PEARSON Sa ~ Basic Concepts of‘The aim of this publication is to supply information taken from sources believed to be valid and reliable. This is not an attempt to render any type of professional advice or analysis, nor is itto be treatedas such, While much care has been taken to ensure the veracity and currency of the information presented within, neither the publisher nor its authors bear any responsibility for any damage arising from inadvertent omissions, negligence or inaccuracies (typographical or factual) that may have found their way into this book. Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kinderstey (India) Pvt. Ltd. This hook is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, oF ‘otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior written consent inany form of binding or cover other than that \which it fs published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved sbove, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitied in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or cthenwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher ofthis book. ISBN: 978-81-317-2810-9 First Impression Published by 2010 Dorling ‘ndersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. Head! Office: 7th Floor Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida, India. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Dethi 110 017, India. ‘Typeset by Tantla Compositions Services Pvt. Ltd, Chandigarh Printed in India by Sheel Print N Pack :CONTENTS Resonance energy 63 Preface ai L_Periodic Table and 1 Bond length o4 Periodicity of Properties Bond ener; 66 VSEPR model SSB Mendeleev’ periodic law L giadamant ais 68 oe ie ‘ Shape of Molecules 68 as Bond angle 72 Fate oe an Axfbga. aa ne 3 Odd electron molecules 76 i Molecular orbital model 76 period of an element Fanaa acl Shape and symmetry of molecular orbitals 78 i 5 Formation of x bonds 79 Atomicity and elements of the periodic table _& Diatomies of the frst period elements ig Effective nuclear charge 9 i ere iz Hemstis —_______ay Jonization energy Electron affinity wy «© NOmalenile ‘i s CO molecule 88 Electronegativity 21 Maecaeal 53 Pysizal properties and te periodictabie 23 ate a ee a Atificialelements 20 : Metallic bond 95 ‘Some records of periodic table 30 Mata etroctares e 2. Chemical Bonding and 33 qalecton. gas, rodel & Molecular Structure a ——————— Cohesive energy 98 Different types of chemical bonds 33 Summery of bond types 343. Acids and Bases 102 tonic bond J__i¢ Bronsted-Lowry theory 102 Bom=Habereyele 3 ‘Strength of acids and bases 103 Cations of stable electron configuration 38 pu 105, Polarization and its effects ____38 Buffer solution 106 Lattice energy 40 Henderson equation 106 General properties of ionic compounds 42 Amphoterism: 107 Covalent bonding 2 Acid strength 109 candmbonds Strength of hydra acids 109 ‘Comparison of ¢ and x bond 44 Strength of Oxy acids 110 Electronegativity 46 Base strength 13 Coondinate covalentbond 47 _ Strength of hydra bases 4 Electronegativity and Dipole moment 48 Strength of hydroxide bases us Lewis structure (or Dot structure 32 Lewis Acid — Base theory 116 Resonance sinucure 54 Hard and soft acids and bases us. Hybridization 55 Resomne: —C—“—~—~S™SC |. Chemical Reaction 122 Resonance effect 6% Types of chemical reactions 123 Hydrolysis 126