Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Maharah Arabiah
Maharah Arabiah
"
"
1431 2010 -
"/ &0
...
" " " "
... ...
... ... ......
...
...
": "
" "
.
" "
" "
.
.
" "
.
:
{
}
) (194
:
:
:
.1
.2
.3
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
) (74
""
) (2010-2009
) (36 ) (38.
:
.1
) (2010-2009 "
" .
.
.2
.
.3 :
.
.
)(
)(
.
:
) (0.05
.
) (0.05 .
.
) (0.05
.
) (0.77 0.14
.
:
.1 ) (
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5 .
.6
.
.7 .
Abstract
This study aims at identifying the effecton of performance
activity so as to enhance the listening skill for grad 4 students in
Gaza Strip schools. The study's problem is defined by the following
question:
What effect does the perfarmance activity leave on the listeaing skill
improvement for the 4 th grade in gaza strip schools?
The following questions are deriven form the main previous
one:
1. What listening skill should be developed for the 4th grade
female (students / pupils)?
2. Are there statistical differences in the students' average of
marks
between
students
who
studied
through
the
T- test was wsed to find the difference between two independent samples' average of
marks as well as between two connected samples' average of marks and the square
(eta) .
The study concludes to the following :
1. There is no statistical differences on, 0.05, between the trial group's marks,
which followed the performance on stage, and the traditional group's
marks during the after measurement of the listening skills' test and its total
(mark/ degree).
2. There is no statistical differences, on, 0.05< 6 between the trial and
traditional group egarding the rest of the listening skills such as: arrange
the main ideas , rewrite what is understood, by the listening skill, through
using their own larguage, identify the main charaters in the story,
differentiate between the real and unreal story, use what is listened to
support the linguistic and intellectual capacity, remember what procedures
does the kext has and identify the word's position of syutax and, finally,
deduct what is the profit of the lesson.
3. There are statistical differences on, 0.05< 6 between the trial group's marks
of the affer and before listening skill exam These diffeaneces support the
after listening skill measurement of the trial group.
4. the performance activity, of the 4th grade Arabic subject, is so effective on
the listening skill development to This group..
The study recommendations:
1. It is too important to learn the 4th grade students the listening skills through
the performance activity due to its remarkable effection.
2. It is too essential, for the educational supervisors and lead masters, to
attened some classes, held by retches, around the performance activity.
3. It is necessary to pay attention towards the listening skills to be adapted by
the grade teachers exactly as much as other lirguistie skills like reading,
writing and speaking.
4. It is worthy to make a balance during the evaluation process of the Arabic
skills through the first period of the primary education.
5. It is needed to have educational plays and series for the tough lessons
through the Arabic subject curriculum.
6. There is a big need for the educational and formal centres to be supported
by the professional stage experts in order to take apart in curriculums
planning and erhancement.
7. Training courses of the performance activity for teachers should be held
and given.
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
...........................................
.................
... ..................
...........................................
13
...........................................
16
...........................................
21
...........................................
23
...........................................
25
...........................................
25
...........................................
27
...........................................
28
...........................................
28
...........................................
29
...........................................
30
...........................................
33
..........................................
33
..........................................
35
..........................................
40
..........................................
45
49
... ..................
... .............................
50
...................
67
... .............................
68
...................
81
.............................
83
84
...
...................
... ...........................................
85
...
...........................................
85
... ...........................................
85
... ...........................................
86
... ...........................................
92
... .............................
97
.............................
...
98
... ..................
99
...........................................
100
...........................................
100
...........................................
105
...........................................
108
...........................................
109
- ...................................
111
- ...................................
119
- ...................................
121
- ...................................
124
...................................
125
1
2
3
.....................
126
.....................
127
.....................
128
.....................
136
5
6
7
8
9
10
-.
. -
.....................
162
.....................
164
.....................
166
.....................
168
.....................
170
...................
173
.....................
101
.....................
103
"" 2
.....................
106
...................
21
...................
24
...................
43
:
.
.
)
(10 :1958
.
.
) (2 :2003
)(28 :2000
: .
" )
"
(58 :
"
" :
) (78 :
2
.
) .(10 :2005
) . (19 :2005
).(12: 2005
) (%45
) (%30 ) (%16
) (%9
) . (51 :2003
.
) (%60-50
.
.
) .(111 :2005
.
.
.
)(241:1995
.
.
.
" "!!
4
)
.(21 :2001
) (12 :2007
- -
) (2005
) (2004
.
) (2002
.
) (
.
:
:
:
.1
.2
.3
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
:
:
.1
).(2009-2010
.2
.
3
.
:
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3 .
.4
.
.5
.
.6 .
:
: .
- :
" " .
- : )2009
2010(
:
:(Performance activity) :
:
) (79 :2001 "
.
) (310 :2003
.
:(Listening) :
] [93:2003 "
"
) " (166:1981
"
"
".
:(Elementary forth grade student) :
) (10-9
.
:
:
o
.
o
.
o
.
o
""
.
o
.
o ) (.
o
o .
o .
10
- :
11
- :
12
/
.
/
.
:
:
.
.
) . (76 :1996
:
.
).(3 :1990
.
:
)(55-53 :1998
.1 :
.
.
13
.
. .
.
.
.
. ):(4-1
)(8-7 :1998
:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . )(89 -87 1999
14
:
.
.
. -
.
.
.
.
- .
.
.
) (
) (52-50 :1999
. ) (123-122 :2000
.
.15
:
:
:
:
) . (15 : 2004
). (215 : 2008
) (Skill
) . (108 : 2004
) (88 :2006 "
".
"
.
:
:
" :
" ) (78 :
:
.
) (258-253 :2002 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
16
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
) .:2001
(58
) (134 :2005
) ()
()
(
) ( 610 :2000
.
.
:
) (68
:
) (36
.
.
17
) .( 11
) (156 : 2003
.
) (17 :2004
) .(93 : 1993
:
) (87
:
.
) (127 :1984
) .(69 :2000
.
)(90 : 2005
.
) (93: 2007
18
) . (105 :2005
)(
) ( .
.
:
) . (42 :2004
. .
).(22 :2008
:
.
. .
: .
) (105 :2005
*
) (42-41
)
.(22 :2008
19
) (2004:43
) :2010
(185
"
"
.
:
) .(31 :2006
:
.
) .(25 :2001
.
.
20
24:1990
)(1
:
) .(20 :2008
:
) (204 :
21
.
.
) : (36 :
) (85 :
) (110 :
:
.
.
.
"
)(Scarcella And Oxford & 1992: 211-213
.
.
:
.1
22
.
) (163 :1981
.2
) . (44 :2004
.3
).
(27 :2001
.4 :
). (96 :2007
.5
) .(99 : 1999
.6
).
(128 :1984
.7
(
)
.
-8
) .(28 :2001
:
"
23
" )(147-145 :1998
) (170 :2010
). .(63 :2005
.
)(2
24
:
:
: .
: .
: .
) (17 :2004
) . (70 :2004
) .(355 :2006
:
:
. ) . (159 :2003 .1 :
:
) (. ) (. . " ". " ".) (68 :2000
25
.2 ) (:
:
. . . . . ) . (44 :2004 .3 :
). (95 :2007
.4 ) (:
.
).(26 :2008
.
) (72 :2005 :
) . (159 :2003
26
:
.1 :
.
).(24 :2008
.2 :
.
).(88 :1986
.3 :
.
).(54: 1980
.4 :
.
.5 :
).(73 :2000
.6 :
). (126 :2003
27
.7 :
.
:
.1 ) (26 :2006
.2
) . (169: 1981
.3
) . (163 :2003
.4
).(17 2001
.5
.
.6 .
) (37 :2004
.7 .
)(133 :1999
.
:
) (27 /26 :2008 ) (162 /161 :2003
) (26 /25 :2001 ) (131 :1984 :
.
28
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4
.
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
.9
.10 .
.11 .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
:
:
.1 :
...
.2 .
29
.3
) ..(38 :2000
.4 .
.5
.
.6
)..(36 :2001
.7
) .(61 :2005
) .:1986
(100-99
) .
(36 :1987
.8 .
.9 :
.10
:
- / - / ) . :2003
(164
:
:
30
.1 :
:
. ) . (132 :1984
.2 :
) . (76 :2005
.3 )(:
) (45 -44 :2004 .4 :
: .
:
.
:
.
:
31
.
.
:
:
: .
:
:
.
: ) : (
:
) . : (
):(Theatre
) .
: (
32
) .(7 :1993
.
:
.
) .
(306 :1977
.
- :
) (32 : 2008 "
"
) (79 :2001 "
.
)(79 : 2001
)(247 :2005
) (276 : 2005
:
33
)(574:2000
).(281 : 2006
) .(369:1998
" "child drama "jeu
" dramatie
.
.
) (519:1999
):(Educational Dramatization
).) (13:2007) (212 : 1992 (362:2003
).(344:1997
34
).(39 : 1996
). (117:1984
:
) .
(2:2008
:
.1 :
) . (112:1984
:
) . (112:1984
) (:
.
)(279:2000
35
.2 )( :
.
.
) (75:2007
.
) .(236 : 1981
) (PUPPETS
)(236:1964
)(126:2004
)
(354:2005
36
) .(15:2003
) .(94:2000
) . (117:1984
). (76:2007
:
. ):(HAND PUPETS
) .
(97:2001
) . (103 : 1959
) (2000
) (M. SI G H O RELL
37
(E. RECHARD CHURIL & 1991, 63).
) ..(142:1964
. ) :(MARIONETIE
) .(126: 2004
.
) .(148:1964
)
() ..(376:1998
. ) :(ROD PUPPETS
) .(237: 1981
. ):(SHADOW PUPPETS
) .(126:2004
) ..(237: 1981
) (
) .(375:1998
38
. :
)
(103: 1959
.4 :
. :
.
)(282: 2006
. :
- -
) . (113:1984
. :
) . (520:1999
. :
.
) . (109: 1959
. :
) . ).(116-115: 1984 (521:1999
39
:
:
)) (187:1986
(107:2003
:
.1
)
(31:2007
.2
.
) (107:2003
.3
) .(347:1997
.4 ) .(77:2003
.5
.6 ) .(59:2005
.7 .
.8 .
.9
)(50:2001
:
/ :
:
.
.
40
) .(576:2001
).(32:2007
).(77:2003
.
) (27:2005
.
) (357: 1984
.
.
)(95: 2000
) (194: 2002
- :
:
. - ) .(69: 2001
. ) .(51:2001
41
- :
:
.
) . (31:2007
) .(50:2001
.
42
173:2001
43
:
:
:
) . (175:2005
) .(19:1986
)
(519:1999
) .(346: 1997
:
:
.1 ) : (.
..
.
.2 ) :(.
.
.3 )(:
.
44
.4 :
.
:
:
.1 :
)(520:1999 .
) (377:1998
.
:
) .2000
(576-575:
) . (47:2007
) . (277:2005
45
).(247:2005
:
)(192: 1992
) . .(518: 1999
)( 281 : 2006
:
) . (45: 2007
) . (362: 2003
: ) .(317 :2001 :
) (64-63 :1991
:
-1
.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.
-6 .
-7
.
46
-8
.
-9
.
-10
.
)(78-77: 2001
.2 :
).(77: 2001
:
) . (519: 1999
:
) (48: 2001
. ) (45:2001
47
:
).
(107:2003
48
:
:
.
:
49
:
.
: .
- -
. .
.
- :
.1 )2008( :
.
) (51 ) (49 .
: ""
:
.
:
- .
50
.2 )2007( :
.
.
)(6-5
) (80
) (31
) (60
.
) (29
""
:
.
.3 )2006( :
.
.
) (60 .
:
.
.
51
:
.
.4 )2006( :
.
.
) (80
) (40 .
: : ""
:
) :
(.
.
.5 )2006( :
.
.
) (72
.
52
.
"" . :
.
.
.6 )2005( :
.
)(185
) 28( 157 )(.
:
""
:
.
.
.7 )2005( :
) (22
.
53
.
.8 )2005( :
.
.
) (70
) (35 ) (35.
:
)Spss (
:
- ) (.
.
.9 )2005( :
.
) (78
) (39
"".
:
54
:
.
. . .11 )2004( :
.
.
) (73
)( ) (36
) (37.
.
:
"".
:
.
.
:
.
56
.12 )2003( :
:
.
) (6-5
) (70
) (35 .
.
:
.
.
.
.
.13 )2003( :
.
.
) (72
)( .
:
SPSS "" .
57
:
.
.
:
.
.14 )2002( :
.
) (35
) (70
.
"" T-Test
:
.
.
.15 )2002-2001( :
) (6-4
.
) (6-4 .
)(6-4
.
58
)(51
) (225.
:
.
:
) (%58
.
) (%88
) (%89 ) (%86 ) (%88
.
.
.16 )2002( :
.
) (300 ) - (
:
""
:
.
.
.
59
.
.17 )2001( :
.
.
) (50
. .
:
.
.
.18 ) 2001( :
.
.
.
:
"" T-Test . . :
.
.
60
.19 )2000( :
.
.
) (62
) (32 ) (30
.
) ""(
:
.
.
.
.20 )2000( :
.
.
) (69 .
)"" (T Test
:
.
:
.
61
.
.21 )1998( :
.
) (60
. :
:
. :
"" T- Test . :
. . . . :
.
- .
62
.22 )1998( :
.
.
) (60
.
.
:
- .
.
.23 )1994( :
.
.
.
:
.
.
63
.
.
.25 )1992( :
.
.
.
.26 )1991( :
.
.
) (75
.
.
:
.
.
.27 )1991( :
.
) (112
.
64
.
:
.
.
.28 )1991( :
.
.
) (453 (214)
) (239
) (114
) (100 ) (127
) (112 .
"" .
:
.
.
.
65
.29 )1984( :
.
.
:
. .
) (
.
:
. .
.
66
:
* :
.
) (2008 ) (2006 ) (2006 .
) (2007 ) (2004 ) (2003 ) (2001 .
) (2006 . ) (2005 .
) (2005 ) (2004 .
) (2003 ) (2001 ) (1994 )(1991 .
) (2002 . ) (2002 .
) (2002 ) (1998 .
) (1998 . ) (1991 ) (1984 .
:
.
:
.
67
:
) (2001
) (2008 ) 1991( ) (1991
).(2003
.
.
- :
.1 )2009( :
.
.
) (19
) (
.
":
:
.
) /(
.
) /(
.
68
.
.2 )2007( :
.
.
.
) (100
:
.
.
.
.3 ) (2005 :
.
.
)(
.
69
:
/ ) (L-S-D ""
:
.
.
.
.4 )2005( :
.
.
) (29 ) (30
.
:
.
.
.
:
.
.
70
.
.5 )2005( :
.
.
) (106
:
)(38.
) (35.
) (32.
:
.
:
) - - -( . .
.
.6 )2004( :
.
71
.
) (60
) (30 ) (30 . ""
) (T- Test .
:
.
:
.
.
.
.7 )2003( :
.
.
) (2/6 ) (10
. :
) %25 .(%75
.
72
.8 )2002( :
.
.
) (210 )6
(
)(30
.
)
(
) (.
.
:
.
.
.
.
73
.9 )2001( :
)
( .
) (5-2 ) (40 .
:
:
""
:
. . .
:
.
) (.
.10 )1999( :
.
.
)(
.
74
:
:
.
.
.
.11 )1999( :
.
) (2622
) (
) (480 .
:
:
:
. .
.
.12 )1998( :
.
) (
75
.
.
.
.13 )1997( :
.
.
) (1476 ) (52
.
) (15
) (10 .
:
. .
.
.14 )1997( :
:
.
76
) (3 ) (66
. :
.
.
.
.15 )1996( :
) (
.
) (350
) (32 ) (37 (26) ) (36 ) (53
) (13 ) (22 ) (30 ) (42 )(24
.
)(spss/ pc+
:
.
77
:
.
.
..16 1995) Berne( :
.
.17 )1989( :
.
.
) (39 ) (84 ) (9
:
. .
- .
78
.
.18 )1989( :
.
) (207
102
) (105.
.
:
"" :
. .
.
.
:
- - .
79
.19 )1988( :
.
) ( ) (283 .
.
:
) ( .
:
..20 ) chung( :
) (170
"
"
) (10
.
.21 ) Mosikon( :
) (19
80
) (21
.
.22 )1963( :
.
:
.
.
:
. .
.
.
:
- :
)1985( ) 1995( ) 2004(.
) (2001 ) (1963
.
81
) 1997( .
) 1999 ( .
) 1989( .
) 1989( Mosikon ) 1996( .
) (2005 .
)1988( - ) (1997 .
)1999( ) (2007 .
) (2005 .
) (2005 .
)1983( . chung .
- :
.
.
82
- :
.
.
:
:
.
: :
.1 .
.2
.
.
.3 .
.4
.
: :
.
.
) ( .
83
84
"
"
.
- :
.
- :
) (15488
)2010-2009(.
- :
. :
) 32(
.
. :
)(
.
85
38
51.4
36
49.6
74
100.0
- :
) : (
2009 /2008
.
:
:
:
. . .
:
. . - .
86
:
- :
:
. . . - .
:
. . . . - :
) (3
.
87
:
) (61 ) (20 :
] [ 2
-1
4 3 2 1
-2
-3
6 6 6 6
-4
-5
8 8
-6
99 9 9 9 11 10
-7
1212 12 12 14 13
-8
16 15
-9
1717 17
-10
19 1819 20
11
2121
12
2222 22
-13
23
-14
25 24
-15
2626 26 27 27
-16
31 30 29 28
-17
34 33 32
-18
3535 35
-19
36
-20
3737 38
61
:
61 )0
61( . .
88
:
:
-1
:
"
) :
.(202 :1992
100
) (0.81 0.20
4 )(%18.8
) (14 ).(%15.6
) (%2
4 14
).(323 :1988
-2 :
) (137 :1997
:
=
100
%42.5
)) (%40 .(352 :1982 .
89
:
:
) (254 :1997
.
:
- :
) (2
) (2
:
(.
) 61
- :
:
90
] [ 3
-1
0.675
0.01
-2
0.489
0.01
-3
0.652
0.01
-4
0.655
0.01
-5
0.843
0.01
-6
0.868
0.01
-7
0.831
0.01
-8
0.748
0.01
-9
0.797
0.01
-10
0.780
0.01
11
0.661
0.01
-12
0.668
0.01
-13
0.545
0.01
14
0.627
0.01
-15
0.735
0.01
-16
0.818
0.01
-17
0.534
0.01
-18
0.565
0.01
-19
0.582
0.01
-20
0.841
0.01
) 0.489
(0.868 ).(0.01
91
:
"
" ) (120 :1997
:
- :
)= 31( )= 30(
) () (0.897
)( ) ( ) (0.945
.
-
:21
21 ) .(0.966
.
- :
) .(203 :1998
:
- .
- " ".
- " ".
- .
:
-1 :
92
)= (38 )= (36
)( :
] [ 4
)(
0.385
1.17
0.259
38
9.31
36
9.40
.
-2 :
)= 4 =3
= 2= (1
:
93
] [ 7
)(
1.086
0.38
0.974
38
2.81
36
2.72
.
-3 :
:
] [ 8
)(
14.975
0.24
13.218
38
78.10
36
77.30
94
.
-4 :
:
95
] [ 9
)(
-1
)= (38
)= (36
"!
$%
"!
$%
'&$
(&
1.921
1.194
1.861
1.1502
0.22
0.131
0.342
0.138
0.350
0.09
1.210
0.874
0.972
1.055
1.06
0.500
0.506
0.555
0.503
0.47
0.368
0.589
0.333
0.585
0.25
-6
2.052
1.593
2.083
1.574
0.08
-7
2.289
1.888
2.277
1.365
0.03
0.052
0.226
0.083
0.280
0.52
0.078
0.358
0.138
0.424
0.65
-10
1.342
1.097
1.277
1.031
0.26
11
0.605
0.886
0.527
0.844
0.38
-12
1.368
0.970
1.166
0.910
0.92
0.657
0.480
0.694
0.467
0.33
0.631
0.713
0.527
0.696
0.63
2.842
2.880
2.694
1.582
0.27
1.842
1.461
2.166
1.055
1.09
1.131
1.094
1.138
0.960
0.03
-2
-3
-4
-5
-8
-9
-13
14
-15
-16
-17
96
-18
1.526
1.133
1.555
1.132
1.29
-19
0.184
0.456
0.194
0.401
0.10
0.447
0.860
0.611
0.802
0.84
21.184
11.210
22.000
8.042
0.34
-20
.
-5 :
) (7
.
.
) (32
.
.
.
97
) (45
" " .
.
-6 :
""SPSS
:
- :
. . : . : . :21 .
. . .
.
98
.
.
.
99
- -
SPSS
)( )(
:
:
.1 :
) (
) (2
.
.2 :
:
. " :
".
)= (38 )= (36
""
) (Anderson et al, 1994 :
100
] [ 10
-1
)= (38
)= (36
3.921
0.273
3.750
0.439
2.02
0.05
0.947
0.226
0.777
0.421
2.17
0.05
3.026
0.944
2.944
0.924
0.37
0.868
0.342
0.861
0.350
0.09
1.605
0.679
1.472
0.696
0.83
-6
5.210
2.372
3.527
2.709
2.84
0.01
-7
3.578
2.021
2.472
1.796
2.48
0.05
1.236
0.852
0.805
0.749
2.30
0.05
2.026
1.304
1.250
1.360
2.50
0.05
-10
3.447
0.891
2.861
1.198
2.39
0.05
11
1.421
0.889
1.000
0.894
2.03
0.05
-12
2.210
1.166
1.583
1.204
2.27
0.05
0.894
0.311
0.722
0.454
1.91
1.789
0.474
1.638
0.542
1.27
4.526
1.267
3.944
1.548
1.77
3.500
0.979
3.055
1.119
1.82
2.105
0.863
1.666
0.956
2.07
0.05
-2
-3
-4
-5
-8
-9
-13
14
-15
-16
-17
101
-18
2.921
0.273
2.694
0.467
2.56
0.05
-19
0.657
0.480
0.444
0.503
1.86
1.815
1.291
0.944
1.217
2.98
0.01
47.710
13.966
38.416
14.755
2.78
0.01
-20
"" ) (2.98 2.02 0.01 0.05
.
"
"
.
)(2008
) (2007 ) (2006 ) (2006 ) (2006)(2005
) (2005 ) (2005 ) (2005 ) (2004
) (2003) (2003 ) (2002) (2002 ) (2001
).(2001
.
.
102
. " :
".
)= (38
"" ) (2005
:
] [ 11
-1
)= (38
)= (38
1.921
1.194
3.921
0.273
10.20
0.01
0.131
0.342
0.947
0.226
11.01
0.01
1.210
0.874
3.026
0.944
8.04
0.01
0.500
0.506
0.868
0.342
3.85
0.01
0.368
0.589
1.605
0.679
8.94
0.01
-6
2.052
1.593
5.210
2.372
6.96
0.01
-7
2.289
1.887
3.578
2.021
2.72
0.01
0.052
0.226
1.236
0.852
8.43
0.01
0.078
0.358
2.026
1.304
8.49
0.01
-10
1.342
1.097
3.447
0.891
9.20
0.01
11
0.605
0.886
1.421
0.889
3.95
0.01
-2
-3
-4
-5
-8
-9
103
-12
1.368
0.970
2.210
1.166
3.27
0.01
0.657
0.480
0.894
0.311
2.47
0.05
0.631
0.713
1.789
0.474
8.05
0.01
2.842
2.880
4.526
1.267
3.20
0.01
1.842
1.461
3.500
0.979
5.17
0.01
1.131
1.094
2.105
0.863
3.91
0.01
-18
1.526
1.132
2.921
0.273
6.92
0.01
-19
0.184
0.456
0.657
0.480
4.83
0.01
0.447
0.860
1.815
1.291
5.26
0.01
21.184
11.210
47.715
13.966
8.34
0.01
-13
14
-15
-16
-17
-20
"" ) (11.01 2.47 )(0.01
.
.
.
-:
.1
.
104
.2
.
.3 .
.4 .
.5
.
. :
:
.
)(2
) (57 :1997 :
t2
t2 + df
105
=2
0.01
0.06
0.14
:
] [ 12
"" 2
-1
10.20
0.74
-2
11.01
0.77
-3
8.04
0.64
-4
3.85
0.29
-5
8.94
0.68
-6
6.96
0.57
-7
2.72
0.17
-8
8.43
0.66
-9
8.49
0.66
-10
9.20
0.70
11
3.95
0.30
-12
3.27
0.22
-13
2.47
0.14
14
8.05
0.64
-15
3.20
0.22
-16
5.17
0.42
-17
3.91
0.29
-18
6.92
0.56
-19
4.83
0.39
106
-20
5.26
0.43
8.34
0.65
) (0.77 0.14 .
.
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
107
:
:
.1 ) (
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5
.
.6
.
.7 .
108
:
- - :
.1
.
.2 .
.3
.
.4 .
.5 .
.6
.
.7
.
.8
.
.9 )
( .
109
110
.
- :
.1
.2
.3
)"(1996 " 16 :
.
.4
)"(2003 " 2
.
)-( " " 1 .
5.
.6
).("" 1 : .
.7
).(" " .
.8
) " ( 2001
" 1 .
.9
112
113
.58
.59 )" (1994 " 3 .
.60 ) (1997 " "
.
.61 )" (1959 " 1
.
.62 )" (2000 " 1
.
.63 )" (2002 " 1 .
.64 )" (2003 " 1
: .
.65 ) "(2002 " 1 .
114
116
117
118
- :
.1
)" (2005
"
.
.2
)" (2004
"
".
.3
" (1999)
"
.
.4
)" (1991
" .
.5
"(2008)
" .
.6
)" (2001
"
.
.7
)" (2001
"
.
.8
)" (2002
"
.
.9
)" (2002
"
.
119
120
121
122
.20 ) (2003
.
.21 )" (2001
" )
-.
.22 )" (1991
"
"
.23 )" (1989
" .
.24 )" (1998
"
.
.25 " (1992) :
" 16 .1 7
123
: -
References
124
125
)(1
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
126
)(2
)(
)(
)(
)(
.
.
.
) (
.
) (
127
)(3
............................................./
:
" "
.
. :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 ) - - (.
.
.
128
:
: .
. . . . - .
129
* :
. :
.1 :
.
.
.
.2
.
.
.
.3 :
. .
.
.
.4 :
.
.
.
. :
:
.
.
130
.
. :
-
* :
. .
. :
.2
.1
. :
:
:
:
-(.
. )
. ) --(.
.
:
. :) : - -(.
. : ) -(
* :
) .1 ( .
131
) .2 (
.
.3 :
: .
: .
: .
.4 ) - - (.
.5 :
. )(
.
)(
.6 ) - (.
.7 :
: .
:
.1 :
. . . .
. .
. .
132
.2 :
:
.1
.2
.3
.3 :
. )(:
.1
.2
.3
. )(:
.1
.2
.3 .
.4 ) (:
. )(
.
)(
)(
:
.1 ) - -(.
) -(
133
.2 :
. ) ( ) - -(
- -(.
. )( )
(.
. )( ) -
-(
. )( ) -
.3 :
. ) - - (.
. )( ) - - (
. )( ) - - (.
:
.1 :
) - -(
) (
) - -(
.2 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.3 :
:
: .
134
.4
135
)(4
136
-:
.
-:
.
-:
:
.
.
.
.
-:
.
137
- :
.
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
:
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
138
:
.
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4
.
.5
.
.6
.
) (.
.
139
: 45/
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15 .
.16 .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .
140
.9 .
.10 .
.11 .
.12 .
.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
.16 .
:
: ...
.
: .
: .
: ) ( .
: .
: )( )
( ) (
) ( !!!
) ( )..........( )
(.
:
) .........(.
141
:
) :( ) (.
: ) ( .......
: ... ) (.
)
(.
: .
.
:
: .
.. .
: .
: .
: .
: ...
.
: .
) : (
.
:
) : (
.
: .
:
) (.
.... ) . (
...
.
: .
142
: ) )(
)( ..
! .. ...
)(
... -
) ( .
: .
:
) : ( .
: .... .
: .
:
: .
: ) (.
: )( )(
.
.1
.2 .
.3 .U
:
:
- :
.1 .
.2
.3
.4
.5
143
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
- :
.1 :
-.
-
- .
.2 :
:
)
( .
( .
( .
( .
:
) (45.
.
- :
.1
.2
.3
144
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
- :
:
- ) -(
- ) - -(
- :
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
:
- :
....................................
....................................
.....................................
....................................... :
- :
)
( .
)
( .
145
:
- :
) (.
) (.
) (.
146
- :
)
)
:
- :
.............................................................:
..........................................................
...........................................................
- :
" "
.............................................................................................
:
- :
...................................................................
.................................................................:
-
.....................................................
.....................................................
......................................................
......................................................
147
-
)( :
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3 .
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3 .
.1:
:
. .
. .
.
. .
. .
.2:
)(.
:
:
) (.
148
) (.
) (.
:
: .
:
:
: :
) ( :
: .
:
: .
: .
: :
.
:
: . .
) (45:
:
.1 :
.2
.3
.4
149
.5
:
)(1
:
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
)(2
)( :
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
:
)(1
:
.............. .1 .
.............. .2 .
.............. .3 .
.............. .4 .
150
)(2
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
)(3
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
)(4
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.
.4
.
.5
151
-
45 :
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3 .
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3 .
/
:
:
)(.
:
.
: .
152
:
.
: .
: .
: .
. .
.
:
:
.
:
: .
: .
153
:
)(1
:
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
)(2
:
)(
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
:
)(1
:
...............1 .
................2
.................3 .
154
.
.4 ...........
................ .5 .
)(2
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
)(3
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
)(4
:
.
.1
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3 .
:
.1 ..
.2 .
.3
155
:
/
: )(
.
) ) (.
: .
: .
:
.
: " "
: ) (
: .
:
: ) (
: .
:
.
156
: .
: .
: :
. :
)
(.
: .
: :
.
:
.
:
.
:
: ) (.
:
.
:
.
:
:
) (
- ) (
- -
) (
- -
) (
) (
157
:
.
: ) (.
:
) :(1 .
.
) (2
.
) (3 .
.
158
-
)(
45:
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
:
)(1
:
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
)(2
:
159
)(
:
:
)(1
:
............ .1.
............ .2 .
............. .3 .
............. .4.
............. .5 .
)(2
:
160
)(3
:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
)(4
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.
.4
161
)(5
.1 .............. .
.
.2 ..............
.3 ...............
..............
.4
162
)(2
- -
"" "" .
.
.
163
)(6
164
165
)(7
-.
166
167
)(8
168
169
) (9:
.
-
- .
170
171
172
)(10
173
174
175
176