4.

2 HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR MODEL- SLIGHTLY COMPRESSIBLE LIQUIDS The basic of well-test analysis techniques for homogeneous-acting reservoir is the line-source (Eifuntion) solution to the diffusivity equation. The relationship between bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP), Pwf and the formation and well characteristics for a well producing a slightly compressible liquid at a constant rate is

4.1 If we change from natural logarithms to base 10 logarithms and simplify, we can rewrite Eq. 4.1 in a more familiar form,

..(4.2) Where the skin factor,s, is used to quantify either formation or stimulation. Skin affects are discussed later. 4.2.1 ANALYSIS OF CONSTANT-RATE FLOW TESTS Eq. 4.2 describes the variation of the wellbore pressure with time when a well is produced at constant rate. Production at a constant rate can be considered a pressure-drawdown or-flow test. Comparing Eq. 4.2 whit the equation of a straight line, y=mx+b, suggests an analysis technique in which the following term are analogous:

(4.3) These analogies indicate that a plot of Pwf Vs. log t will exhibit a straight line from whitch the slope, m, allows us to estimate k and s. fig. 4.1 is an example semilog graph of constant-rate flow test date. The slope of the line, m, is the difference between the pressure, Pwf and Pwf,, one log cycle apart, or m=Pwf,-Pwf,. For single-phase flow, the formation permeability in the drainage area of the well is computed from

Where the absolute value of m is used rearranging Eq.4.2 and combining with Eq. 4.3 gives. For convenience, we set the time, t, equal to 1hour, and use the symbol P1hr for the BHFP AT THIS TIME. NOTE THAT p1HR necessarily lies on the semilog straight line substituting these into Eq. 4.4 yields

In summary, from the straight line predicted by theory for a plot of constant-rate flow test data on semilog graph paper, we can estimate k and s.

4.2.2 ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE-BUILDUP TESTS AN EQUATION MODELING A PRESSURE-BUILDUP TEST CAN BE developed by use of superposition in time. In term of the line sourcesolution given by Eq. 4.2, the bottomhole pressure (BHP) for the rate history shown in fig. 4.2 is

Where = shut-in BHP,

= DURATION OF THE CONSTANT-RATE PRODUCTION PERIOD BEFORE SHUT-IN, AND

= DURATION OF THE SHUT-IN PERIOD IF WE COMBINE TERM AND SIMPLIFY, Eq 4.6 can be rewrite as

Comparing eq. 4.7 to the equation of straight line, y=mx+b, gives

This suggests that a plot of shut-it BHP, Pws from a buildup test as a function of the log of the horner time ratio function,(tp+t)/ t, will exhibit a straight line with slope m. The slope is the difference between two values of pressure, Pws+1 and Pws, 2 one log cycle apart. To calculate permeability, we use the absolute value of the slope, or

From the semilog, the original reservoir pressure, Pi, is estimated by extrapolating the straight line to infinite shut-in time where original reservoir pressure. fig.4.3 illustrates calculation of the slope and

We also can solve for the skin factor, s, from a pressure-buildup test. At the instant a well is shutin, the BHFP IS

COMBINING Eqs. 4.7.4., and 4.9, we can derive an expression for the skin factor

where m=slope of the semilog straight line. Setting t= I hour, introducing the symbol P1hr for Pws at t=1 hour on the semilog line, and neglecting the term log gives

Where of Pws vs log

at the instant of shut-in.in summary, using information obtained from a plot we can estimate k,pPb and s

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