What Is the Internet?

A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world.

What is the Internet?

The largest network of networks in the world. Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching . Runs on any communications substrate.

From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP

Brief History of the Internet

1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create ARPAnet 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf 1984 On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts use TCP/IP for its messaging 1989 - The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated the development of the NSFnet, which even now provides a major backbone communication service for the Internet

Brief History of the Internet

1989 - The web was initially conceived and created by Tim Berners-Lee, a computer specialist from the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) in 1989. He and his partner Robert Cailliau created a prototype web for CERN and released it to the Internet community for testing and comments.
1991 - NSF dropped its funding of the Internet and lifted the ban on commercial traffic on its backbone (Up until 1991, all NSF traffic came from government and educational institutions)

TCP/IP Addresses
Every host on the Internet must have a unique IP address The IP address is a 32-bit number which we write in dotted decimal notation The first part of the IP address is the network address the remainder is the host ID A subnet mask is used to determine the network address from a IP host address All hosts on the same network are configured with the same subnet mask

Network Address Example

Host address: 192.252.12.14 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 To obtain the network address, AND the host IP with its subnet mask: Host IP: 11000000.11111100.00001100.00001 110 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000 000

Mask:

Net addr: 11000000.11111100.00001100.00000 000 192.152.12.0

Obtaining an Internet Network Address

IP network addresses must be unique, or the Internet will not be stable The Internet Network Information Centre (InterNIC) was originally responsible for issuing Internet network addresses Today, the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) issues network addresses to Information Service Providers (ISPs) ISPs split networks up into subnets and sell them on to their customers

Domain Name System (DNS)

IP addresses are used to identify hosts on a TCP/IP network Example: 134.220.1.9 Numbers are not friendly people prefer names DNS is a protocol used to map IP addresses to textual names E.g. www.wlv.ac.uk maps to 134.220.1.9

DNS on the Internet

DNS names have a hierarchical structure Example: www.wlv.ac.uk
Root Level

com

net

fr

uk

us

Top-level domain

ac

co

Second-level domain

aston

staffs

wlv

clun

www

ftp

Server name

Internet Email Addresses

mel.ralph@wlv.ac.uk Local part

@ Domain name of mail server

The Local part is the name of a special file stored on the mail server called the users mailbox The Domain name is resolved using DNS The mail server is also known as a mail exchanger

A protocol is nothing more than a set of rules. On the Internet, it is a set of rules computers use to communicate across networks. As long as everyone follows the rules, communication can occur freely

TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL/ INTERNETWORKING PROTOCOL (TCP/IP) HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP) FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) TELNET

GOPHER

TCP/ IP
TCP/ IP is a standard Internet protocol suite used to communicate over the Internet
TCP/ IP suite consist of two components: 1. Internetworking Protocol (IP) 2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

IP
Functions performed by IP: 1. Envelop the data and write the IP address of source and destination 2. Allow networks to verify the IP address 3. Leave the packet on the network as it is connectionless protocol Functions performed by TCP: 1. Break the data into packets and number them. 2. Since TCP is connection-oriented protocol, it make a session between source and destination to make sure that every packet reach the destination 3. Error detection and error correction

TCP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is the protocol consisting of set of rules that governs how the hypertext documents will be transferred between computers

Request

The Internet (TCP/IP)

Web page

WWW server

Browser app

 HTTP is the protocol used to access resources on the World Wide Web A browser application is used to send a request to the WWW server for a resource, e.g. a web page, graphics file, audio file, etc. The server responds by sending the resource (a file) to the client and closing the connection

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

URL is the standard for specifying the whereabouts of a resource (such as a web page) on the Internet A URL has four parts: http://www.wlv.ac.uk:80/index.html
Protocol Host Port number Name of web page

The protocol used to retrieve the resource The host where the resource is held The port number of the server process on the host The name of the resource file

URL Defaults
A server will normally be setup to use standard defaults This enables the URL to be simplified In the case of a Web server for example
Default port will be 80 Default name for home page will be index.html

Hence the previous URL can be shortened to http://www.wlv.ac.uk/

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Protocol for copying files between client and an FTP server Uses a TCP connection for reliable transfer of files with error-checking Most browsers support FTP, or you can use a dedicated FTP client program, e.g WS_FTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a lightweight version for small memory devices

Telnet
Telnet allows a user to run commands and programs remotely on another computer across the Internet The user runs a Telnet client program on the local host A Telnet server process must be running on the remote host The user must have the necessary permissions and password to access the remote host

GOPHER
The Gopher protocol is a TCP/IP Application layer protocol designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents over the Internet, and was a predecessor, and later, an alternative to the World Wide Web(WWW)

Its central goals were:

A file-like hierarchical arrangement that would be familiar to users A simple syntax A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively Extending the file system metaphor to include things like searches

STAGNATION OF GOPHER:
User friendliness of the WWW, with its integration of text and graphics, made Gopher less appealing.
Gopher has an inflexible structure when compared to the free-form HTML of the Web. With Gopher, every document has a defined format and type, and the typical user must navigate through a single server-defined menu system to get to a particular document.

Some Port Assignments

21 FTP 23 Telnet 25 smtp (mail) 70 gopher 80 HTTP

A Web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.
Can also be used to access information provided by Web servers in private networks or files in file systems

REQUEST (URL)

MARKUP LANGUAGE HYPERTEXT DOCUMENT FROM SERVER TO BROWSER

INTERACTIVE DOCUMENT

The history of the web browser dates back to the late 1980s, when a variety of technologies laid the foundation for the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991. That browser brought together a variety of existing and new software and hardware technologies.

The major web browsers are:

MOSAIC: 1993 one of the first graphical web browsers NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR: 1994 INTERNET EXPLORER: 1995 OPERA:1996

MOZILLA FIREFOX:1998 - by open source software model

APPLE SAFARI: 2003

FEATURES
TEXT BASED USER INTERFACE E-MAIL, USENET MULTIPLE TABS FUNCTIONALITY BOOKMARKED PAGES POP-UP BLOCKERS PLUG-INS (downloadable components for
additional features)

INTRODUCTION
Search engine is a software program that searches for sites based on the words that you designate as search terms.

Search engines look through their own databases of information in order to find what it is that you are looking for.
Search engine is the popular term for an Information Retrieval (IR) system.

HISTORY
Archie (1990) First search tool for the Internet Gopher indexed plain text documents Veronica - keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings Jughead tool for obtaining menu information Gopher servers Wandex(June1993) first Web search engine index by web-robot

 ALIWEB (NOV 1993) first webs search engine; didnt use web-robots; notified by administrators JUMPSTATION(Dec 1993) used webrobot to build the index; web form WebCrawler (1994) any word in web page GOOGLE (2000) PageRank algorithm MICROSOFTS BING (June 2000)

How search engine works?

Spiders

Robots

TYPES OF SEARCH ENGINE

Crawler-Based Search Engines Human-Powered Directories Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed Results

 Google use spiders Large index of keywords. Googles PAGE RANK .

1.frequency and location of keywords within the
Web page 2. Web page history. 3. number of other Web pages that link to the page in question