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9 Types of imperfections 9 Introduction into analysis global sway imperfections local bow imperfections bracing system imperfections
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Geometrical Imperfections p
Variance of dimensions of a structure or a member
b
e0
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Geometrical Imperfections p
N
eo,d
Member Imperfection
Frame imperfection
Frame imperfection
always to be allowed for
Member imperfection:
only for slender members (rare) in sway frames frames, otherwise it is covered in the relevant buckling curves
3
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e0
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F2 F2
h
(F1+F2)/2 (F1+F2)/2
Equivalent forces
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Factor
The factor can be calculated from equation (5.5) of EN 1993:
= 0 h m
Where, 0 is the basic value: h is the reduction factor for height h applicable to columns: 2 2 h = but h 1 3 h h is the height of the structure in meters m is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row: 1 m = 0.51 + m m is the number of columns in a row
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NEd
4 N Ed e0 L
e0
8 N Ed e0 L2
NEd
NEd
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4 N Ed e0 L
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> 0 .5
Af y N Ed
Wh Where, NEd is i the h design d i value l of f the h compression i force f hinged at its ends. ends
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e0 = m L / 500
Where, L is the span of the bracing system
m = 0.51 +
1 m
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NEd
e0
NEd
q d = NEd 8
e0 + q L2
L
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h 8000 h=8000
L=24000
Figure 1
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Load Combination
The combinations of loads are analyzed, y , refer to Figure g 2: self-weight & imposed load and wind load w = 10kN/m 40kN 40kN
imp p1
+3kN/m
Figure 2
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-2kN/m
14
m = 0.51 +
1 1 = 0.51 + = 0.87 m 2
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Internal Forces
Global imperfections:
imp 1 = V = 0.003 (10 24 + 80) = 0.96 kN
NEd (kN)
VEd (kN)
MEd (kNm)
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Local Imperfection
Local imperfections for global analysis only if simultaneously (column concerned): One end of the member features a rigid connection: OK Slenderness for systemic length is greater than:
> 0,5
In this case,
A fy N Ed
8000 y iy 139 = 0.65 < 2.8 (this condition is not met) = = = 1 93.9 93.9 0.94
hcr
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Structural Analysis
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Structural Analysis
Structural behaviour Types of structural analysis 1st order analysis 2nd order analysis Elastic global analysis Plastic Pl ti global l b l analysis l i Simple modelling of structural analysis Example - 2nd order effects in portal frame
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Beam-column
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Structural Behaviour
Load Displacement Load parameter Full elastic response
Peak load
Frame
Elastic limit
Displacement parameter
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Structural Behaviour
Actual A t l response of f the th frame f is i non linear li Linear behaviour limited Non-linear behaviour due to: Geometrical influence of the actual deformed shape (second order effects) Joint behaviour Material yielding
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Frame
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LBA GNIA
e
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Indefinite linear elastic response of member sections and of joints Equilibrium established for the undeformed structural configuration
Elastic Mj M M
Mj
Elastic
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cr
Indefinite linearlinear elastic response of member sections and j i t joints Equilibrium established for the deformed structure Allows for P P- effect and, if necessary, for P- effect
Displacement parameter 2nd order elastic anal analysis sis
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F
Simplified scheme of plastic analyses
rigid-plastic analysis
plastic hinge fib plasticity fibre l ti it
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Rigid plastic
Mj
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LRP3
1 2 3
Usually a first order analysis Find critical mechanism Easy application for simple frames e.g. industrial portal frames Serviceability y deflection check
W H B C
1
Displacement parameter
W D w H B h D
E A
Beam mechanism
W H B C
3
Sway y mechanism
h D w
Combined mechanism
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is the elastic critical buckling load for global instability mode based on initial elastic stiffnesses.
Fcr
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H Ed h cr = VEd H,Ed
Where, Where
(5.2)
HEd is the horizontal reaction at bottom of the storey VEd is the total vertical load at bottom of the storey H,Ed is the storey sway when frame loaded with horizontal loads h is the storey height
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(5 3) or rearranged (5.3) d to t
N Ed d 0.09 N cr
2 EI
L2
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3 cr < 10
Strength design using amplified 1st order elastic analysis EC3 allows the moments to be determined by amplifying the moments from a 1st order elastic analysis by a multiple, provided the equivalent global imperfections or fictitious forces are included in the analysis. the horizontal force, H, due to imperfections will be increased by the factor:
1 1 1 but cr 3.0 so,
H= 1 1 1
(VEd )
cr
cr
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<3
cr
EC3 requires 2nd order analysis rather than simply amplifying the moments from 1st order analysis. The equivalent global imperfections or fictitious forces are to be included in the analysis.
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15
cr
Strength g design g using g 1st order p plastic collapse p analysis. y The equivalent global imperfections or fictitious forces can be ignored in the analysis.
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9 The framing g spacing g is 10m c/c, and 1/200 equivalent horizontal load was applied.
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Buckling Analysis
Eigenvalue from buckling analysis
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Buckling Modes
3 first buckling modes are shown for demonstration Including horizontal loads to simulate global imperfections
cr ,1
= 1.29
cr ,2
= 3.22
cr ,3
= 3.93
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So,
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EHF =
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H,Ed = 49mm
So,
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Method 3: BS 5950-1
9 This method is based on the plastic analysis, and was used in BS 5950. (see reference) 9 For simplified, the axial load is calculated by software.
2 9
51 2 342
58
D C
37 492 316
B
250
558 743
505
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cr
= 1.29
cr = 1.33
cr = cr = 1.51
9 The factor cr is less than 3, 3 and the second order effects must be considered in design.
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Shear Resistance
The design shear force is denoted by VEd (shear force design effect). The design shear resistance of a cross-section is denoted by Vc,Rd Rd and may be calculated based on a plastic (Vpl,Rd l Rd) or an elastic distribution of shear stress. The design shear force, VEd, should satisfy:
VEd Vc, Rd
1.0
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fy 3
M0
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Shear Area Av
The shear area Av is in effect the area of the crosssection that can be mobilized to resist the design shear force with a moderate allowance for plastic redistribution.
For sections where the action is applied parallel to the web, this is essentially the area of the web (with some allowance for the root radii in rolled sections).
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Shear Area Av
EC 3
Rolled I and H sections, load parallel to web
Av = A 2bt f + (t w + 2r )t f hwt w
= 1.0 (refer to NA to SS)
BS 5950
Rolled I, H and Channel sections, load parallel to web Av = tD
Shear Area Av
EC 3
Welded W ld d I, I H & box b sections, i load parallel to web Av = hwt w = 1.0 ( (refer to NA to SS) )
BS 5950
Welded I, & box sections, load parallel to web
Av = td
Av =2 td
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Shear Area Av
EC 3
Rectangular hollow sections, load parallel to depth
Av = Ah / (b + h)
BS 5950
Rectangular hollow sections, load p parallel to depth p Av = AD(D+B)
MEd = design bending moment Mc,Rd = design d b bending d resistance about b one principal l axis of a cross-section Mb,Rd b Rd = design buckling resistance moment
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BS 5950 Class 1 & 2 cross-sections: Mc = pyS 1.2 1 2 pyZ or Cl Class 3 cross-sections: i Mc = pyZ Mc = pySeff 1.2 pyZ Class 4 cross-sections: Mc = pyZeff
Class Cl 3 cross-sections: i
M c, Rd = M El, Rd = Wel, min f y M0
Class 4 cross-sections:
M c, Rd = Weff , min f y M0
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Section Modulus
Subscripts are used to differentiate between the plastic, elastic or effective section modulus. Plastic modulus Wpl Elastic modulus Wel Effective modulus Weff
The partial factor M0 is applied to all cross-section bending resistances , and equal 1.0.
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where = 2VEd 1 V pl , Rd
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BS 5950
When, Fv > 0.6 Pv F Cl For Class 1 or 2 cross sections i Mc = py (S Sv) For Class 3 semi-comp sections Mc = py (S Sv/1.5) F Cl For Class 4 slender l d sections ti Mc = py (Zeff Sv/1.5)
M V , y , Rd =
2 (W pl , y , Rd 0.25 Aw / tw ) f y
M0
M V , y , Rd M c , y , Rd
Aw = hwt w
2
2VEd = 1 V pl , Rd
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Tension Resistance
EC 3 states that tension resistance should be verified as follows:
N t , Ed N t , Rd
(Tension check)
Nt,Ed is the tension design effect Nt,Rd is the design g tension resistance Design tension resistance Nt,Rd is limited either by: , Yielding of the gross cross-section Npl,Rd Or ultimate failure of the net cross cross-section section Nu,Rd Rd Whichever is the lesser.
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N pl , Rd =
Af y
M0
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N pl,Rd =
Af y
M0
Anet f u
Anett is the net area of the cross-section fu is the ultimate tension strength
N u, Rd = 0.9
M2
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Anet = A nd 0t
n = number of holes
d0
Pl t thi Plate thickness k t
e2
p2
A Anet t
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Staggered Fasteners
When fastener holes are staggered, the total area to be deducted is the greater of: 1. The area for holes crossing a perpendicular cross section 2. the sum of the areas of all holes in any y diagonal g or zig-zag g g line across 2 the member less s t/4p for each gauge space in the chain of holes
Plate thickness t
d0
On section a a-a, a Net Area = A nd0t On section a-b, Net Area = A 2d0t s2t/4p Net cross-sectional area is the lesser of:
Anet = A nd d 0t
Anett s2 = A t nd 0 4 p 72
72
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Tension Resistance
BS 5950
EC 3 Tension resistance
N t , Rd = min (N pl , Rd ; N u , Rd )
N pl, Rd = Af y
Tension capacity
Pt = p y Ae
M0
Anet f u
For grade S275: Ke = 1.2 For grade S355: Ke = 1.1 For grade S460: Ke = 1.0 For other steel grades: Ke =(Us/1.2)/p /1 2)/py ag is the g gross area of the element an is the net area of the element
N u, Rd = 0.9
M2
Anet = A nd 0t
Anet = A nd 0t
MIN Staggered fasteners
Anet
s2 = A t nd 0 4 p
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Compression Resistance
The design g value of the compression p force NEd at each cross-section shall satisfy:
N Ed N c , Rd
For Class 1, 2 & 3 cross-sections Unaffected by local buckling Design i compression i resistance i Nc,Rd equals l the h plastic resistance Npl,Rd:
N c , Rd =
Af y
M0
M1 = 1.00, in NA to SS EN 1993-1
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Compression Resistance
For Class 4 sections: Local buckling of Class 4 prevents the attainment of the squash load Design D i compression i resistance i t limited li it d to t local l l buckling resistance,
N c , Rd =
Aeff f y
M0
Aeff is the area of the effective cross-section If Class 4 section is unsymmetrical, it has to be designed as beam-column due to the additional moment arising from eccentricity of the centroidal axis. axis
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Introduction
Web Bearing g and Web Buckling g are modes of failure that arise from concentrated forces being transversely applied onto the webs through the flanges of the sections. sections
Plate Stiffener
79
79
Waler Flange
Waler
Strut
Waler Web
80
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Web Failure
i. ii. For load type (a) and (c) the web is likely to fail as a result of: Crushing of the web close to the flange accompanied by yielding of the flange. Localised buckling and crushing of the web beneath the flange, the combined effect sometimes referred to as web crippling. crippling
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Web Failure
i i. ii. For loading type (b) the web is likely to fail as a result of: W b Crushing; Web C hi Buckling of the web over most of the depth of the member.
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FRd =
yw eff w
L t
M1
Where, tw is the thickness of the web; fyw is the yield strength of the web; M1 is the partial factor for resistance of members (M1 = 1.0 in SG National Annex) Leff is the effective length of web.
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Leff = f ly
where, f is the reduction factor due to local buckling ly is i the th effective ff ti loaded l d d length, l th appropriate i t to t the th length of the stiff bearing ss.
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ss=t+1.6r+2T
ss=t+1.6s+2T
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l y = s s + 2t f 1 + m1 + m 2
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l y = le + t f
l m1 e + + m2 2 t f
l y = l e + t f m1 + m 2
Where,
2 k F Et w le = ss + c 2 f yw hw
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where, fyf is the yield strength of the flange fyw is the yield strength of the web
hw m 2 = 0.02 t f
m2 = 0
if F > 0.5
if F < 0.5
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Longitudinal g Stiffener kF
For web with longitudinal stiffeners kF may be taken as:
b1 hw k F = 6 + 2 + 5.44 - 0.21 s a a
Where, b1 is the depth of the loaded subpanel taken as the clear Where distance between the loaded flange and the stiffener
2
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Longitudinal g Stiffener kF
a s = 10.9 3 13 h hw t w w I sl ,1 b1 210 0 . 3 + a
3
Where, Isl,1 is the second moment of area of the stiffener closet to the loaded g flange including g contributing parts of the web according.
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Reduction Factor F
The reduction factor F should be obtained from:
F =
0 .5
1.0
where F = where,
l y t w f yw Fcr
3 tw Fcr = 0.9k F E hw
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FEd 2 = 1 .0 f yw Leff t w
M1
Where Fed Where, d is the design transverse force; Leff is the effective length for resistance to transverse forces; tw is the thickness of the plate.
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2 + 0.81 1.4
M Ed 1 .0 Where, 1 = f yW pl
M0
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ss = 50 mm
c = 2725 mm
5500 mm
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Section Properties
b z r tf
h hw d
tw s z
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F =
=
ok
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F
0.5 = 0.65 1.0 0.77
ok
FRd =
f yw Leff t w
M1
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