # 1 Solution
(Odd-Semester, 2020)

Soln.1 From Snell’s law we find

𝑛1 1.00
sin ∅2 = sin ∅1 = sin 300
𝑛2 1.52
= 0.658 x 0.5 = 0.329

i.e ∅2 = sin−1(0.329) = 19.20

Soln.2 The critical angle measured with respect to the interface can be estimated in this as
𝑛2 1.33
𝜃𝑐 = cos −1 ( ) = cos −1 ( ) = 27.540
𝑛1 1.5
Therefore, the critical angle measured with respect to the normal drawn on the
interface at the point of incidence is
∅𝑐 = 90° – 27°.54 = 62°.46``

Soln.3 (a) The critical angle Фc at the core-cladding interface is given by

𝑛 1.47
Ф𝑐 = sin−1 𝑛2=sin−1 = 78.5°.
1 1.5

1⁄ 1⁄
(b) 𝑁𝐴 = (𝑛12 − 𝑛22 ) 2 = (1.502 − 1.472 ) 2 = 0.30

(c) The acceptance angle in air 𝜃𝑎 = sin−1 𝑁𝐴 = sin−1 (.30) =17.4°

1⁄
Soln.4 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛1 (2∆) 2 = 1.46(2 ∗ 0.05).5 = 0.46

1⁄
Soln. 5 ∆ = 0.01 , 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛1 (2∆) 2 = 1.46(0.02).5 = 0.21

For small angles the solid acceptance angle in air is given by 𝜀 = 𝜋(𝜃𝑎 )2 = 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑎

𝜀 = 𝜋(𝑁𝐴)2 = 𝜋(0.04) = 0.13𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑛1−𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2
∆≈ = 1 − 𝑛1 Hence 𝑛1 = 1 − ∆ = 0.98
𝑛1
 𝑛2
The critical angle at the core cladding interface is sin−1 = ∅𝑐 = 81.9°
𝑛1

Soln .6 The acceptance angle for meridional rays is given by as:

θa = sin−1 NA = sin−1 0.4 = 23.6°

The skew rays change direction by 100° at each reflection, therefore γ = 50°.
Hence, the acceptance angle for skew rays is:

𝑁𝐴 0.4
θas = sin−1 = sin−1 = 38.5°
cos γ cos 50°

The acceptance angle for the skew rays is about 15° greater than the corresponding
angle for meridional rays.

Soln.7 The axial numerical aperture of the GI fiber is

1⁄ 1⁄
𝑁𝐴(0) = 𝑛1 (2∆) 2 = 1.458 (2 × 0.01 ) 2 = 0.206

For a GI fiber with parabolic-index profile, α = 2. Therefore, the local numerical

Aperture at r = a/2 is
1⁄ 1⁄
𝑟 2 2 1 2 2
𝑁𝐴(𝑟 = a/2) = 𝑁𝐴(0) [1 − ( ) ] = 0.206 [1 − ( ) ] = 0.178
𝑎 2
 JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet: 03

Q. 1. [C412.1] let n = 1 and n1 = 1.48 in the diagram of the optical fiber system above. Find n2 such
that light rays incident at an angle α greater than 12 ° are not reflected at the core - cladding and
therefore not guided along the optical fiber system.
Q. 2. [C412.1] A multimode step index fiber has a relative refractive index difference of 1% and a core
refractive index of 1.5. The number of modes propagating at a wavelength of 1.3 μm is 1100. Estimate
the diameter of the fiber core.
Q. 3. [C412.1] A step index fiber in air has a numerical aperture of 0.16, a core refractive index of 1.45
and a core diameter of 60 μm. Determine the normalized frequency for the fiber when light at a
wavelength of 0.9 μm is transmitted. Further, estimate the number of guided modes propagating in the
fiber.
Q. 4. [C412.1] A multimode graded index fiber has an acceptance angle in air of 8°. Estimate the
relative refractive index difference between the core axis and the cladding when the refractive index at
the core axis is 1.52.
Q. 5. [C412.1] A graded index fiber with a parabolic index profile supports the propagation of 742
guided modes. The fiber has a numerical aperture in air of 0.3 and a core diameter of 70 μm. Determine
the wavelength of the light propagating in the fiber.
Q. 6. [C412.1] Determine the cutoff wavelength for a step-index fiber to exhibit single-mode operation
when the core refractive index is 1.46 and the core radius is 4.5 µm, with the relative index difference
of 0.25 %.
 JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Solution for Tutorial Sheet: 03

Ans 1: In this problem, we are given αmax = 12 ° given by the formula

αmax = sin-1(√(n12 - n22)/ n)
The above is equivalent to
sin(αmax) = √(n12 - n22)/ n
Substitute αmax, n and n1 by the given values and calculate n2
n22 = n12 - sin2(αmax)
n2 = √(1.482 - sin2(12°)) = 1.465

Ans 2: The total number of modes in a multimode fiber is given by; (d=diameter)
2
1 𝜋𝑑
𝑀= [ . 𝑁𝐴]
2 𝜆
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛1 (2∆)1/2
NA= 0.21213
d= 91.5 𝜇m

2𝜋
Ans 3: 𝑉= 𝑎(𝑁𝐴)
𝜆

a= core radius
V= 33.51
No. of modes: M= V2/2 = 561.46≈ 561

Ans 4: NA(0) = Sin θa

NA(0) = 0.139
For GI fiber, Δ at the axis of the core (Centre of the core):
NA(0) = n1(2Δ)1/2
Thus,
Δ= 0.00419= 0.42%

Ans 5: For GI fiber: M= V2/4 (when 𝛼=2)

 Thus, 742=V2/4
V= 54.47
And,
2𝜋
𝑉= 𝑎(𝑁𝐴)
𝜆
From above eq., 𝜆=1.21 µm

Ans 6: a= radius
λc = (2πan1/2.405) (2Δ)1/2 = 1214 nm.
Hence, the fiber is single-mode for λ > 1214 nm.
 JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet: 04

Q1. [CO1] The mean optical power launched into an optical fiber link is 1.5 mW and the fiber
has an attenuation of 0.5 dB/km. Determine the maximum possible link length
without repeaters( assuming lossless connectors ) when the minimum mean power
level required at the detector is 2µW.

Q2. [CO1] The numerical input/output mean optical power ratio in a 1 km, length of optical fiber
is found to be 2.5. Calculate the received mean optical power when a mean optical
power of 1mW is launched into a 5 km length of the fiber (assuming no joints or
connectors).

Q3. [CO2] A 15 km optical fiber link uses fiber with a loss of 1.5 db/km. The fiber is jointed
every kilometre with connectors which give an attenuation of 0.8 dB/km each.
Determine the minimum mean optical power which must be launched into the fiber in
order to maintain a mean optical power level of 0.3 µW at the detector.

Q4. [CO2] Consider a 30 km long optical fiber that has an attenuation of 0.8 dB/km at 1300 nm.
Find the optical power Pout, if 200 µW of optical power is launched into fiber. Express
the power both in dBm and Watt.

Q5. [CO2] A long single - mode optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 dB/km, when operating at
a wavelength of 1.3µm. The fiber core diameter is 6 µm and the laser source
bandwidth is 600 MHz. Calculate the threshold optical powers for stimulated
Brillouin and Raman scattering within the fiber at the wavelength specified.

Q6. [CO2] A multimode fiber has a core refractive index of 1.500, a relative refractive index
difference of 3% and an operating wavelength of 0.82 µm. Estimate the critical radius
of curvature at which large bending losses occur.
 Optical Communications - (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet # 4 Solution
(Odd-Semester, 2020)

Soln.1 Pin =1.5 mW

αdB= 0.5 dB/km
Pout= 2 µW
αdB L= 10 log 10 (Pin / Pout )
Hence L= 57.5 km.

Soln. 2 Pin / Pout = 2.5

L =1km
Pout= 1mW
αdB L= 10 log 10 (Pin / Pout )
Hence αdB= 3.979 dB/km
Further 3.979 * 5= 10 log 10 (Pin / Pout )
Pin = 1mW
Hence Pout = 10.24 µW.

Soln. 3 L= 15km
α = 1.5 dB/km
α conc = 0.8 dB
Pout = 0.3 µW
Connectors = 14
αdB L= 1.5 * 15 = 22.5 dB
However the link has 14 connectors at 1km with an attenuation of 0.8 dB . Thus loss due to
connectors are 14* 0.8= 11.2 dB
Total signal attenuation = 22.5+ 11.2 = 33.7 dB
Pout = 0.3 µW
Pin / Pout = 2,344.228
Pin = 703.26 µ W.
Soln. 4 Pin = 200 µ W
Pin (dBm) = -7.0 dBm
P out (dBm) = Pin - αdB L
= -7.0 dBm – (0.8 dB/km) 30 km
= -31.0 dBm
In watts , Po = 0.79 µ W.

Soln. 5 The threshold optical power for SBS is given by :

PB = 4.4 * 10 -3 d2 λ 2 α dB ν
PB = 4.4 * 10 -3 x 62 x1.3 2 x 0.5x0.6
80.3 mW
The threshold optical power for SRS is given by:
PB = 5.9 * 10 -2 d2 λ α dB = 5.9 x 10 -2 x6 2 x 1.3 x 0.5
= 1.38 W

𝑛12 − 𝑛22
Soln. 6 ∆= 2𝑛12

∆ = 2.115
3 𝑛12 𝜆
For multimode fiber critical radius of curvature is given by : 𝑅𝑐 = = 9 µ m.
4𝜋 (𝑛12 −𝑛22 ).5
 JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Optical Communication (17B11EC733)
Tutorial Sheet: 05

Q. 1. [C412.2] Silica has an estimated fictive temperature of 1400 K with an isothermal compressibility
of 7 × 10−11 m2 N−1. The refractive index and the photoelastic coefficient for silica are 1.46 and 0.286
respectively. Determine the theoretical attenuation in decibels per kilometer due to the fundamental
Rayleigh scattering in silica at optical wavelengths of 1.00 μm. Boltzmann’s constant is 1.381 × 10−23
J K−1.
Q. 2. [C412.2] Step index fibers exhibit an 8 μm core diameter single-mode fiber with a core refractive
index of 1.5, a relative refractive index difference of 0.3% and an operating wavelength of 1.55 μm.
Calculate critical radius of curvature for bending losses.
Q. 3. [C412.2] A multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1 μs over a distance
of 15 km. Estimate:
(a) the maximum possible bandwidth on the link assuming no intersymbol interference;
(b) the pulse dispersion per unit length;
(c) the bandwidth–length product for the fiber.

Q. 4. [C412.2] A glass fiber exhibits material dispersion given by |λ2(d2n1/dλ2)| of 0.025. Determine
the material dispersion parameter at a wavelength of 0.85 μm, and estimate the rms pulse broadening
per kilometer for a good LED source with an rms spectral width of 20 nm at this wavelength.
Q. 5. [C412.2] Estimate the rms pulse broadening per kilometer for the fiber in as given above question
when the optical source used is an injection laser with a relative spectral width σ λ/λ of 0.0012 at a
wavelength of 0.85 μm.
Q. 6. [C412.2] A 6 km optical link consists of multimode step index fiber with a core refractive index
of 1.5 and a relative refractive index difference of 1%. Estimate:
(a) the delay difference between the slowest and fastest modes at the fiber output;
(b) the rms pulse broadening due to intermodal dispersion on the link;
(c) the maximum bit rate that may be obtained without substantial errors on the link assuming only
intermodal dispersion;
(d) the bandwidth–length product corresponding to (c).

Q. 7. [C412.2] Compare the rms pulse broadening per kilometer due to intermodal dispersion for the
multimode step index fiber of above question with the corresponding rms pulse broadening for an
optimum near-parabolic profile graded index fiber with the same core axis refractive index and relative
refractive index difference.