Analysis of Arbitrary Frequency Selective Surfaces: Analytic Constraints

Alon S. Barlevy and Yahya Rahmat-Samii Department of Electrical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024-1549

lective Surfaces (FSS), have been extensively studied for about a quarter of a century, and a comprehensive book devoted to the topic has recently been published 1]. An example showing two cross sections of a typical FSS is given in gures 1a and 1b. In the past, di erent numerical techniques have been implemented to calculate the value of the re ection coe cient, ?, for FSS. In this paper, we are more interested in nding constraints on ?, than the exact numerical value of ?. Providing physical constraints on the re ection coe cient gives insight as well as additional con dence in numerical results. One obvious restriction on the re ection coe cient is j?j 1. This constraint comes about from energy conservation and it states that for passive structures, the re ected power cannot exceed the incident power. By using the conservation of energy along with eld continuity equations, additional analytical constraints for ? can be derived. The constraints apply to FSS having any arbitrary patch or slot (as in gure 1a). The only assumptions made about the FSS are: (1) structure is in nitely periodic, (2) metallic patches are innitesimally thin, (3) plane wave incidence, and (4) only one periodic screen is present. II. FORMULATION The constraints on the re ection coe cient will be derived for the case that the incident eld in gure 1b is Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarized. Transverse Electric (TE) polarization can be derived by a slight change to equations (1) and (2) and proceeding with a similar analysis. As derived in 2], the eld scattered from FSS is a summation of plane waves (called Floquet modes) that satisfy the periodic boundary condition. It is also shown in 2] that the Floquet modes are orthogonal to each other. As a result, the total power is the sum of the power in each Floquet mode. In addition, each Floquet mode must independently satisfy the electric and magnetic eld boundary conditions. We will therefore enforce the boundary conditions only on the lowest order Floquet mode (that is the mode that propagates along the specular direction). Since each higher order Floquet mode satis es the boundary conditions, the total electric and magnetic elds satisfy the boundary conditions. Writing only the lowest order mode, the following (TM) tangential eld exists

I. INTRODUCTION Planar periodic surfaces, often called Frequency Se-

in the three regions of gure 1b (note the use of the e? 0 z cos 0 + ?e+ 0 z cos 0 cos 0 Ex = Ae? 1z cos 1 + Be+ 1z cos 1 cos 1 e? 0 z cos 0 cos 0
8 > > > < > > > : 8 > > > < > > > :

it simply gives Snell's law of refraction, 0 sin 0 = 1 sin 1. The following notations are used in (1) and (2): = j!p , = = , = r 0 ? j ! . There are 4 unknowns in (1) and (2); they are: the re ection coe cient ?, the transmission coe cient , and the coe cients A and B . By forcing both the electric and magnetic elds to be continuous across the z = d boundary, we can obtain the following expressions for A and B 1 0 A = 2 e? 0d cos 0 e+ 1 d cos 1 cos (3) + cos 1 0 0? 1 : (4) B = 2 e? 0d cos 0 e? 1 d cos 1 cos cos 1 0 Next, we set the electric eld continuous across the z = 0 boundary to obtain a relationship between ? and . cos 1 1 + ? = (A + B ) cos (5) 0 1 cos 1 sinh( d cos ) = e? 0 d cos 0 cosh( 1d cos 1) + 0 1 1 cos 0 If there were no metallic patches at z = 0, we could set the magnetic eld continuous across the z = 0 boundary, and nd a unique expression for ?. However, because the magnetic eld is not continuous across the z = 0 boundary, we use the conservation of energy j?j2 + j j2 = 1 ? e (6) as the fourth equation to eliminate and get a solution for ?. The term e in (6) refers to power that is lost from the re ection and transmission modes. The lost power can go into higher order Floquet modes (if they propagate), cross polarization (TE polarization in this case), dissipation in the dielectric, or dissipation by lossy metals. Because (6) is non-linear, ? will not have a unique solution, but rather a solution space. In order to obtain a unique solution, numerical methods must be employed. By eliminating from (5) and (6), we obtain the following result in term of the real and imaginary parts of ?. 1 2 =m ?]2 = w 2 1 ? w + 1 e (7) <e ?] + w + 1 w+1 w
q ! !

e? 0 z cos 0 ? ?e+ 0 z cos 0 Hy = 11 Ae? 1z cos 1 ? Be+ 1z cos 1 (2) 1 e? 0 z cos 0 0 The propagation in the x direction has not been included in (1) and (2) because
1
0

d z z<0 0<z d d z

and < signs) z 0 0 z d

(1)

where the weighting factor, w, is

w=

e? 0 d cos

cosh( 1d cos 1) +

1 cos 1 sinh( d cos ) 1 1 0 cos 0

(8)

Equation (7) is an equation for a circle. Figure 2 shows sample plots of circles in the complex plane for di erent values of w and no loss (e = 0). It is evident that the right hand side of (7) cannot be negative. Therefore, the maximum loss in the system can only occur when emax = ww +1 (w is real and positive). III. EXAMPLE For the case of no dielectric substrate (d = 0 or 1 = 0), the weighting factor, w, reduces to w = 1 for all frequencies, angles of incidents, and polarizations (TE and TM results are identical when d = 0 or 1 = 0). 1 centered at ?:5 + j 0. As shown in gure 2, w = 1 is a circle of radius 2 Figure 3 shows a periodic surface with no substrate that has previously been analyzed in 3]. We have written a computer program using the analysis in 2] to numerically nd the re ection coe cient, ?, of a periodic surface. The magnitude of ?, as a function of frequency, is shown in gure 4 for normal incidence, with the electric eld polarized along the length of the patches. The results of gure 4 agree very well with the results of gure 2.5 in 3]. Figure 5 shows ? in the complex plane superimposed on graphs of circles of w = 1 and variable e (emax = 50%). As can be seen in gure 5, at low frequencies, ? traverses a circle of radius 1 2 centered at ?:5+ j 0. At 19.72 GHz, grating lobes begin to propagate. Since we are modeling a perfect conductor, there is no ohmic loss. Therefore, any loss must be due to propagating grating lobes (since the induced current is mostly along the length of the patch, the scattering in the horizontal polarization is negligible) . Figure 5 thus simultaneously provides two pieces of information: the magnitude of ? (the distance from 0 + j 0 to ?), and the amount of loss (loss = 1 2 2 (1 ? 4r ), where r is the distance from ?:5 + j 0 to ?). IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, constraining equations for the re ection coe cient of any arbitrary periodic surface of in nitesimal thickness have been presented. These constraints can help verify accuracy of numerical results and give further insight into FSS. The constraints show that there is a theoretical limit on the amount of energy that can be lost. The analysis presented can be extended to any number of substrates and superstrates, but it cannot be extended to multiple periodic surfaces.

References

1] T. K. Wu, Frequency Selective Surface and Grid Array. John Wiley, New York, NY, 1995. 2] J. P. Montgomery, IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat., AP-23:70{75, 1975. 3] C. Scott, The Spectral Domain Method in Electromagnetics. Artec House, Norwood, MA, 1989.

X Y
Infinitesimally Thin Metallic Patches

X Z

A
1

E0 = 1 m
V

B
1 0

0 , 0 z=0

1 , 1 ,

0 , 0 z=d

Figure 1a: x-y cross section of an arbitrary FSS.

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 m() 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -1.0 -0.6 -0.2 0.2 e() 0.6 1.0
w=
w=
w
w

Figure 1b: x-z cross section of an arbitrary FSS.

.76

w
=

0 5.

w=

0 2.

1.0

0.6 0.4

Figure 2: Constant w circles in the complex plane

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 5 10 15 20 Frequency (GHz) 25 30

0.2

1.35

1.52

.254

Figure 3: FSS geometry from 3]. Dimensions are in cm.

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 m() 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -1.0

20

Magnitude of Reflection Coefficient

15

0 1 % 20 0% 25 3 % 0% 40% 45%

ss Lo oss L oss L ss Lo ss Lo ss Lo

10
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 e()

5
-0.2 0.0

Figure 4: ? for FSS of gure 3, TEM Incidence

j j

Figure 5: ? in the complex plane for FSS of gure 3, TEM Incidence. 5 GHz intervals are denoted by a star.