Conductivity-Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is the reciprocal of electrical resistivity, and

measures a material's ability to conduct an electric current. It is commonly represented by the Greek letter (sigma), but (kappa) (especially in electrical engineering) or (gamma) are also occasionally used. Its SI unit 1 1 is siemens per metre (Sm ) andCGSE unit is reciprocal second (s ). Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electric charge. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter (rho). The SI unit [1][2][3] of electrical resistivity is the ohmmetre (m) although other units like ohmcentimetre (cm) are also in use. As an example, if a 1m1m1m solid cube of material has sheet contacts on two opposite faces, and the resistance between these contacts is 1, then the resistivity of the material is 1 m.

Wire up an electromagnetic buzzer between your DC source and the AC load. The buzzer is an electromagnet for current reversal and also works as a chopper.

This method is more complicated than the first but will do the same job if you do not have an electromagnetic buzzer handy.

Wire up the relay so that the coil is in series with the normally closed terminal on the relay. This is effectively how an electromagnetic buzzer works. It may be necessary to wire a capacitor (approx 100uF) across the coil terminals to reduce the frequency or else it may not work. This circuit is useful where either low voltage low current AC is required or can be wired up to the primary of a step up transformer to produce high voltage.