1.

P-N P-N .
- ( - ). N - ( ).
:

V VD -
VS
V7
V,
P-
N-

(+ , - )
, ().
,
().
- ()
U.. = 10 1000 .
U. = 0,3 1 .
Ia Ua .
I: ( )
II, III, IV, - ( )
II: ,

 ( , ),
.
III: . ,

, ( )
, P-N- .
IV: . , , ,
.
- .
, ,
.
- ()

1. (I. .)
- , .
70% .
:

1) (I. < 0,3 )

2) (0,3 <I . <1 0 )
3) (I. > 10 )
( )
, ,
( ,
, . - , , , )
2. (U.)

.
.
( - Ge, - Si)
U. Si 0.51 ()
U. Ge 0.30.5 ()
(1)
(2)
3. (U. max)
() U. max 0.7U. (10100 )
U. max= 1200 .
(12 -U. max= 1200 )
4. (Imax ...)
( mA).
, .
5. () .
R

'U
'I

2
.
.
.
:

-
.
U.
I.min
I.max

. I . max d I . t I . min
,
R

'U
'I

R=0. U. =3 200
3
n-p ,
p-n-p-n.
- ( ).

 - thyra (), "" "".

.
+

VS1

( , ).
"" .
: 0 d U d U max - .
U - . , U

U ( )
, .

 I t I 4 , (I 4 = I - ), .
, .
( ).
.
:
1. , .
2. .
.

 , , ,
.
- .
().
U

1. ( U ) ,
.
2. (U.max) ,
. U.= U.max
3. , .
4. (U.= 0,51 )
5. ,
.
6. ,
7. - .
8. dI . , p-n
dt

,
.
9. dU a .
dt

,
.

10.
, ,
.
11.
- , ,
.
4
() :
1.
..
2. .

 0< t < Ud=e2

<t<2 Ud=0

: .
: , ,
. , .

( )

 0 < t < : V1 ; V2 . Ud=e2 Udm=E2m=

< t < 2: V1 ; V2 .

2E 2

 ,
( ).
, .
u d (t ) U d  u (t )
T

ud

ud

1
u d (t )dt
T 0
2 2

E2

0.9 E 2

E2

u dm sinwtdwt

2 E 2 sin wtdwt

S
2 2

ud

2E2

cos wt

S
0

2 2

E2

0.9 E 2

1.11U d

U 1max
2

T 2S

t
U

U 1

1-
Z 2
,

.
,
.
.
.


2
,
m 1

U n1m
ud

m (

).

2
2 1
2

2
3

0.67

, ,
.
:
1. .
2. .
Ud
- .
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R

I am

I dm

id

Id
2

Ia

u .m

2 Em2

u.m Su
P

ia

U d2
R

2 2E2

2 2
2 2

Su d

Su d

Ud

E2

E 22
R

- .

, :

P..

u d2
R

(0.9 E 2 ) 2
R

0.81E 22
R

0.81P

20% .
( ) .
:

1.34 Pd

( - )
5

id

i1

e 2 ( 0- S )

V1,
R L V4. V2
V3

( ,
).

,
e 2
( S y 2S ) V2
V3 id .
( L 0 ),
i2 ( )

 L z 0 , id u d
( id ).
( X L Z L > 10 R ) id -
( ).
. ia , i2 , i1
.
R-L , , u d e2 ,
.
2 2

Ud

E2

0. 9 E 2

E2

1.11U d

U .m
U

E2m

2E2

S
.m

Ia

Id
2

Id
2 R

2
2 2

SU d

L ,

;
S
2

I a max

Ud

id

I d (

Id

Ud
R

Id
S

1.11Pd

:
1. .
2.
.

 :
1. .
2. S 20% .
3. .
.
:
1. , .
2. S 20% .
3. .
:
1. .
2. , .
E2=10100 .
6 .
: , .

q
q

- () .

, .

U n1m
Ud
U n1m
U

U n1mU
U d U n1m

L L-C :
U

I R

r .

 L L-C :
n= 2
Z
Z

- .
- .

U 1

I 1m Z
Z ,

U 1 S.

L :
Z

Z L

U 1mU
U 1U d

U 1m
(Z L) 2  R2

U 1mU d R (Z L) 2  R2

(Z L) 2  R2

(r  R )U 1mU d R

r  R

ZL
R

U 1m

: r <<

R <<

ZL

Z
Z

R S
,
R -

, () .

 L :
.
:
1
< 0.1 R
Xc
Z

1
Z

ZL

1
Z

Z 2 LC

Z 2 LC

- , LC- .

R-C-
R-C
("" , .. ("") ).

r -
, :
1. 0 < t <t1 e2 > ud V1 , V2 . i a1
2. t1 < t < t2 e2 < ud ( R ). V1 V2 .
3. t2 < t < t3 e2 > ud V2 , V1 . i a2

 , .. t2 ud > 0
ud , .
, ud
.
I am (5 y 7)ia .. i a - , .
r .
, ,
.
R , W R p U 1m n ud n S
R = , U dxx = E 2m = 2E 2

:
1. .
2. u d .
3. - U 1m
4. u d R .
R-C
:
,
r R .

Z
Z

r R

rR
Z
r  R

r
.

ud

R-C

7 .
:
.
:
1.
2.
3. ( , )

U | const

I | const
n U n I V

( )

- - .
I
u

u
Iv

( I  I V ) R  u

R I  R I V  u
u  u  I R
R

u
R

= const

u .

Iv

I V max

IV

I V max

u max  u
R

I max

IV

R
u . min  u 1 
R. min

I V max d I . max

I V min

u  u
 I
R

R min z 0

I V . min

IV

R
u  u 1 
R
R

R
R

u  u  u

I V . min
I V . max

u . min I . max
u . max I . min

u  u
R
I  IV

u . max  u
u
 u
d R d . min
I . max  I . min
I . min  I . max

I V min d I . min


,
.
K

'u
'u

'u
u
'u
u

'u u
'u u

:
r

- .

'u

'u

r R
R  r R

'u R

'u r

r << R

'u
'u

r << R 'u | 'u

r
R  r

| 'u

r
R

R
r

:
K
K <

'u u
'u u

20 y 40

R u
r u

R u
r u

 R , U ,
.
u | (1.2 y 1.3)u
.
: ,
.

R r .

.
,
.
, (
).
:
1. (p-n-p)
2. (n-p-n)

 , .
- .
- .
:
1. .
2. () , .
na >> n - p-n-p .
, .
():

 , .

p-n-p .

( ).

 U 0 , U 0 (

U ! U

- ).
.

na

>>

U  U

,
.
.
(
).
'I
- . ( D 0.9 y 0.99 )
'I D'I , D
'I

.
I

I .

I  I

I  DI

(1  D ) I

.
P

( )

.
I

( )

- ()

:
I . DI  I (1)
(2)
(1) (2) , .
I

I  I

I  DI  I

(1  D ) I  I

 6
(2) ,

I  I
(3)
1

(3) (1)
I

I 
I  I (4)
1
1

I
-
I

(1)
(2)

I  I

| | I | |
(1  ) I  I
1
I I  I  I I  (1  ) I

I  I
I

I  I

(1  ) I ;

I  I | I
(1  ) I

h 21

( )
I=f(U) I = const

: I , II , III .
II () .
.
: U => 0 => => =>
=> => I.
I E I  I , I I (1  E) , I D I E I
I U:
I- U U  U , U ! U
U U = const, U = U = U ,
U, U .

 , I,
.
I . U 0.2 1
III . U
, .

I = f(U) U = const
I = I + I
- p-n .

U = 0 U.
U > U U, U.
U = 0 I = I
I = I - I = (1-) I - I (2)
'U
-
r
'I
r h 11

,

1. .
2. .
.

, . .
, , ..
,
, .

I :
I 0, , I = I, I = I = 0, U=E - I R, .. I=0,
U = E.
II :
I ( ) . I = I 0 U,
I, I U.
III
U; U U = (0.21)
E  U
I
R
:

E  U
; U ( U = U ) E
R
U U , .

I I

 7

.
: .

, (
).

, U
.


,
. .

, .. .
, .
, ,
U U.

,
T

1
P
U t dt
T 0
p-n .
.

.
(E, E, E)
E U .
1) U = 0, .. E, , I, I, I 0, U 0,
E = U. U,
, U = U.
: .
10 I 2 . ,
, : 20-30 I
, .. (
), .
, I = const, I, ..
I = I, U, .. U = E - I R, U .
.


. ,
.
(), (). ,
.. , .
, .

:
U + E = U + I R
U = U + E - I R U + E - I R
I I, .. = 0.99 0.9
. R .
: I = const => => I => I R => U => I
=> I, I U .
: U, U,
,
I R 0.1 E R. R
U.

R, R, K...
: () i, u.
.

1) R
'u
, i 0, u = 0, .. E . , R , ..
R
'i
U
U = I r + I R
R = 0, R
I
'U
- r=h11.
r
'I
I = I + I = I + I = I (1+)
U = I [r + (1+) R]
'I [r  (1  E) R ]
R
r  (1  E) R
'I
R 1000 ( , R = )

 8
2) KU .
U
'I R
'I E R
ER
R = ; K U
U
'I R 'I >r  (E  1) R @ r  (E  1) R
r,
ER
R
r + ( + 1) R ( + 1) R; K U |
KUXX
(E  1) R R
I I, . (KU<KU..)
- R.
3) R , ,
.
U = 0, I = 0; I I = 0; R = R 1000
:
(/0 ).

( )

3 . R1 R2 ; R3 R4 .
: , ..
. .

R1 R2 U. .. 0 U 1 = 0, . 2 = - ,
1 > 2, .. ( ) .

C1 C2 U U . C1
.
( )
:
U, .

: R , R , I
=> U (U < ) => ; U < U.. R > R, R <
R. .. R U, U . , I => R I =>
U.

: , UXX 1 (0.90.99) U = U - U, U > 0

0.5 0.7 .
, .. , EK ,
, .
U; I, I, IR.

1) R
R

U
K UXX

'I r  'I (R || R )

U
'I

r  (E  1) (R || R ) 104

'I r  'I (E  1) (R || R )

'I >r  (E  1) (R || R )@ 2)

U
, R =
U
U = I [r + (+1) R || R], U = I R = I (1 + ) R
(E  1) R
(1  E) R
1
| 0.9 0.99
K UXX
r  (E  1) R r (1  E) R r

 9
3) R

.. e = 0 => I = 0, => I = 0; R = R.
:


R = 2000
R = 400
= 10
= 0.4
= 100
~UM = 1
3 .
R, R, KUXX , U, U1, U2.

1. ( - )
R K 2000
K UXX
5
R
400

R = r + ( + 1) R = 100 + (100 + 1) 400 = 40.5 ,

R = 40.4 r = 0
R = RK = 2000
CM KUXX = 0.4 5 = 2
U KUXX = 1 5 = 5
2.
KUXX = 1
R = r + ( + 1) (R||R) = 100 + (100 + 1) 400 = 40.5
R = R = 400
U, U1, U2.

 . U
U. : , ,
( ).
1) .
EK => E => I => I => URK => U , .. KU > 1,
U , EK.
2) .
, => I => URK, U.
U..MAX U .
U ..MAX
U .MAX
KU
U >> U..MAX;
.
.

()

4 RK1, RK2, VT1, VT2. EK, -EK.

RK1, RH. .
, .. RK1 = RK2, VT1 = VT2,
.

EK1 2; U1 = U2 = 0, U1 = U2 > 0, U = - U.
U = [- 1 + (I1 + I2) R] 0
.. U = E = - U, I1 = I2;
U1 = U2 = EK1 I1 RK1 U = EK1 I2 R2 - U
U = U2 U1 = 0
, => I1 = I2 => I1 = I2 => U => U1,
U2 => I1, I2 => I1, I2 => I1, I2, . I1 + I2 = const, .. R ,
. R , R
R = .

 10

U , I1 + I2 = const

E1 => U1 = U2, U = U2 U1 = 0
.
2- .
1) .
e
U 1
,
2
U1 > 0 => I1 > 0 => I1 > 0 => I1 > 0 => U1 < 0.
e
,
U 2
2
U2 = 0 => I2 < 0 => I2 = 0 => I2 < 0 => U2 > 0.
U = U2 - U1 = 2 U
U1 = -U2, I1 = -I2
.. , , I1 + I2 = const
U = 0, :
) .
)
R .
2) , .
U1 = e > 0; U2 = 0.
U1 > 0 =>I1 > 0 => I1 > 0 => I1 > 0 => U1 < 0;
I1, => I1, .. I1 + I2 = const; I2
I2 = -I1.
I
I
, I2 = -I1, IK2 = -IK1, U2 = -U1,
E 1
U = U2 - U1 > 0
: 1 , . U>0 U>0.
2 .
.
, U1 = U2,
U = (U1 U2) KU = 0 .

 : U = k U, k
. k, .
: .
().

.

U = 2 U, .. I1 + I2 = const, R =

I 1  I 2

I 1  I 2
E 1

const , 'I 1

U 2 'U 2 'I R
U
U
U
2)

1) K UXX

 'I 2

2 'I E R
U

U
;
2 r
U
2 E R
2 r
U

R
r

U
2 r ; R = 2 r ,
I
3)
U, , .I=0; I=0; I=0; R = 2 R

R

R.
.
.
U U. R. -
. : 3.2 3.2, 3 , 2 ,
.

U = KU (U1 - U2)
, , .. .

1) KUXX 50000
2) R = 300 ( )
= 10 ( )
3) R.MIN 3 ( )
E
15
| 7.5 ,
I
R .MIN 2
I 300
4) U = 5
5) E = r 15 ( r 12,6; r 6,3; r 5 15)

 11
U..MAX = (0.9 0.95) E = (0.9 0.95) 15 = 13.5 14.25
, . (U
U2) = E ( )
KU. 50000 ( )
U
15
U2 = 0 (. ), U1.MAX = E.MAX = .MAX |
3.10  4 = 300
K U.
50000
0

1) = . = . U U2
=0
2) R. = ( 300 ), I = 0
3) KU = 50000, KU =
.
.
U(U).

U = 0 U = UCM
:
1) .
2) U .
3) KU .
.

()
U = (U - UOC) KU = U UOC =
KU , U UOC = 0, U = UOC;

U
;
KU

U OC

R1
;
R 1  R OC

()
R 1  R OC
U U
U
;

R1
R1
U
U OC
U
R 1  R OC
KU , KU.

U2 = 0 . .
U1
300 10 6
i
10 9 = 1 0
3
R . 300 10
U1 = 300

i1 + i2 = i = 0, i1 = -i2
i2
U
R1

U
; i1
R OC

U
; U
R OC

U
R1
 U

R OC
R1

R OC
R1

, .. , .
.

i OC

i1 + i2 + + in = iOC
U U 1 U 2
U


 ...  n
R OC
R1
R2
Rn

R OC
R
R
 U 2 OC  ...  U n OC )
R1
R2
Rn
ROC R . ROC = R1 = R2 = = Rn,
, .
U

( U 1

:
I1 I2 - I1 I2 .
I1 R1 R

U = 0, U = 0
R R
U 1 I 1 1 OC ; .. U => U1 0, U 0.
R 1  R OC
U = 0, U1 = U2 =>
R 1 R OC
; .. .
R
R 1  R OC

U BIX

0 U BX

U BX

U CM

o U BIX

z0

, :

, U = 0, U .

. .

1) () r
2) c r ,

1
iC (t ) dt
C

UC

U BIX

UC

U BIX

1
iC (t )dt
C

i BX

i C

i BX

U BX
R

1
i BX (t )dt
C

U BIX

UC

1 U BX (t )
dt
C R

1
U BX (t )dt
RC
;

:
t

1
U BIX (0) 
U BX (t )dt
RC 0

U BIX

, ,

U BIX .

z OC

ZC

z BX

1
ZR , z OC - ;
z BX -

, .
().
:

1=2

1 , 2 -

1z 2 , .

sin Ztdt

cos Zt
;

U BIX

Um sin Zt

1
Um cos Zt
ZRC
.

BX
,
, ( 90 ).

r: r || C
.

. .

iC

dUc
dt ;

iC

iR ; U C

U BX ;

iC

dU BX
dt

iR

U BIX
R ,

CdU BX (t )
dt
U BIX

U BIX
R
dU BX (t )
 RC
dt

z OC
z BX

R
1

ZC

ZRC
; , .

 ().

sin` cos
(sin Zt )` Z cos Zt
U
Um sin Zt o U BIX
BX

ZRCUm cos Zt .

, ;
- .

U BX

U BIX z 0

- . ,
. ,
.
.
:


(- ):

U BIX .

180 q ; .
U BX (), U BIX ,
,
15 . .
U
BIXMAX

: .
:

z OC
z BX

C1 op z OC ;

R on z BX .
:

i 2 i1
U BIX
i1

UC2
dU C1
dt

1
i2 (t )dt
C2

C1

1
C2

i (t )dt
1

dU BX (t )
1
dt
C1

dt
C2

C1
C2

dU BX (t )
dt
dt

C1
UBX
C2

dU BX (t )
dt .

.
U

- , BIX
.
() .
( ),
.
.
, S54 CA3 - ,
- , .
- .
: , - :

U BIX

0 o U BIX

U BX

(U OP  U BX ) K U K U | 50000
,

U BIXMAX | 13

U BIX | E
U % 0 U BIX ;
BX
U
0 U OP U BIX -13.
BX
U

,U BIX 0 , .

OP
BX
:

n U OP o W 1 p,W 2 n

 U OP ,
.

U BIX

U BX , ( U

BIX

U CPK , U , - U BZK .
BX
U BZK
|1
U CPK | U BZK . K B
U CPK
U BX o t .

Sin o

+13 -13)

, :

U BX , .
, .
.

U1

U 1 :

R2
R1
U OP
 U BIX
R  R2
R  R2


 1 
 

1 

U BIX 0

U BX

U BX

U OP 0

();

0 - ,
0 U 1 U BIX % 0 .

U 1 :
R1
R1
U 1 U OP
 U BIX
U1 `
R1  R2
R1  R2
U `% U 1 .
1

U BX . UBIX ,

U 1 p . U BX .

 > , ..

R1
R2 , .

:
1
:

U1
U2
R1

8 cos 314t
1

R2

33
39

C1

0.15

Ep

15

R
 (U 1 )` 2 U 2
R1

U BIX
:



39
 8 R 2 C 314 (  ) sin 314 t  1
33

8 39 10 3 0.15 10 6 314 sin 314t  1.18 14.7 sin 314t  1.18

U BIX

 RC

2Sf

1
f

dU BX (t )
dt

314

1
50

2Sf

 RC (sin Zt )
f

314
2S

0 . 02 c

 RC cos Zt

50

20 mc

 :
2
:

U1
U2
R1

2
62.8 sin 3140t
10

R2

20

C 1
:

sin Zt
f

3140
2S

1
cos Zt
ZRC
T

500

1
500

0.02

1
1
U BIX ( U 1 dt  U 2dt ) (
2dt 
62.8 sin 3140tdt )
R1C
R2 C
2
62.8
(
t
cos 3140t 200t  1 cos 3140t
3
6
3
10 10 1 10
20 10 1 10 6 3140
n
200*T*n

1
0.4

2
0.8

3
1.2

4
1.6

5
2

 .

, , ().
(), ,
, , , .

()
, ()
, , .
:
() (, , ..),
; , , ..
.
(.1).

0.9 Um

T
t
Um

0.1Um

.1

:
Um- ;
t - ;
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