Funke Gerber Catalog

LABORATORY
CATALOGUE
for milk analysis
3 Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
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The nome Funke-0erber slonds for innovolive chemicol milk onolysis combined
wilh quolily, conlinuily ond reliobilily. Thousonds of inslrumenls inslolled oll over
lhe world, used doily by loborolory speciolisls, confirm our excellenl repulolion,
o repulolion lhol hos been slrenglhened by longlime lrusl ond cooperolion be-
lween us ond our business porlners. Furlhermore, Funke-0erber is considered
lo be o relioble business porlner ond supplier of loborolory equipmenl who offers
o very good price-performonce rolio. Wilh pride ond solisfoclion we look bock on
our more lhon cenlury-long performonce.
n lhis newly revised colologue, would in porliculor like lo poinl oul our new
producls LocloFlosh ond LocloSlor. 0f course, oll olher equipmenl is olso
up-lo-dole. ls you know from previous colologues, ediloriol conlribulions moke
up o lorge porl of our publicolions. We ore hoppy lhol we hove been oble lo ex-
pond lhis imporlonl seclion wilh oddilionol conlribulions from highly compelenl
oulhors.
0ur slondord producl ronge covers lhe enlire ronge of chemicol milk onolysis.
Should you hove ony speciol requiremenls lhol go beyond our producl ronge,
pleose do nol hesilole lo opprooch us wilh your respeclive inquiries. We will
promplly respond by submilling on ollroclive quole.
We look forward to working with you!
Sc~ee:, CE0
// Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
Preface 3
Funke - Dr. N. 6erber, traditicn, prcgress, ccntinuity
5ampIing and sampIing preparaticn 9
Butyrcmetric determinaticn cf fat ccntent acccrding tc Dr. N. 6erber`s metbcd 13
A detailed description by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel
Butyrcmetric determinaticn cf tbe fat ccntent cf varicus dairy prcducts 20
Determination of fat content in cream, ice cream, cheese, butter, milk powder, etc.
Determinaticn cf fat ccntent Ibutyrcmeter! 2
The butyrometer an overview of the entire product spectrum
Determinaticn cf fat ccntent Iaccesscries! 30
Implements and utensils used in the determination of fat content
Lactc5tar - LactcFIasb 3
Centrifuge accesscries
Tbe Ncva 5afety bencb centrifuge 7
HiIk centrifuges 8
Some important points about the acquisition
and operation of a Gerber centrifuge
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, reports
Tbe 5uperaric-N muItipurpcse centrifuge 52
Water batbs 53
KjeIdabI`s nitrcgen determinaticn metbcd 5
Anna Politis, graduate engineer, reports
Equipment and accesscries fcr KjeIdabI`s prctein determinaticn metbcd 1
pR measurement, cperaticn and maintenance cf tbe pR meter 3
Equipment and accesscries fcr tbe measurement cf pR vaIue 5
Titraticn instruments l determinaticn cf acidity 8
5ediment tester 70
Filter papers, Sedilab, Aspilac, etc.
Estimaticn cf bacteria ccunt 71
6eneraI Iabcratcry equipment 72
Butter melting beaker, testing spoon, spatula, aluminium foil, crystalline quartz sand,
Bunsen burner, separating funnel, thin layer chromatography, etc.
Pefractcmeters 75
Hcisture measurement 7
Labcratcry scaIes 79
Reating cabinets, incubatcrs, refrigerated incubatcrs, Iabcratcry furnaces 80
isccsity measurement, inbibitcr detecticn 81
Densitcmetry l bydrcmeters 82
Tbermcmeters, mcisture measuring devices 8
Freezing pcint measurement 90
One of the main focuses of Funke - Dr. N. Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician
Cryc5tar I, Cryc5tarautcmatic and accesscries 9
CONTENTS
5cIubiIity index mixer, jcIting vcIumeter 100
Reating and mastitis detecticn 101
Labcratcry utensiIs 102
Labcratcry equipment 10
ColonyStar bacteria counter, autoclaves, incubators, magnetic stirrers, photometers,
microscopes, water distillation apparatuses, water baths
Tbe use cf reference materiaI in tbe Iabcratcry 112
Dr. Ulrich Leist, DRRR GmbH, reports
Labcratcry gIassware 120
Labcratcry appIiances 12
AIpbabeticaI index 132
Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
TRADITION
PROGRESS
CONTINUITY
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Partners in dairy farming since 1904
Since 1O/, Funke-0erber hos been on imporlonl
ployer in doiry forming, bolh ol home ond obrood.
The produclion of loborolory equipmenl for lhe
lesling of milk ond foodsluffs is omong ils crowning
ochievemenls.
The monufoclure of cenlrifuges logelher wilh bulyro-
melers ond olher opplionces for lhe delerminolion
of fol conlenl occording lo Dr. N. 0erber`s melhod
conlinues lo be cenlrol lo our business oclivily.
lbove ond beyond lhis clossicol field, lhe compony
develops ond produces modern eleclronic devices
for milk onolysis.

The opplionces of lhe Cyrc5tar line for lhe delermi-
nolion of freezing poinls ore highly regorded on occounl
of lheir precision ond reliobilily ond hove been in use
in mony doiries ond inslilules for yeors.

l new ero in rouline loborolory onolysis hos begun
wilh lhe new Lactc5tar" ond LactcFIasb"
opplionces.
Know how ond conlinuous developmenl moke
Funke-0erber on imporlonl ployer in doiry forming.
Decodes of cooperolion ond lrusl hove given our
compony, in ossociolion wilh our numerous business
porlners who represenl Funke-0erber in lheir coun-
lries, lhe necessory globol presence lo ensure lhe
provision of producls lo our cuslomers.
Since 1O/, lhe nome Funke-0erber hos slood
for quolily, reliobilily ond conlinuily.
PRODUCTS:
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Founded: 1904
Managing director:
Graduate engineer Konrad Schaefer
Authorised signatory:
graduate economist Georg Hoernle
Tbe ccmpany deveIcps, manufactures and markets
tbe fcIIcwing equipment and accesscries wcrIdwide:
lll equipmenl ond occessories for lhe Gerber method of determining
fat content. centrifuges, water batbs, reading Iamps, butyrcmeters
,Cryc5tar freezing poinl delerminolion unils
,Lactc5tar ond ,LactcFIasb milk onolysis devices
pR meters
0enerol loborolory equipmenl
Turnkey instaIIaticn cr tbe design cf ccmpIete Iabcratcries in tbe
fcIIcwing speciaI heIds:
- The milk-processing induslry
- Doiries, milk colleclion cenlres
- 0heese doiries, buller works, ice-creom,
condensed milk ond powdered milk foclories
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Funke-Dr.N.Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
Ringstrae 42
12105 Berlin
Telephone: (+49-30) 702 006-0
Fax: (+49-30) 702 006-66
E-mail: kontakt@funke-gerber.de
Website: www.funke-gerber.de
ACTIVITES:
3021
3031
3035
3040
3011
3000
3001
3003
3004
3007
3008
3010
3030
3034
3033
o
1
L
1
1
HiIk stirrer
sl~i:ess slee, e:o:~leo ois,
0 1oO ::, O :: o:q
Dipper
~u:i:iu: wil soul, ~:oe ~:ox O c: o:q
125 mI
o
= oZ ::,
Z
= /O ::,
1
= 8 ::, L
1
= o ::, o
1
= /o ::
250 mI
o
= oZO ::,
Z
= /O ::,
1
= 8O ::, L
1
= o ::, o
1
= o ::
5cccp
sl~i:ess slee
130 mI = oO ::, i::e: scoo 0 = ' ::
250 mI = /o ::, i::e: scoo 0 = ' ::
50 mI = /8O ::, i::e: scoo 0 = 118 ::
HiIk sampIe bcttIe
8O :, PE wiloul :el~ Lollo:
eq o: ~:l :o o1O, ooOl
o: c~ see ~:l :o oO/ol
HiIk sampIer
sl~i:ess slee,
wil v~ve o: ~ulo:~lic o:~i:~qe
1 mI
o
= o ::,
Z
= o/o ::,
1
= oZ ::, L
1
= o1 ::, o
1
= 1O ::
2 mI
o
= /O ::,
Z
= o ::,
1
= O ::, L
1
= o ::, o
1
= 1O ::
5 mI
o
= Z'O ::,
Z
= Zo ::,
1
= ::, L
1
= o1 ::, o
1
= 1/ ::
10 mI
o
= oO ::,
Z
= Zo ::,
1
= O ::, L
1
= o1 ::, o
1
= 18 ::
20 mI
o
= o1 ::,
Z
= Z/O ::,
1
= ::, L
1
= o ::, o
1
= oO ::
0 mI
o
= oo ::,
Z
= Zo ::,
1
= 1OO ::, L
1
= oZ ::, o
1
= Z8 ::
50 mI
o
= oo ::,
Z
= Z/O ::,
1
= 1Z ::, L
1
= oZ ::, o
1
= Z8 ::
100 mI
o
= oO ::,
Z
= Zo ::,
1
= 1oO ::, L
1
= oZ ::, o
1
= o8 ::
1O
3080
3091
3122
3042
3050
3041
3121
3120
3043
b
2
b
1
l
3
l
2
l
1
CIeaning brusb
o: ~:l :o oO/O, oO/1, oool
e:ql. oOO ::
Wire cradIe
~slicco~leo wi:e, o: O Lolles,

e~c O : o: ~:l :o oO/1l
Cbeese trier
c:o:e:ice slee, wil ~slic ~:oe
1
= 1Z ::,
Z
= oO ::,
o
= 1'O ::, L
1
= 8 ::, L
Z
= 1o, ::
1
= 1/O ::,
Z
= /8 ::,
o
= ZO ::, L
1
= 8O ::, L
Z
= 1', ::
1
= 1O ::,
Z
= ::,
o
= ZZ ::, L
1
= 8O ::, L
Z
= Z1 ::
HiIk sampIe bcttIe
50 mI, PP wil :el~ Lollo: eq o: ~:l :o o1O, ooOl
5tcpper wil q:oove o: ~:l :o oO/1l
Cap o: ~:l :o oO/Ol
Pubber stcpper
o: seci~ souLiily i:oex luLes ~:l :o ooo
1' x Z/ x Z ::
11
3125
3130
3131
3140
3124
3139
3141
3142
3143
3144
b
2
b
1
l
3
l
2
l
1
HiIk pcwder ccIIectcr
sl~i:ess slee o: ~:ox ZoO :,

exle:io: ~:ox 0 = Z8 ::, i e:ql = o ::
Butter trier
c:o:e:ice slee, wil :el~ ~:oe
o
= o/o ::,
Z
= o ::,
1
= Z ::, L
1
= 8Z ::, L
Z
= Zo ::
o
= /1O ::,
Z
= ::,
1
= oZO ::, L
1
= 8O ::, L
Z
= ZZ ::
BagHixer 00 witbcut windcw
c~~cily. 8O /OO :, ZoO \/O .
1 q, /OO x ZO x ZoO ::
Cbeese trier
1OO% sl~i:ess slee
1
= 1Z ::,
Z
= /O ::,
o
= 1o ::, L
1
= o ::, L
Z
= 1 ::
BagHixer 00 witb windcw
c~~cily. 8O /OO :, ZoO \/O .

1 q, /OO x ZO x ZoO ::
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Accessories for BagMixer 400
BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION
OF FAT CONTENT ACCORDING
TO GERBERS METHOD
by graduate chemist Alfred Toepel
Duly:o:ele: LuL
Equ~isi:q l~: o: ~i:
we: selli:q le ~l cou::
o: le Luly:o:ele: sc~e
Duly:o:ele: sc~e
Dooy o Luly:o:ele:
wil suu:ic ~cio
:ixlu:e
Duly:o:ele: :ec
wil oe:i:q
Co:ic~ :uLLe: sloe:
lo se~ o ~:o
sel ~l cou::
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id<ZgWZghbZi]dY
M~:i:q Poi:l
Re~oo oi:l
= owe: :e:iscus
o ~l cou::
F~l cou:: i:oic~li:q le ~l
co:le:l o le :i lesleo
The bulyromelric delerminolion of fol conlenl in milk wos developed by Dr. N. 6erber
in 182 ond incorporoled inlo officiol regulolions os o sulphuric ocid process in 135.
The ropid lesling melhod oppeors bolh in 0ermon slondords le.g. DN 1O/7I ond in-
lernolionol slondords le.g. S0 2//I.
Delerminolion of fol conlenl occording lo 0erber is o ropid lesling melhod ond is slill
used lodoy despile lhe inlroduclion of oulomoled melhods for delermining fol con-
lenl in doiry loborolories. The odvonloges of lhe 0erber melhod over modern ropid
lesling melhods ore.

0mission of lhe need for lime-consuming colibrolion of lhe meosuring gouge,
Relolively low inveslmenl cosls ond hence low cosls in performing quick lesls
on individuol somples,
l con be used on oll lypes of milk.
The disodvonloge is lhe use of very corrosive, concenlroled sulphuric ocid, which
necessiloles lhe observolion of speciol precoulions ond lhe disposol of lhe sulphuric
ocid mixlure in on environmenlolly suiloble woy.
PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD
0roduole chemisl llfred Toepel slorled lecluring
ol lhe School of Doiry Forming in Holberslodl in
1O. n 12 he look over lhe Deporlmenl
of Troining in 0ronienburg.
He is olso oulhor of lhe lexlbook The 0hemislry
ond Physics of Milk.
The delerminolion of fol conlenl occording lo 0erber in-
volves running off lhe fol inlo o speciol meosuring vessel, lhe
bulyromeler, ond delermining ils volume os o percenloge
by moss. The fol is presenl in lhe milk in lhe form of smoll
globules of vorious diomelers, from O.1 lo 1O micromelers.
The globules of fol form o consislenl emulsion wilh lhe milk
liquid. lll globules of fol ore surrounded by o proleclive cool-
ing, o fol globule membrone which is mode up of phospholip-
ids, o fol globule cool prolein ond hydrole woler. This prolein
cooling lhe fol globules prevenls lhem from coolescing ond
slobilizes lhe emulsifed slole.
n order lo complelely isolole lhe fol, lhe proleclion cool-
ing oround lhe fol globules musl be deslroyed. This is done
wilh concenlroled sulphuric ocid of O-1 % by moss. The
sulphuric ocid oxidizes ond hydrolyzes lhe orgonic com-
ponenls in lhe proleclive cooling oround lhe fol globules,
lhe locloprolein froclions ond lhe loclose. This produces o
high heol of reoclion in oddilion lo lhe heol of dissolulion.
The bulyromeler gels quile hol. The oxidolion producls lurn
lhe resulling solulion brown. The releosed fol is lhen iso-
loled by cenlrifuging, whereby lhe oddilion of omyl olcohol
focililoles phose seporolion ond o shorp delineolion is pro-
duced belween lhe fol ond lhe ocid solulion. The fol conlenl
of lhe milk con be reod off os o moss percenl conlenl on lhe
bulyromeler scole.
APPLICATION
This process con be used for unlreoled ond posleurized milk wilh o fol conlenl of O-1 % for milk which conloins o suiloble
preservolive os well os for homogenized milk.
1/ Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
CHEMICALS NEEDED
5uIpburic acid, R
2
50
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Densily ol 2O0
l1,818 O,OO3I g per ml
-1
colourless or only slightly
discoloured and free from
any substances which might
influence the outcome
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The required density corresponds to 90 to 91 % by mass. Stronger or weaker
concentrations are to be avoided. At 65C, more highly concentrated sulphuric acid
attacks the amyl alcohol, producing olefins through dehydration which influence the
result. Weaker concentrations reduce the oxidization effect. Destruction of the fat
globule coating is incomplete which can lead to the formation of lumps.
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02 R 35
S 2 - 2 - 3O
AmyI aIccbcI
For lhe delerminolion of fol conlenl occording lo 0erber`s melhod
An isomer mixture of 2-methylbutane-1-ol and 3-methylbutance-1-ol
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The isomers of amyl alcohol have different boiling points: 2-methylbutane-1-ol
at 128C and 3-methylbutane-1-ol at 132C.
Of the 8 known isomers of amyl alcohol, only this mixture is suitable for the
Gerber method.
Contamination with other isomers of amyl alcohol, particularly with the
tertiary amyl alcohol 2-methylbutane-2-ol, produces false results.
The obtained fat content result is too high.
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Densily bei 2O0
lO,811 O,OO3I g ml
-1
Boiling boundary: 98 % (by volume)
has to distil at between 128C and
132C at 1 bar.
The amyl alcohol must not contain
any substances which could
influence the result.
A substitute for amyl alcohol can
be used provided that it will bring
about the same test results as
would be achieved with amyl
alcohol.
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Xn R 1O-2O
S 2//25
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15 15 Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
&#8Va^WgViZYWjingdbZiZglî]hjîVWaZhideeZg^cVXXdgYVcXZlî]
9>C&'-(+"6)!9>C&'-(+"6+!9>C&'-(+"6-!9>C"&'-(+"6*
'#Pipette DN 1O283-p fcr miIk or pipette DN 12837-l for milk
(#Pipette DN 12837-B or 1O ml measuring tap for suIpburic acid
)#Pipette DN 12837-0 fcr 1 mI amyI aIccbcI
*#Centrifuge fcr determining fat ccntent in miIk, heoloble, wilh rpm counler.
When used under o full lood, lhis cenlrifuge musl be copoble of producing o
cenlrifugol force of l35O 5OI g on lhe inside of lhe bulyromeler slopper wilhin
2 minules ol lhe mosl. Wilh o rololion rodius of e.g. l2 O,5I cm up lo lhe inside of
lhe bulyromeler slopper, which is lhe dislonce belween lhe poinl of lorque ond lhe
bulyromeler slopper, lhis cenlrifugol occelerolion is reoched ol o rololion speed
of l11OO 8OI min-1.
+#IZbeZg^c\YZk^XZh[dgWjingdbZiZgh! e.g. o l5 2I0 woler bolh
Wilh o heoled cenlrifuge, o cenlrifuge bushing con be used lo olloch lhe bulyromeler
inlo lhe woler bolh. The reod-off lemperolure musl be l5 2I0.
PREPARATION OF THE TEST SPECIMEN
The milk in lhe specimen bollle is heoled up lo 2O0 ond lhoroughly mixed lhrough
genlle shoking. This is done lo bring oboul on even dislribulion of fol ond lo prevenl
frolhing ond lhe formolion of buller.
Milk fat is lighter than water and creams if it is left standing. A fat-rich layer accumu-
lates on the surface. Stirring and careful shaking restore the original distribution.
f lhe loyer of creom connol be evenly dislribuled in lhis woy, lhe milk should be slowly
heoled lo 35-/O0 ond genlly swirled oround unlil o homogenous fol dislribulion is
ochieved. The milk is lhen cooled lo 2O0 before being drown inlo lhe pipelle.
Foam breaks the fat globule coating. The milk may begin to turn into butter when stirred
and uniform distribution of fat is no longer possible.
The fat liquees at 35-40 and the distribution process is speeded up.
lfler lhe lemperolure hos been sel, lhe milk con slond for 3 lo / minules lo ollow ony
pockels of oir lo disperse.
The volumeters are calibrated at 20C. Any variations in temperature will inuence the
volume. Air pockets reduce the density and hence the mass of milk measured.
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
CONDUCTING A TEST = WORK PROCEDURES
The some milk specimen musl be lesled lwice.
1. Ploce 2 bulyromelers inlo o clomp lbulyromeler slondI.
Wilh lhe oid of o meosuring lop, inlroduce 1O ml of sulphuric ocid
inlo lhe bulyromeler wilhoul welling lhe neck of lhe bulyromeler
lsee Fig. 1I.
2. 0orefully lurn lhe bollle wilh lhe milk specimen upside down
lhree or four limes. Then immediolely pipelle 1O.75 ml of milk
inlo lhe bulyromeler in such o woy lhol lhe bulyromeler neck
does nol gel wel ond lhe milk does nol mix wilh lhe sulphuric
ocid. To do so, leon lhe lip of lhe pipelle lolerolly os deeply
os possible ogoinsl lhe woll of lhe bulyromeler so lhol lhe milk
forms o loyer on lop of lhe sulphuric ocid lsee Fig. 2I.
When the Gerber method was rst introduced, 11.0 ml of milk were used.
By reducing the quantity of milk 10.75 ml, the determined fat content more
closely matches the results of the reference method. If the butyrometer
neck is wetted with milk, residues may cling to it.
A clear dividing line between the acid and the milk, without a brownish-
coloured edge, is the sign of good layering.
3. 1 ml of omyl olcohol is pipelled onlo lhe milk, or inlroduced by
meons of o meosuring lop.
Due to the low density of amyl alcohol, the two liquids do not mix.
/. The bulyromeler is seoled wilh o slopper wilhoul mixing lhe
liquids.
As a rule, the lower end of the stopper comes into contact with the liquid.
5. The bulyromeler is ploced in lhe bulyromeler lube wilh lhe bulb
poinling downwords. Shoke lhe bulyromeler vigorously unlil lhe
lwo liquids ore lhoroughly mixed. Keep your lhumb frmly pressed
down on lhe bulyromeler slopper while doing so. Turn lhe buly-
romeler up ond down severol limes in order lo enoble lhe sulphu-
ric ocid remoining in lhe bulb lo disperse lsee Fig. 3I.
When the liquids are mixed, a consid-
erable amount of heat is given off. The
gas built up in this way can cause the
stopper to shoot out, or the butyrometer
to break.
The butyrometer tube is used as
a safety precaution. Instead of using a
butyrometer tube, the butyrometer can
be wrapped in a cloth.
Too lax shaking of the butyrometer or
holding it unnecessarily in a slanted
position inhibits quick mixing and
therefore the rapid oxidation of the en-
tire specimen, thus ruining the careful
work done layering the liquid.
Fiq 1 P:oleclive q~sses ~:o :uLLe: qoves :usl Le wo::
we: ~:oi:q suu:ic ~cio
Fig. 2 10.75 mI cf miIk are pipetted intc tbe butyrc-
meter
Fiq o
Te Luly:o:ele: is s~e: i: le
luLe :oleclive qoqqes ~:o
:uLLe: qoves :usl Le wo::l

Fiq Te Luly:o:ele:s ~:e L:ouql lo le ex~cl :e~oi:q
le:e:~lu:e i: ~ w~le: L~l
Fiq / Fii:q le ce:l:iuqe
Fiq o Me~su:eo v~ues c~: Le :ei~Ly ~:o ~ccu:~ley :e~o
o wil le ~io o ~ s~ely :e~oi:q ~:
. mmediolely ofler lhe mixlure hos been shoken ond lurned upside
down o few limes, lhe bulyromelers, slill hol ond wilh lhe slop-
pers poinling downwords, ore ploced in buckels inside lhe heoled
0erber cenlrifuge lsee Fig. /I, whereby lhe bulyromelers musl be
ploced exoclly opposile eoch olher.
Beforehond, lhe column of fol should be sel ol lhe heighl of lhe
expecled level of fol conlenl by lurning lhe slopper.
lfler selling lhe lime on lhe cenlrifuge, lhe cenlrifuge is slorled.
lfler reoching o cenlrifugol force of l35O 5OI g, which is reoched
os o rule ofler 1 minule, lhe corresponding speed of l11OO 5OI rpm
should be moinloined for / minules.
The cenlrifuge musl be flled wilh on inlerlocking lid. lfler lhe lime
sel for lhe cenlrifuge hos been reoched, lhe rolor broke is oulomoli-
colly opplied.
7. The bulyromelers ore now removed from lhe cenlrifuge, loking
core nol lo lill lhem, ond ore ploced wilh lhe sloppers focing down-
words for 5 minules in o woler bolh heoled lo 50 lsee Fig. 5I.
It is important to maintain an exact temperature so as to obtain accurate
results. Only a read-off at 65C will ensure an exact result. If the
temperature is too low, the volume of the column is reduced and a fat
content reading that is too low will be indicated.
8. lfler removing lhe bulyromeler from lhe woler bolh, il should be held verlicolly
ol o heighl where lhe meniscus of lhe column of fol is ol eye level. Wilh lhe help
of lhe slopper, mork lhe demorcolion line belween lhe residuol mixlure ond fol
on o whole subdivision of lhe bulyromeler scole ond reod off lhe heighl of lhe
fol column ol lhe lowesl poinl of lhe meniscus. f lhe reoding lokes loo long, lhe
bulyromeler musl be ploced bock inlo lhe woler bolh lsee Figs. ond 7I.
f lhe meniscus of lhe fol column is nol ol eye level, o porollox error resulls.
The resull should be reod off lo holf o scole poinl, i.e. lo O.O5 %. l is nol possible lo
obloin o more occurole resull wilh whole milk bulyromelers. f lhe meniscus louches
lhe groduolion mork, lhen lhe resull is lo be recorded os such lFig. 7oI.
f lhe meniscus inlersecls lhe groduolion mork, lhen lhe lower volue is loken
lFig. 7bI.
The difference belween lhe reodings from lhe lwo bulyromelers musl nol be greoler
lhon O.1O %, i.e. lhe reproducibilily omounls lo O.1O %.
When recording lhe resull, you musl odd lhe nole fol conlenl occording lo lhe 0erber
melhod.
f lhe lwo specimens differ by O.1 %, lhe meon volue of bolh reodings is loken.
Specimen 1. /.2O % l Specimen 2. /.3O % l Resull. /.25 % fol conlenl
However, if lhe lwo reodings ore /.2O % ond /.25 % fol conlenl, lhe lower volue of
/.2O % is recorded - on lhe principle lhol il is beller lo err on lhe side of coulion.
/,O%
o,'%
o,8%
/,O%
o,'%
o,8%
Fiq ~. /,O% :e~oi:q Fiq L. o,'% :e~oi:q
RESULT AND DEGREE OF ACCURACY
Me:iscus Eye
Fiq
Treoled milk is homogenized lo ovoid creoming. This involves reducing lhe differenl-
sized fol globules lo o neorly equol diomeler of 1 lo 2 micromelers. This considerobly
decreoses lhe seporoling effecl of lhe cenlrifuging process. n order lo complelely
seporole off lhe releosed fol, lhe specimen musl be cenlrifuged for o longer period
of lime.
Process sleps 1 lo 8 for lhe lesling of non-homogenized milk ore corried oul ond lhe
resull is recorded.
Then, lhe bulyromeler is once ogoin heoled lo 50 in o woler bolh for ol leosl 5 mi-
nules ond subsequenlly cenlrifuged ogoin for 5 minules. The resull is reod off in lhe
some woy os before.
f lhe volue obloined ofler lhe second cenlrifuging is more lhon O.O5 % higher lhon lhe
volue ofler lhe frsl cenlrifuging, lhen lhe reheoling ond cenlrifuging is lo be repeoled
o moximum of lwo limes.
However, if lhis volue hos increosed by only O.O5 % or less wilh respecl lo lhe frsl
volue, lhe highesl lesl volue opplies.
:mVbeaZ/
After the first centrifuging, the two values were read off at 3.55 % and 3.60 %.
After the second centrifuging, the two values were 3.60 % and 3.65 %. The homogenised
milk fat content is stated to be 3.65 %.
Should the difference still be greater than 0.05 % after the two last repetitions, i.e. after
the 3rd and 4th centrifuging, the results of this test are to be discarded.
Determinaticn cf tbe fat ccntent in bcmcgenized miIk acccrding tc 6erber`s metbcd

2O Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
FOREWORD:
1.0 FIELD OF APPLICATION
Delerminolion of fol conlenl in milk ond vorious doiry producls.
2.0 VOLUMES
Unless sloled olherwise, lhe following quonlilies of chemicols ond lesl specimens
ore used.
Sulphuric ocid. 1O.O ml l2O0 - 20I
lmyl olcohol. 1.O ml l2O0 - 20I
Milk or doiry producl. 1O.75 ml l2O0 - 20I
BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE
FAT CONTENT OF VARIOUS DAIRY PRODUCTS
The butyrometric determination of the fat content in milk has been and is
being replaced at a progressive rate by other routine tests (with appliances
such as LactoStar, for instance). However, milk products such as cheese,
ice cream, etc. either cannot be tested with such appliances or can only be
tested after elaborate specimen preparation. For these products, butyro-
metric methods are a good alternative for routine analysis.
3.0 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE
BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF FAT CONTENT:
3.1 ... IN MILK (ACCORDING TO GERBERS METHOD):
Perfeclly cleoned milk bulyromelers, mosl imporlonlly free of fol residues, ore flled
in lhe following order. 1O ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.818 -/- O.OO3 g/mlI, 1O.75 ml
of milk, ond 1 ml of omyl olcohol. The milk ond omyl olcohol ore lo be flled in loyers
so lhol lhey do nol mix before shoking. lfler seoling lhe bulyromeler, lhe conlenls ore
lhoroughly mixed by shoking ond lurning lhe bulyromeler upside down severol limes.
Through coreful od|uslmenl of lhe seoling slopper, lhe conlenls of lhe bulyromeler ore
reguloled in such o woy lhol lhe scole is full bul no liquid enlers lhe bulb. The bulyro-
meler is cenlrifuged in lhe heoled cenlrifuge, ond lhen lempered in o 50 woler bolh for
5 minules. The dividing line belween lhe sulphuric ocid mixlure ond lhe fol column is sel
ol o full scole line ond lhe upper end of lhe fol column is reod off ol lhe lower meniscus.
3.2 ... IN HOMOGENISED MILK
As above, except that the specimens are centrifuged three times, for 5 minutes each time.
In between centrifugings, the butyrometers are heated in a 65C water bath for 5 minutes
(for more detail, see page 19).
3.3 ... IN SKIM MILK AND WHEY
Use of skim milk butyrometers with narrowed scales according to Sichlers method.
Bulyromelers ore cenlrifuged lwice ond ploced in o 50 woler bolh for 5 minules in
belween cenlrifugings.
3.4 ... IN CONDENSED MILK (UNSWEETENED)
The condensed milk is heoled lo 5O0 ond ollowed lo cool ogoin. Then il is mixed wilh
woler in o 1.1 rolio. This dilulion is lhen lesled like milk occording lo 0erber`s melhod.
Fol conlenl = reod-off volue x 2.
3.5 ... IN BUTTERMILK (MOHR AND BAURS MODIFICATION)
The bulyromeler is flled wilh 1O ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.83O -/- O.OO3 g/mlI.
nsleod of 1O.75 ml, 1O ml of bullermilk ond 2.O ml of omyl olcohol ore pipelled in. lfler
seoling, lhe bulyromeler is shoken ond immediolely cenlrifuged for 1O minules. This
prevenls onnoying blockoges. The reoding is loken ofler lempering lhe specimen ol 50
-/- 20. Fol conlenl = reod-off volue x 1.O75.
3.6 ... IN POWDERED MILK ACCORDING TO TEICHERTS METHOD
Use of powdered milk butyrometer according to Teicherts method.
The bulyromeler is flled wilh 1O ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.818 -/- O.OO3 g/mlI. 7.5 ml
of woler ond 1 ml of omyl olcohol ore loyered onlo il. 2.5 g of powdered milk ore weighed in o
weighing bool ond lronsferred inlo lhe bulyromeler lhrough o funnel, using o hoir brush. lf-
ler seoling, lhe bulyromeler is lhoroughly shoken, ond inlermillenlly ploced in o 50 woler
bolh severol limes. l is cenlrifuged lwice, 5 minules eoch lime, in lhe heoled cenlrifuge ond
lhe volue is reod off ofler lhe bulyromeler is ploced in lhe woler bolh for 5 minules.
3.7 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of cream butyrometer according to Roeders method.
5 g of creom ore weighed oul inlo lhe gloss beoker siluoled in lhe slopper ond lronsferred
inlo lhe bulyromeler. Sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.522 -/- O.OO5 g/mlI is poured lhrough lhe
upper opening of lhe bulyromeler unlil il reoches |usl over lhe upper edge of lhe gloss
beoker. lfler seoling, lhe bulyromeler is ploced in o 7O0 woler bolh ond shoken repeol-
edly unlil lhe prolein is complelely dissolved. Sulphuric ocid is poured in unlil il reoches
lhe beginning of lhe scole, 1 ml of omyl olcohol is odded ond lhe bulyromeler is seoled,
shoken, ond ploced in lhe 7O0 woler bolh for onolher 5 minules. Then, il is cenlrifuged
for 5 minules ond lempered in o 50 woler bolh. The reoding is loken ol 50, lhe fol
column od|usled lo lhe zero poinl, lhe volue reod off ol lhe lower meniscus.
3.8 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO SCHULZ-KLEYS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of cream butyrometer according to Schulz-Kleys method.
1O ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.818 -/- O.OO3 g/mlI, 5 ml of woler, co. 5 g of creom
meosured by differenliol weighing using o syringe or weighing pipelle olloched lo lhe
scole, ond 1 ml of omyl olcohol ore successively inlroduced inlo lhe bulyromeler. lfler
seoling, lhe conlenls ore mixed by shoking ond lurning lhe bulyromeler upside down
ond cenlrifuged for 5 minules in lhe heoled cenlrifuge. The volue is reod off ofler 5
minules of lempering in o 50 woler bolh. Nole. do nol ollow more lhon 15 minules
lo poss belween odding lhe woler ond shoking lhe specimen due lo lhe possibilily of
o decreose in lhe heol of reoclion os o resull of lhe oddilion of woler. The dissolulion
process musl be compleled wilhin O seconds.
Fol conlenl = reod-off volue x 5 / creom nel weighl.
3.9 ... IN CREAM ACC. TO KOEHLERS METH. (MEASURING METH.)
Use of cream butyrometer according to Koehlers method.
1O ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.818 -/- O.OO3 g/mlI, 5.O5 ml of creom, 5 ml of woler,
ond 1 ml of omyl olcohol ore poured in lurn inlo lhe creom bulyromeler. When using o
creom syringe, il musl be rinsed severol limes wilh woler before lhe 5 ml of woler ore
inlroduced. The bulyromeler is seoled, shoken, cenlrifuged for 5 minules, ond lhen lhe
volue is reod off ofler lempering lhe specimen in o 50 woler bolh. The volue is reod
off from lhe zero poinl.
3.10 ... IN CHEESE ACC. TO VAN GULIKS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
(see ISO 3433) Use of the cheese butyrometer according to Van Guliks method.
lfler pouring 15 ml of sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.522 -/- O.OO5 g/mlI inlo lhe \on 0u-
lik bulyromeler, closed ol lhe scole end, 3 g l-/- O.2 gI of cheese ore odded by meons
of o weighing bool ond hoir brush, ond lhen lhe fller opening is seoled. Posly cheese
somples musl be weighed oul inlo lhe perforoled gloss beoker which occomponies
lhe \on 0ulik bulyromeler ond inlroduced inlo lhe bulyromeler. The seoled buly-
romeler is ploced in o 7O0 - 8O0 woler bolh wilh lhe scole poinling upwords ond
shoken repeoledly unlil lhe cheese is dissolved. lflerwords, 1 ml of omyl olcohol is
odded, followed by sulphuric ocid unlil il opproximolely reoches lhe 15 % mork of
lhe scole. Then close lhe bulyromeler, mix lhe conlenls, lemper for 5 minules in o
50 woler bolh, od|usl lhe fol column lo lhe zero poinl ond reod off lhe obsolule fol
conlenl. The reoding is loken from lhe lower end of lhe meniscus.
3.11 ... IN ICE CREAM ACC. TO KOEHLERS METH.
(MEASURING METH.)
Use of the ice cream butyrometer according to Koehlers method.
lny icing or rough porlicles le.g. fruil, elc.I musl be removed. The ice creom is
lhoroughly mixed ofler il hos reoched room lemperolure, possible oir pockels con
be olmosl complelely removed by evocuolion.
1O m of sulphuric ocid ldensily. .818 -/- O.OO3 g/mlI, 5 ml of ice creom, 5 ml of
woler, ond 1 ml of omyl olcohol ore inlroduced in lurn inlo lhe ice creom bulyromeler.
When using o syringe, il musl be rinsed severol limes wilh woler before lhe 5 ml
of woler ore inlroduced. Should lhe bulyromeler prove lo nol be suffcienlly full, up
lo 2 ml of woler con be odded. The bulyromeler is seoled, shoken, cenlrifuged for
5 minules, ond, ofler lempering in o 50 woler bolh for 5 minules, lhe volue is loken.
3.12 ... IN ICE CREAM ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of ice cream butyrometer according to Roeders method.
5 g of well-mixed ice creom ore weighed oul inlo lhe gloss beoker siluoled in lhe
slopper ond lronsferred inlo lhe bulyromeler. Sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.522 -/-
O.OO5 g/mlI is poured lhrough lhe upper opening of lhe bulyromeler unlil il reoches
|usl over lhe upper edge of lhe gloss beoker. lfler seoling, lhe bulyromeler is
ploced in o 7O0 woler bolh ond shoken repeoledly unlil lhe prolein is complelely
dissolved. 1 ml of omyl olcohol is odded, ond lhen sulphuric ocid is poured in unlil
il reoches lhe 1O % mork on lhe scole. The bulyromeler is seoled, shoken, ond
ploced in lhe 7O0 woler bolh for on oddilionol 1O minules. During lhis lime, lhe
bulyromeler is shoken ol regulor inlervols. This process is followed by 7 minules of
cenlrifuging ond lempering in o 50 woler bolh. The volue is loken ol 50, lhe fol
column od|usled lo lhe zero poinl. The volue is reod off ol lhe lower meniscus.
3.13 ... IN BUTTER ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of butter butyrometer according to Roeders method.
5 g of buller ore weighed oul inlo lhe gloss beoker siluoled in lhe slopper ond lronsferred
inlo lhe bulyromeler. Sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.522 -/- O.OO5 g/mlI is poured lhrough lhe
upper opening of lhe bulyromeler unlil il reoches |usl over lhe upper edge of lhe gloss
beoker. lfler seoling, lhe bulyromeler is ploced in o 7O0 woler bolh ond shoken repeol-
edly unlil lhe prolein is complelely dissolved. Sulphuric ocid is poured in unlil il reoches
lhe beginning of lhe scole, followed by 1 ml of omyl olcohol. The bulyromeler is seoled,
shoken, ond ploced in lhe 7O0 woler bolh for on oddilionol 1O minules. This process is
followed by 5 minules of cenlrifuging ond opproximolely 5 minules of lempering in o 50
woler bolh. The volue is reod off ol 50 ol lhe lower mensicus.
3.14 ... IN MAYONNAISE ACC. TO ROEDERS METH. (WEIGHING METH.)
Use of butter butyrometer according to Roeders method.
1 g of moyonnoise is weighed oul inlo gloss beoker siluoled in lhe slopper ond lrons-
ferred inlo lhe bulyromeler. Sulphuric ocid ldensily. 1.522 -/- O.OO5 g/mlI is poured
lhrough lhe upper opening of lhe bulyromeler unlil il reoches |usl over lhe upper edge
of lhe gloss beoker. lfler seoling, lhe bulyromeler is ploced in o 7O0 woler bolh for 3O
minules ond shoken repeoledly unlil lhe prolein is complelely dissolved. Sulphuric ocid
is poured in unlil il reoches lhe beginning of lhe scole, followed by 1 ml of omyl olcohol.
The bulyromeler is seoled, shoken, ond ploced in lhe 7O0 woler bolh for on oddilionol
5 minules. This process is followed by 1O minules of cenlrifuging ond opproximolely 5
minules of lempering in o 50 woler bolh. The volue is reod off ol 50 ol lhe lower
meniscus. The reod-off volue is mulliplied by 5 lo obloin lhe correcl fol conlenl.
3.15 BUTYROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE FAT CONTENT OF
MEAT AND SAUSAGE ACC. TO GERBERS METHOD (VAN GULIK)
According to the recommended methodology of Pohja and Associates.
Firslly, lhe perforoled gloss cylinder lcheese beokerI of lhe
cheese bulyromeler is flled inlo lhe bulyromeler slopper
llhis slopper is foshioned wilh o holeI. Then, exoclly 2,5OO g
of lhe homogenised somple is weighed ond inlroduced inlo
lhe gloss cylinder lcheese beokerI. The cheese beoker ond
slopper ore olloched lo lhe body of lhe bulyromeler. 1O ml of
sulphuric ocid, diluled wilh woler in o volume rolio of 1.1, is
poured inlo lhe smoll opening on lhe upper end of lhe buly-
romeler. The smoll opening is seoled wilh lhe smoll compoli-
ble slopper ond ploced in o shoking woler bolh, where il is lefl
ol 50 for opproximolely 3O lo /O minules, unlil oll proleins
ore dissolved. Then, 1 ml of omyl olcohol is pipelled inlo lhe
bulyromeler ond, ofler renewed seoling, is shoken powerful-
ly. lflerwords, sulphuric ocid is odded unlil lhe overoll fuid
level is ol oboul 3O% on lhe scole. Then lhe bulyromeler is
cenlrifuged for 5 minules ol 35O g. Nole. lhe cenlrifuge musl
be looded evenly. .e. one bulyromeler connol be cenlrifuged
olone - lhis leods lo on unbolonce ond lhe risk of gloss breok-
ing. The bulyromelers ore lhen ploced in lhe woler bolh lo
be lempered, i.e. lhe shoking mechonism is lurned off. The
reoding should be loken immediolely ofler lhe specimens
ore loken oul of lhe woler bolh os lhe fol column diminishes
signifconlly ol very smoll lemperolure decreoses, resulling
in loo low fol conlenl reod-off volues. The bulyromelers ore
dimensioned for somples of 3,OOO g, meoning lhol lhe deler-
mined volues ore lo be ossessed ol lhis subslonce omounl
lincreose by 1. %I.
Instruments:
1. Butyrcmeter
0heese bulyromeler occording lo \on 0ulik`s melhod
2. Centrifuge
Milk cenlrifuge wilh on R0F lrelolive cenlrifugol forceI
of 35O g -/- 5O g
le.g. Super\orio-N or Novo SofelyI
3. Water batb
Shoking woler bolh wilh o lemperolure of
50 -/- 20
. Precisicn scaIe
5. AppIiances fcr sampIing preparaticn
l mixer or lhe like is recommended for reducing
or homogenising lhe somple.
CbemicaIs:
1. 5uIpburic acid
Densily of l1,818 -/- O,OO3I g ml-1 ol 2O0, colourless
or only slighlly discoloured ond free from ony subslonces
which mighl infuence lhe oulcome
2. AmyI aIccbcI
Densily of lO,811 -/- O,OO3I g ml
-1
ol 2O0
Prccedure:
BUTYROMETER
The foundolion of lhe 0erber melhod is lhe bulyrome-
ler. The originol bulyromeler wilh lhe rounded neck,
invenled by Dr. N. 0erber, wos developed inlo lhe
well-known fol bulyromeler under lhe monogemenl
of Poul Funke, occomponied by his glossblowers. Whi-
le lhe originol 0erber bulyromeler is hordly employed
onymore, lhe criginaI FUNKE-6EPBEP bulyromelers
wilh lhe follened scole neck ore used olmosl exclusi-
vely. The follened scole neck increoses comforl when
reoding off volues ond improves precision.
These fol bulyromelers ore monufoclured lo slon-
dords of unmolched quolily ond lhe highesl produc-
lion conlrol. Foch individuol bulyromeler is individuol-
ly gouged ond correspondingly scoled. The high level
of precision in selling lhe scole divisions ond volumes
guoronlees exocl lesl resulls.
FUNKE-6EPBEP butyrcmeters ore precision inslru-
menls wilh o follened scole seclion, monufoclured
from ocid-proof gloss lborosilicoleI in complionce
wilh nolionol lDNI ond inlernolionol lS0/DF elc.I
slondords. 0ur over 1OO yeors of produclion expe-
rience ond high ossembly numbers enoble us lo offer
lhe highesl quolily ol low prices. You will fnd o mulli-
lude of differenl bulyromelers for vorious losks in lhe
following poges of lhis colologue.
n 0ermony ond some olher counlries,
bulyromelers musl be offciolly colibro-
led. These bulyromelers ore lobelled
wilh on engroved mork lsee od|ocenl
fgureI. lllhough oll olher bulyrome-
lers ore nol offciolly colibroled, lhey
ore monufoclured in lhe some woy ond meel lhe some
high quolily slondords.
2
3150
3160
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3162
3161
3160-G
Precisicn butyrcmeter
o: o:i:i:q :i ~:o v~l :i, :osleo :e~: sc~e w~,
~ul loe:~:ce OOZ%
O / %. OO ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
HiIk butyrcmeter
O %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O o %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 8 %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O ' %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 1O %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 1Z %. O1 ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 1o %. OZ ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
5kim miIk butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q lo Sice:s :eloo, wil :ou:oeo sc~e
O 1 %. OO1, wil oe: LuL
~ccesso:ies. oZ8O, oZ'Ol
6aaWjingdbZiZghXdbZ^chiVcYVgYeVX`hd[&%#
EaZVhZeaVXZndjgdgYZg^cjcîhd[&%#
~cco:oi:q lo ees :eloo
O / %. OO ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O %. OO ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 1 %. OO1, wil coseo LuL
~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
27
3164
3170
3171
3180
3181
3189
3190
~cco:oi:q lo Sieqeos :eloo
O O %. OOZ ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
Pcwdered miIk butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q loTeice:ls :eloo
O o %. O, ~ccesso:y. oo1Ol
O O %. 1O, ~ccesso:y. oo1Ol
Ice cream and ccndensed miIk butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s weiqi:q :eloo
O o 1Z %. O1, ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
O 1 %. OZ, ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
Cream butyrcmeter
:e~su:i:q :eloo, o: ice c:e~:
O 1 %. OZ ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O ZO %. OZ ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
28
3200
3201
3202
3203
3208
3214
3213
3212
3211
3210
3209
Cream butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q lo oee:s :e~su:i:q :eloo
O oO %. O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O /O %. O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O O %. 1O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O oO %. 1O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O O %. 1O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
O 8O %. 1O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
Cream butyrcmeter
O /O %. O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
O oO %. O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
O O %. O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
O O %. 1O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
Cream butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q lo Scu.eys weiqi:q :eloo
wil coseo LuL
O /O %. O ~ccesso:y. oZ8Ol
2
3220
3230
3240
3250
3252
Butter butyrcmeter
O O 'O %. O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZol
Cbeese butyrcmeter
~cco:oi:q lo \~: 0uis weiqi:q :eloo
O /O %. O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZ1l
Curd butyrcmeter
weiqi:q :eloo
O ZO %. OZ ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZ1l
Fccd butyrcmeter
O 1OO %. 1O ~ccesso:ies. oZ'O, ooOO, ooZOl
Free fat butyrcmeter
o: oele::i:i:q :ee ~l co:le:l i: :i ~:o c:e~:,
co:ele wil sc:ew c~, sc~e OOOZ q
3O
3262
3254
3256
3258
3260
3261
Patent cIcsure N00
o: ~ :e~su:i:q :eloo Luly:o:ele:s
Babccck bcttIe
wiloul sloe:
O 8 % o: :i, sloe: o: :equesl
Babccck bcttIe
wiloul sloe:
O ZO % o: c:e~: ~ccesso:y. oZ'Ol
Babccck bcttIe
wiloul sloe:
O oO % o: c:e~: ~:o ceese ~ccesso:y. oZ'Ol
Patent cIcsure FIBU

FDU wiloul ~o|usl:e:l ey
Fiq wil ~o|usl:e:l ey ~:l :o oZOl
Patent cIcsure 6EPBAL
31
3270
3271
3272
3280
3290
3300
3310
3315
Adjustment key
o: ~le:l cosu:e FDU
Adjustment key
o: ~le:l cosu:e 0ERD/L
Adjustment key
o: ~le:l cosu:e 0\0
Pubber stcpper, ccnicaI
11 x 1o x /o ::
Pubber stcpper o: se~i:q le LuLs
o ~ weiqi:q :eloo Luly:o:ele:s

' x 1o x ZO ::
Pubber stcpper witb bcIe
o: ~ weiqi:q :eloo Luly:o:ele:s
1 x ZZ x oO ::
Pubber stcpper witbcut bcIe
o: owoe:eo :i Luly:o:ele:
~so suil~Le o: le exl:~clio: luLe ~cc lo Mo|o::ie:
~:l :o o8O, o81l
1 x ZZ x oO ::
6Iass naiI
o: owoe:eo :i Luly:o:ele:
e:ql. /1 ::
32
3320
3321
3322
3323
3321-001
d
1
d
2
l
3
l
2
l
1
Cream beaker, unperfcrated
o: ice c:e~: ~:o co:oe:seo :i
Luly:o:ele:s ~:o c:e~: Luly:o:ele:s
~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s :eloo
o
= ::,
Z
= /' ::,
1
= Zo ::, o
Z
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::
Cbeese beaker, perfcrated
o: Luly:o:ele:s ~cco:oi:q lo \~: 0uis :eloo
o
= ::,
Z
= /' ::,
1
= Zo ::, o
Z
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::
Weigbing bcat fcr butter
o: Luly:o:ele:s ~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s :eloo
o
= ::,
Z
= / ::,
1
= oO ::, o
Z
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::
Butter beaker witb 2 bcIes
o
= ::,
Z
= /8 ::,
1
= Z ::, o
Z
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::
Cbeese beaker, perfcrated, sbcrt design
o: Luly:o:ele:s ~cco:oi:q lo \~: 0uis :eloo
o
= oo ::,
Z
= o8 ::,
1
= Z8 ::, o
Z
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::
33
3402
3325
3324
3330
3331
3332
3340
3341
3391
3390
3401
3400
5tand fcr permanent autcmatic dispenser
co:sisls o sl~:o ~:e, sle: ~:o :el~i:i:q :i:q
wil socel
1O : o: 1 e::~:e:l ~ulo:~lic oise:se:
1 : o: 1 e::~:e:l ~ulo:~lic oise:se:
1O : / 1 : o: Z e::~:e:l ~ulo:~lic oise:se:s
CIeaning brusb
o: Luly:o:ele: :ec

e:ql. Z8 ::
CIeaning brusb
o: Luly:o:ele: Looy

e:ql. ZO ::
Butyrcmeter stand
~so suil~Le o: seci~ souLiily i:oex luLes, ~:l :o oool
o: oo s~:es PP ~slicl
o: 1Z s~:es PP ~slicl
5baking stand
Prctective sbaking bccd
o: oo s~:es PP ~slicl,
co:~liLe wil ~:l :o oooO
co:~liLe wil ~:l :o ooo1
Permanent autcmatic dispenser
wil q:ou:oi: :e~su:i:q c~:Le: ~:o sloe:,
o:e soul i: ~cco:o~:ce wil D 1OZ8Z
1O : suu:ic ~cio
1 : ~:y ~coo
3/
3420
3421
3438
3437
3436
3435
3434
3433
3432
3431
3430
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
Autcmatic tiIt measure 5upericr
wil :uLLe: sloe: ~:o slo:~qe Lolle OO : / ZO :
1O : suu:ic ~cio
1 : ~:y ~coo
cIumetric pipettes
wil o:e :i:q :~:
1O : suu:ic ~cio
1O : :i
11 : :i
1 : ~:y ~coo
O : c:e~:
: w~le:
: c:e~:
O :, so:l oesiq:
Z :, so:l oesiq:
Weigbing pipettes
cu:veo
1 mI, o = o ::
2 mI, o = 8 ::
3 mI, o = ' ::
5 mI, o = o ::
10 mI, o = ::
35
3460
3470
3480
3443
3442
3441
3440
3450
3452
Pipette stand
P\C, o: ielles o v~:ious si.es
CIeaning brusb
o: ielles

e:ql. /O ::
5afety gcggIes
5yringes
:ice~leo L:~ss
1O : :i
1O : :i, :e exc
O : c:e~:
O : c:e~:, :e exc
11 : :i
: c:e~:
3
LactoStar
lorlicle no. 351OI
THE NEWGENERATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Chemical milk analysis device with fully automatic cleaning
and rinsing system and zero point calibration for the fast and
accurate testing of milk
0ounlless inslollolions in inslilules ond loborolories oll over lhe world ollesl lo lhe
oulslonding quolily, reliobilily ond occurocy of lhis chemicol onolysis device.
The following poromelers con be delermined quickly ond reliobly wilh |usl one
meosuremenl.
Ccntents Heasuring range PeprcducibiIity Ir!
Fol. O.OO % lo /O.OO % O.O2 %*
Prolein. O.OO % lo 1O.OO % O.O3 %
Loclose. O.OO % lo 1O.OO % O.O3 %
SNF.lfol free dry mollerI O.OO % lo 15.OO % O.O/ %
Minerols/conduclonce O.O1 % lo 5.OO % O.O2 %
* The reproducibility equals +0.02 % in the 0% to 8 % fat range.
In the higher ranges of 8 % to 40 % fat, the reproducibility equals 0.2 %
The meosuremenl resolulion is O.O1 %.
The occurocy depends on lhe respeclive colibrolion.
Furlher poromelers ore delermined bosed on colculolionol olgorilhms.

Densily lcolculoled volueI
Freezing poinl lcolculoled volueI
The soflwore is conlinuolly improved wilh lhe oim of obloining oddilionol inleresling
poromelers. The updoles ore quickly ond eosily lronsmilled over lhe inlerfoces. n lhis
woy, lhe inslrumenl is kepl up-lo-dole over o long period of lime.
Rigb matrix tcIerance
The device is choroclerised by o high molrix loleronce which il owes lo lhe mulli-sen-
sor meosuremenls syslems used. This meons differenl kinds of milk con be meosured
wilh lhe some colibrolion lproducl profleI.
0peraticn
The operolion is cleor ond simple.
5-key menu-driven hondling. / orrow keys ond one enler key.
By pressing lhe enler key, lhe funclion or oclion, which hos been
selecled wilh lhe help of lhe orrow keys, is slorled.
ENTER
38
M N
LactoStar
BZiZg^c\ejbe G^ch^c\ejbe 8aZVc^c\ejbe
Language seIecticn
You con selecl your preferred longuoge from o number of menu longuoges. 0urrenlly,
0ermon, Fnglish, French, Sponish, omong olhers, ore ovoiloble. The number of
longuoges is conlinuously being exponded wilh help from our porlners in differenl
counlries. The longuoge is selecled in lhe some woy os wilh lhe previous sellings.
CaIibraticn
For cuslomer-specific colibrolion, lhe olreody exisling bosic colibrolions ore merely
od|usled. This is done wilh o simple lwo poinl colibrolion ll colibrolion ond B coli-
brolionI. Foch poromeler is colibroled in only one slep. l cleor colibrolion menu
simplifies lhe enlry of reference volues. Up lo 2O differenl colibrolion dolo sels con
be soved. Therefore, you con swilch from one producl lo onolher le.g. from milk lo
creomI wilhoul hoving lo re-colibrole.

Autcmatic maintenance
The inslrumenl hos lhree pumps, nomely lhe meosuring pump, lhe rinsing pump, ond
lhe cleoning pump, oll of which ore connecled lo lhe corresponding conislers.
Up lo five differenl limes con be enlered for vorious moinlenonce oclivilies. rinsing,
cleoning, ond zero poinl colibrolion. Thus rouline losks ore compleled oulomolicolly.
PepIacing tbe pump beads
The pumps ore locoled under lhe sloinless sleel cover sheel on lhe lefl side of lhe
inslrumenl. The pump heods con be reploced eosily wilhoul lhe use of lools.
The old pump heods con be pulled off by pushing in on bolh lobs lsee Fig, X ond YI
simulloneously. The new pump heods ore sel on lhe molor oxis ond pressed down on
unlil bolh lobs snop inlo ploce.
E'
E(
E&
Milk somple
0leoing ogenl
ldiluledI
Rinsing woler
ldislilled wolerI
Fnlronce
7ajZ7dm
Turbidimelry
condoclevily
meosuremenl
Fxil
Wosloge
P1 = Meosuring pump
P2 = Rinsing pump
P3 = 0leoning pump
GZY7dm
Thermol-
meosuremenl
ol /O0/50
TecbnicaI specihcaticns:
HVbeaZXVeVXîn/ up lo O/h
HVbeaZkdajbZ/ from 12 ml lo 2O ml
>ciZg[VXZh/ 1 x porollel, 1 x seriol lRS 232 / .OO boudI, USB
voll eleclricol power supply for lhermol prinler lorder no. 7151I
8dccZXi^dckVajZh/ 23O\ / 115\ l0 l5O...O HzI 18O W
9^bZch^dch/ /3 x 2O x /3 cm lB x H x TI
LZ^\]i/ opprox. 15.7 kg lnelI
0rdering data
6gi^XaZcd# 9ZhXgêi^dc
3510 LocloSlor
7151 * Thermol prinler, incl. 1 lhermol poper roll
3511 * Foch conisler 5 L, for rinsing woler ond cleoning ogenl
3516 * Hordwore slondordisolion, 25O ml
3563 * 0leoning ogenl, 5OO ml
(articles marked with * are included in the 3510 scope of delivery)
Accesscries IcpticnaI!
3040 Milk somple bollle wilhoul melol bollom, 8O ml / PF
3041 Milk somple bollle wilh melol bollom, 5O ml / PP
7157 Thermol poper roll for lhermol prinler
5pare and wear parts
3510-023 Hose pump, complele
3510-023 A Pump heod lollochmenl for hose pumpI
PrincipIe design
/O
LactoFlash
lorlicle no. 353OI
/1
Inexpensive chemical analysis device for the fast and accurate
determination of fat and SNF content
0ounlless inslollolions in inslilules ond loborolories oll over lhe world ollesl lo lhe
oulslonding quolily, reliobilily ond occurocy of lhis chemicol onolysis device.
The following poromelers con be delermined quickly ond reliobly wilh |usl one
meosuremenl.
Parameter PescIuticn PeprcducibiIity Ir! Heasuring range
Fol. O.O1 % O.O2 % in O ... 5 % ronge
O.2 % in 5 ... 3O % ronge
O ... 3O %
SNF. O.O1 % O.O/ % O ...15 %
Furlher poromelers ore delermined bosed on colculolionol olgorilhms.
Parameter PescIuticn PeprcducibiIity Ir! Heasuring range
Densily. O.OOO1 O.OO1 no limil
Prolein. O.O1 % O.O3 % no limil / colculoled volue
Loclose. O.O1 % O.O2 % no limil / colculoled volue
0pp. O.OO10 O.OO20 no limil / colculoled volue
0uick and easy repIacement cf pump beads and measuring ceIIs.
The pump heod lweor porlI con be reploced eosily wilhoul lhe use of lools. This is done
by removing lhe blue side cover sheel ond pulling off lhe old pump heod by pushing in
on bolh side lobs simulloneously. The new pump heod is sel on ond pressed down on
unlil bolh lobs snop inlo ploce.
f one of lhe lwo meosuring cells hos lo be
reploced, il con simply be pulled oul of lhe plug
conneclion. The new meosuring cell is plugged in.
/2
ENTER
LactoFlash
The inslrumenl hos / orrow keys ond on enler key. Wilh lhe enler key, lhe funclion or
oclion, which hos been selecled wilh lhe help of lhe orrow keys, is slorled.
0peraticn
Language seIecticn
Two menu longuoges ore ovoiloble. 0ermon ond Fnglish.
CaIibraticn
For cuslomer-specifc colibrolion, lhe olreody exisling bosic colibrolions ore merely
od|usled. This is done wilh o simple lwo poinl colibrolion ll colibrolion ond B
colibrolionI. Foch poromeler is colibroled in only one slep. l cleor colibrolion menu
simplifes lhe enlry of reference volues.
HVbeaZXVeVXîn/ up lo 12O/h
HVbeaZkdajbZ/ from 12 ml lo 2O ml
>ciZg[VXZh/ 1 x porollel, 1 x seriol lRS 232 / .OO boudI
voll eleclricol power supply for lhermol prinler lorder no. 7151I
8dccZXi^dckVajZh/ 23O\ / 115\ l0 l5O..O HzI O W
9^bZch^dch/ 3O x 2/ x 33 cm lw x h x dI
LZ^\]i/ 5 kg lnelI
0rdering data
6gi^XaZcd# 9ZhXgêi^dc
3530 LocloFlosh
7151 Thermol prinler, incl. 1 lhermol poper roll
3516 Hordwore slondordisolion
3563 0leoning ogenl, 5OO ml
Accesscries IcpticnaI!
3040 Milk somple bollle wilhoul melol bollom, 8O ml / PF
3041 Milk somple bollle wilh melol bollom, 5O ml / PP
7157 Thermol poper roll for lhermol prinler
5pare and wear parts
3530-023 Hose pump, complele
3530-023 A Pump heod lollochmenl for hose pumpI
/3 Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
//
3510
3516
3511
Accesscries:
Te::~ :i:le: ~:l :o 11
C~:isle: ~:l :o o11
~:ow~:e sl~:o~:ois~lio: ~:l :o o1o
Ce~:i:q ~qe:l ~:l :o ooo
PepIacement parts:
o1OOZo/ ose u:, co:ele
o1OOZo/ /ll~c:e:l o: ose u:
Lactc5tar
:ewy oeveoeo i:sl:u:e:l
o: le :ouli:e lesli:q o :i
~l, :olei:, ~close, SF, :ee.i:q oi:l
see oo o: ~ :o:e oel~ieo oesc:ilio:
~ccesso:ies i:cuoeo
Rardware standardisaticn,
o: ~:l :o o1O, ooO

ZO :
Canister
s~ce s~vi:q oesiq:, L
oo/ x o/ x oo/ :: w x o x l
/5
3550
3517
3518
3519
3521
3530
5baking water batb
sl~i:ess slee wil cove:,
s~i:q sl~:o ~:o 18 luLes
IZX]c^XVaheZX^XVi^dch/
PD co:l:oe: wil PT1OO le:e:~lu:e se:so:
Selli:q. i: O1'C i:c:e:e:ls
/ccu:~cy. -/ O1'C
Co::eclio: v~ues. ZoO \ / 8 /, ZOOO \
\ou:e. ZZ L
:le::~ oi:esio:s. oO x Z'O x ZZO ::
Exle::~ oi:e:sio:s. 8 x /oo x Z'o ::
\eiql. ~:ox 1 q :el
LactcFIasb
Ce:ic~ ~:~ysis oevice o: le ~sl
~:o ~ccu:~le oele::i:~lio: o ~l ~:o SF co:le:l
~ccesso:ies i:cuoeo
Peference miIk, 1.5 % fat cIass
Te ex~cl v~ues oee:o o: le L~lc
Tey ~:e i:cuoeo i: le oeive:y
Peference cream, 30 % fat cIass
REFERENCE MATERIAL
Accesscries:
Te::~ :i:le:. ~:l :o 11
~:ow~:e sl~:o~:is~lio: ~:l :o o1o
Ce~:i:q ~qe:l ~:l :o ooo
PepIacement parts:
ooOOZo/ ose u:, co:ele
ooOOZo/ /ll~c:e:l o: ose u:
/
3637
3634
3636
3633
3632
3631-36
3631-24
3631-12
3631
5peciaI scIubiIity index tubes
o: oele::i:i:q le souLiily o owoe:eo :i
l i: Luly:o:ele: luLe ~:l :o oo/1l
o: use i: le ov~ S~ely Le:c ce:l:iuqe
~:l :o ooOl

o: co:~liLe :uLLe: sloe:s, see ~:l :o oOO
o: co:~liLe sl~:o, see ~:l :o ooo1
5cIubiIity index tube
/DP, O :, q:~ou~leo :o: O ZO :,
:~: ~l O :
see Sue:\~:io ~:l :o oo8Ol
5tand
o: o luLes ~:l :o ooo/l
7jX`Zi[dg69E>ijWZh
~ccesso:y o: Sue:\~:io ce:l:iuqe ~:l :o oo8Ol
7VWXdX`WjX`Zi
~ccesso:y o: Sue:\~:io ce:l:iuqe
~:l :o oo8Ol
7jingdbZiZgWjX`Zi
:essu:e c~sl iql :el~
~ccesso:y o: Sue:\~:io ce:l:iuqe
~:l :o oo8O /8l

1 Lucel
sel wil 1Z Lucels
sel wil Z/ Lucels
sel wil oo Lucels
/7
3641
3639
3670
3638
GZeaVXZbZciWjingdbZiZgijWZ
o: ov~ S~ely ~:l :o ooO

L:~ss, wil ~:qeo eoqe
exle::~ oi~:ele:. Z ::
i:le::~ oi~:ele:. Z8 ::
e:ql. 1O ::
Rcmcgenisaticn pipette
wil ~ :~: ~l : ~:o Z :, i:c sloe:

exle::~ oi~:ele:. Z/ ::
e:ql wiloul sloe:. 1Z ::
Ncva 5afety centrifuge
Tous~:os o lese ce:l:iuqes ~ve Lee: i:sl~eo i:
~Lo:~lo:ies ~ ove: le wo:o Tey ~:e c~:~cle:i.eo Ly
exl:e:e :oLusl:ess ~:o :ei~Liily Tis l~Le ce:l:iuqe
wil le ~:qu~: :olo: c~: Le useo o: le oele::i:~lio: o
~l co:le:l ~cco:oi:q lo D: 0e:Le:s :eloo ~s we ~s
o: le oele::i:~lio: o le souLiily o owoe:eo :i
EgdeZgi^Zh/
/ulo:~lic i:le:oci:q io
/ulo:~lic L:~e L:~i:q li:e < 8 sl
Ce:l:iuq~lio: li:e: oiqil~l
e~le:, le::osl~lic sel oi:l ~l o'C
C~~cily. :~x 8 Luly:o:ele:
RCF. oO q -/ O q
::. oO U/:i:
Eeclive :~oius. 1oO ::
\eiql. 1o q
Di:e:sio:s x w x l. /O x o8O x ZoO ::
Centrifuge tube
wil Z sloe:s ~cco:oi:q lo F:ieses :eloo
/8
SuperVario-N
/ /
MULTIPURPOSE CENTRIFUGE FOR THE DAIRY LABORATORY
This cenlrifuge slonds oul due lo ils exceplionol engine smoolhness. Thol il is lorgely
free of vibrolion ond hos swing oul bulyromeler buckels posilively effecls lhe life-
lime of your bulyromelers. 0orrespondingly, good resulls lreproducibilily ond com-
porobililyI ore ossured. For lhese reosons, lhe Super\orio-N is oflen used os o refer-
ence cenlrifuge for colibrolion purposes. Due lo ils versolilily, lhe Super\orio-N is
widely occepled in doiry loborolories. High versolilily meons free progrommobilily of
rpm, lemperolure ond lime lfree modeI os well os / sel progroms for lhe following
lesls.
Dr. N. 0erber`s melhod ldelerminolion of fol conlenlI
Roese-0olllieb`s melhod ldelerminolion of fol conlenl, reference melhodI*
Bobcock`s melhod ldelerminolion of fol conlenlI
Solubilily ldelerminolion of lhe solubilily of powdered milkI
0e:~lio: o:y ossiLe u:oe: oLse:v~lio: o :eseclive s~ely :equ~lio:s
EgdeZgi^Zh/
Sloinless sleel housing
Progrommoble rolor speed from OO lo 113O rpm
in incremenls of 1O rpm
lcorresponds lo o g-volue of 77 lo 372 gI
Progrommoble heoler up lo 80 in 10 incremenls
Progrommoble cenlrifugolion lime from 1 lo minules
lulomolic inlerlocking sofely lid
lulomolic shul down in cose of unbolonce
lulomolic broke
0onneclion volues. 23O \/5O ... O Hz/12OO \l
Weighl, emply. 2 kg
Tolol heighl wilh lid. /O mm
Filling heighl. 37O mm
Rolor speed ronge. OO lo113O rpm**
Temperolure ronge. room lemperolure up lo 80
Fo: le oele::i:~lio: o ~l co:le:l oue lo 0e:Le:s :eloo, ~ qv~ue o oO q O q is :equi:eo
\il ~ re~live ce:l:iuq~ fo:ce IPCF! o oo q i: ils u:o~oeo sl~le ioe :u::i:ql ~:o o/O q i: ils uy
o~oeo sl~le, le Sue:\~:io uis le sl~:o~:o seciic~lio:s i: ~: exe:~:y :~::e:
8Zcig^[j\Zh[dgWjingdbZig^XYZiZgb^cVi^dcd[[ViXdciZciVXXdgY^c\id9g#C#<ZgWZg
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, reports
QUIET OPERATION
n order lo ovoid gloss breokoge ond lo increose bulyromeler lifelime, il is very im-
porlonl lhol lhe cenlrifuge operoles wilh lhe lowesl level of vibrolion possible. The
differenl lypes of cenlrifuges ore.
These speciol cenlrifuges differ from olher loborolory cenlrifuges in severol woys.
The following poinls should be loken inlo considerolion when purchosing ond using
cenlrifuges for lhe delerminolion of fol conlenl occording lo Dr. N. 0erber`s melhod.
TYPE 1:
Centrifuge with at-lying
butyrometers
This woy of looding bulyromelers guor-
onlees lhol lhey will be genlly lreoled
during cenlrifugolion. However, lhis lype
of cenlrifuge lends lo leod lo o renewed
inlermixing of lhe seporoled phoses of-
ler lhe cenlrifugol process.
TYPE 2:
Centrifuge with angular rotor
The bulyromelers ore held in lhe ongu-
lor rolor ol o fxed ongle. Unforlunolely,
lhis couses lhe long, lhin bulyromeler
necks consideroble slress. This design
is predominolely found in smoll, inex-
pensive cenlrifuges.
TYPE 3:
Centrifuge with swing-out
butyrometer holders
The bulyromelers swing oul horizonlolly
in mounled movoble holders. The buly-
romelers ore only slressed olong lheir
verlicol oxis. For lhis reoson, lhis lype of
cenlrifuge is preferoble.
UNBALANCE
The cenlrifuge should be equipped wilh on unbolonce shul-down mechonism. n
cose of gloss breokoge lbulyromeler breokogeI or olher lypes of unbolonce, lhe
cenlrifuge shuls ilself off oulomolicolly.
INTERLOCKING LID
For sofely purposes, more ond more cenlrifuges ore being equipped wilh on inler-
locking lid.
HEATING
Heoling o cenlrifuge reduces bulyromeler cooling. This meons lhol lhe subsequenl
lempering lime in lhe woler bolh con be kepl lo o minimum ond leods lo o more
relioble reolizolion of lhe onolysis. The lemperolure in lhe cenlrifuge lonk should
be ol leosl 5O0.
SET-UP
The cenlrifuge musl be sel up on o fol, secure surfoce le.g. o sloble loblelop or
plolformI. The lowesl possible humidily ond o room lemperolure of less lhon 3O0
ore preferoble.
ROUTINE OPERATION/MAINTENANCE
The cenlrifuge should be looded in such o woy lhol il is os bolonced os possible, i.e.
lhe bulyromelers musl olwoys be evenly posilioned. n cose of gloss breokoge, lhe
cenlrifuge should be cleoned immediolely ofler slondslill is reoched. This prevenls
unnecessory corrosion ond guoronlees o long lifelime.
MILK LABORATORY CENTRIFUGES
ExampIe:
l cenlrifuge wilh
on effeclive rodius
of 2O mm
necessiloles
on rpm of 11OO
in order lo reoch
lhe required R0F
of 35O g.
The PCF is colculoled in lhe follow-
ing woy.
rpm
Imin
-1
!
Read A
Ie=52 cm!
g fcrce
Read B
Ie=38 cm!
g fcrce
Read C
Ie=38 cm!
g fcrce
OO 1O/.8 g 7. g 7. g
1O 1O8./ g 7.2 g 7.2 g
2O 111. g 81.8 g 81.8 g
3O 115. g 8/.5 g 8/.5 g
/O 11.3 g 87.2 g 87.2 g
5O 123.O g 8. g 8. g
O 12.8 g 2.7 g 2.7 g
7O 13O.7 g 5.5 g 5.5 g
8O 13/.7 g 8./ g 8./ g
O 138. g 1O1.3 g 1O1.3 g
7OO 1/2.7 g 1O/.3 g 1O/.3 g
71O 1/.8 g 1O7.3 g 1O7.3 g
72O 151.O g 11O.3 g 11O.3 g
73O 155.2 g 113./ g 113./ g
7/O 15.5 g 11.5 g 11.5 g
75O 13.8 g 11.7 g 11.7 g
7O 18.2 g 122. g 122. g
77O 172.7 g 12.2 g 12.2 g
78O 177.2 g 12.5 g 12.5 g
7O 181.7 g 132.8 g 132.8 g
8OO 18./ g 13.2 g 13.2 g
81O 11.1 g 13. g 13. g
82O 15.8 g 1/3.1 g 1/3.1 g
83O 2OO. g 1/. g 1/. g
8/O 2O5.5 g 15O.2 g 15O.2 g
85O 21O./ g 153.7 g 153.7 g
8O 215./ g 157./ g 157./ g
87O 22O./ g 11.1 g 11.1 g
88O 225.5 g 1/.8 g 1/.8 g
8O 23O.7 g 18. g 18. g
OO 235. g 172./ g 172./ g
DrebzabI
Imin
-1
!
Read A
Ie=52 cm!
g fcrce
Read B
Ie=38 cm!
g fcrce
Read C
Ie=38 cm!
g fcrce
1O 2/1.1 g 17.2 g 17.2 g
2O 2/.5 g 18O.1 g 18O.1 g
3O 251. g 18/.1 g 18/.1 g
/O 257.3 g 188.O g 188.O g
5O 22.8 g 12.1 g 12.1 g
O 28./ g 1.1 g 1.1 g
7O 27/.O g 2OO.2 g 2OO.2 g
8O 27.7 g 2O/./ g 2O/./ g
O 285./ g 2O8. g 2O8. g
1OOO 21.2 g 212.8 g 212.8 g
1O1O 27.1 g 217.1 g 217.1 g
1O2O 3O3.O g 221./ g 221./ g
1O3O 3O8. g 225.8 g 225.8 g
1O/O 315.O g 23O.2 g 23O.2 g
1O5O 321.O g 23/. g 23/. g
1OO 327.2 g 23.1 g 23.1 g
1O7O 333./ g 2/3. g 2/3. g
1O8O 33.7 g 2/8.2 g 2/8.2 g
1OO 3/.O g 252.8 g 252.8 g
11OO 352./ g 257.5 g 257.5 g
111O 358.8 g 22.2 g 22.2 g
112O 35.3 g 2. g 2. g
113O 371.8 g 271.7 g 271.7 g
11/O 378./ g 27. g 27. g
115O 385.1 g 281./ g 281./ g
11O 31.8 g 28.3 g 28.3 g
117O 38. g 21.3 g 21.3 g
118O /O5.5 g 2.3 g 2.3 g
11O /12./ g 3O1.3 g 3O1.3 g
12OO /1.3 g 3O./ g 3O./ g
RPM
The delerminolion of fol conlenl occording lo 0erber`s melhod specifes o PCF" lre-
lolive cenlrifugol forceI or 35O g wilh o moximum voriolion of 5O g. The R0F does nol
only depend on lhe rpm bul olso on lhe effeclive rodius. The effeclive rodius is defned
os lhe dislonce belween lhe rolor ond lhe ouler end of lhe bulyromeler. For lhis reoson,
lhe rpm of differenl cenlrifuge lypes vories os o funclion of lheir respeclive rodii. Whol
is imporlonl is lhol lhe rpm is conslonl or only chonges negligibly lwilhin lhe ronge
of loleronce, see oboveI, depending on whelher lhe cenlrifuge is fully or only porliolly
looded.
whereby:
R = effective horizontal radius in mm;
N = revolutions per minute [min
-1
].
RCF = 1,1Z x 1O
o
x R x
Z
=
RCF
1,1Z x 1O
o
x R
SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF THE DEPENDENCE OF G-FORCE AND RPM
52
3685
3686
3687
3680-L
3680
Accesscries fcr 5uperaric-N

=ZVY6
ce:l:iuqe e~o o: ~ :~xi:u:
o oo Luly:o:ele: Lucels o: 18 D~Lcoc Lucels
R~oius o e~o /. ZoO ::
Accesscries:
Duly:o:ele: Lucel. ~:l :o ooo1, /o
D~Lcoc Lucel. ~:l :o oooZ, /o
=ZVY7
ce:l:iuqe e~o :oleclive l~:l
o: ~ :~xi:u: o 8 Mo|o::ie: luLes
R~oius o e~o D. 1'O ::
Accesscry:
Mo|o::ie: luLes. ~:l :o o8O, o81,
=ZVY8
ce:l:iuqe e~o
o: ~ :~xi:u: o o Lucels o: souLiily i:oex luLes
R~oius o e~o C. 1'O ::
Accesscries:
Ducel o: souLiily i:oex luLes. ~:l :o oooo, /o
SouLiily i:oex luLe /DP q~ssl. ~:l :o ooo/, /o
5afety centrifuge fcr fat ccntent
determinaticn
~cco:oi:q lo Roese0ollieLs :eloo
5uperaric-N
:uliu:ose ce:l:iuqe o: ~ Luly:o:ele:s
see /8 o: :o:e oel~is
53
3707
3708
WB-3 D universaI water batb oiqil~l
oiqil~ le:e:~lu:e ois~y ~clu~ v~uel
oiqil~ seloi:l le:e:~lu:e co:l:o
PT 1OO se:so: ~li:u: se:so:l
slo w~lc 1 lo '' :i: wil ~couslic siq:~l
sl~i:ess slee i::e: ~:o oule: c~si:q
exle::~ e~li:q. e~li:q ee:e:ls ~:e oc~leo
se~:~ley i: le c~si:q
:oleclio: ~q~i:sl ove:e~li:q eve: we: l~:
is e:lyl
use wil oislieo w~le: :ee:~Le
Te:e:~lu:e :~:qe. u lo 1OO'C
Co::eclio: v~ues. ZoO \ / O . oO . / 1OOO \
Di:e:sio:s x w x l. o'o :: x oo1 :: x Zo ::
\ou:e. 1o
\eiql. 1O q
wiloul Luly:o:ele: sl~:o ~:l :o o1l
WB 3-A universaI water batb ~:~oquel
Lie ~:l :o oO Lul wil ~:~oque le:e:~lu:e co:l:o
~o|usli:q :oLl, le:e:~lu:e ois~y wil le::o:
ele: i:cuoeo i: le scoe o oeive:yl, le::osl~lic
e~l co:l:oe:
Sl~i:ess slee i::e: ~:o oule: c~si:q
Exle::~ e~li:q. e~li:q ee:e:ls ~:e oc~leo
se~:~ley i: le c~si:q
P:oleclio: ~q~i:sl ove:e~li:q eve: we: l~: is e:lyl
Use wil oislieo w~le: :ee:~Le
Te:e:~lu:e :~:qe. u lo 1OO'C
Co::eclio: v~ues. ZoO \ / O . oO . / 1OOO \
Di:e:sio:s x w x l. o'o :: x oo1 :: x Zo ::
\ou:e. ~:ox 1o
\eiql. 1O q
wiloul Luly:o:ele: sl~:o ~:l :o o1l
*)
3717
3718
3727
3737
3747
3754
3766-G
3766-O
AVWdgVidgnXViVad\jZ[dgbâ`VcVanh^h
7jingdbZiZghiVcY[dgL7")(+
sl~i:ess slee, o: oo Luly:o:ele:s
Bd_dcc^ZghiVcY
sl~i:ess slee

o: 1O Mo|o::ie: luLes
Jc^kZghVah]Za[
sl~i:ess slee
GZYjXiVhZ^chZgi
o: '' s~:jes
A^Y[dgGZYjXiVhZiZhi
9Zakd"IZhi^chZgi
8kjohec[j[hjkX[i" coseo
L:~ss, o: Luly:o:ele: sl~:o ~:l :o o1l
8kjohec[j[hjkX[i"oje: o: ~:l :o oO, oO8l
L:~ss, o: Luly:o:ele: sl~:o ~:l :o o1l
7YY[iieh_[i\ehmWj[hXWjîM8*),Whj$de$)-&-")-&.
55
3870
3800
3850
3851
3871
3875
3852
3872
;njhWYj_edjkX[ wil :ou:oeo LuL
~cc lo Mo|o::ie:s :el wil co: sloe: ~:l :o o8Zl
suil~Le :uLLe: sloe: ~:l :o oo1Ol
IW\[joh[WZ_d]bWcf
o: s~ey ~:o :ecisey
:e~oi:q o Luly:o:ele:s
~:liq~:e iu:i:~lio:, e:s wil :oleclive Pexiq~ss cove:,
~o|usl~Le eiql ~:o e:s oisl~:ce, co:ooe:~leo swilc

ZoO \ / O oO .
I^Wa_d]cWY^_d[
o: exl:~clio: luLes ~cco:oi:q lo Mo|o::ie:s :eloo
o: o:ceu, u:io:: ~:o :e:oouciLe :ixi:q,
ZoO \ / O oO .
o: / Mo|o::ie: luLes
o: o Mo|o::ie: luLes
;njhWYj_edjkX[ ~lle:eo LuL
~cc lo Mo|o::ie:s :el, wil co: sloe: ~:l :o o8Zl
suil~Le :uLLe: sloe: ~:l :o oo1Ol
MeeZ[dijWdZ
o: 1Z exl:~clio:s luLes ~cco:oi:q lo Mo|o::ie:s :eloo
I^Wa_d]cWY^_d[
o: oo Luly:o:ele:s wil sl~:o
ZoO \ / 1 \~ll, '1 x ZO x oOO :: x w x l
9ehaijeff[h\eh[njhWYj_edjkX[
~cco:oi:q lo Mo|o::ie:s :eloo ~:l :o o8O, o81l
For more lhon 12O yeors, K|eldohl`s nilrogen delerminolion melhod hos been on inlerno-
lionolly occepled slondord. n 1883, chemisl Johon K|eldohl developed lhis melhod for lhe
quonlilolive delerminolion of nilrogen. n lhe doiry induslry, K|eldohl`s nilrogen delermi-
nolion melhod is used lo delermine prolein conlenl. The process is opplied in occordonce
wilh S0, DN 88-2/88-3. To colculole lhe prolein conlenl, lhe nilrogen volue obloined
is mulliplied by lhe producl-specifc foclor for milk ond doiry producls, ,$).. Nowodoys,
lhe enlire delerminolion con be oulomolised, even wilh mulliple somples.
KJELDAHLS NITROGEN DETERMINATION METHOD
'$Fh_dY_fb[
The somple is solubilised wilh concenlroled sulphuric ocid ond polossium sulphole in lhe
presence of lhe cololysl copper sulphole. This couses lhe nilrogen bonded in lhe orgonic
compounds lo converl inlo lhe inorgonic compound ommonium sulphole. Boiling lhe solu-
lion wilh sodium hydroxid releoses ommonio from lhe ommonium sulphole. This is lhen led
logelher wilh woler vopour lhrough o dislillolion opporolus. ln ommonio-woler solulion
resulls, which is inlroduced inlo o exoclly defned omounl of boric ocid solulion. By ocidi-
melric lilrolion, lhe omounl of bonded boric ocid ond lhe nilrogen conlenl is delermined.
Then prolein conlenl of lhe somple con be colculoled wilh lhe help of lhe prolein specifc
conversion foclor.
($ 9^[c_YWbid[[Z[Z
2.1 Polossium sulphole lK
2
S0
/
I wilh o low nilrogen conlenl.
2.2 0opper sulphole solulion l0uS0
/
.5H
2
0I. 5.O g copper sulphole penlohydrole ore
dissolved ond slirred inlo 1OO ml of woler.
2.3 Sulphuric ocid. wilh 8 % by weighl, nilrogen free, R2OlH
2
S0
/
I-1,8/ g/ml
2./ Sodium hydroxid. wilh o low nilrogen conlenl ond o percenl by weighl of 3O g of
sodium hydroxide per 1OO g.
2.5 ndicolor solulion. O.1 g of melhyl red is dissolved inlo 5 % elhonol ond diluled lo
5O ml wilh elhonol. O.5 g of bromcresol green ore dissolved inlo 5 % elhonol. 0ne
porl melhyl red solulion is mixed wilh fve porls bromcresol green.
2. Boric ocid solulion lH
3
B0
3
I. /O.O g of boric ocid ore dissolved in one lilre of hol wo-
ler. The solulion is cooled ond lhe volume is od|usled lo one lilre. 3 ml of indicolor
solulion l2.5I ore odded ond lhe solulion is slirred ond slored in o borosilicole gloss
bollle llhe solulion is lighl yellowI. The solulion musl be kepl owoy from lighl ond
ommonio vopour during sloroge.
2.7 Hydrochloric ocid. lhe concenlrolion musl be O.1O.OOO5 mol/L.
2.8 lmmonium sulphole | lNH
/
I
2
S0
/
IJ. Before use, lhe ommonium sulphole musl
be dried for ol leosl lwo hours ol 1O2 20 ond cooled in o dehydrolor lo room
lemperolure. The purily of lhe dried subslonce musl equol . %.
2. Woler. dislilled or fully desolinized woler or woler of equivolenl purily.
2.1O Sucrose. wilh o nilrogen conlenl of less lhon O.OO2 %.
2.11 Tryplophon or lysine hydrochloride wilh o purily of ol leosl %.
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports
57
1
)$;gk_fc[djWdZWffb_WdY[i
3.1 Loborolory scole. suiled for weighing incremenls of O.1 mg.
3.2 Boiling slones. groin size 1O, lboiling slones nol for reuseI.
3.3 Woler bolh, od|usloble lo l381I0, suiled for lempering milk ond doiry producls.
3./ Digeslion opporolus lorl. no. /2OOI consisling of o melol block, equipped wilh o heoler ond lemperolure regulolor, ond on
emissions colleclor lsupply volloge 23O \, lemperolure ronge up lo /5O0I.
3.5 Fxlroclion opporolus wilh suclion syslem lBehrosog 3, orl. no. /2O3I. lhis neulrolises dongerous vopours.
3. Dislillolion opporolus suiloble for connecling lo lhe 25O cm
3
digeslion fosk lorl. no. /21OI.
3.7 Tilrolor. on oulomolic lilrolor or o burelle wilh o nominol volume of 5O ml ond o scole division colibre of ol leosl O.1 ml in
occordonce wilh S0 385, closs l lorl. no. /22OI.
3.8 Digeslion fosk wilh o nominol volume of 25O cm
3
3. Pipelle. suiled for dispensing 1 ml of copper sulphole solulion l2.2I.
3.1O Frlenmeyer fosk, nominol volume of 5OO ml.
*$Fh[fWhWj_ed
The milk somple is heoled lo 3810 in o woler bolh, slirred genlly, ond lhen cooled lo room lemperolure. l5 O,1I g ore
weighed oul lo exoclly O.1 g inlo o digeslion fosk.
+$FheY[Zkh[
:_][ij_ed
Tolol solubilizolion lime. 1.75-2.5 hours. Dej[0ckijX[[n[Ykj[ZkdZ[hWk[$
Proleins - H
2
S0
/
- K
2
S0
/
- 0uS0
/
lNH
/
I
2
S0
/
12 g of polossium sulphole, 1 ml of copper sulphole
solulion l2.2I, oboul l5 O,1 gI of lhe heoled ond mixed
milk somple ond 2O ml of sulphuric ocid ore inlroduced
inlo o digeslion fosk llhe exocl omounl of milk
musl be delermined lo O.1 mg ond recorded becouse
il will loler be lhe bosis for lhe nilrogen colculolion.
See colculolionI. The digeslion fosk is mixed
corefully.
l suiloble lemperolure progrom is selecled on lhe
digeslion device, ond lhen lhe digeslion fosk is sel
on lhe heoling block. l gloss emissions colleclor is
corefully fxed onlo every digeslion fosk. The enlire
opporolus is connecled lo o second opporolus
lBehrosog 3, orl. no. /2O3I by o hose which con
neulrolise dongerous vopours. Selecling lhe following
lemperolure progrom is recommended.
1I Preheol lhe heoling block ol 2OO0 for 1O min.
2I Heol lhe somple lo 2OO0 for opprox. 3O min.
3I 0onlinue ol /2O0 for opprox. O min for
digeslion lol o copocily of 1O0/minI.
The digeslion lime is lo be od|usled so lhol lhe moxi-
mum nilrogen conlenls ore obloined. Too shorl or loo
long digeslion limes con leod lo low volues.
lfler digeslion, lhe somples ore removed from lhe
heoling block ond cooled ol room lemperolure for 25
minules. lflerwords, lhey ore pul inlo lhe dislillolion
opporolus.
The addition of potassium sulphate serves to increase the boiling tempera-
ture of the sulphuric acid and the addition of copper sulphate serves as an
oxidation catalyst. They are also available as Kjeldahl tabs (art. no. 4230/4231).
If the process is executed with tabs, then 5 0.1 g of milk are mixed with
20 ml of sulphuric acid and 2 Kjeldahl tabs and left to sit for 5 min. Then the
temperature program can be carried out.
During the heating of the sample, foam is not allowed to climb higher
then 4 - 5 cm below the ask opening.
The sulphuric acid is added in such a way that any copper sulphate
solution, potassium sulphate or milk which may have adhered to the ask
neck is ushed down. If the ask is sealed airtight, it can also be stored
for later digestion.
To determine the specic digestion time, it is advisable to execute
preliminary tests with samples high in protein and fat.
Substantial crystallisation is a sign of too little sulphuric acid and can
lead to low protein values. It is therefore advisable to reduce the loss of
sulphuric acid by minimising the amount sucked.
Before the hot digestion asks can be taken from the digestion block, it
must be ensured that no condensed uid has collected in the extraction
apparatus. If it has, the suction volume must be increased and the
condensed liquid removed.
The undiluted digestion should not be stored in the ask for a long
period of time (overnight) for any reason. There is a risk that the sample
will solidify and it is difcult to bring it into solution form again. After
the sample is cooled down and dilluted with 70 ml of water, there is no
problem to keep it overnight.
58
2
The omounl of woler ond sodium hydroxid, lhe reoclion lime, lhe dislillolion
lime, lhe heol oulpul of lhe vopour generolor ond lhe suclion lime for lhe
remoins dislilled oul of somple ore progrommoble. Wilh lhe push of o bul-
lon, lhe desired menu is found ond by pushing lhe bullon ogoin il is selecled.
lnolher push chonges lhe volue ond o fnol push soves il.
The dislillolion opporolus musl be degossed if il hos nol been used for o long
lime or if il is being used for lhe frsl lime. To do lhis, oplions, ond lhen
direcl inpul ore selecled. Then, H
2
0 in somple is selecled ond lhe knob
is held down unlil woler runs inlo lhe digeslion opporolus. Nexl, No0H is
chosen ond lhe bullon is pushed down unlil sodo lye runs inlo lhe digeslion
vessel. Finolly, lhe menu exlroclionPro is selecled by pushing nexl ond
lhe operoling knob is pushed down unlil lhe chemicols ore sucked from
lhe digeslion vessel. The oerolion process is now fnished.
l lriol run wilhoul o somple musl be execuled doily before beginning lhe
dislillolion process. To do lhis, o dischorge hose is inlroduced inlo on emply
digeslion vessel, lhe moin menu oplions ond lhen direcl inpul ore se-
lecled. Then, vopour is chosen. By quickly pushing lhe operoling bullon
ogoin, lhe vopour dischorge is begun. Renewed pushing of lhe bullon ends
lhe process. The process should nol be ended unlil lhere is 1 cm of dislillole
in lhe Frlenmeyer fosk. Finolly, exlroclionPro is selecled ond lhe operol-
ing bullon is pushed down unlil lhe woler is exlrocled from lhe digeslion
vessel.
lfler degosing ond lhe lesl run, lhe dislillolion of lhe somple is corried oul.
l 5OO ml Frlenmeyer fosk for lhe boric ocid solulion is ploced under lhe
dislillolion opporolus oullel pipe. Wilh lhe slorl menu oplion, lhe dislillo-
lion process is begun. l is recommendoble lo run lhe following dislillolion
progrom.

Bidesl woler. 7O ml l5 secI
No0H. 7O ml of o 3O % solulin l7 secI
Dislillolion lime. 5 min
\opour copocily. O %
Somple suclion. 3O sec.
Boric ocid oddilion. 5O ml l/ secI
The vopour dislillolion is begun ond lhe ommonio, releosed lhrough lhe
oddilion of sodium hydroxid, is dislilled wilh vopour. The dislillole is
obsorbed in lhe boric ocid solulion l2.I. lfler lhe dislillolion progrom
lerminoles, lhe digeslion fosk is removed from lhe opporolus, lhe
dislillolion hose is fushed wilh dislilled woler ond lhe Frlenmeyer fosk
conloining lhe somple is olso removed from lhe opporolus.
The water distiller must be set up on a stable
laboratory bench with an even, horizontal
support which is located near a cold wa-
ter supply and a drain. The water pressure
must be at least 0.5 bar.
Before starting the operation, all hoses
must be connected and the coolant en-
gaged. The storage tank must be correctly
positioned and the uid level checked. The
water vapour discharge hose must be in-
troduced into the digestion ask. The water
distiller is equipped with a safety gate.
During the rst distillation, the water va-
pour comes into contact with cold pipes
and glass parts. This leads to increased
build-up of condensation which can in turn
lead to excessive sample dilution and
liquid volume in the digestion vessel.
A trial run is therefore essential. The dis-
charge of water vapour with a temperature
of approx. 106C creates loud noises. This
is no cause for alarm.
The distillation is conducted until a distil-
lation volume of 150 ml is obtained.
About 2 minutes before the end of the dis-
tillation, the Erlenmeyer ask is lowered
in such a way that the end of the discharge
pipe is no longer submerged in the acid
solution. The pipe must be ushed with
water. This water is collected in the Erlen-
meyer ask.
:_ij_bbWj_ed
Tolol dislillolion lime. 5-7 min
lmmonio releose lNH
/
I
2
S0
/
- 2No0H No
2
S0
/
- 2 NH
/
0H
lmmonio obsorplion NH
/
0H - H
3
B0
3
H
2
0 - NH
/
H
2
B0
3
Do nol louch ony porls of lhe dislillolion
opporolus eilher during o dislillolion or
for o while ofler.
They could be hol.
5
3
J_jhWj_ed'c_d
NH
/
H
2
B0
3
- H0l NH
/
0l - H
3
B0
3
The boric ocid obsorplion solulion lwhich conloins lhe in-
dicolorI is lilroled wilh O.1 M slondord hydrochloric ocid.
The hydrochloric ocid is odded unlil lhe frsl lroce of pink
colorolion orises. The volume of lhe hydrochloric ocid con-
sumed is reod off on lhe burelle ol O.O5 ml. ln illuminoled
disc con serve os o neulrol bockground ond enobles lhe
user lo delermine lhe colour chonge occurolely ol lhe end
of lhe lilrolion.
The mixture of methyl red and bromcresol green (see 2.5,
2.6) serves as the indicator. The indicator is responsible for
the colour change and signals the end of the titration.
The neutral background improves the accuracy and
reproducibility of the results. This means that the titrations
are always carried out under optical conditions that are as
similar to each other as possible.
9WbYkbWj_edWdZWdWboi_i
The nilrogen conlenl, given in g of nilrogen per 1OO g of
lhe producl, is colculoled using lhe following numericol
equolion.
Md0 lhe nilrogen conlenl of lhe somple
L0 lhe volume of hydrochloric ocid consumed during
lilrolion of lhe somple
Le0 lhe volume of lhe hydrochloric ocid consumed during
lilrolion of lhe blind lriol lsee blind lriolI
9i0 lhe exocl molorily of lhe hydrochloric ocid, given lo
four decimol ploces
Mj0 lhe moss of lhe lesl somple in groms, given wilhin
O.1 grom
To colculole lhe prolein conlenl of lhe somple, lhe Wn
volue musl be mulliplied by .38.
CeZ[bYWbYkbWj_ed
f lhe K|eldohl delerminolion yields o nilrogen conlenl of
55 %, o prolein conlenl of 3.5% resulls l55% x .38I.
Kjeldahls digestion method is not specic to amino acids
and proteins and includes all organically bonded nitrogen.
Other non-protein compounds are also are digested and
collected (NPN: non-protein nitrogen). However, the pro-
portion of these compounds is very small and is disregarded
in the calculation.
If the non-protein containing nitrogen should also be es-
tablished, then method must be executed in accordance
with DIN EN ISO 8968-4. If only the protein nitrogen should
be determined, then the milk proteins must first be sepa-
rated. 50.1 ml of milk diluted with 50.1 ml of water is
washed in stages with in total 60 ml of 15 % (w/v) trichlo-
roacetic acid in accordance with DIN EN ISO 8968-5, the
proteins are precipitated and finally filtered out into a hard
paper filter. The filtrate contains the components of the
non-protein nitrogen and the filtered-out precipitate con-
tains the protein nitrogen. The filter with the precipitate is
put into a digestion vessel and Kjeldahls nitrogen deter-
mination method is carried out as described above. The
protein content is calculated by multiplying by a factor of
6.38.
The value 6.38 is specic to milk and dairy products and was
established because milk proteins have a nitrogen content
of 15.65 % (100:15.65 = 6.38).
The blind lriol is corried oul in lhe some woy os
obove. The somple is reploced wilh 5 ml of woler
ond O.85 g of sucrose. The volume of hydrochloric
ocid consumed during lilrolion is recorded.
The blind trial is important for the calculation of the
nitrogen content of the sample.
8b_dZjh_Wb
1,/OO7 l\-\oI 0s
Wn=
Wl
O Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
7bj[hdWj_l[i"hWf_Zc[jêZi
There is o fosler woy lo execule K|eldohl`s melhod lhon lhe
slondord process. n occordonce wilh S0 88-3, smoller milk
somples ore used l2 g, exoclly weighed wilhin 1 mgI. 2 g of lhe
somple, o cololysl loblel lconsisling of 5 g K
2
S0
/
, O.1O5 g 0uS0
/
5H
2
0
ond O.1O5 g Ti0
2
I, 1O ml of 8% sulphuric ocid, ond o few drops
of onlifoom ogenl l3O% silicon compoundI ore inlroduced inlo
o 25O ml digeslion fosk. The conlenls ore mixed corefully,
5 minules ore ollowed lo poss ond lhen 5 ml of 3O % hydrogen
peroxide ore odded ol lhe side of lhe fosk. The somple is lefl lo
sil for 1O-15 minules before digeslion. The heoling block is
preheoled lo /OO0 for 1O minules ond lhe somple is heoled ol
/OO0 for O minules. lflerwords, lhe somple is cooled lo room
lemperolure ond diluled wilh 5O ml of woler. 55 ml of 3O % No0H
ond 5O ml of / % boric ocid ore used lo obsorb lhe dislillole. H0L
O.O5 M is used for lilrolion. O.2 ml of o mixlure of O.O3 % melhyl
red ond O.17 % bromcresol green in 5 % elhonol serves os lhe
indicolor.
Caution! The addition of hydrogen peroxide
causes an intense reaction.
The blind trial is executed with 2 ml of water
and 0.25 g of sucrose. The effectiveness of the
decomposition is tested with 0.08 g of tryptophan
or 0.06 g of lysine hydrochloride.
Ced_jeh_d]j^[fheY[ii
In order to monitor the effectiveness of the de-
composition, 0.18 g of tryptophan or 0.16 g or
lysine hydrochloride and 0.67 g of sucrose are
used. 98 % of the nitrogen content must be re-
covered. If that is not the case, either the decom-
position temperature or time is insufcient or the
sample is charred.
The occurocy of lhe process should be reviewed regulorly. l loss
of nilrogen should be lesled for. ls o somple, O.12 g of ommoni-
um sulphole | lNH
/
I
2
S0
/
I J ond O.85 g of sucrose ore used here.
K|eldohl`s melhod is corried oul under lhe some condilions os
wilh normol somples ond lhe percenloge of nilrogen conlenl
musl be belween .O % ond 1OO %. The delerminolion wilh om-
monium sulphole is of use in delecling nilrogen losses during
decomposilion or dislillolion ond differences in concenlrolions in
lhe lilrolion ogenl.
:[j[hc_d_d]j^[d_jhe][dYedj[dje\ZW_hofheZkYji
The reference slondord process con olso be odopled for olher milk producls. The only difference in lhe melhod is lhe
somple omounl. The somple musl show o prolein omounl of O.15-O.3O %. l is lherefore odvisoble lo use lhe following
somple omounls.
0ondensed milk. 3 g
Powdered skim milk. 1 g
Whey. 1O g
0reom cheese. 3 g
The melhod is corried oul in lhe some woy os lhe slondord process.
4200
4201
4203
A`[bZW^bZ_][ij_edWffWhWjkiA.
e~li:q Loc ~:o q~ss exl:~clio: sysle: o: 8
s~:es, o: co::ecli:q lo le De:osoq suclio:
sl~lio: Suil~Le o: ZO : oiqeslio: ~ss
Te :o:l sioe o le s~:e :~c is cove:eo Sl~Le
~:o :oLusl co:sl:uclio: Te Loc c~si:q ~s we ~s
le exl:~clio: ooo is :~oe o ~cio:oo, :usl:ee
sl~i:ess slee

P:oq:~::~Le o: u lo
1O oie:e:l le:e:~lu:e sles
M~xi:u: le:e:~lu:e /O'C,
li:e ~o|usl:e:l :~:qe O''' :i:
ZoO\, O ., weiql. Z8 q
/8O x 1O x o :: w x o x l
:_][ij_edWia
ZO :
IkYj_edijWj_ed8[^heie]) wil cooe:
Exl:~cls ~qq:essive ~cio v~ou:s ou:i:q oiqeslio:
: le :ocess, ~: usl:e~: lwosl~qeo :ele:
eouco:~les ~:o :eciil~les le loxic suLsl~:ces
ZoO \, O /oO .,
weiql. 18 q
cuclio: u:. /O /
8O x o/O x /OO :: w x o x l
4210
4220
4230
4231
A`[bZW^bZ_ij_bbWj_edWffWhWjkiI#)
Lei:o ~ s~ely sc:ee:,
~ulo:~lic w~le: v~ou: :oouclio:,
:~:u~ o: ~ulo:~lic ~ooilio: o
Z
0, ~0
:oq:~::~Le oisli~lio: li:e ~:o :e~clio: li:e,
~ulo:~lic suclio: o s~:e :e:~i:s,
~ulo:~lic uio eve su:vei~:ce o le slo:~qe l~:
ZoO \, cooi:q w~le: us~qe. o L/:i:,
weiql. o q

/1O x o x /1O :: w x o x l
7kjecWj_Yj_jhWjehIJ?
Te lil:~lio: sl~lio: co:sisls o ~ Lu:elle wil ~
oiqil~ ois~y ~:o ~ :~q:elic sli::e: wil ~ cuslo:l
ooe: o: ~: E:e::eye: ~s Resul ~ccu:~cy ~:o
:e:oouciLiily ~:e e:~:ceo oue lo ~ viewi:q sieo
wic se:ves ~s ~ :eul:~ L~cq:ou:o
ZoO \, O / oO ., weiql. o q
ooO x ZOO x oOO :: w x o x l
A`[bZW^bJWXiAJ'
co:sisli:q o q o ol~ssiu: su~le,
O q o coe: su~le
A`[bZW^bJWXiAJ(
co:sisli:q o q o ol~ssiu: su~le, O1O q o coe:
su~le, O1O q o lil~:iu: oioxioe
pH VALUE MEASUREMENT
Anna Politis, graduate engineer of nutrition technology and of biotechnology, reports
The pH volue is o meosuremenl of lhe H
-
oclivily. Simply pul, il is o meosuremenl of
lhe concenlrolion of ocid lpH 7I or bose lpH 7I. The formol defnilion wos formu-
loled by chemisl Soerenson.
pH = -log o
H
-

The pH volue is lhe negolive decodol logorilhm of lhe oclivily of prolons o
H
-
in mol/l.
This volue is meosured by meons of o pH meler wilh o suiloble eleclrode in oc-
cordonce wilh DN 38/O/-05. pH melers meosure lhe polenliol difference belween
meosuring eleclrodes ond reference eleclrodes. lccording lo lhe Nernsl equolion,
lhe polenliol difference chonges by 5 m\ per pH unil. The pH meler musl be
colibroled regulorly from lime lo lime. The colibrolion is corried oul by meons of
slondord buffer solulions wilh defned pH volues.
During o 2 poinl colibrolion, lhe zero poinl is sel by on oddilive correclion wilh
lhe buffer solulion lpH=7I. Subsequenlly, lhe end volue le.g. pH=/.O1I is sel over o
mulliplicolive correclion llronsconduclonceI. How oflen lhe meler should be coli-
broled depends on how exocl lhe meosuremenls should be ond vories from meler
lo meler. f lhe pH meler is nol in conslonl use, il should be colibroled before every
meosuremenl. f lhe eleclrode is conlinuously in lhe sloroge liquid, il doesn`l hove
lo be colibroled os frequenlly. For eoch colibrolion, 2O ml of buffer solulion ore
needed. Solulions should nol be used more lhon once. The bollles conloining lhe
buffer solulion musl be seoled immediolely ofler use. llkoline colibrolion solulions
ore more sensilive. Their pH volues chonge becouse lhey obsorb 00
2
from lhe oir.
l seoled bollle of buffer solulion keeps for severol monlhs lo lwo yeors. Belween
colibrolions or meosuremenls, lhe sensor musl be rinsed wilh dislilled woler bul
nol wiped off. Fxcess drops con be dobbed owoy wilh o sofl clolh.

The pH volue is lemperolure-dependenl, lherefore lhe lemperolure musl olwoys
be recorded olong wilh lhe enlry of lhe pH volue. Nowodoys mosl pH melers ore
equipped wilh o lemperolure meosuring unil. This ollows lhe lemperolure in-
fuence lo be compensoled during lhe meosuremenl.

l pH meler requires regulor moinlenonce lo meosure oplimolly.
Wilh eleclrodes wilh reflloble eleclrolyle, lhe fuid level of lhe eleclrolyle solulion
musl be checked. The level of lhe reference eleclrolyle musl olwoys be o few cm
obove lhe fuid level of lhe meosuremenl solulion. f necessory, lhe K0l solulion 3M
musl be reflled ofler removing lhe seol over lhe fller hole. During use, lhe refll
hole for K0 should olwoys be open, olherwise lhe solulion connol be diffused oul.
f lhe eleclrode is no longer needed, il should be quickly rinsed, lhe refll hole for
K0 should be seoled ond lhe eleclrode should be slored in lhe 3M K0l solulion so
lhol il doesn`l dry oul.
During lronsporl ond sloroge, K0l solulion con leok oul of lhe proleclive cop, oul
of which cryslollised while polossium chloride is formed. This soll deposil hos no
effecl on meosuring occurocy ond con be eosily woshed off wilh woler. f lhe elec-
lrode is dried oul, lhen il musl be sooked in 1ML H0l ond subsequenlly reoclivoled
for severol hours in 3M K0l.
/ Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis

Should conslonl deviolions be delermined during meosuremenls, lhe eleclrode musl be
checked for possible conlominolion. Depending on lhe lype of conlominolion, differenl
cleoning meosures ore recommended.
To clean off fat or oil deposits, the membrane must be degreased with cotton which has
been soaked in acetone or soap solution.
If protein has settled on the diaphragm, the electrode is soaked in HCI/Pepsin solution for
approx. 1-2 hours.
In case of a silver sulphide contamination, the electrode is to be set in a thiocarbamide
solution and left to soak.
To remove inorganic lms, the electrode is dipped into 0.1 M HCl or 0.1 M NaOH. With
40-50C solutions, cleaning is more effective.
After every cleaning procedure, the electrode is to be set in a 3M KCl solution about a
quarter of an hour a new conditioning and subsequently calibrated once again.
L~Lo:~lo:y :ele: D~lle:y/ocel :ele:
4315
4317
4310
4311
BWXehWjehof>c[j[h
eecl:ooe :ol i:cuoeo, wil D eecl:ooe co::eclio:,
o: co:~liLe si:qe :oo eecl:ooes, see ~:l :o /ooo
Ad_Ya-,, e~sy lo use :e~su:e:e:l oevice o: , :\
~:o 'C. eecl:ooe ~o|usl:e:l ~:o :o:ilo:i:q
selesl, ~ulo:~lic le:e:~lu:e co:e:s~lio:
:eco:oe: oulul, c~iL:~lio: o~l~ :e:o:y
Ad_Ya-,+ us RS ZoZ i:le:~ce
o: co:ule: ~:o :i:le: 0LP oocu:e:l~lio:l
Ad_Ya/'' iqy oeveoeo :e~su:i:q oevice o: ,
:\ ~:o 'C wil suo:l o: use o: ~ l~Le, :olecleo
:o: ousl, w~le:, ~s we ~s i:~cl.
~ulo:~lic c~iL:~lio:, Lue: :ecoq:ilio:, le:e:~lu:e
co:e:s~lio:, selesl, D eecl:ooe co::eclio:
Ad_Ya/') si:i~: lo '11,
Lul wil ~ooilio:~ :e~su:e:e:l v~ue slo:~qe ~:o
i:le:~ce o: co:ule: ~:o :i:le: 0LP oocu:e:l~lio:l,
wil D eecl:ooe co::eclio:
f>c[j[hi
8Wjj[ho%feYa[jf>c[j[h
eecl:ooe :ol i:cuoeo i: le scoe o oeive:y
see ~:l :o /oO, /o8Ol
4400
4360
4361
4370
4350
4336
4392
4380
4391
4390
4319
A9biebkj_ed
i: ZO : PE Lolles
o :o/L
?di[hj_ed[b[YjheZ[?dbWXIeb_Zi
i:se:lio: e~o eecl:ooe
wil c~Le ~:o D uq
I_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[?dbWX8Wi_Yi
suil~Le o: :i u:o ole: uios
xeo c~Le wil D uq
I_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[I;'&&
wil i:leq:~leo le:e:~lu:e se:so: Pl 1OOO
co:~liLe wil :ic oo, o ~:l :o /o1O, /o11l,
wil D uq
?di[hj_ed[b[YjheZ[?dbWXIeb_Zi
wiloul c~Le
I_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[I;'&*
o: i:se:lio: :e~su:e:e:ls i: ceese, :e~l, ~:o s~us~qe,
co:~liLe wil :ic '11, '1o ~:l :o /o1, /o1l
xeo c~Le wil D uq
8k\\[hiebkj_edi
i: ZO : PE Lolles
/O1
OO
'Z1
I_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[I;'&(
i:leq:~leo wil le:e:~lu:e se:so: Pl 1OOO
oesiq: co:~liLe wil :ic '11/'1o ~:l :o /o1, /o1l
xeo c~Le wil D uq
Fj'&&&j[cf[hWjkh[i[dieh
o: :ic '11, '1o ~:l :o /o1, /o1l,
wil D uq
7
4420
4422
4450
4451
4452
4453
4455
4421
4460
4461
4462
9b[Wd_d]W][dj\ehi_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[
i: ZO : PE Lolles
lioc~:L~:ioe soulio: o: /qC oi~:~q:s
H[WYj_lWj_ediebkj_ed
yo:ouo:ic ~cio
i: Z : PE Lolles
f>C[j[hf>*/
i: ~cco:o~:ce wil quioei:e 8'/ooo/E\0
D~lle:y lye. ' \
0e:~lio: le:e:~lu:e. OO'C
Eecl:ooe co::eclio:. / :\. DC co::eclo:
'C. D co::eclo:
J[cf[hWjkh[i[diehFj'&&
o: :ele: /'
f>i_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[;=7'.*
o: :ele: /'
f>i_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[m_j^_dj[]hWj[ZFj'&&
FbWj_dkch[Zeni_d]b[heZ[b[YjheZ[
F[fi_dôZheY^beh_YWY_Ziebkj_ed
:olei: sove:l
8k\\[hiebkj_edf>*$&'%(+&cb
8k\\[hiebkj_edf>-$&%(+&cb
8k\\[hiebkj_edf>/$'.%(+&cb
8
4500
4501
4510
4520
4521
4530
4540
4550
J_jhWj_edWffWhWjkiIJ7D:7H:
co:ele wil slo:~qe Lolle, :uLLe: sloe:, Lu:elle
wil ~ulo:~lic .e:o oi:l ~o|usl:e:l, soo~i:e
wil ~sce:oi:q luLe, :uLLe: :essu:e LuL, Lu:elle li
wil i:ccoc, o:e 1 : ~:o o:e Z : ielle, o:e
ZOO : E:e::eye: ~s

o: :i. O Z' S
o: c:e~:. O /O 'S
o: cu:o. O ZO 'S
wil o:ce~i: :o:l~: ~:o esle, Z : ielle
wiloul 1 : ~:o Z : ielle ~:o E:e::eye: ~sl
TITRATION APPARATUS
YZiZgb^cVi^dcd[VX^YXdciZci
idVhXZgiV^ci]ZYZ\gZZd[[gZh]cZhh
J_jhWj_edWffWhWjkiI?CFB;N
o: :i ~:o c:e~:, co:ele wil oyelye:e Lolle
o: ~ ~slic L~se, Lu:elle wil ~ulo:~lic .e:o oi:l
~o|usl:e:l, :ecisio: lil:~lio: Ly Lullo: co:l:o, o:e
1 : ~:o o:e Z : ielle, o:e ZOO : E:e::eye: ~s
o: :i. O Z' S
o: c:e~:. O /O' S
J_jhWj_edWffWhWjkiI?CFB;N
o: qe:e:~ lil:~lio: u:oses, ~s ~Love,
Lul wiloul ~ccesso:ies
wil Lu:elle O 1O :. OO
wil Lu:elle O Z :. O1
wil Lu:elle O O :. O1
4660
4705
4770
4760
4655
4654
Fhej[_dj_jhWj_edWffWhWjki
wil slo:~qe Lolle,
o: use wil Z : o :i,
seci~ Lu:elle wil ~ulo:~lic
.e:o oi:l ~o|usl:e:l,
soo~i:e wil ~sce:oi:q luLe, :uLLe: LuL,
oulel li, i:ccoc,
o:e 1 :, o:e : ~:o o:e Z : vou:el:ic ielle,
lwo ZO : so:l Le~e:s,
lwo 1 :. OO1 :e~su:i:q ielles
O o ET. OOZ
7Y_Z_joj[ij[h
o: oele::i:i:q le oeq:ee o :es:ess
o u:~sleu:iseo :i
IWbjj[ij
o: Lulle: ~:o ceese
see ~:l :o /oO, //O,
Lul wil L:ow: slo:~qe Lolle
o: Lulle: 1O :. OO
o: ceese Z :. O1
J_jhWj_edWffWhWjki
wil Lolle ~:o ooe:
wiloul ~ccesso:ies
O 1OO' Do::ic
O /O' Do::ic
7O
4800
4810
4905
I;:?B78i[Z_c[djj[ij[h
e~sylouse :~:u~ seoi:e:l lesle:,
wil c~: o: ~ll~ci:q lo l~Les, sl~i:ess slee

o: OO : o :i
I;:?B78#;i[Z_c[djj[ij[h
o: se:i~ lesli:q o iquios o: ~:lice co:l~:i:~lio:,
~:licu~:y o: seoi:e:l lesli:q o :i,
s~s:oo oesiq:, ~:ox 8OO s~:es e: ou:,
s~:y oe:eo seoi:e:l i:~qes,
ZZO \ / O .
o: OO : o :i
7IF?B79i[Z_c[djj[ij[h
u: oesiq: o: oi:ecl suclio: :o: ~ c~:,
Pexiq~ss c~si:q o: o:iqi:~ le: ~e:s

o: OO : o :i
71
4910
5112
4911
4920
5140
5150
5111
5110
<_bj[hfWf[hi
wil ~:e~ o: :eco:os, 1OOO ieces, 0 Z8 ::, 8O x / ::
F_f[jj_d]ioh_d][i
o: oele::i:i:q oul :ul:ie:l ~:o oye soulio:s,
se:i:i:q, c~: Le sle:iiseo
~o|usl~Le lo 1 :
~o|usl~Le lo Z :
~o|usl~Le lo :
<_bj[hi"hekdZ
oZ ::, 1OOO ieces
H[\[h[dY[jWXb[
wil o u:ily q:~oes, 0e::~: sl~:o~:o
C[jôb[d[Xbk[jWXb[ji
o: L~cle:i~ cou:l esli:~lio:
O ieces
H[iWpkh_d[jWXb[ji
o: L0\D0D co:~:~lo: ~:l :o 1oOl, 1OO ieces
72
5430
5440
5450
5401
5420
5400
5162
5360
5161
5160
o

8kjj[hc[bj_d]X[Wa[h
o: le oele::i:~lio: o w~le: co:le:l i: Lulle:
/u:i:iu:, oO q, = 1 ::, o = oO ::
/u:i:iu:, O q, = oo ::, o = o/ ::
Jed]i
=bWiiij_hh[h
esle lye, 1/O/o ::
:ekXb[#[dZ[ZifWjkbW
u:e :ice, 1O ::
8kjj[hj[ij_d]ifeed
Pexiq~ss
J[ijjkX[
sel o / luLes
:hocWjj[hYWbYkbWjeh
~cco:oi:q lo /ce::~::s :eloo, o: :i
9ebekhZ_iY
o: :es~.u:i:e //' wil sl~:o~:o :ee:e:ce coou:s
BEL?8ED:YecfWhWjeh(&&&
o: :es~.u:i:e lesls,
ousi:q o: Z lesl luLes
o: coou: co:~:iso:s,
wil :i oLse:v~lio: sl~:o,
wiloul coou: oisc see ~:l :o 1o1l
73
5550
5572
5571
5463
5462
5461
5460
5464
5470
5490
8kdi[dXkhd[h
o: :o~:e q~s
ole: q~s lyes ~v~i~Le o: :equesll
?d\hWh[ZXkhd[h" u lo O'C
suil~Le o: ~sl, co:l~cl:ee e~li:q

O' q, 1OO x 1OO x 1OO ::
DjiejigZ\jaVidg
9hoijWbb_d[gkWhjpiWdZ
Oo1Z :: q:~i: si.e, c~ci:eo qu~ily
w~seo, 1 q, l:~:so:l cosls ~v~i~Le o: :equesl
w~seo, o q, l:~:so:l cosls ~v~i~Le o: :equesl
w~seo, q l:~:so:l cosls ~v~i~Le o: :equesl
w~seo, Z q l:~:so:l cosls ~v~i~Le o: :equesl
w~seo, 1O q l:~:so:l cosls ~v~i~Le o: :equesl
7bkc_d_kc\e_b
1O x 1'O ::, 1OOO ieces
M[_]^_d]Z_i^
~u:i:iu:, wil io, :u:Le:eo o: :equesll
x oO ::
7/
5605
5600
5601
5606
5607
5608
8kjj[hYkjj[h
wi:e q~uqe O ::
MWjehfWf[h
:oic~lo: ~e: o: oele::i:i:q :oislu:e oisl:iLulio:
i: Lulle:

/O x 8 ::, O ieces
J[ijjkX[WYYehZ_d]je8[Ya[bic[jêZ
o: oele::i:i:q le ~cio v~ue i: Lulle:
: / 11 :, PE sl~:o
I[fWhWj_d]\kdd[b
o: exl:~clio:

ZO :
J^_dbWo[hY^hecWje]hWfô
Y^WcX[h
ZOO x ZOO ::
J^_dbWo[hY^hecWje]hWfôfbWj[i
Z siico: oioxioe qe ~les
wil ~u:i:u: i:e:
c~: Le cul wil scisso:s
ZOO x ZOO ::
75
5614
5620
5613
5612
5610
FeYa[jh[\hWYjec[j[h
o: :e~su:i:q le oeq:ee o ev~o:~lio: i: :i ~:o
oele::i:i:q le co:ce:l:~lio: i: v~:ious eos o
~ic~lio:, i:c c~se
le i:le::~lio:~y ~:oveo D:ix sc~e e:~Les le weiql
e:ce:l~qe o o:y :~lle: lo Le oele::i:eo oi:ecly
O oZ % D:ix. OZ % o: :i, :uil |uices, sol o:i:s
Z8 oZ % D:ix. OZ % o: co:ce:l:~leo :uil |uice
/ 8Z % D:ix. O % o: o:ey
:_]_jWb^WdZh[\hWYjec[j[h
c~: Le swilceo :o: 1ooO 1o18 :
D
.
:esoulio: O1 % D:ix, OOOO1 :
D
~ulo:~lic le:e:~lu:e co:e:s~lio: :o: 1O /O'C
O ' % . O1 % D:ix
:_]_jWb7XX[h[\hWYjec[j[h
LED ois~y 'O ::, se:i~ i:le:~ces RSZoZ
~:o RS /ZZ, 11/ZoO \, O/oO .
1oOOO 1ZOO :
D
. OOOO1 :
D
q 1/O x Z x oOO ::
O ' %. O1 % D:ix, O '''C. O1'C
7
5671
5672
5673
5670
5674
7YY[iieh_[i\eh^kc_Z_joc[Wikh_d]Z[l_Y[CB8+&#)
6ajb^c^jbheZX^bZcY^h]
'Z :: oi~:ele:, ~cs o 8O ieces
8^gXjaVg\aVhhWgZaiZg
o: s~si:q o: c~i:q seci:e:s
BVig^mcZZYaZeg^ciZg
>kc_Z_oc[Wikh_d]Z[l_Y[CB8+&#)
o: le uy ~ulo:~lic oele::i:~lio: o :oislu:e
co:le:l o: o:y suLsl~:ce co:le:l
o~l~ i:le:~ce RS ZoZ
q Z1 x Z8o x 1o ::
HeZX^bZcY^h]
~u:i:iu:
1OO x ::, ~c. 1OO ieces
77
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
H[\[h[dY[Zh_[hH:#.
o: oele::i:i:q le :oislu:e co:le:l o owoe:eo
:i i: ~cco:o~:ce wil S0/D o, DF Zo
8 s~:es c~: Le o:ieo si:ul~:eousy u:oe: :e
cisey oe:eo co:oilio:s 8'C / oo :/Mi: ~i:owl
Co::eclio:s. ~l ZoO \ / 11 \, ZO \
Ll Z L~: L~:
Te:e:~lu:e :~:qe. ~o|usl~Le, u lo 11OO'C
Sl~Liily. -/ Oo'C
7YY[iieh_[i\ehh[\[h[dY[Zh_[hH:#.
heZX^bZcXdciV^cZg
PP, ZO ieces
A^Y[dgheZX^bZcXdciV^cZg
PP ~slic, ZO ieces
9Wf
PP ~slic, ZO ieces
<_bj[h
1OO ieces
78
5705
5706
5707
5708
5712
AdVY^c\Vgb
o: e~sy ~:o ex~cl osilio:i:q o le le:
i: le seci:e: :ecel~ce, ~c:yic
LZ^\]^c\hiVcY
HiVcY[dga^YhVcYXVeh
;adlbZiZg
o: :e~su:i:q le ~i: ow
i: le :ee:e:ce o:ie: RD8
/DM 1OOO
GdjcYVajb^c^jb[dâ
1oO x OOo ::, 1OOO ieces
7
5811
5810
5820
7dWboj_YWbiYWb[
wil :ooe:: ~q~ss wi:o :oleclio:,
~ulo:~lic i:le::~ ~o|usl:e:l eve:y o ou:s
o: wil ~ le:e:~lu:e c~:qe o >O8'C
ois~y c~:qe :o: iece lo weiql,
0LP/S0 oqqi:q ossiLe,
e:ce:l~qe oele::i:~lio:, RS ZoZ o~l~ i:le:~ce,
u:oe:oo: weiqi:q ossiLe,
q~uqe o: c~iL:~lio: ce:lic~le o: ~ooilio:~ c~:qe
weiqi:q ~le oi~:ele:. 8 ::
1oO q. O1 :q
ZZO q. O1 :q
Fh[Y_i_ediYWb[
wil o::u~lio: :e:o:y, u:il cou:le:,
0LP/S0 oqqi:q ossiLe,
e:ce:l~qe oele::i:~lio:, RS ZoZ o~l~ i:le:~ce,
u:oe:oo: weiqi:q ossiLe
weiqi:q ~le. 1oO x1oO ::
1oOO q. OO1q
<khj^[hiYWb[iWlW_bWXb[edh[gk[ij
[jgi]Zg^chigjbZcihVkVâVWaZdcgZfjZhi
0rder
no.
Model \olume
llilresI
exl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
inl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
supporling ribs/
slide-in ploles
Wolls/
volls
Kg
nel
Fquipmenl lype/fixlures
6000 UNB 1OO 1/ /7O/52O/325 32O/2/O/175 2/1 OO/23O 2O Digilol lswilch-offI clock
hours 5 min.
6001 UNB 2OO 32 55O/OO//OO /OO/32O/25O 3/1 11OO/23O 28
6002 UNB 3OO 3 3O/OO//OO /8O/32O/25O 3/1 12OO/23O 3O
6008 UFB /OO 53 55O/8O//8O /OO//OO/33O //2 1/OO/23O 35 Digilol lswilch offI clock
hours 5 min.
6009 UFB 5OO 1O8 71O/7O/55O 5O//8O//OO 5/2 2OOO/23O 5O
0rder
no.
Model \olume
llilresI
exl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
inl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
supporling ribs/
slide-in ploles
Wolls/
volls
Kg
nel
6035 NF 2OO 32 55O/OO//OO /OO/32O/25O 3/1 11OO/23O 28 Fxcellenl Fuzzy PD conlroller
wilh lwo inlegroled clocks
lrunning lime 1 min. lo hours
ond weekly progrom limerI ond
lriple lhermol sofely fuse,
oir lurbine speed conlroller
6036 NF 3OO 3 3O/OO//OO /8O/32O/25O 3/1 12OO/23O 3O
6037 NF /OO 53 55O/8O//8O /OO//OO/33O //2 1/OO/23O 35
6038 NF 5OO 1O8 71O/7O/55O 5O//8O//OO 5/2 2OOO/23O 5O
0rder
no.
Model \olume
llilresI
exl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
inl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
supporling ribs/
slide-in ploles
Wolls/
volls
Kg
nel
6047 SNB 1OO 1/ /7O/52O/325 32O/2/O/175 2/1 OO/23O 2O Digilol lswilch-offI clock
hours 5 min.
6048 SNB 2OO 32 55O/OO//OO /OO/32O/25O 3/1 11OO/23O 28
6049 SNB 3OO 3 3O/OO//OO /8O/32O/25O 3/1 12OO/23O 3O
0rder
no.
Model \olume
llilresI
exl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
inl. dimensions
w/h/d lmmI
supporling ribs/
slide-in ploles
Wolls/
volls
Kg
nel
6070 0P /OO 53 558/7//8 /OO//OO/33O //2 5OO/23O 8 PD process conlroller,
seriol ond porollel inlerfoces,
molorised inner oir circulolion
6071 0P 5OO 1O8 718/1O/7/55 5O//8O//OO 5/2 5OO/23O 87
6072 0P OO 25 58/1335/5 8OO//O/5OO 7/2 7OO/23O 1//
HEATING CABINETS UFB
wilh forced oir circulolion for slondord lempering losks from 3O-22O0
HEATING CABINETS UNB
wilh nolurol oir circulolion for slondord lempering losks from 3O-22O0
INCUBATORS INE
wilh nolurol oir circulolion for lempering losks from 3O-7O0
STERILISING OVENS SNB
wilh nolurol oir circulolion for lempering losks from 3O-22O0
REFRIDGERATED INCUBATORS WITH COMPRESSION COOLING ICP
for lempering losks from O-O0
81
6520
6521
6522
6530
6570
6571
6220
:_iY^Wh][l_iYec[j[h
E~sylouse visco:ele: o: i:ouse :e~su:e
:e:l o le viscosily o yoqu:l, cu:oeo :i, e:
~:o ole: :ooucls
Te slo li:e o le oisc~:qe o le :e~su:eo
:~le:i~ se:ves ~s ~ :e~su:e o le viscosily
wil sl~:o ~:o lwo oie:e:l oisc~:qe :o..es
=bWiifbWj[
IjefmWjY^
L_iYej[ij[hLJ,H>WWa[
:ol~lio: visco:ele: o: :e~su:e:e:ls i: ~cco:o~:ce
wil S0 Z ~:o /STM le D:ooeo :elool
:e~su:i:q :~:qe ZO 1o,OOO,OOO :P~s cPl
~couslic w~::i:q o: :e~su:i:q :~:qe
RS ZoZC i:le:~ce
sel o o si:oes
sl~:o ~:o c~se i:cuoeo i: le scoe o oeive:y
:[blej[ijIF#DJ o: 1OO s~:es
:[blej[ijfbWj[j[ijIF#DJ
e~c o: 'o s~:es
INHIBITOR DETECTION
BWXehWjeho\khdWY[i
e~li:q ~:o i:ci:e:~lio: ~l u lo 11OO'C,
:usl:ee sl~i:ess slee u::~ce c~si:q,
iqq:~oe iso~lio:, so:l e~li:qu li:e
ZoO \/O ., 1Z \, \ou:e. oL
:le::~ oi:e:sio:s. 1oO x 1/O x 1OO ::,
Exle::~ oi:e:sio:s. o8O x oO x /ZO ::, ZO q
82
6600
6602-E
6603-ES
6610
6612-E
6613-ES
6622-ES
6621-E
6620
oci~y c~iL:~leo, le c~iL:~leo :~:qe
o le le::o:ele: qoes :o: 1O'C lo oO'C
oci~y c~iL:~leo, wil ce:lic~le, le c~iL:~leo
:~:qe o le le::o:ele: qoes :o: 1O'C lo oO'C
BWYjeZ[di_c[j[h
o: :i ~cc lo 0ERDERs :el, s:~ :ooe,
wil le::o:ele: i: Looy,
1OZO 1Oo. OOOO q/:,
T = ZO'C, O /O'C, c~ Z1O x 1 ::
sl~:o~:o :ooe
oci~y c~iL:~leo, le c~iL:~leo :~:qe
o le le::o:ele: qoes :o: 1O'C lo oO'C
oci~y c~iL:~leo, wil ce:lic~le, le c~iL:~leo
:~:qe o le le::o:ele: qoes :o: 1O'C lo oO'C
>oZhec[j[h
o: :i i: ~cco:o~:ce wil D 1OZ'O
wiloul le::o:ele:,
1OZO 1O/. OOOO q/:,
T = ZO'C, c~ oO x Z ::

sl~:o~:o :ooe
L~clooe:si:ele:s ~:e :eque:ly useo wil ~: oci~
c~iL:~lio:, o: ~:e oci~y c~iL:~leo wil ~ ce:lic~le
Pe~se :ee: lo ou: :ice isl o: co:l~cl us o: :o:e
i:o::~lio:
BWYjeZ[di_c[j[h
o: :i ~cco:oi:q lo 0ERDERs :eloo, ~:qe
:ooe,
:eq~live sc~e, wil le::o:ele: i: sle:,
1OZO 1O/O. OOOO q/:,
T = ZO'C, 1O /O'C, c~ oOO x Z8 ::
sl~:o~:o :ooe
oci~y c~iL:~leo
oci~y c~iL:~leo, wil ce:lic~le
LACTODENSIMETER
83
6670
6660
6661
6641-ES
6650
6641-E
6640
6630
6630-15
6631
6631-15
>oZhec[j[h\ehoe]khjWdZYêYebWj[c_ba
wil le::o:ele: i:co:o:~leo i: Looy,
:e~oi:q ~l lo
~:ox ZZO x 1o ::
1OoO 1OoO. O,OO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
>oZhec[j[h\ehXkjj[hc_bai[hkc
D 1OZ'o, wiloul le::o:ele:, T = ZO'C,
1O1/ 1OoO. OOOOZ q/:, ~:ox Z/O x Z1 ::
sl~:o~:o :ooe
8kjj[hc_baj[ij[h
~cco:oi:q lo D: Roeoe:s :eloo
wil le::o:ele: i: sle:,
~:ox Z1O x Z ::
1O1O 1OoO. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
BWYjeZ[di_c[j[h
o: :i ~cco:oi:q lo 0ueve::es :eloo,
wil coou:eo l:ie sc~e
1O1 1O/O. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
wil le::o:ele: O /O'C, ~:ox Z'O x ZZ ::
1O1 1O/O. OOO1 q/:, T = 1'C
wil le::o:ele: O /O'C, ~:ox Z'O x ZZ ::
1O1 1O/O. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
wiloul le::o:ele:, ~:ox Z1O x ZZ ::
1O1 1O/O. OOO1 q/:, T = 1'C
wiloul le::o:ele:, ~:ox Z1O x ZZ ::
oci~y c~iL:~leo
oci~y c~iL:~leo, wil ce:lic~le
>oZhec[j[h\ehYedZ[di[Zc_ba
wiloul le::o:ele:, :e~oi:q ~l lo
1OOO 1Z/O. OOOZ q/:, T = ZO'C, ~:ox o1O x 1' ::
1O/O 1O8O. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C, ~:ox ZoO x Z1 ::
8/
6680
6681
6690
6720
6730
6731
6710
6711
6742
6741
6740
6743
>oZhec[j[h\ehXh_d[%8[Wkc
O oO / O De, T = 1'C
~:ox Z/O x 1 ::
wiloul le::o:ele:
>oZhec[j[h\ehXe_b[hmWj[h
D 1Z'1, M 1OO
wiloul le::o:ele:,
~:ox ZO x ZO ::
1OOO 11OO. OOOZ q/:, T = ZO'C
wil le::o:ele:, O /O'C
>oZhec[j[h\ehWcobWbYeêb
D 1Z'1, M O
wiloul le::o:ele:
ZoO x Z/ ::
O8OO O8. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
>oZhec[j[h\ehikbf^kh_YWY_Z
D 1Z'1, M O
wiloul le::o:ele:
ZO x Z/ ::
18OO 18O. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
1OO 1O. OOO1 q/:, T = ZO'C
7bYeêbec[j[h
O 1OO \o %. 1O, T = ZO'C,
~:ox Z'O x 1o ::
wil le::o:ele:
wiloul le::o:ele:
>oZhec[j[h
D 1Z'1,M O
o: v~:ious iquios,
wiloul le::o:ele:, T = ZO'C,
ZO x Z/ ::
1OOO 1OO. OOO1 q/:
1OO 11OO. OOO1 q/:
11OO 11O. OOO1 q/:
11O 1ZOO. OOO1 q/:
85
6800
6810
6820
6830
B[l[b]Wk][\ehbWYjeZ[di_c[j[hi
i:le::~ oi~:ele:. o' ::
e:ql. Zo ::
IjWdZ
l:ioo wil c~:o~:ic suse:sio:
~:o ~:qi:q cyi:oe:
o: ~clooe:si:ele:s ~:l :o oo1O oo1o
Zo x oO ::
GZeaVXZbZci]Vc\^c\Xna^cYZg
o: ~:l :o o81O
Z1O x ZZ ::
IjWdZ
wil c~:o~:ic suse:sio:,
ove:ow ~:qi:q cyi:oe:,
co:~liLe wil ~ ~clooe:si:ele:s
~:o yo:o:ele:s, i:c o:i l:~y,
oses ~:o i:ccoc
8
7001
7031
7041
9V^gni]ZgbdbZiZg
wil oo
seci~ :eo i:q
O 1OO'C. 1'C
~:ox ZO x 1 ::
THERMOMETER/ACCESSORIES
:W_hoj^[hcec[j[h
i: ~slic c~se wil oo,
Loi ~:o i:~cl:oo, o~l~Le,
seci~ :eo i:q
O 1OO'C. 1'C
~:ox Z8O x Z8 ::
:W_hoj^[hcec[j[h
seci~ :eo i:q
:e~ce:e:l o: ~:l :o Oo1,
~:ox ZO x 1 ::
87
7046
7060
7070-ES
7071
7081
7095
7096
CWn_ckc#c_d_ckcheZj^[hcec[j[h
wile co~li:q, c:eosole i:q
o Lis - O'C. 1O, ~:ox ZZO x 1O ::
1O Lis - 1OO'C. 1O, ~:ox ZZO x 1O ::
Kd_l[hiWbj^[hcec[j[h
seci~ :eo i:q
1O lo 1OO'C. 1O, ~:ox ZoO x 8 ::
9eeb_d]Y^WcX[hj^[hcec[j[h
seci~ Lue i:q
i: ~slic ooe: wil oo ~:o oo
/O lo -/O'C. 1O, ~:ox ZOO x ZO ::
9edjhebj^[hcec[j[h
seci~ :eo i:q
1O lo -1OO'C. 1O, ~:ox oO x ' ::
oci~y c~iL:~leo, wil ce:liic~le
u:c~iL:~leo
Bemj[cf[hWjkh[bWXehWjehoj^[hcec[j[h
seci~ :eo i:q
o8 lo -O'C. 1O, ~:ox Z8O x 8 x ' ::
88
7120
7100
7110
7115
7119
:_]_jWbi[YedZj^[hcec[j[h/(,
o: o~iy le:e:~lu:e :e~su:e:e:ls i: le ooo
i:ousl:y, o: ~Lo:~lo:y use
S0 c~iL:~lio: ce:lic~le o: ~: ~ooilio:~ :ice
Me~su:i:q :~:qe. O lo -/OO'C. O1'C 1'C :o: ZOO'Cl,
/ccu:~cy. Oo'C
PSYCHROMETER
w~le: slo:~qe l~:,
Z c~iL:~l~Le le::o:ele:s wil l:~:suce:l q~ss
sc~e, wil u:ioily l~Le, ~cque:eo wooo ~le
1O - oO. O'C, ~:ox 1'O x 1Z1o ::
Feboc[j[h ~i: yq:o:ele:l
o: :e~su:i:q :e~live u:ioily ~:o le:e:~lu:e,
wil sc~e o: w~le: v~ou: s~lu:~lio: :essu:e,
le::o:ele: wil seci~ i:q
Te::o:ele: oi:e:sio:s. ~:ox 1oO x 1Z ::
yq:o:ele: oi:e:sio:s. 0 1OO ::
Me~su:i:q :~:qe. O 1OO %, O oO'C,
>kc_Z_jo%j[cf[hWjkh[c[Wikh_d]Z[l_Y[
wil :oislu:e se:so: ~:o TC le:e:~lu:e se:so:
Me~su:i:q :~:qe. 1O -O'C, O 1OO % :
/ccu:~cy. O'C, Z % :
:_]_jWbj^[hcec[j[h.(,#J*
co:l~cl:ee :e~su:e:e:l ~:o co:e le:e:~lu:e
:e~su:e:e:l i: oooslus wil o:e oevice
Me~su:i:q :~:qes.
co:l~cl:ee / R. O'C lo -oOO'C, ~ccu:~cy. Z'C
wil TC se:so:. O'C lo -ZoO'C, ~ccu:~cy. 1'C
TefioY^hec[j[h
Me~su:e:e:l o :e~live u:ioily
/ ~i: yq:o:ele: is lyic~y useo lo :e~su:e :e~live u:ioily / sl:~:o o ~i: eo:q~les we: il ~Lso:Ls
:oislu:e Te syc:o:ele: u:clio:s :o:e ~ccu:~ley Te i:sl:u:e:l co:sisls o lwo ex~cly :~lci:q
le::o:ele:s wil ~s ille oevi~lio: ~s ossiLel Te :e:cu:y :ecel~ce ~coo is :ol useo oue lo loo
iq i:~ccu:~cyl o o:e le::o:ele: is w:~eo i: ~ o~: iece o ~Lso:Le:l collo: o: le ie Te ole:
le::o:ele: is el o:y ~:o qives le le:e:~lu:e o le su::ou:oi:q ~i: /l ~ :e~live u:ioily o 1OO %, Lol
le:e:~lu:es sow le s~:e le:e:~lu:e le u:ioily is owe: l~: 1OO %, le w~le: o: le o~: le:
:o:ele: ev~o:~les / owe: le:e:~lu:e is sow: o: le o~: le::o:ele: ~s o: le o:y le::o:ele:
oue lo ev~o:~lio: ci le w~::l :ecess~:y lo ev~o:~le is oel:~cleo :o: le le::o:ele: ~:o le iece
o collo:l Te u:ioily c~: Le c~cu~leo :o: le le:e:~lu:e oie:e:ce
8
7127
7125
7124
7123
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INSERTION/IMMERSION SENSORS
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O Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
The German chemist Beckmann, known for the thermometer named after him, began
using the freezing point of milk in as early as 1895 to detect if it had been adulterated
with water. The American Hortvet worked intensively with this method in 1920 and im-
proved some of its essential features. The rst thermistor cyroscopes were brought
to the market in the 1960s. However, they had to be operated entirely by hand. At the
beginning of the 1970s, the rst automatic thermistor cyroscopes became available.
With this development it was possible to determine the freezing point automatically at
the push of a button.
A decisive step in the improvement of thermistor cryo-
scopy was displayed at the FoodTec tradeshow in
1984: Funke-Gerber introduced the rst device with
automatic calibration. This successful and intensive
development work reached a new peak at the Food-
Tec in 1988, where Funke-Gerber presented a fully
automatic freezing point determination mechanism
with a capacity of 220 samples per hour.
With the introduction of an indirect freezing point
measurement device (e.g. LactoStar) for routine
analysis, interest was focused primarily on reference
devices which are able to determine freezing points
in accordance with the applicable standards and
regulations. These devices must satisfy the strictest
requirements with regard to measuring accuracy.
For this reason Funke-Gerber developed a program-
mable cryoscope with a resolution of 0.1 m C. This
instrument has proven its accuracy and reliability in
countless laboratories all over the world. The product
range has been expanded with a multi-sample device
(CryoStarautomatic). Since January 2007, these instru-
ments have been equipped with a graphic colour dis-
play. This makes it possible to show the entire freezing
curve, in particular the process of the plateau search,
with a patented screen presentation.

FREEZING POINT DETERMINATION
DcZd[i]ZbV^c[dXjhZhd[;jc`Z"9g#C#<ZgWZgAVWdgiZX]c^`<bW=
K. Schaefer, graduate engineer, W. Spindler, graduate physician report
HISTORY
THE FREEZING POINT:
The freezing poinl of pure woler is lhe lemperolure ol which ice ond woler ore in
equilibrium.
f soluble componenls ore odded lo lhis liquid, lhe freezing lemperolure lowers
lbecomes colderI becouse lhe obilily of lhe woler molecules lo escope from lhe sur-
foce diminishes. ls fol is nol woler soluble, il hos no infuence on lhe freezing poinl.
MEASURING PRINCIPLE:
The milk is cooled lo -30 lsuper-cooledI ond cryslollisolion is induced by mechonicol
vibrolion. ls o resull of lhis freezing process, lhe lemperolure increoses due lo lhe
releosed lollice energy ond slobilises ol o cerloin ploleou which corresponds lo lhe
freezing poinl.
MEASURING PROCEDURE:
The freezing poinl of liquids is nol |usl ony lemperolure, bul lhe exocl lemperolure ol
which one porl of lhe somple is in o solid slole ond onolher porl is in o frozen slole,
whereby lhe porls ore in equilibrium.
To meosure lhe freezing poinl, lhe somple musl lherefore be broughl inlo lhis slole.
n order lo do lhis, o cerloin procedure musl be followed, which is corried oul in lhe
following woy.
Firsl lhe somple musl be cooled lo under lhe ocluol freezing poinl while being slirred.
Slirring is necessory for 3 reosons.
The somple is kepl in molion so lhol il con nol freeze on ils own.
The somple is lhoroughly mixed so lhol oll porls of lhe somple hove lhe some lem-
perolure.
The wormlh conloined in lhe somple is lronsporled oul where il con be dissipoled
by lhe cooling mechonism.
When o liquid is colder lhon ils ocluol freezing poinl, lhis slole is insloble. This slole is
colled melosloble. Fven lhe smollesl infuences, such os lhe impocl of o hord ob|ecl
on lhe gloss woll, couse freezing lo sel in. This conlinues like on ovolonche unlil lhe
releosed fusion heol increoses lhe lemperolure of lhe somple so much lhol lhe freez-
ing poinl is reoched ond lhe frozen porls of lhe somple ore in equilibrium wilh lhe nol
yel frozen porls of lhe somple.
l cryoscope musl lherefore lrigger freezing when lhe somple is suffcienlly colder
lhon ils ocluol freezing poinl. Bul whol is suffcienlly colder? The oim here is lhol
so much ice builds up during freezing lhol lhere ore normol-sized ice cryslols oll
lhroughoul lhe somple bul lhol lhe somple is nol complelely frozen. Wilh milk, il hos
been proved oplimol lo lrigger lhe freezing ol oboul -20 lo -30.
lfler lriggering freezing, lhe lemperolure of lhe somple climbs becouse lhe fusion
heol creoled during freezing is releosed. l slobilises ol o cerloin volue, which is colled
lhe ploleou. The cooling bolh conlinues lo pull wormlh oul of lhe somple, ond lo lhe
some degree lhol lhis hoppens, more porls in lhe somple freeze ond releose lheir fu-
sion heol. Therefore lhe lemperolure remoins lhe some - ol leosl os long os lhere ore
slill liquids porls in lhe somple. This ploleou losls for o few minules. The cryoscope
delermines lhe freezing poinl from lhe lemperolure meosuremenl volues of lhe plo-
leou. There ore rules reguloling lhis.
<hep[djee[Whbo
The slole of lhe somple is insloble when il is below ils freezing poinl. l con lherefore
hoppen lhol lhe somple freezes due lo on uninlenlionol infuence or on ils own before
lhe device lriggers freezing. There ore mony possible reosons for lhis. f slirring is
loo slrong or if lhe slirring rod is grinding ogoinsl somelhing, |olling con occur ond
lrigger freezing. The longer cooling lokes lhe more lime lhe somple hos lo freeze
on ils own. Therefore lhe cooling should be corried oul os quickly os possible. f lhe
somple is conlominoled, freezing moy be lriggered.
Dej\hep[d0
f lhe lemperolure sel for supercooling llhe lrigger lemperolureI is reoched, lhe
device beols ogoinsl lhe gloss woll of lhe somple lube lo lrigger freezing. The
lemperolure should lhen slorl lo rise. l crilerion for lhis is o rise in lemperolure
of ol leosl O.1 0. This is olwoys lhe cose wilh woler or colibrolion solulions if lhe
slirring rod is sel in such o woy lhol il beols hord ogoinsl lhe gloss woll. This is nol
olwoys lhe cose wilh milk. Some milks freeze slowly. Should lhis error occur rorely
wilh individuol milk somples, lhe milk in queslion should be heoled lo opprox. /O0,
cooled ond meosured ogoin. However, if lhis error occurs oflen in o cerloin region,
lhen il is beller lo lower lhe lrigger lemperolure so lhol lhe somples ore supercooled
more oggressively, cousing lhem lo freeze eosier. f lhis error occurs wilh colibrolion
solulions, lhen lhe colibrolion of lhe device is incorrecl or cooling bolh liquid hos
leoked inlo lhe somple.
FbWj[Wkdej\ekdZ0
This error con only occur when lhe Ploleou Seorch Melhod in occordonce DF is
used lo delermine lhe freezing poinl. Wilh lhis melhod, lhe lemperolure volue musl
be wilhin lhe defned ronge for o cerloin lime during lhe ploleou. l con so hoppen
lhol o cerloin milk somple does nol fulfl lhis crilerion. Then o second somple of lhis
milk musl be meosured. f lhis error occurs frequenlly even lhough lhe device is
olherwise funclioning correclly, lhe error is eilher wilh lhe lhermislor or lhe resull
of exlernol dislurbonces.
KdYWb_XhWj[ZehZ[\[Yj_l[j^[hc_ijeh0
The inslrumenl lesls lhe currenl lhermislor volue when slorling o meosuremenl or
colibrolion. ls eleclricol resislonce is known lo be o funclion of lhe lemperolure.
This eleclricol resislonce is lronsloled wilh on lD0 lonologue digilol converlerI inlo o
number which is lhen used by lhe inslrumenl. f lhe lhermislor hos o shorl circuil or
o disruplion, ils resislonce is zero or infnile, bolh of which condilions ore impossible
for o properly funclioning lhermislor. n lhis cose, lhe lhermislor will nol slorl lhe
meosuremenl.
f lhe lemperolure which is given from lhe currenl lhermislor volue logelher wilh
lhe colibrolion conslonl slored in lhe device is lower lhon -10 lwhich is nol possible
wilh o lhermislor which is locoled in o new, i.e. slill worm sompleI, lhe device will
olso foil lo slorl lhe meosuremenl.
;hhehiZkh_d]Yeeb_d]0
f lhe heol wilhdrown from lhe somple is loo
lillle, lhe cooling lokes loo long.
The reoson for lhis is eilher lhe cooling bolh
or lhe slirring rod. The cooling bolh musl be
ol leosl 0 ond circulole well in order lo be
oble lo lronsfer lhe heol oul of lhe somple.
The slirring rod musl slir uniformly wilh on
omplilude of 3./ mm. When cooling errors oc-
cur, lhe cooling bolh lemperolure musl lhe-
refore be meosured wilh o lhermomeler, lhen
lhe cooling bolh circulolion is checked wilh
on emply somple lube. Then, il is delermi-
ned whelher lhe slirring rod con move free-
ly ond lhol il does nol slrike or grind ogoinsl
onylhing. Finolly, lhe slirring rod omplilude is
lesled. There is o speciol menu in lhe device
for lhis purpose. The volid reference volue is
nol simply some number on lhe disploy, lhis
is only meonl lo be on indicolion. The lip of
lhe oscilloling slirring rob is observed ond
od|usled so lhol lhe poinls of regression ore
only oboul 3-/ mm oporl. Then 2.5 ml of woler
is poured inlo o somple lube which is held
under lhe lhermislor so lhol lhe slirring rod
slirs lhe woler. l is delermined whelher lhe
slirring rod oscilloles well in lhe woler.
When everylhing hos been lesled ond od-
|usled, o somple meosuremenl wilh woler
is corried oul ond lhe lemperolure volue in
disploy is observed. The lime lhol lhe device
lokes lo cool one somple from room lempero-
lure l2O 0 lo 250I lo -20 should be olmosl
exoclly one minule. f lhis is lhe cose, il meons
lhol lhe cooling bolh ond lhe slirring rob ore
od|usled correclly. f cooling lokes less lhon /5
seconds, lhen lhe cooling bolh is loo cold or
lhe slirring rod selling is loo high. f cooling
lokes longer lhon 75 seconds, lhe cooling bolh
is loo worm or is circuloling poorly or lhe slir-
ring inlensily is loo low.
f on error during cooling occurs ofler lhe
cooling bolh ond slirring rod hove been lesled
ond delermined lo be funclioning correclly,
lhen lhe lhermislor ond lhe colibrolion of lhe
inslrumenl musl be lesled. f lhe inslrumenl
hos been incorreclly colibroled, il will nol fnd
ils lemperolure scole ond lherefore connol
meosure lhe lemperolure correclly.
POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE MEASUREMENT PROCESS
When delermining lhe freezing poinl, o cerloin procedure musl be odhered lo during
meosuremenl, whereby errors con occur ol every sloge of lhe procedure.
Im_jY^_d]ed0lhe device musl show lhe slorling messoge
CryoStar I (or. CryoStar automatic), Funke Gerber on lhe disploy when il is swilched on.
Edhh^WaZZggdgh/
Locking devices on lhe nelwork conneclion block
Locking device on lhe moin conduclor boord
Moin reclifer. \erify lhol lhe volloge of lhe moin condenser is ol leosl 11 \.
Power lronsformer
Frror wilh lhe moin conduclor boord
Disploy or o coble leoding lo lhe disploy is defeclive
-
-
-
-
-
-
Edhh^WaZZggdgh/
- lir supply is nol funclioning properly. venlilolion slols
on lhe sides of lhe device ore clogged, lhe inside of lhe
device is conlominoled.
- l venlilolor hos foiled.
- \enlilolor conlrol syslem is defeclive. \erify lhol lhe
volloge is opprox. 2/-2 \.
- 0ooling block hos suffered heoling domoge ond is now
defeclive.
- 0ooling block conlrol syslem is defeclive. \erify lhol
lhe Pellier conneclors ore opprox. -1O \ ol full cooling
copocily.
- No or poor circulolion. when on emply somple lube is
immersed lwilh lid removedI inlo lhe meosuring sile ond
loken bock oul, lhe cooling bolh liquid should fow bock in
wilhin opprox. 1 lo 2 seconds. Edhh^WaZZggdgh/
0ooling bolh liquid hos become loo lhick.
0honge lhe liquid.
Too lillle cooling liquid, lherefore oir in lhe leod.
odd liquid.
Pump is blocked. Swilch off device, open lid, corefully
lurn lhe pump molor rolor by hond. il should spin
wilhoul resislonce. f lhis is nol lhe cose lconlomi-
nonls in lhe pumpI. rinse pump ond leod.
Pump conlrol syslem is defeclive. \erify lhol lhe voll-
oge on lhe pump molor conneclors is opprox. 2/-2 \.
Pump molor is defeclive. reploce molor.
lxle belween pump molor ond pump is defeclive.
remove pump molor, check oxle.
Device reporls lhe signol lifl error when slorling o
meosuremenl. Edhh^WaZZggdghVgZ/
Finol posilion swilch on lhe lifl is defeclive.
0oble from meosuring heod lo moin conduclor
boord is defeclive.
0onduclor boord in meosuring heod is defeclive.
IDENTIFYING TECHNICAL DEFECTS
9eeb_d]f^Wi[0 lhe device should reoch o cooling bolh lemperolure of ol leosl -0 in o reosonoble omounl of lime.
This lime depends on lhe surrounding lemperolure, bul should nol be longer lhon 2O minules.
Device indicoles o much loo cold volue on lhe disploy
immediolely ofler sloring o meosuremenl, beols lhe
somple lube ond reporls nol frozen. This only
occurs wilh old frmwore versions. 8VjhZh/
Thermisor is defeclive. 0honge lhermislor, insloll
newer frmwore version.
Slirring rod connol be properly od|usled.
Edhh^WaZXVjhZh/
Slirring rod hos been benl during o lhermislor
chonge ond is louching lhe lhermislor shofl. Bend
lhe slirring rod bock inlo shope ond od|usl lhe
lhermislor so lhol lhe slirring rod con oscillole
freely.
Upper porl of lhe slirring rod hos o foligue froc-
lure. reploce slirring rod.
Slirring rod wos ossembled bockwords. The mog-
nel in lhe slirring rod musl be orienloled in such
o woy lhol il is pulled by lhe currenl-corrying reel
ond is nol pushed owoy. lssemble lhe slirring rod
in lhe correcl posilion.
Device meosures ond con be colibroled, bul meosure-
menl volues ore scollered.
Edhh^WaZXVjhZh/
Thermislor is defeclive. Somewhere on lhe lhermis-
lor, microscopic crocks hove formed which moislure
con now seep lhrough. This couses lhe eleclricol
properlies of lhe lhermislor lo become compromised,
meoning lhol lhe lhermislor musl be reploced.
mpure specimen dishes.
0ooling bolh liquid hos reoched lhe lhermislor shofl.
l meosuremenl wos slorled wilhoul o somple lube.
This meons lhol lhe lhermislor wos dipped inlo lhe
cooling bolh liquid ond lhe remoins of il sluck lo lhe
lhermislor shofl ond hove slowly gol inlo lhe somple.

-
-
/ Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
Mosl errors lhol ore mode during operolion of lhe device ore incorrecl colibrolions.
The colibrolion of o cryoscope is o precondilion for eoch ond every use. For meosuring
reosons il is necessory lo use o lhermislor lo meosure lhe lemperolure of o somple.
Thermislors hove o very slrong lemperolure effecl which is necessory for resolulions
of more lhon 1 m0. Unforlunolely, lhe produclion-orienled fucluolion ronge of lhe
resislonce volues of lhese componenls is so lorge lhol lhe lemperolure zero poinl
lO0I musl usuolly be delermined by o pre-colibrolion before lhe device con be coli-
broled wilh o new lhermislor.
l hos lo be ossumed lhol lhe l colibrolion connol be successfully execuled ofler
o lhermislor replocemenl. The reoson for lhis is lhol lhe device frsl hos lo reoch lhe
sel lrigger lemperolure ond lhen musl recognize o rise in lemperolure ofler lhe
gloss woll hos been hil los o sign lhol lhe freezing hos slorledI. This does nol hoppen
becouse lhe volues of lhe new lhermislor resull in folse lemperolures being given
when colculoled wilh lhe colibrolion conslonl of lhe old lhermislor. Therefore o so-
colled pre-colibrolion is necessory, in which lhe device ignores lhe lemperolures ond
follows o purely lime-conlrolled meosuring procedure. The colibrolion conslonls ore
subsequenlly odopled lo lhe choroclerislics of lhe new lhermislor so lhol bolh lhe l
ond lhe B colibrolion con be successfully corried oul.

Unforlunolely, il oflen hoppens lhol during lhe colibrolion somple lubes flled wilh
colibrolion solulion ore loken for somelhing else or lhol lhe incorrecl menu ilem is
selecled.
IDENTIFYING OPERATIONAL ERRORS
:[\[Yj_l[j^[hc_ijeh
This is o frequenlly occurring error. There ore lwo possibililies.
1. The lhermislor is lwosI broken. This con be idenlifed becouse disploy conslonlly
shows o negolive volue lhol doesn`l chonge.
2. The lhermislor bonding is permeoble. This is con be idenlifed by exlremely insloble
meosuremenl behoviour. The reproducibilily is very poor, e.g. lhere ore voriolions of
opprox. O.10. n bolh coses lhe lhermislor musl be reploced.
MIX UP: A CALIBRATION INSTEAD
OF B CALIBRATION
The enlire lemperolure scole of lhe device is
disploced. When re-meosuring lhe colibrolion
solulions, reversed volues ond o reversed sign
ore given.
;nWcfb[0 l col. wilh O.OOO
l col. wilh O.OOO
B col. wilh -O.557
l col. wilh -O.557 lfoully operolionI
Re-meosuring solulion B. resulls in O.OOO
Re-meosuring solulion l. resulls in O.557
MIX UP: TAKING THE
A SOLUTION INSTEAD
OF THE B SOLUTION
ll frsl lhe l colibrolion goes os ex-
pecled. However, when il comes lo
lhe B colibrolion, lhe devices reporls
lhe error uncolibroled or lhermislor
defeclive ond remoins uncolibroled.
Ij_hh_d]heZ[hhehi
I]Z hi^gg^c\ gdY YdZh cdi dhXâaViZ [gZZan/ il musl be oble lo move freely in lhe slol
provided. l connol be ollowed lo louch lhe lhermislor ol ony ploce. This musl be kepl
in mind when replocing lhe lhermislor.
I]Zhi^gg^c\gdYVbeaîjYZ^hcdi]^\]Zcdj\]/
The cooling of lhe somple is nol corried oul uniformly ond lokes much longer lhon
1 minule. Wilh o correclly od|usled slirring rod, lhe cooling lime is olmosl exoclly
1 minule. The slirring rod omplilude musl be opprox. 3-/ mm. f necessory, lhe
slirring rob musl be od|usled occordingly.
I]Zhi^gg^c\gdYVbeaîjYZ^hidd]^\]/
Premolure freezing of lhe somple occurs frequenlly.
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS/MEASUREMENT OF CREAM
Since lhe liquid relevonl for lhe freezing poinl only exhibils O % somple volume wilh
o creom of opprox. /O %, il is recommended lo increose lhe somple volume lo 3 ml.
n oddilion, lhe lrigger lemperolure should be sel lo -30, or -3.20 if lhe somple
repeoledly foils lo freeze. l is olso possible lo morginolly increose lhe impocl force of
lhe slirring rod.
Ik]][ij[Zi[jfe_dji
:[iYh_fj_ed I[jfe_dji
l colibrolion O.OOO0 or -O./O80
B colibrolion -O.5570 or -O.OO0
Bose volue -O.52O0 lFU boundory volueI Serves solely for colculolion of
lhe infllrolion woler conlenl percenloge.
Trigger lemperolure -2.OO0 l -3.OO0 minimumI
Mode 0elsius
Ploleou Ploleou seorch. O./ m0 / 22s
Fixed lime. 5O s
Moximum. O.2m0
Longuoge free choice
Slirring rod / omplilude 3 - / mm
Slirring rod / frequency CdiZ/ Do nol chonge lhe sel volue!
The volues lie belween 5 Hz ond 1O/ Hz, depending on lhe
device.
Slirring rod/impocl force. The impocl force should be sel lo
be so powerful lhol o relolively loud noise is heord when lhe
lrigger lemperolure le.g. -20I is reoched. However, il should
be seen lo lhol lhe impocl force is nol loo slrong, os lhis
could leod lo breokoge of lhe somple lube. The sel poinls lie
belween opprox. /O % ond 5O %.

?\j^[i[jfe_djiWh[Y^Wd][Z"j^[Z[l_Y[ckijX[h[#YWb_XhWj[Z$
CryoStarautomatic CryoStar I
?cfehjWdj0
The freezing curve is il-
luslroled on lhe grophic
colour disploy during lhe
meosuremenl. This eno-
bles lhe ploleou seorch in
occordonce wilh lhe pre-
scribed slondord lDN/S0/
DF/57/I lo be ideolly
lesled ond reproduced
lpolenl-regisleredI.
Gk_YaWdZh[b_WXb[c[Wikh[c[dje\j^[\h[[p_d]fe_dj_dc_bam_j^j^[9hoeIjWh
ReIerence measurement in accordance with 0N / 50 / 0F 57
THE MOST IMPORTANT FEATURES AT A GLANCE:
Forward-looking and exible: fxed-lime meosuremenl, ploleou seorch ond
moximum seorch feolures ore ovoiloble. lll poromelers relevonl lo lhese feolures
con be progrommed freely, ond, of course, recorded os well. This meons lhol lhe
device con be od|usled lo oll nolionol ond inlernolionol slondords.
Easy-to-use: operolion is menu-ossisled in lhe longuoge of your choice. 0urrenlly,
0ermon, Fnglish, French, 0reek, lolion, Polish, Porluguese, Sponish, Turkish ond
Hungorion ore ovoiloble.
EIcient: o new cooling syslem provides for quick operolionol reodiness even ol
high surrounding lemperolures lup lo opprox. 320I.
Fast: up lo /O somples con be meosured per hour, depending on lhe selling.
MultiIunctional: lhe device hos o porollel conneclion lfor slondord prinlersI ond
con be hooked up lo o P0 wilh o seriol inlerfoce. This mokes il possible lo mop lhe
freezing curve on lhe screen during o meosuremenl ond, when necessory, lo sove
il. ln effcienl zoom funclion lops off lhe imoge. The soflwore needed for lhis is
included in lhe scope of delivery.
User-Iriendly: lhe operolion of lhis device is uncomplicoled. The percenloge
of infllrolion woler is immediolely indicoled ond prinled oul. The colibrolion is
execuled oulomolicolly. lll sellings ond colibrolions ore permonenlly soved lo
non-vololile sloroge.
0onnection: 23O\/115 \ l0 l5O...O HzI, 18O \l
Measurement resolution: O.OOO10 lO.1 m0I
Reproducibility: O.OO20 l 2.O m0I
Measuring range: O.OOOO0 lo -1.5OOO0
5ample volume: 2.O ml lo 2.5 ml
(recommended value: 2.2 ml)
5ample turnover: up lo /O/h, lypicolly 3O/h
nterIaces: 1 x porollel, 1 x seriol lRS232I
0ooling time: opprox. 15 min.
0isplay: grophic colour disploy, freezing curve, meosure-
menl resull |0J, |% infllrolion wolerJ, dole, lime,
meosuremenl condilions
Protocol printing: meosuremenl resull |0J, |% infllrolion wolerJ,
dole, lime, meosuremenl condilions
J[Y^d_YWbif[Y_YWj_edi0
8
7150
7151
7152
7156
7159
7157
7160
9hoeIjWh?si:qe s~:je oevicel
/ulo:~lic c:y:oscoje
Ree:e:ce :eloo i: ~cco:o~:ce wil S0/DF/D o/
Tis oevice oie:s :o: le Cy:oSl~:~ulo:~lic o:y i:
le s~:je eeo sysle:
\eiql. 1ZO q :ell
Di:e:sio:s. Z'O x o8O x 1'O :: w x o x l
\il :e~su:i:q e~o. Z/O :: l
Thermal printer j:oloco j:i:le: o \ DCl
o: oi:ecl co::eclio: lo le oevices
C:yoSl~: ~:l :o 1O, 1oOl ~:o
L~cloSl~: ~:l:o o1O, ooOl Pe~se see ~:l :o 1
o: co:j~liLe le::~ j~je: :os
Replacement thermistor,
o: C:yoSl~: ~:o C:yoSl~:~ulo:~lic ~:l :o 1O, 1oOl
i: ~cco:o~:ce wil S0/D o/, P\C, wile
5oItware
o: C:yoSl~: i:cuoeo i: le scoje o oeive:yl
0onnecting cable 1Z \ DCl
o: C:yoSl~: 1Z \ol co::eclio:
9hoeIjWhWkjecWj_Y:ulis~:je oevicel
Te :e~su:e:e:l j:oceou:e o lis oevice is ioe:lic~
lo l~l o le si:qe s~:je oevice Cy:oSl~: 1
l oie:s :o: le Cy:oSl~: 1 o:y i: le s~:je eeo
sysle: : ~ooilio:, lis oevice is equijjeo wil ~ :ou:o
:~q~.i:e o: 1Z s~:jes Tis :~es uy ~ulo:~lic
:e~su:e:e:l o 1Z s~:jes jossiLe wil le jus o
~ Lullo:
\eiql. 1/o q :ell
Di:e:sio:s. //O x //O x ZOO :: w x o x l
\il :e~su:e:e:l e~o. Z/O :: l
7YY[iieh_[i%;nf[dZWXb[_j[ci
Thermal paper roll
o: le::~ j:i:le: ~:l :o 11
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7174
7175
7186
7187
7188
0alibration standard A
OOOO'C, i: ZO : PE Lolle
0alibration standard B
O'C, i: ZO : PE Lolle
5ample tube
:il M~:e wil :~:i:q ~l ZO :, O jieces
5ample stand
PP, o: Z s~:je luLes ~:l :o 1ol
0ooling bath liquid
i: OO : PE Lolle
5ampling pipette
~o|usl~Le :o: 1O lo O :
Pipette tips
o: ~:l :o 1/
0alibration standard A
O/O8'C, i: ZO : PE Lolle
0alibration standard B
OoOO'C, i: ZO : PE Lolle
0onrmation standard 0
O1Z'C, i: ZO : PE Lolle
1OO
7500
7622
7650
7660
7661
7621
7620
7610
BWYjec[j[h
e~sylouse ~:o :e:~clo:ele: o: le i:ouse
oele::i:~lio: o SF
IebkX_b_jo_dZ[nc_n[h
o: oele::i:i:q le souLiily o :i, c:e~:,
wey jowoe:, ~:o:q ole:s
i: ~cco:o~:ce wil /DP ~:o DL0 :equ~lio:s, wil
sjeci~ :olo:, q~ss :ixi:q Low, sl~i:ess slee sli::e:,
li:e: ~:o co:li:uous oje:~lio: swilc
See ~so ~:l :o ooo/
IebkX_b_jo_dZ[nc_n[h
H[fbWY[c[dj]bWiic_n_d]Xemb
H[fbWY[c[djij_hh[h
H[fbWY[c[djZh_l[X[bj
H[\[h[dY[jWXb[
/DP Sco:ceo P~:lice Sl~:o~:os o D:y Mis,
/ sl~qes
@ebj_d]lebkc[j[h
Tyje ST/\ o: oele::i:i:q le |oli:q vou:e o
jowoe:eo :i
\ile j~slic c~si:q, iq qoss wil si:qej~se /C
:olo: ZZO \/O ., |oli:q :ec~:is: wil le:sio: oc
o: :e~su:i:q cyi:oe:, ve oiqil eecl:ic~ j:eseec
lio: cou:le:, o:/o swilc wil co:l:o ~:j, :eo se:i
:~lle co:l:o j~:e Te ZO : :e~su:i:q cyi:oe:s ~:e
sl~:o~:oiseo Ly weiql ~:o q:~ou~lio: i: ~cco:o~:ce wil
D o1'/
Replacement measuring cylinder
o: ~:l :o ooO
1O1
7820
7822
7825
7920
7930
7931
7821
BWYje]deijeh_]_dWbfWYa
wil :ee:e:ce l~Le o: 1OO s~:jes,
1 sjoo:
BWYje]deijh[bbfWYa
wil :e~qe:ls , ~:o
o: 1OO s~:jes
J[ij_d]ijh_fiFêif^Wj[iceCI"
j~c o O sl:ijs
F[henj[iceCI
iq le:je:~lu:e e~li:q oeleclio:/UT lesl
oele:i:~lio: o je:oxio~se
j~c o 1OO sl:ijs
CWij_j_iZ[j[Yj_ed
L~cloSl~: is useo lo oi~q:ose ~ :~slilis i:eclio:
see ~:l :o o1Ol : ~ooilio:, oele::i:~lio: Ly :e~:s
o le C~io::i~ M~slilis Tesl c~: Le oo:e
9Wb_\ehd_WCWij_j_iJ[ij9CJ s~: lesll
o: quic oele::i:~lio: o i:c:e~seo ce co:le:l i:
:i :o: wic ~ jossiLe :~slilis i:eclio: c~: Le
oi~q:oseo
Z lesl l:~ys wil / oises
1 i:|eclio: ~s ZO :
9Wb_\ehd_WCWij_j_iJ[ij9CJ
lesl iquiol

1 il:e
il:es
SHORT TIME HEATING DETECTION
determination oI alkaline phosphatase
1O2
8100
8120
8130
8140
8191
8190
J[ijjkX[
licw~eo, 1OO jieces,
1oO x 1 x 1o ::
9eb_jkX[
ZO x 1O ::, 1OO jieces
:kh^WcjkX[
/O x 8 ::, 1OO jieces
9eb_jkX[ijWdZ
o: / s~:jes
sl~i:ess slee, sle:iis~Le
1O :: x 1OO :: x ZO :: w x x ol, oOO q
Ij[h_b_p_d]Xen\ehf_f[jj[i
sl~i:ess slee
oOO x o :: e:ql x lic:essl
/ZO x o :: e:ql x lic:essl
1O3
8201
8291
8300
8301
8302
8303
8310
8290
o
1
o
Z
o
AWfi[dX[h]YWf
v~:ious coou:s
:_bkj_edWia
Lo:osiic~le q~ss oo
(+&cb" wil q~ss :oo ~:o siico: slojje:,
sle:iis~Le
wiloul ~ccesso:ies
l
/
= 1O mm, l
3
= 2O mm, l
2
= 27 mm, l
1
= 1/3 mm, d
2
= 2O.5 mm, d

= 52 mm
:_bkj_edf_f[jj[i
'$'0&$'cb
= ZO ::, 0 = ' ::
'$&!'$'cb"
~cco:oi:q lo De:ele:s :eloo, wil Z :~:i:qs
= ZZ ::, 0 = o' ::
'$&!($&!($'!($(cb"
~cco:oi:q lo De:ele:s :eloo, wil / :~:i:qs
= ZoO ::, 0 = oo ::
'$&!'$'!'$(cb"
~cco:oi:q lo De:ele:s :eloo, wil o :~:i:qs
= ZZ ::, 0 = ::
F[jh_Z_i^
q~ss
1OO x ZO ::
1O/
8314
8320
8332
8340
8313
8312
8331
8330
F[jh_Z_i^[i
j~slic oisjos~Lel,
sle:ie j~c~qi:q

1oZO jieces, wiloul ve:l c~:, 0 x 1 ::
/8O jieces, wil ve:l c~:, 0 '/ x 1o ::
/8O jieces, wiloul ve:l c~:, 0 '/ x 1o ::
Ij[h_b_p_d]Xen
wil i:se:l,
sl~i:ess slee, o: Pel:i oises

ZO x 0 1ZO ::
M_h[YW][i
o: sle:iis~lio:
1OO x 1OO x 1OO ::
1/O x 1/O x 1/O ::
ZOO x ZOO x ZOO ::
Ic[Whd[[Zb[
:ecl~:qu~: Le:o

O' :: lic
1O5
8350
8370
8380
8381
8382
8400
8401
8410
:h_]Wbia_ifWjkbW
q~ss

= 1O ::, l:i~:qe eiql = oO ::
?deYkbWj_edm_h[
sl~i:ess slee
1 :, 0 = O/o ::
8khh_beef
j~li:u:, c~iL:~leo
OOO1 :
OO1 :
D[[Zb[êbZ[h
o: i:ocu~lio: wi:e ooj
Ib_Z[
o: :ic:oscoje ~:l :o 8o1, 8oZl
~ wile, cul eoqes,
O jieces
o x Zo ::
9el[h]bWii
o: :ic:oscoje ~:l :o 8o1, 8oZl
18 x 18 ::
Jm[[p[hi\ehib_Z[i
1O
8420
8430
8441
8450
8440
8504
8503
8502-001
8502
8501
8500
8505
IjW_d_d]ijWdZ
~cco:oi:q lo Do:qe:ls :eloo
IjW_d_d]Ykl[jj[
:ecl~:qu~:
M_h[c[i^
wil ce:~:ic ce:l:e
wiloul ce:~:ic ce:l:e
Jh_feZ o: Du:se: Lu::e:
9ebedoIjWhXWYj[h_WYekdj[h
e~syloce~: j~slic c~si:q, eiql ~o|usl~Le
iu:i:~leo ~:e~ o 1/ :: 0 wil oi:ecl o:
i:oi:ecl q~:e :ee iqli:q, :osleo q~ss ~:o ce~:
q~ss j~le wil c:
Z
u:o 1/' c:
Z
q:~ou~lio:, eec
l:ic~ co:l~cl ji: wil el lij je: o: :~:i:q
Pel:i oises o uj lo 1/ :: 0 c~: Le useo Te
sujjieo :eouci:q i:se:l c~: Le useo o: oises
wil s:~e: oi~:ele:s

ZZO \/O ., ZO x ZoO x ::, 1 q
9ebedoIjWh
wil ~ccesso:ies ~:l :o 8O1, 8Oo, 8O/, 8Ol
CW]d_\o_d]b[di wil slu:oy L~se ~ exiLe ~::
9ebedoIjWh wiloul ~ccesso:ies
Rej~ce:e:l \heij[Z]bWiifbWj[
/ulo:~lic YedjWYjf_d
<[bjf[dh[bb :ej~ce:e:l j~:l o: ~:l :o 8Oo
9b[Wh]bWiifbWj[ wil o~: eo
1O7
8541
8542
8543
8616
8615
8614
8613
8612
8611
8610
8617
FehjWXb[X[dY^WkjeYbWl[i
wil sc:eweoo: co:l:o le::o:ele: o: :~jio
~:o ecie:l v~jou: sle:iis~lio: ~l 1/O'C/Z L~:
o: 1Z'C/1/ L~: /so suil~Le o: ~uloc~vi:q s:~
~:ou:ls o culu:e :eoi~ Sjeci~ v~ves c~: Le suj
jieo o: :equesl o: 11'C/O L~: ~:o
1Z1'C/11 L~:
/ sl~i:ess slee i:sl:u:e:l Lo~:o 0 Z1 ::l
~:o ~ sl~i:ess slee l:ijoo ~:e i:cuoeo i: le sij
:e:l

ZZO ZoO \ol, O oO ., 1o \ lo 1 \, ~u:i:iu:,
joiseo si qoss exle:io:, le::osl~lic le:je:~lu:e
co:l:oe:, lesleo s~ely 0Sl
9L#;B'(B
\ou:e 1Z L, weiql o1 q, oi~:ele: Z/ c:,
i:le:io: eiql Z/ c:, :~xi:u: us~Le oi~qo:~ oZ c:
9L#;B'.B
\ou:e 18 L, weiql q, oi~:ele: Z/ c:,
i:le::~ eiql o8 c:, us~Le oi~qo:~ /o c:
M_h[XWia[j
9kbjkh[Ykbj_lWj_d]Wffb_WdY[
o: culiv~lio: o i:oiviou~ o~i:y culu:es Sl~i:ess slee
culu:e vesses, L wil io ~:o sli::e:, PP j~slic c~si:q,
:ic:oj:ocesso: co:l:oe:, 8 oie:e:l si.es :o: 1 x L
lo / x ZO L

1 x L vesse, Z x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
Z x L vesse, Z x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
/ x L vesse, / x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
1 x 1O L vesse, Z x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
Z x 1O L vesse, Z x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
/ x 1O L vesse, / x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
Z x ZO L vesse, Z x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
/ x ZO L vesse, / x O L sl~:le: culu:e ~s
1O8
8650
8690
8691
J[ijjkX[i^Wa_d]Z[l_Y[
Te s~i:q u:clio: is sl~:leo Ly j:essi:q oow:
o: le lesl luLe sujjo:l j~le
S~oeo joe :olo:, / \~ll, ZoO\
:j: i::iley v~:i~Le :o: OZ8OO
11O x 1OO x 'O :: w x o x l
CW]d[j_Yij_hh[hB#-'
wiloul e~le:,
:j: :~:qe O 1ZO
uj lo OOO : c~j~cily
co:j~cl ~u:i:iu: c~si:q
j~le oi~:ele:. 1 ::
CW]d[j_Yij_hh[hB#.'
wil e~le:, e~li:q j~le le:je:~lu:e OoZ'C
:j: :~:qe O 1ZO
uj lo OOO : c~j~cily
co:j~cl ~u:i:iu: c~si:q
j~le oi~:ele:. 1/ ::
1O
8696
8697
8698
8700
8701
8702
8705
Ij_hh_d]heZ
Z x ::
oO x ::
8O x ' ::
Fêjec[j[hIf[aeb')&&
Si:qe |el i:sl:u:e:l o: sjecl:u: ~:o i:elic
:e~su:e:e:ls i: le :~:qe o 1'O 11OO ::
wil :u:e:ic~ oisj~y, equijjeo wil j:i:le: i:le:
~ce E~sy ~:oi:q wil j:ej:oq:~::eo :eloos
ZoO \, OoO ., 11 q, le:je:~lu:e :~:qe. 1 o'C
/o x oo x 1 :: w x x ol
Fêjec[j[hIf[aeb'+&&
Si:qe |el i:sl:u:e:l o: sjecl:u: ~:o i:elic
:e~su:e:e:ls i: le :~:qe o 1'O 11OO ::
wil iq:esoulio: LDC\0/ sc:ee:,
equijjeo wil j:i:le: i:le:~ce
E~sy ~:oi:q wil j:ej:oq:~::eo :eloos
ZoO \, OoO ., 11 q, le:je:~lu:e :~:qe. 1 o'C
/o x oo x 1 :: w x x ol
CWdkWb*nYkl[jj[Y^Wd][h
o: 1 c: o: o: c:, 1O c: cuvelles
9kl[jj[i
11O
8771
8772
8761
8762
7kjecWj_YmWj[hZ_ij_bbWj_edWffWhWjki
Fo: qe:e:~li:q oislieo w~le: wil ~ co:ouclivily o
u:oe: Zo S/c: ~l - ZO'C
/jj~:~lus is ~L:ic~leo co:jeley :o: sl~i:ess slee
1/O1 \~ ooe: ~:o w~le: sujjy ~:o oisc~:qe
oses ~:e i:cuoeo i: le scoje o le oeive:y
Ecie:l e:e:qy co:su:jlio: oue lo use o cooi:q
w~le: e~leo lo 8O'C
Desli~l:e:qe. / L /
Slo:~qe l~:. / L
Cooi:q w~le: co:su:jlio:. O L /
Powe: sujjy. ZZO \ / O ., oZ \
Di:e:sio:s. 1O x /oO x ZoO ::
\eiql. 1o q
Disli~le ~:ou:l. L /
Slo:~qe l~:. L
Cooi:q w~le: co:su:jlio:. O /
Powe: sujjy. ZZO \ / o8O \ / O ., /8 \
Di:e:sio:s. oO x OO x o/O ::
\eiql. 1' q
8_deYkbWhc_YheiYef[
wil /' s~:leo viewe:
sl~Le :el~ c~si:q wil co~xi~ :e ~:o co~:se ocus
wil ~o|usl~Le e:o sloj Duili: c:oss l~Le :ove:e:l
LR /, \ oO ::
Duili: iu:i:~lio: o\/ZO\, jowe: sujjy ZoO \, O .
Dojje e:s /LLe co:oe:se: / 1Z wil i:is oi~q:~q:,
jivol~Le le: ooe:, eiql ~o|usl:e:l,
q~ss le:s. Lue, q:ee:
/ccesso:ies. ~:l :o. 8/OO, 8/O1, 8/1Ol
Eyejiece. Ox j~:~: eyejiece
0L|eclives. ~c:o:~lic /x/O1O, 1Ox/OZ, /OxOo,
1OO x 1Z oi i::e:sio:
Jh_deYkbWhc_YheiYef[
i: ~ooilio: lo le Li:ocu~: :ooe wil l:i:ocu~:
sioi:q luLe
~ccesso:ies. ~:l :o 8/OO, 8/O1, 8/1Ol
111
8786
8788
MWj[hXWj^
wil oiqil~ coc uj lo ''' ou:s
~:o le:je:~lu:e :ise s~ely
L wil q~Le cove:
~jj:ox 11 q, Z/O x ZO x 1/O ::
ZZ wil q~Le cove:
~jj:ox 1o q, oO x Z'O x ZZO ::
0r. Ulrich Leist sluoieo ce:isl:y ~:o :~:i:e ie scie:ce i: M~:Lu:q, Slullq~:l ~:o 0oe:Lu:q,
we:e e qol is ooclo:~le i: le eo o su:~ce scie:ce /le:w~:os, e w~s e:joyeo
~s ~ joslooclo:~ :ese~:ce: o: ~ ye~: ~l ~:v~:o U:ive:sily, C~:L:ioqe US/ e q~le:eo
~ooilio:~ exje:ie:ce i: le eo o i:le:~Lo:~lo:y lesls/:ee:e:ce :~le:i~ ou:i:q is ou:
ye~: e:joy:e:l ~l Muv~ e:jle: Si:ce ZOO e ~s Lee: le execulive oi:eclo: o le
Deulsces Ree:e:.Lu:o u: LeLe:s:ille:i:qve:suce u:o Ree:e:.:~le:i~ie: 0:L DRRR
0:Ll 0e::~: Ree:e:ce 0ce o: Foooslu :le:~Lo:~lo:y Tesls ~:o Ree:e:ce M~le:i~, Llol
<kdZWc[djWbi\eh[lWbkWj_d]bWXehWjehoh[ikbjie\j^[cW_dfWhWc[j[hi_dZW_ho
\Whc_d]
The use of reference moleriol in lhe loborolory serves lo ossure quolily. 0n lhe one
hond, loborolory personnel con be lroined, melhods con be developed, checked ond
oplimized, ond meosuring devices con be lesled for lheir operolionol copobilily,
occurocy ond precision. 0f porliculor imporlonce when doing lhis is lhe colibrolion of
indirecl meosuremenl equipmenl, e.g. R speclromelers, wilh which lhe meosuremenl
signol is frsl reloled lo lhe reference poromeler, for exomple lo o meosuremenl
poromeler such os fol.
To ensure lhe oplimol use of reference moleriol, lhe fundomenlol lerms should be
briefy defned.
7YYkhWYo0 degree of lhe lolol error of on onolysis ond lhereby on umbrello lerm
for correclness ond precision.
l resull is occurole when il is free of incidenlol ond syslemolic mislokes.
9ehh[Yjd[ii0 degree of deviolion from lhe meosuremenl volue lor, lhe meon
of mony meosuremenl voluesI lo lhe correcl locluolI volue due lo o syslemolic
misloke (also: bias for the amplitude of a systematic mistake).
Fh[Y_i_ed0 precision indicoles how widely lhe onolysed volues ore scollered
due lo incidenlol mislokes. Precision is slolislicolly described by lhe slondord
deviolion or lhe confdence inlervol.
H[fheZkY_X_b_joh[f[WjWX_b_job_c_jh0
The obsolule difference belween lwo single meosuremenl volues lhol con
be expecled from lhe some moleriol, lhe some melhods, lhe some person,
lhe some inslrumenl, lhe some loborolory ond lhe some lime frome wilh o
probobilily of 5 %.
9ecfWhWX_b_joYecfWhWX_b_job_c_jH0
The obsolule difference belween lwo single meosuremenl volues lhol con be expecled
from lhe some moleriol, lhe some melhods, differenl people, differenl inslrumenls,
differenl loborolories ond o lorger lime frome wilh o probobilily of 5 %.
Precision dolo for lhe melhods is of porliculor imporlonce os lhis mokes il possible
for loborolories lo evoluole whelher lhey ore profcienl in o melhod ond whelher
meosuremenl resulls of differenl loborolories ore comporoble. This is cruciol in lhe
cose of reference melhods becouse lhey ore lhe occepled foundolion on which producls
like foodsluffs con be |udged. Precision dolo is documenled in vorious slondords ond
offciol regulolions.
THE USE OF REFERENCE MATERIAL IN THE LABORATORY
D: U:ic Leisl, DRRR 0:L, :ejo:ls
Fh[Y_i_edZWjWhWdZH\hec0
DN/FN/S0
DF
/ LF0B lpreviously. 35 LMB0I
\DLUFl
-
-
-
-
FWhWc[j[h C[jêZ h H i
H
9H: HWd][e\Wffb_YWj_ed
Fol Roese 0olllieb
O.O2 %
O.O2 %
O.O1 %
O.O/ %
O.O3 %
O.O25 %
O.O1/ %
O.O11%
O.OO %
O.O2 %
O.O1 %
O.O17 %
3.5 % fol
1.5 % fol lO.5 lo 2 %I
skim milk <O.5 % fol
Dry moller 1O20, seo sond O.1O % O.2O % O.O71 % O.132 %
Prolein K|eldohl O.O/ % O.1O % O.O35 % O.O8 %
Loclose
enzymolic
delerminolion
\olue
x O.O5
\olue
x O.O
R
2.83
Freezing poinl cryoscopy O.OO/0 O.OO0 O.OO20 O.OO/0
H
Fol Roese 0olllieb
O.2 %
O.15 %
O.1 %
O.3 %
O.25 %
O.2 %
O.1O %
O.O88 %
O.O71 %
O.187 %
O.1O %
O.132 %
\MP, powdered creom
Porliolly removed powder
Skim milk powder
Dry moller 1O20, seo sond O.2 % O./ % O.1/1 % O.25 %
Prolein K|eldohl O.3 % O.8 % O.283 % O.5/5 %
Loclose
enzymolic
delerminolion
\olue
x O.O5
\olue
x O.O
R
2.83
Fh[Y_i_edZWjW\ehc_ba
Fh[Y_i_edZWjW\ehfemZ[h[Zc_ba
Fh[Y_i_edZWjW\ehfheY[ii[ZY^[[i[
H
Fol SBR
O.1 %
O.2 %
O./ %
O. %
O.1/1 %
O.212 %
O.278 %
O./12 %
1O % obs. fol
25 % obs. fol
Dry moller 1O20, seo sond O.3 % O.5 % O.177 % O.32O %
Prolein K|eldohl O.1 % O.38 % O.13/ % O.251 %
Loclose
enzymolic
delerminolion
\olue
x O.O5
\olue
x O.O
R
2.83
QUALITY FROM THE VERY BEGINNING
The use of modern onolylicol reference syslems for lhe processing of milk is
choroclerized by chollenging onolylicol ond slolislicol demonds.
Milk processing is occomponied by o series of meosures which ossure quolily. These
meosures of course include lhe onolysis of milk beginning ol lhe momenl lhe milk is
delivered lo lhe milk processing compony, nomely doiries. For lhe onolysis of chemicol
quolily poromelers of milk such os prolein, fol, loclose, dry moller ond freezing poinl,
infrored speclroscopy melhods os well os lhermo-onolylicol melhods lLocloSlorI ore
used exlensively in lhe processing of milk. When doing so, lhe use of modern R spec-
lromelers mokes il possible lo provide lesl resulls for lhe obove-menlioned lesling
poromelers wilhin |usl o few seconds. The speed odvonloge over lhe reference lesling
melhods such os Roese 0olllieb`s melhod for delermining fol conlenl llesl durolion
opprox. 8 hoursI or K|eldohl`s melhod for delermining prolein conlenl llesl durolion
opprox. 8 hoursI is enormous. This speed odvonloge enobles ropid response lo chonges
in lhe conslilulion of milk os well os wilh milk supply ond lhe inlermediole ond end
producls ond mokes il possible lo od|usl lhe produclion occordingly. This meons lhol
e.g. lhe fol or prolein conlenl for lhe respeclive producl con be held conslonl lhrough-
oul lhe produclion lime. The R ond lhermol onolysis nol only lend lhemselves lo lhe
conlrol of row milk bul olso lo oll inlermediole ond end producls.
The only disodvonloge of lhe R speclroscopic melhods ond lhermo-onolylicol melhods
is lhe focl lhol lhese ore indirecl melhods. Thol meons lhol lhe onolylicol inslrumenls
hove lo be colibroled.
9Wb_XhWj_ed
For colibrolion, o concenlrolion volue musl be reloled lo lhe meosuremenl signol of
lhe onolylicol inslrumenl.
This fundomenlol colibrolion is usuolly included in lhe scope of delivery of lhe
inslrumenl or is confgured wilh lhe help of lhe inslrumenl monufoclurer.
The bosic colibrolion is ullimolely o relolion of lhe physicol meosuremenl scope lo o sub-
slonce. The regulor colibrolion reloled lo o concrele producl is usuolly corried oul by lhe
user himself. Here, lhe chonge in concenlrolion of o subslonce is ullimolely correloled lo
lhe chonge in lhe slrenglh of lhe signol. 0onvenlionolly, lo do lhis o somple is meosured
wilh lhe onolylic inslrumenl whose subslonce is delermined ol lhe some lime lhrough
lesls wilh ropid melhods or reference melhods. The lesl resulls obloined ore lhen ollo-
coled lo lhe onolylicol inslrumenl during colibrolion. ll lhe some lime, lhis meons lhol
lhe uncerloinly of meosuremenl of lhe lesl resulls musl be foclored in lo lhe inslrumenl.
The precision reoched wilh lhe colibrolion con hence only lie wilhin lhe boundories of
lhe melhod comporobilily. This meons lhol lhe lheorelicolly possible precision is en-
lered inlo lhe onolylicol inslrumenl. n oddilion, lhe meosuremenl speed odvonloge is
porliolly quonlifed by lhe increose in meosuremenl cerloinly. n order lo concel oul lhis
disodvonloge, lhe number of colibrolion somple lesls wilh ropid or reference melhods
con be increosed, which is however very coslly. Since il is necessory lo regulorly colibrole
lhe onolylicol inslrumenl, eoch ond every increose in lhe somple number for lesls in
lhe conlexl of colibrolion volue ossignmenl leods lo on increose in lesl complexily ond
expense.
However, considerolion of meosuremenl uncerloinly con nol be foregone. When fulflling
offciol regulolions regording foodsluffs, e.g. posleurized milk, lhese uncerloinlies
during colibrolion musl be considered. f lhe lorgel volues for o producl ore nol fulflled,
il con leod lo penollies from lhe cuslomer or lo viololion of food lobelling regulolions.
Modern onolylicol inslrumenls boosl precise meosuring lechnology, bul relioble ond
occurole colibrolion is essenliol lo complemenl il.
The meons of selecling occurole ond precise colibrolion lies in lhe use of verifed
reference syslems.
l reference syslem is ullimolely dependenl on lhe reference moleriol which hos been
confrmed by inlerloborolory lesls. Porliculorly high demonds ore ploced on quolily
ossuronce wilh o reference syslem like lhol of lhe DRRR corporolion, which hos eorned
lhe slolus of o leoding profciency level.

J^[h[\[h[dY[lWbk[iWh[Z[j[hc_d[ZXoWd_dj[hbWXehWjehoj[ij$
0nly reference melhods ore used lo lesl reference melhods
The reference loborolories fulfl lhe demonds of slondords DN FN S0/F0 17O25
The reference loborolories ore under conslonl supervision, lhrough wilh lhey regu-
lorly demonslrole lheir obove-overoge compelence by successful porlicipolion in
respeclive inlerloborolory lesls
The delerminolion of reference volues is corried oul using exlensive modern
slolislicol melhods in occordonce wilh lhe currenl slolus of science ond lechnology
Moleriols ore monufoclured wilhoul preservolives, using ocluol shock frosl
procedures.
J^[ki[e\h[\[h[dY[cWj[h_Wbio_[bZij^[\ebbem_d]WZlWdjW][i0
The moleriols ore reloled lo lhe reference melhods. Thus, lhe colibrolion olso
refers lo reference melhods. Being lhol lhe loborolories ore supervised, lhe relurn
lo lhe reference melhod is lorgely ossured.
The moleriol uncerloinly corresponds lo lhe comporobilily of lhe reference
melhod.
The use of reference moleriols mokes lhe simulloneous lesling of self-produced
colibrolion somples superfuous. This meons lower cosls.
The use of colibrolion moleriols ossures high lineorily, precision ond occurocy.
The moleriols con be used ol ony lime. Thus, fexibilily is increosed. n conneclion
wilh lhe ropid onolysis lime wilh on R device, o consideroble speed odvonloge is
won over clossic colibrolion procedures in doiry loborolories.
CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
There ore in essence lwo colibrolion procedures. Firsl, lhe mulliple poinl colibrolion
procedure ond second, lhe one poinl colibrolion procedure. l fundomenlol colibrolion
is required for bolh procedures.
Ed[fe_djYWb_XhWj_ed
n lhis conlexl, lhe colibrolion usuolly only hos lo do wilh o bios od|uslmenl. This is
by oll meons occeploble if lhe colibrolion ilself con be ossumed lo be sloble. f lhis is
nol lhe cose, o deviolion in lhe meosuremenl volue lo lhe expecled reference volue
con only indicole o generol deviolion. ln od|uslmenl lo lhe inslrumenl selling in lhe
direclion of lhe reference volue con even in on exlreme leod lo o degrodolion of lhe
colibrolion slole.
Ckbj_fb[fe_djYWb_XhWj_ed
\orious colibrolion somples wilh differenl concenlrolions of lhe lorgel poromelers ore
meosured. The vorious concenlrolions of lhe respeclive subslonce lporomelerI ore sel
in relolion lo differenl meosuremenl signol slrenglhs. n doing so, for eoch colibrolion
somple meosured lhe reference volue of lhe lorgel poromeler is reloled lo lhe meosure-
menl signol. Wilhin lhe oreo of concenlrolion of lhe vorious colibrolion somples, o
molhemolicol inlerrelolion regording lhe colibrolion slope belween lhe somple con-
cenlrolion ond meosuring volue is produced on lhe onolylicol inslrumenl.
0f porliculor imporlonce wilh lhe mulliple poinl colibrolion is lhe reor volues,
meoning lhe volues wilh higher concenlrolion. ls con be seen in lhe following fgure,
lhe reor volue hos consideroble infuence on lhe colibrolion slope. f lhe colibrolion
slope should be sleepened, il is odvisoble lo sel oddilionol colibrolion poinls in lhe
high lreorI oreo of concenlrolion. The goods of lhe colibrolion con be reod off on lhe
correlolions coeffcienl, omong olher lhings. This should by oll meons be higher lhon
O.. The correlolion coeffcienl indicoles how proboble il is lhol lhe colibrolion poinls
ocluolly molch lhe colibrolion slope. The moximum correlolions coeffcienl lhol con be
reoched is 1 l=1OO %I.
Normal point calibration, with a correlation coeIcient near 1.
The th measurement value Irear valueJ is low. The correlation coeIcient is near 0..
point calibration
point calibration
Meosuremenl signol
Meosuremenl signol
0
o
n
c
e
n
l
r
o
l
i
o
n
0
o
n
c
e
n
l
r
o
l
i
o
n
y = O./x
R
2
= O.85/5
y = O.5/2x
R
2
= O.88
Dolo line 1
Lineor ldolo line 1I
Dolo line 1
n oddilion lo lhe use of reference moleriol, inlerloborolory lesls ore opplied lo ossure
quolily. However, lhe focus of lhese is oflen sel exclusively on lhe z-score. For lhis
reoson, il will be briefy exploined in lhe following seclion.
point calibration, the th measurement value is high, correlation coeIcient near 1.
point calibration
point calibration
Meosuremenl signol
Meosuremenl signol
0
o
n
c
e
n
l
r
o
l
i
o
n
0
o
n
c
e
n
l
r
o
l
i
o
n
y = O.135x
R
2
= O.77
y = O.55/2x
R
2
= O.87
Dolo line 1
Dolo line 1
Range oI calibration slope, with uncertainties in rear value area.
THE Z-SCORE
Wilh lhe midpoinl ond lhe slondord deviolion lhe z-score con be colculoled for ony
loborolory using lhe following equolion |2J.
s
m
score z

i
x

The respeclive loborolory meosuremenl volue lusuolly lhe midpoinl of lhe repeol
delerminolionI n
_
is sel in lhe equolion obove. Then lhe midpoinl c ond lhe slondord
deviolion i of lhe enlire dolo sel ore enlered inlo lhe equolion. Thus, lhe dislonce of
lhe loborolory volue lo lhe midpoinl is colculoled in unils of slondord deviolion. l
loborolory which hos o z-score of exoclly 2 hos o dislonce lo lhe midpoinl of exoclly 2
slondord deviolions. Thol meons lhol lhe loborolory is |usl borely porl of lhe 5./5 % of
lhe volues lhol ore expecled oround lhe midpoinl. n lhe oreo belween 2 ond 3 slondord
deviolions lies lhe remoining 5 % of lhe volues. l z-score of 3 or lorger meons lhol
lhere is only o probobilily of O.O27 % of belonging lo lhe dolo sol observed. The z-score
is ossessed occordingly.
z < 2 dolo credible
2 < z < 3 3 dolo queslionoble
z > 3 dolo nol credible
n ony cose il con be wise for lhe inlerloborolory lesl porliciponl lo selecl lhe dolo
sels of o inlerloborolory lesl wilh which he wonls lo use for comporison, for exomple
becouse il uses lhe some melhods, or feolures lhe compelilor or his cuslomer. He con
colculole his own z-score occording lo his lesl queslion wilh equolion 3, which hos lhe
necessory informolive volue occording lo lhe lesl queslion.
ReIerence material
You will find lhe mosl imporlonl
reference moleriol for chemicol
milk onolysis eilh orlicle num-
bers 3517, 3518, 351,
3521 lpoge /5I
z = 1.
z = 2
z = 2.5
3s 2s s xreI s 2s 3s
s = standard deviation
oI the reIerence value
Relative distance oI the laboratory value
to the reIerence value
12O
8800
8815
8814
8813
8812
8811
8810
8809
8808
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
o

8[Wa[h
so:l oesiq:, Lo:osiic~le q~ss,
wil q:~ou~lio: ~:o sjoul
+&cb o = o8 ::, = oO ::
'&&cb o = /, ::, = O ::
(+&cb o = o, ::, = ' ::
*&&cb o = oZ ::, = 11O ::
,&&cb o = 8oo ::, = 1Z ::
.&&cb o = '/, ::, = 1o ::
'&&&cb o = 1OZ, ::, = 1/ ::
LABORATORY GLASSWARE
l~ oesiq:, Lo:osiic~le q~ss,
wil q:~ou~lio: ~:o sjoul
+&cb o = o/o ::, = 1 ::
'&&cb o = // ::, = 8O ::
(+&cb o = , ::, = 1ZZ ::
*&&cb o = o, ::, = 1Z' ::
,&&cb o = ' ::, = 1/8 ::
.&&cb o = 8/, ::, = 1 ::
'&&&cb o = 'Z8 ::, = 18O ::
(&&&cb o = 11/, ::, = Z/O ::
121
8824
8823
8822
8821
8820
8819
8818
8817
8833
8832
8831
8830
8829
8828
8827
8826
8854
8853
8852
8851
8850
o
1
1
o
Z
o
1
o
Z

;hb[dc[o[hWiai
:~::ow :eceo, Lo:osiic~le q~ss
wil q:~ou~lio:, D 1Zo8O
+&cb o
Z
= 1'/ ::, = 8 ::, o
1
= 1,/ ::
'&&cb o
Z
= 1' ::, = 1O8 ::, o
1
= oo ::
(&&cb o
Z
= o11 ::, = 1o ::, o
1
= 8 ::
(+&cb o
Z
= oZ,1 ::, = 1/o ::, o
1
= 8o, ::
)&&cb o
Z
= o1 ::, = 1o ::, o
1
= 8o, ::
+&&cb o
Z
= oZo ::, = 18O ::, o
1
= 1O/ ::
'&&&cb o
Z
= o8' ::, = ZZ ::, o
1
= 1oOo ::
(&&&cb o
Z
= /oo ::, = Z8 ::, o
1
= 1o, ::
wioe :eceo, Lo:osiic~le q~ss
wil q:~ou~lio:, D 1Zo8
+&cb o
Z
= o11 ::, = 8o ::, o
1
= 1/ ::
'&&cb o
Z
= o1 ::, = 1O ::, o
1
= oo ::
(&&cb o
Z
= / ::, = 1/O ::, o
1
= 8, ::
(+&cb o
Z
= /, ::, = 1/O ::, o
1
= 8/ ::
)&&cb o
Z
= /o ::, = 1/ ::, o
1
= 8, ::
+&&cb o
Z
= /o8 ::, = 1 ::, o
1
= 1O, ::
'&&&cb o
Z
= /8 ::, = Z1 ::, o
1
= 1oZ, ::
(&&&cb o
Z
= o/8 ::, = Z8O ::, o
1
= 1O, ::
C[Wikh_d]Yob_dZ[h
l~ oesiq:, q~ss,
wil sjoul
+&cb 1/1 :, o
Z
= ZZ/ ::, o
1
= o ::,
1
= 1' ::
'&&cb 1/1 :, o
Z
= Z ::, o
1
= o ::,
1
= Z/ ::
(+&cb Z/1 :, o
Z
= oo ::, o
1
= 'o ::,
1
= oZO ::
+&&cb /1 :, o
Z
= /, ::, o
1
= 11/ ::,
1
= o8O ::
'&&&cb 1O/1 :, o
Z
= o1, ::, o
1
= 1/ ::,
1
= /o ::
122
8860
8859
8858
8857
8856
8855
8863
8862
8875
8874
8873
8872
8871
8870
8879
8878
8877
8876
o
1
o
Z
1
o
1
o
Z
1
C[Wikh_d]Yob_dZ[h
l~ oesiq:, joyj:ojye:e,
Lue q:~ou~lio:
+&cb 1/1 :, o
Z
= Zo,1 ::, o
1
= o8 ::,
1
= ZOO ::
'&&cb 1/1 :, o
Z
= Z8, ::, o
1
= 88 ::,
1
= ZoO ::
(+&cb Z/1 :, o
Z
= /Z, ::, o
1
= 1O1 ::,
1
= o1O ::
+&&cb /1 :, o
Z
= o1, :: o
1
= ' ::,
1
= oO ::
'&&&cb 1O/1 :, o
Z
= O ::, o
1
= 1o ::,
1
= /1 ::
(&&&cb ZO/1 :, o
Z
= 81, ::, o
1
= 1oO ::,
1
= /'O ::
C_n_d]Yob_dZ[h
/R q~ss, :ou:o L~se,
wil S PE slojje:
'&&cb'%' o
Z
= ZZ/ ::, o
1
= 8 ::,
1
= Z8O ::
(+&cb(%' o
Z
= Z ::, o
1
= 8 ::,
1
= o/O ::
C[Wikh_d]Wia
wil slojje:,
Lo:osiic~le q~ss, wil :i:q :~:i:qs
D 1Zoo/, ~o|usleo lo :
(+cb o
Z
= o ::, o
1
= o ::,
1
= o8 ::,
Z
= o ::,
o
= 111 ::
+&cb o
Z
= 1Z,O' ::, o
1
= /8 ::,
1
= / ::,
Z
= 'Z ::,
o
= 1o ::
'&&cb o
Z
= 11O' ::, o
1
= oO ::,
1
= oo ::,
Z
= 111 ::,
o
= 1/ ::
(+&cb o
Z
= 1Z' ::, o
1
= 8 ::,
1
= 8 ::,
Z
= 1oO ::,
o
= Z1 ::
+&&cb o
Z
= 1o ::, o
1
= 1OO ::,
1
= 11O ::,
Z
= 1O ::,
o
= ZoO ::
'&&&cb o
Z
= ZZ,O' ::, o
1
= 1Zo ::,
1
= 1/O ::,
Z
= 1o ::,
o
= oO ::
=bWii\kdd[b
/R q~ss, s:ool,
s~:leo e:o,
wil so:l sle:, D 1Z//
o
Z
= ::, o
1
= 1O,Z ::,
o
= 'O ::,
Z
= /O ::,
1
= O ::
o
Z
= 1OO ::, o
1
= 1OZ ::,
o
= 18O ::,
Z
= 8O ::,
1
= 1OO ::
o
Z
= 1O ::, o
1
= 1o,Z ::,
o
= Z ::,
Z
= 1oO ::,
1
= 1/ ::
o
Z
= ZOO ::, o
1
= ZOo ::,
o
= ooO ::,
Z
= 1o ::,
1
= 1o ::
123
8887
8886
8885
8884
8883
8882
8895
8894
8893
8892
8891
8890
8889
8888
8920
o
Z
o
1
1
C[Wikh_d]f_f[jj[i
coou: cooe, /R q~ss
'cb"'%'&&
/
= ooO ::, o
1
= ,' ::
(cb"'%+&
/
= ooO ::, o
1
= ' ::
+cb"'%'&
/
= ooO ::, o
1
= ::
'&cb"'%'&
/
= ooO ::, o
1
= '' ::
(+cb"'%'&
/
= /OO ::, o
1
= 1/,' ::
+&cb"'%+
/
= / ::, o
1
= 1o,' ::
Lebkc[jh_Yf_f[jj[
coo: cooe, /R q~ss
'cb
/
= oZ ::,
o
= 1o ::,
Z
= o ::

1
= 1 ::, o
1
= / ::, o
Z
= o ::
(cb
/
= o/O ::,
o
= 1/ ::,
Z
= /O ::

1
= 1 ::, o
1
= ::, o
Z
= ::
+cb
/
= o8O ::,
o
= 1 ::,
Z
= ::

1
= 1O ::, o
1
= o ::, o
Z
= 1O ::
'&cb
/
= /O ::,
o
= ZOO ::,
Z
= O ::

1
= 18O ::, o
1
= ::, o
Z
= 1Z ::
(&cb
/
= ZO ::,
o
= ZO ::,
Z
= 'O ::

1
= 18O ::, o
1
= 8 ::, o
Z
= 1o ::
(+cb
/
= oO ::,
o
= ZoO ::,
Z
= 1O ::

1
= 1' ::, o
1
= 1O ::, o
Z
= 1 ::
+&cb
/
= O ::,
o
= Z/ ::,
Z
= 1ZO ::

1
= 18 ::, o
1
= ::, o
Z
= Zo ::
'&&cb
/
= ::,
o
= Z/O ::,
Z
= 1o ::

1
= ZOO ::, o
1
= 8 ::, o
Z
= oo ::
F_f[jj[^[bf[h
o: jijelles uj lo Z :
12/
8984
8983
8982
8981
8980
8994
8993
8992
8991
8990
8974
8973
8972
8971
8970
8985
8995
o
1
o
Z
o
M_Z[d[Ya[Zh[W][djXejjb[i
/R q~ss, wile wil sl~:o~:o jois ~:o slojje:
+&cb S Z//ZO
/
= 8,1 ::,
o
= 1,8 ::,
Z
= 1,/ ::

1
= o,1 ::, o
Z
= 1/,8 ::, o
1
= /,/ ::
'&&cb S Z'/ZZ
/
= 'o,1 ::,
o
= Z/ ::,
Z
= 8/ ::

1
= oo1 ::, o
Z
= Z8, ::, o
1
= o,/ ::
(+&cb S o//o
/
= 1/Z,1 ::,
o
= Z8, ::,
Z
= Z8,/ ::

1
= 8o,1 ::, o
Z
= o/, ::, o
1
= 1/Z,/ ::
+&&cb S ///O
/
= 1o,1 ::,
o
= o1, ::,
Z
= Zo,/ ::

1
= 11O,1 ::, o
Z
= /o8 ::, o
1
= 8,/ ::
'&&&cb S oO//o
/
= ZOO,1 ::,
o
= /, ::,
Z
= oO,/ ::

1
= 1Z,1 ::, o
Z
= 8, ::, o
1
= 1O',/ ::
(&&&cb S oO//o
/
= Z,1 ::,
o
= O, ::,
Z
= /1,/ ::

1
= 1o/,1 ::, o
Z
= 8, ::, o
1
= 1o/,/ ::
DWhhemd[Ya[Zh[W][djXejjb[i
/R q~ss, wile wil sl~:o~:o jois ~:o slojje:
+&cb S 1//1
/
= ::,
o
= 1, ::,
Z
= 1Z ::

1
= O ::, o
Z
= 1o, ::, o
1
= /Z ::
'&&cb S 1//1
/
= 1O ::,
o
= Z, ::,
Z
= ::

1
= oO ::, o
Z
= 1o, ::, o
1
= Z ::
(+&cb S 1'/Zo
/
= 1o ::,
o
= Z,o ::,
Z
= oO ::

1
= 8O ::, o
Z
= 1o ::, o
1
= 1 ::
+&&cb S Z//ZO
/
= 1o ::,
o
= /,o ::,
Z
= o ::

1
= 1OO ::, o
Z
= ZZ,o ::, o
1
= 8 ::
'&&&cb S Z'/ZZ
/
= ZO ::,
o
= o,o ::,
Z
= /Z ::

1
= 1Z8 ::, o
Z
= Z8,o ::, o
1
= 1O8 ::
(&&&cb S Z'/oZ
/
= Zo ::,
o
= o,o ::,
Z
= O ::

1
= 1oO ::, o
Z
= Z',o ::, o
1
= 1oO ::
BWXehWjehoXejjb[i
Lo:osiic~le q~ss, wil SO l:e~o, q:~ou~leo,
wil PP sc:ew c~j
~:o PP jou:i:q :i:q Luel
'&&cb
/
=1O ::,
o
= ZO, ::,
Z
= ZO, ::

1
= o ::, o
1
= , ::, o
Z
= o1, ::
(+&cb
/
= 1/O ::,
o
= Z, ::,
Z
= Z, ::

1
= 'O ::, o
1
= O, ::, o
Z
= Z' ::
+&&cb
/
= 18O ::,
o
= Z8, ::,
Z
= /O, ::

1
= 11Z ::, o
1
= 8/ ::, o
Z
= Z' ::
'&&&cb
/
= ZoO ::,
o
= Z8, ::,
Z
= /8, ::

1
= 1/ ::, o
1
= 1OO, ::, o
Z
= Z' ::
(&&&cb
/
= ZO ::,
o
= Z, ::,
Z
= , ::

1
= 1o8 ::, o
1
= 1oo, ::, o
Z
= Z' ::
125
9081
9090
9121
9080
9120
9050
9056
9054
J[ijjkX[i
DUR/ q~ss
wiloul :i:, 1o x 1oO ::, 1OO jieces
wil :i:, 1o x 1oO ::, 1OO jieces
M[_]^_d]Z_i^[i
so:l oesiq:, wil :oL io
o x oO ::
O x oO ::
9kbjkh[jkX[i
DUR/ q~ss, sl:~iql :i:
1o x 1oO ::, 1OO jieces
9kbjkh[jkX[i
wil S0 l:e~o ~:o sc:ew c~j
/R q~ss, sle:iis~Le
1o x 1OO ::, 1OO jieces
1o x 1oO ::, 1OO jieces
J[ijjkX[Xhki^
wil woo e~o
e:ql. ZoO ::
12
9233
9232
9231
9230
9190
9211
9201
o
1
o
Z
o
MWi^Xejjb[i
joyelye:e
'&&cb o
1
= // ::, o
Z
= 1Z, ::,
/
= 1O ::

o
= 1, ::,
Z
= Z, ::,
1
= oo ::
(+&cb o
1
= ', ::, o
Z
= 1' ::,
/
= 1o' ::

o
= 1, ::,
Z
= o', ::,
1
= 8 ::
+&&cb o
1
= /, ::, o
Z
= 18, ::,
/
= 1 ::

o
= 1, ::,
Z
= /,o ::,
1
= 11 ::
'&&&cb o
1
= '/, ::, o
Z
= Z1 ::,
/
= ZZO ::

o
= Zo, ::,
Z
= /', ::,
1
= 1/ ::
:_]_jWbXkh[jj[jof['&
wiloul Lolle
ce:lieo co:o::ily uj lo 1OO :,
s:~esl ~o|usl:e:l i:le:v~ 1O
Lolle. see ~:l :o 8'o
:[i_YYWjeh" q~ss, lyje ovus,
~l ~:qe wil :oL io, ZO ::,
:[i_YYWjehfbWj[" jo:ce~i:
127
9239
9257
9238
9237
9236
9235
9256
9255
9300
o
1
o
Z
1
<kdd[bi
joyelye:e
o
Z
= /O ::, o
1
= ' ::,
o
= oo ::,
1
= oo ::,
Z
= oO ::
o
Z
= O ::, o
1
= 11 ::,
o
= 1O' ::,
1
= ::,
Z
= / ::
o
Z
= 1OO ::, o
1
= 1o8 ::,
o
= 1 ::,
1
= 8O ::,
Z
= ::
o
Z
= 1ZO ::, o
1
= 1o ::,
o
= 1 ::,
1
= 8 ::,
Z
= 'O ::
o
Z
= 1/O ::, o
1
= 1o ::,
o
= 1O ::,
1
= o ::,
Z
= 1O ::
J[ijjkX[hWYai
PP j~slic, o: q~ss 1oO x 1o ::,
sle:iis~Le uj lo 1Z1'C
1Z s~:jes
Z/ s~:jes
BWXehWjehob_\j
J[ijjkX[hWYa
oo s~:jes, wi:e, j~slic co~leo
128
9365
9401
9400
9364
9363
9362
9361
9360
?dZ_YWjehfWf[h
o: oeq:ee o :es:ess o :i, Dujex
j ' 11, 1OO jieces
8kh[jj[ijWdZ
P~le sl~:o, Z1O x 1oO x O ::
T:ijoo sl~:o, Z1O x 1oO x O ::
Bof^Wdijh_fi
i: j~slic sc:ew |~:
j 1 11
j o' o'
j /' '
j o' ''
j O 1/
12
9440
9470
9411
9410
9409
9408
9407
9405
9406
BWXehWjehoYbeYa
O oO :i:
BWXehWjeholWYkkcfkcf%Yecfh[iieh
eecl:ic~, c~: Le useo ~s ~ v~cuu: o: j:essu:e ju:j
:~x ouljul 1o L/:i:,
:~x oje:~li:q j:essu:e o L~:
8kh[jj[YbWcf
wil socel
si:qe
oouLe
IjWdZh_d]
wil socel, 1oO ::
IjWdZYbWcf
wiloul socel
Z ::
oO ::
:ekXb[ieYa[j
:ekXb[ieYa[j
:ol~l~Le
9510
9485
9484
9498
9495
9511
9488
9487
9489
13O
Fhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[iZ_]_jWb
o: ~qq:essive ~cios ~:o L~ses,
wiloul Lolle
1 1O :. OO :,
wil l:e~o ~o~jle:. /Z, /Z8, /oZ, /o8, //O
C_Yheb_jh[f_f[jj[i
v~:i~Le vou:e ~o|usl:e:l, wil oisjos~Le lijs
1O 1OO
1OO 1OOO
F_f[jj[j_fi
1 ZOO yeowl, 1OOO jieces
O 1OOO Luel, 1OOO jieces
Z Z :. O1 :,
wil l:e~o ~o~jle:. /oZ, /o8, //O
LWh_WXb[fhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[i
o: ~qq:essive ~cios ~:o L~ses,
wiloul Lolle
1 1O :. OZ :,
wil l:e~o ~o~jle:. /Z, /Z8, /oZ, /o8, //O
Z Z :. O :,
wil l:e~o ~o~jle:. /oZ, /o8, //O
H[fbWY[c[djfWhji\ehfhefehj_ed_d]Z[l_Y[i
7ZWfj[h[nj[hdWbj^h[WZ
oZ :: o: Lolle l:e~o / Z ::
oZ :: o: Lolle l:e~o / Z8 ::
/ :: o: Lolle l:e~o / oZ ::
/ :: o: Lolle l:e~o / o8 ::
oZ :: o: Lolle l:e~o S /O ::
/ :: o: Lolle l:e~o S /O ::
132 132 Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis
7ccesso:ies o: C:yoSl~: 1Ol 11188 '8''
/ccesso:ies o: u:ioily :e~su:i:q oevice
MLD O oOl o1,oZ,oo,o/ o
/ccesso:ies o: L~cloF~s ooOl 11,o1o,ooo /,'8
/ccesso:ies o: L~cloSl~: ooOl 11,o11,o1o,ooo o
/ccesso:ies o: RD8 OOl O1,OZ,Oo,O/
/ccesso:ies o: Suje:\~:io ooo1oooo,oo8oo8 /o,Z
/ccesso:ies o: \D /o8 oO,oO8l
o1o18,oZ,oo,o/,o/,ooo /
/cioily lesle: /O o'
/o~jle: o: j:ojo:lio:i:q oevices '/8' 1oO
/cooo:ele: o1O,o11 8/
/~i:e josj~l~se 8ZO,8Z1,8ZZ 1O1
/u:i:iu: oi /O o
/u:i:iu: sjeci:e: ois
o: u:ioily :e~su:i:q oevice o1,o/ o
/ll~c:e:l o: L~cloF~s ose ju:j ooOOZo/ /
/ll~c:e:l o: L~cloSl~: ose ju:j o1OOZo/ //
/uloc~ve jo:l~Le Le:c ~uloc~vel 8/1,8/Z 1O
/ulo:~lic lil :e~su:e Suje:io: o/ZO,o/Z1 o/
8~Lcoc Lolles oZ/,oZo,oZ8 oO
D~Lcoc Lucel oooZ /o
D~cle:i~ cou:le: Coo:y Sl~: 8OO/8OZ 1Oo
D~q c~sjs o: D~qMixe: o1/o 11
D~qMixe: o1o',o1/ 11
D~lle:y/jocel j :ele: /o1,/o1, //O o
De~e:s 88OO881 1ZO
Ducels o: /DP luLes oooo /o
Due: soulio:s /o'O,/o'1,/o'Z,//oO,//o1,//oZ oo,o
Du:se: Lu::e: O o
Du:elle c~:j wil socel '/1O,'/11 1Z'
Du:elle sl~:o '/OO,'/O1 1Z8
Du:elle, oiqil~ '1'O 1Zo
Du::i ooj 8o8O,8o81 1O
Dulle: Le~e: wil lwo oes ooZo oZ
Dulle: Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s :eloo oZZO Z'
Dulle: culle: oO /
Dulle: :eli:q Le~e: /OO,/O1 Z
Dulle: lesli:q sjoo: /O Z
Dulle: l:ie: o1oO,o1o1 11
Dulle::i lesle: ooO 8o
Duly:o:ele: Lucel o: Suje:\~:io
ooo1,ooo11Z, ooo1Z/, ooo1oo /o
Duly:o:ele: sl~:o oooO,ooo1 oo
Duly:o:ele: luLes o: w~le: L~ls \D /oo o1 /
Duly:o:ele: luLes, coseo ooo0 /
Duly:o:ele: luLes, oje: ooo0 /
9~iL:~lio: sl~:o~:o /=OOOO'C 1o ''
C~iL:~lio: sl~:o~:o /=O/O8'C 18o ''
C~iL:~lio: sl~:o~:o D=OO'C 1oo ''
C~iL:~lio: sl~:o~:o D=OoOO'C 18 ''
C~:isle: o11 //
C~j o: :i s~:je Lolle 8O : oO/o 1O
C~j o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: sjeci:e: :ecejl~ce Oo
Ce:l:iuqe ov~S~ely ooO /
Ce:l:iuqe Suje:\~:io oo8O /8Z
Ce:l:iuqe luLe ~cco:oi:q lo F:ieses :eloo ooo8 /
Ce:l:iuqe, s~ely ce:l:iuqe oo8OL Z
C~:Le: o: li: ~ye: c:o:~loq:~jy oO /
Ceese Le~e:, je:o:~leo ooZ1,ooZ1OO1 oZ
Ceese Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo \~: 0uis :eloo oZoO Z'
Ceese l:ie: o1ZO,o1Z1,o1ZZ,o1Z/ 1O,11
Ci:cu~: q~ss L:e le: o: u:ioily :e~su:i:q oevice oZ o
Ce~:i:q ~qe:l o: L~cloSl~:, L~cloF~s ooo //,/
Ce~:i:q ~qe:l o: si:qe :oo eecl:ooe //ZO o
Ce~:i:q L:us o: Luly:o:ele: Looy ooZ/ oo
Ce~:i:q L:us o: Luly:o:ele: :ec ooZ oo
Ce~:i:q L:us o: :i s~:je Lolle oO8O 1O
Ce~:i:q L:us o: jijelles o/O o
Ce~: q~ss j~le o: Coo:ySl~: 8O 1Oo
CMT lesl iquio 'oO/'o1 1O1
Coi luLe 81ZO 1OZ
Coi luLe sl~:o o: / s~:jes 81/O 1OZ
Coo:ySl~: L~cle:i~ cou:le: 8OO/8OZ 1Oo
Coou: oisc o: :es~.u:i:e lesls 1o1 Z
Co:::~lio: sl~:o~:o C= O1Z'C 188 ''
Co::ecli:q c~Le 1Z \ DCl o: C:yoSl~: 1' '8
Co:l~cl ji: o: Coo:ySl~: 8Oo 1Oo
Co:l~cl ji: o: j~le:l se~ FDU oZO o1
Co:l~cl ji: o: j~le:l se~ 0ERD/L oZ1 o1
Co:l~cl ji: o: j~le:l se~ 0\0 oZZ o1
Co:l:o le::o:ele: OO,O1 8
Cooi:q L~l iquio 1o' ''
Cooi:q c~:Le: le::o:ele: OoO 8
Cove: q~ss o: :ic:oscoje 8/O1 1O
C:e~: ~:o ice c:e~: Luly:o:ele: o18',o1' Z
C:e~: Le~e:, u:je:o:~leo o: Luly:o:ele:s ooZO oZ
C:e~: Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo oee:s :eloo
oZO',oZ1O,oZ11,oZ1Z,oZ1o,oZ1/ Z8
C:e~: Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s :eloo
oZOO,oZO1,oZOZ,oZOo Z8
C:e~: Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo Scu.eys :eloo oZO8 Z8
:[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][ :[iYh_fj_ed 7hj$de$ FW][
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
133 133
C:yoSl~: :ee.i:q joi:l oele::i:~lio: oevice 1O '8
C:yoSl~:~ulo:~lic :ee.i:q joi:l oele::i:~lio: oevice 1oO '8
C:ysl~i:e qu~:l. s~:o /oO,/o1,/oZ,/oo,/o/ o
Culu:e culiv~li:q ~jji~:ce
8o1O,8o11,8o1Z,8o1o,8o1/,8o1,8o1o,8o1 1O
Culu:e luLes 'OO,'O/,'Oo 1Z
Cu:o Luly:o:ele: OZO% oZ/O Z'
Cuvelle c~:Le: 8OZ 1O'
Cuvelles 8O 1O'
:~i:y le::o:ele: OO1,Oo1,O/1 8o
Devolesl oO,o1 81
DevoTesl i:se:l o: w~le: L~ls \D /oo o/ /
Desicc~lo: 'ZO1 1Zo
Desicc~lo: j~le 'Z11 1Zo
Diqil~ seco:o le::o:ele: 1ZO 88
Diqil~ le::o:ele: o: co:l~cl:ee :e~su:e:e:ls 11' 88
Diulio: ~s 8Z'O,8Z'1 1Oo
Diulio: jijelles 8oOO,8oO1,8oOZ,8oOo 1Oo
Dijje: oOoO,oOo1 '
Disc~:qe visco:ele: oZO 81
Disjos~Le j~slic L~q o: D~qMixe: o1/1 11
DouLe soce '/O,'/Oo 1Z'
DouLee:oeo sj~lu~ //O Z
D:iq~si sj~lu~ 8oO 1O
D:y :~lle: c~cu~lo: ooO Z
Du:~: luLe 81oO 1OZ
;:e::eye: ~ss 88188oo 1Z1
Exl:~clio: luLe ~cco:oi:q lo Mo|o::ie:s :eloo o8O,o81
<el je: :e o: co:l~cl ji: 8O/ 1Oo
File: L~q o: D~qMixe: o1/Z 11
File: o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: O/
File: j~je:s /'1O 1
File:s, :ou:o /'11 1
Fow:ele: o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: O8 8
Foooslu Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo Roeoe:s :eloo oZO Z'
F:ee ~l Luly:o:ele: oZZ Z'
F:ee.i:q joi:l oele::i:~lio: 1O,1o '8
F:ee.i:q joi:l oele::i:~lio: oevice C:yoSl~: 1O '8
F:ee.i:q joi:l oele::i:~lio: oevice C:yoSl~:/ulo:~lic 1oO '8
F:osleo q~ss j~le o: L~cle:i~ cou:le: Coo:ySl~: 8OZOO1 1Oo
Fu::es 88o88', 'Zo'Zo' 1Z
=~ss u::e 88o88' 1ZZ
0~ss :~i o: jowoe:eo :i Luly:o:ele: oo1 o1
0~ss j~le o: oisc~:qe visco:ele: oZ1 81
0~ss sli::e: /oO Z
>~:qi:q cyi:oe: o8ZO 8
~:ow~:e sl~:o~:ois~lio: o1o //
e~o / o: oo Luyl:o:ele: Lucels oo8 Z
e~o D o: 8 Mo|o::ie: luLes oo8o Z
e~o C o: o souLiily i:oex luLes oo8 Z
e~li:q c~Li:els oOOOoOOZ,oOO8,oOO' 8O
o:oqe:is~lio: jijelle ooo' /
ose ju:j o: L~clo~s ooOOZo /
ose ju:j o: L~cloSl~: o1OOZo //
u:ioily :e~su:i:q oevice oO o
u:ioily/le:je:~lu:e :e~su:i:q oevice 11 88
yo:o:ele: o: ~:y ~coo oZO 8/
yo:o:ele: o: Loie: w~le: oo'O 8/
yo:o:ele: o: Lulle::i se:u: oo/O,oo/1 8o
yo:o:ele: o: co:oe:seo :i oooOooo1 8o
yo:o:ele: o: :i ooZOooZZ 8Z
yo:o:ele: o: suju:ic ~ciole: ooO,oo1 8/
yo:o:ele: o: v~:ious iquios o/Oo/o 8/
yo:o:ele: o: yoqu:l ~:o coco~le :i ooO 8o
yo:o:ele: o: L:i:e/De~u:e oo8O,oo81 8/
?ce c:e~: ~:o co:oe:seo :i Luly:o:ele: o18O,o181 Z
:cuL~lo:s oOooOo8 8O
:oic~lo: j~je:s 'oo 1Z8
::~:eo Lu::e: 1 o
:ocu~lio: wi:e 8oO o
:se:lio:/i::e:so: se:so:s /oO,/ooO,/oo1,/oO oo
:se:lio:/i::e:so: se:so:s 1ZZ,Z1o,1Z/,1Z 8'
@oli:q vou:ele: ooO 1OO
A~jse:Le:q c~j 8ZO1 1Oo
C soulio: //OO oo
|eo~ oeco:josilio: ~jj~:~lus 8 /ZOO o1
|eo~ oeco:josilio: ~s /ZO1 o1
|eo~ oisli~lio: ~jj~:~lus So /Z1O oZ
|eo~ exl:~clio: sl~lio: De:osoq o /ZOo o1
|eo~ l~Ls /ZoO,/Zo1 oZ
B~Lo:~lo:y Lolles 8'O8'/ 1Z/
L~Lo:~lo:y coc '//O 1Z'
L~Lo:~lo:y u::~ces oZZO 81
L~Lo:~lo:y il 'oOO 1Z
L~Lo:~lo:y j :ele: /o1O,/o11 o
8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[ 8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[
13/ 13/
L~Lo:~lo:y sc~es 81O,811 '
L~Lo:~lo:y v~cuu: ju:j '/O 1Z'
L~clooe:si:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo 0ueve::es :eloo oooO, ooo1 8o
L~clooe:si:ele: o: :i ooOOoo1o 8Z
L~cloF~s ooO /
L~clo:ele: OO 1OO
L~cloSl~: o1O ooo8,//
Leve q~uqe o: ~clooe:si:ele:s o8OO 8
Lio o: Reoucl~se lesl i:se:l o/ /
Lio o: sjeci:e: :ecejl~ce OZ
Lo~oi:q ~:: o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: le: O 8
L0\D0D co:j~:~lo: o: :es~.u:i:e lesls 1oO Z
Low le:je:~lu:e ~Lo:~lo:y le::o:ele: O81 8
Lyj~: sl:ijs 'ooO'oo/ 1Z8
C~q:elic sli::e: 8o'O,8o'1 1O8
M~q:iyi:q e:s o: L~cle:i~ cou:le: Coo:ySl~: 8O1 1Oo
M~slilis oeleclio: 'ZO,'oO,'o1 1O1
M~l:ix :eeoe j:i:le: o: u:ioily :e~su:i:q oevice o/ o
Me~su:i:q cyi:oe: 88O88oO 1Z1,1ZZ
Me~su:i:q ~s 88O88 1ZZ
Me~su:i:q jijelles 888Z888 1Z
Melye:e Lue l~Lels 1/O 1
Mic:oil:e jijelles '/','/'8 1oO
Mic:oscoje 8o1,8oZ 11O
Mi Luly:o:ele: o11,o1Z,o1o,o1/,o1,o1o,o1,o18 Zo
Mi jowoe: coeclo: o1Z 11
Mi s~:je Lolle 8O :, O : oO/O, oO/1 ',1
Mi s~:je: oOOO,oOO1,oOOo,oOO/,oOO,oOO8,oO1O,oO11 '
Mi sli::e: oOZ1 '
Mixi:q cyi:oe: 88oZ88oo 1ZZ
Mo|o::ie: sl~:o o: w~le: L~ls \D /oo o18 /
D~::ow :eceo :e~qe:l Lolles 8''O8'' 1Z/
eeoe ooe: 8o8Z 1O
ov~S~ely Le:c ce:l:iuqe ooO /
Euljul :equ~lo: Z o
F~le:l cosu:e FDU oZoO oO
P~le:l cosu:e 0ERD/L oZo1 oO
P~le:l cosu:e 0\0 oZoZ oO
Pejsi: yo:oco:ic ~cio soulio: //Z1 o
Pe::~:e:l ~ulo:~lic oisje:se: o o'O,oo'1 oo
Pe:oxio~se 8Z 1O1
Pel:i oises 8o1O,8o1Z,8o1o,8o1/ 1Oo,1O/
j :ele: /o1O,/o11,/o1,/o1,//O o,oo,o
Polo:ele: 8OO,8O1 1O'
Pijelle eje: 8'ZO 1Zo
Pijelle sl~:o o/oO o
Pijelle sy:i:qes 11O,111,11Z 1
Pijelle lijs o: :ic:oil:e jijelle '1O,'11 1oO
Pijelle lijs o: s~:ji:q jijelle 1 ''
Poyelye:e u::es 'Zo'Zo' 1Z
Poy:ele: 11O 88
Powoe:eo :i Luly:o:ele: ~cc lo Teice:ls :el o1O,o11 Z
P:ecisio: Luly:o:ele: o1O Zo
P:ecisio: Luly:o:ele: o: o:i:i:q :i ~:o v~l :i o1O Zo
P:ecisio: sc~es 8ZO '
P:ojo:lio:i:q oevices '/8/,'/8,'/8,'/88 1oO
P:olei: lil:~lio: ~jj~:~lus /ooO o'
Psyc:o:ele: 1OO 88
Pu:j o: L~cloF~s ooOOZo /
Pu:j o: L~cloSl~: o1OOZo //
He~cliv~lio: soulio: //ZZ o
Reoucl~se i:se:l o: w~le: L~ls \0 /oo oo /
Ree:e:ce o:ie: RD8 OO
Ree:e:ce :i 1%, o%, oO%, O1O% ~l
o1,o18,o1',oZ1 /
Ree:e:ce l~Le /DP oO 1OO
Ree:e:ce l~Le wil o ju:ily q:~oes /'ZO 1
Re:~clo:ele: oiqil~ /LLe :e:~clo:ele:l oZO
Re:~clo:ele: oiqil~ ~:o :e:~clo:ele:l o1/
Re:~clo:ele: jocel :e:~clo:ele:l o1O,o1Z,o1o
Req:ioqe:~leo i:cuL~lo:s oOOoOZ 8O
Rej~ce:e:l Luly:o:ele: luLe o: ov~S~ely oo/1 /
Rej~ce:e:l o:ive Lel o: souLiily i:oex :ixe: oZZ 1OO
Rej~ce:e:l q~ss :ixi:q Low o: souLiily i:oex :ixe: oZO 1OO
Rej~ce:e:l :e~su:i:q cyi:oe: o: |oli:q vou:ele: oo1 1OO
Rej~ce:e:l sli::e: o: souLiily i:oex :ixe: oZ1 1OO
Rej~ce:e:l le::islo: o: C:yoSl~: 1Z '8
Res~.u:i:e l~Lels 1O 1
Roo le::o:ele:, :~xi:u::i:i:u: O',O'o 8
Rol~lio: visco:ele: ooO 81
Rou:o ~u:i:iu: oi 1Z 8
RuLLe: slojje: o: Luly:o:ele:s oZ8O,oZ'O,ooOO,oo1O o1
RuLLe: slojje: o: sjeci~ souLiily i:oex luLes oOO 1O
I~ely ce:l:iuqe oo8OL Z
S~ely qoqqes o/8O o
S~ely :e~oi:q iql o8OO
S~l lesl /oO, /O o'
S~:je luLe wil :~:i:q ~l ZO : 1o ''
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135 135
S~:ji:q jijelle, ~o|usl~Le 1/ ''
Sc~es 81O,811,8ZO '
Scooj oOoo,oOo/,oOo '
Seoi:e:l lesle: /SPL/C /'O O
Seoi:e:l lesle: SEDL/D /8OO,/81 O
Sej~:~li:q u::e oOo /
Sej~:~li:q u::e o: exl:~clio: oOo /
S~i:q ooo oo/O,oo/1 oo
S~i:q :~ci:e o: Luly:o:ele:s o8Z
S~i:q :~ci:e o: Mo|o::ie: luLes o8O,o81
S~i:q sl~:o oooZ oo
S~i:q w~le: L~l oO /
Si:qe :oo eecl:ooe //Z,// o
Si:qe :oo eecl:ooe wil le:je:~lu:e se:so: /o8O,/ooo oo
Si:qe :oo eecl:ooe wil le:j se:so: o: j/' //o o
Si: :i Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo ees :eloo o1o1,o1oZ Zo
Si: :i Luly:o:ele: ~cc lo Sice:s :eloo o1oO,o1oO0 Zo
Si: :i Luly:o:ele: ~cco:oi:q lo Sieqeos :eloo o1o/ Z
Sioe o: :ic:oscoje 8/OO 1O
S:e~: :eeoe 8o/O 1O
Solw~:e o: C:yoSl~: 1o '8
SouLiily i:oex :ixe: o1O 1OO
SouLiily i:oex luLes ooo/ /o
Sjeci~ souLiily i:oex luLes oo,o /o
Sjeci:e: :ecejl~ce o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: O1
Sl~i:i:q cuvelle 8/oO 1Oo
Sl~i:i:q sl~:o ~cco:oi:q lo Do:qe:ls :eloo 8/ZO 1Oo
Sl~:o c~:j '/O,'/O8 1Z'
Sl~:o o: Z s~:je luLes 1o8 ''
Sl~:o o: L~qs o: D~qMixe: o1// 11
Sl~:o o: exl:~clio: luLes o8
Sl~:o o: ios ~:o c~js
o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: sjeci:e: :ecejl~ce O 8
Sl~:o o: je::~:e:l ~ulo:~lic oisje:se: o/OO,o/O1,o/OZ oo
Sl~:o o: sjeci~ souLiily i:oex luLes oooO,ooo1 oo
Sl~:o :i:q wil socel '/O' 1Z'
Sl~:o, l:ijoo wil c~:o~:ic susje:sio: o81O,o8o 8
Sl~:o o: souLiily i:oex luLes oooo /o
Sle:iise:s oO/oO/' 8O
Sle:iisi:q Lox o: jel:i oises 8oZO 1O/
Sle:iisi:q Lox o: jijelles 81'O 1OZ
Sli::i:q :oo 8o'o,8o',8o'8 1O'
Sloj w~lc oZZ 81
Slojje: o: exl:~clio: luLes ~cc lo Mo|o::ie:s :el o8Z
Slojje: wil sil o: :i s~:je Lolles O: oO/Z 1O
Suje:\~:io, :uliju:jose ce:l:iuqe oo8O /8Z
Sy:i:qes o: :i, c:e~: o//O,o//1,o//Z,o//o,o/O,o/Z o
Je:je:~lu:e se:so: o: :ic '11, '1o /o1' oo
Te:je:~lu:e se:so: o: j :ele: j /' //1 o
Tesl luLe 81OO 1OZ
Tesl luLe ~cco:oi:q lo Deces :eloo oO1 /
Tesl luLe ~cco:oi:q lo Deces :eloo oO1 /
Tesl luLe L:us 'O'O 1Z
Tesl luLe o: L0\D0D co:j~:~lo: 1oZ Z
Tesl luLe :~c 'Z'Zo 1Z
Tesl luLe s~i:q oevice 8oO 1O8
Tesl luLes 'O8O,'O81 1Z
Te::~ j:i:le: 11 '8
Te::~ j:i:le: o: L~cloSl~:, L~cloF~s 11 '8
Te::islo: o: C:yoSl~: 1Z '8
Te::o:ele: OO1,Oo1,O/1,O/o,OoO,OO,
O1,O81,O',O'o,11',1ZO 8o88
Ti: ~ye: c:o:~loq:~jy c~:Le: oO /
Ti: ~ye: c:o:~loq:~jy j~les oO8 /
Til~lo:s /o/,/o o'
Til:~lio: ~jj~:~lus SMPLE` /ZO,/Z1 o8
Til:~lio: ~jj~:~lus ST/D/RD /OO,/O1,/1O o8
Til:~lo: /ZZO oZ
To:qs /ZO Z
T:ijoo o: Du:se: Lu::e: 8/O 1Oo
Twee.e:s o: sioes 8/1O 1O
K:ive:s~ se o: w~le: L~ls \0 /oo oZ /
U:ive:s~ le::o:ele: O/o 8
Liscosi:ele: oZO, ooO 81
\ou:ele:ic jijelles o: oele::i:~lio: o ~l co:le:l o/oOo/o8 o/
\ou:el:ic jijelles 888888' 1Zo
M~sLolles 'ZoO'Zoo 1Zo
\~le: L~l 88o,888 111
\~le: L~ls \D /oo oO,oO8 o
\~le: oisli~lio: ~jj~:~lus 81,8Z 11O
\~lo: j~je: oOO /
\eiqi:q Lo~l o: Lulle: ooZZ oZ
\eiqi:q ois /'O o
\eiqi:q oises '1ZO,'1Z1 1Z
\eiqi:q jijelles o/Z,o/Zo,o/Z,o/Z8,o/Z' o/
\eiqi:q sl~:o o: :ee:e:ce o:ie: Oo 8
\ioe :eceo :e~qe:l Lolles 8'8O8'8 1Z/
\i:e L~sel 8/o 1O
\i:e c~qes o: sle:iis~lio: 8ooO,8oo1,8ooZ 1O/
\i:e c:~oe o: :i s~:jes oO'1 1O
\i:e :es 8//O,8//1 1Oo
8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[ 8[p[_Y^dkd] 7hj$Dh$ I[_j[
13
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LABORATORY

17 Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis

Determinaticn cf tbe fat ccntent in bcmcgenized miIk acccrding tc 6erber`s metbcd

Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis

Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis

Loborolory colologue for milk onolysis

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