(1.

(2.
(3.
(4.
(5)(.

m



).(

)(

)(
-:

) ( )

)(

( .

35 : 32

(
92 : 16

22

- :

( .
( .

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Beneficialelements

(C)

(Fe)

(H)

(Zn)

(O2)

(Mn)

(N)

(cu)

)
(Si
(Co)
(Na)

(P)

(B)

(I)

(K)

(Mo)

++
*(Ca )

(Ni)

(Cl)

*(Mg)

*(S)

)*( .

( ) .

)(

92
2 1

) (

40

(Ni)

Urease

(Co)

(Si) ) ( .

:
(1

(2

(3

. (Jones,1982)

(4

(5

16

.

)
(Micro Nutrients

.

)(


()

)(

O2 CO2

(*)

CO2

(*)

H2o

NO3

H2PO4

(*)

(N)

NH4+

(P)

(K )

HPO4
PO4
K+

Ca++

Mg++

)(

(RNA DNA)

ADPATP

NAD

NADP

.
(Ca)

) (

(Mg)

SO4

(S
)

)
.
(Fe)

Fe++

) ( .

Mn++

++

Zn

Cu++

BO3

HmoO 4

.

.

(*)

Cl

(*)
.

)(

EssentialElements

) (

HCO

C O

CO2

40

CO2

0.4 0.3

H O2

)
)
(..
)
( )(

1000 : 300 )

CO2

CO2

(CO2
)
(
) : . /
. (

O2
o

CO2

: .

: -:

1)Macronutrients (

)(

) (
.

)(





..
.

2)MicroNutrients (

)(

(ppm) .

Toxicity

Catalyst

3)( BeneficialElements

)(



- :

(Ni)

(Co)

Urease

(Si) ) ( .

.
) (

(metals

Cd Cr Hg pb

Heavy )

.
) (
) )(

)(


(
)
(

.
) ( :

. :


: Purines

Pyrimidines

porphyrin

RNA DNA

:
(1

..


.

)(


(2

IAA

.
(3

..

(4

. :

. (Lorenz&Maynard1980)




:
:
.



(Devlin, 1975)
.

)(

. :

8 6 PH

9 8 6 5 PH PH 5

. :






.
50

. :
) (

. :

RNA

tRNA

RNA

) DNA

(ribosomal

(ATP

NADP,NAD

) ADP

) (phospholipids

ATP

ADP

NADP,NAD

Phospholipids

glycolysis

)(

10

..

Meyer,et.al.1960)

(1963
.

.):(

highly mobile

.
..

.
..


.

)(

11

. :

:

)dihydrogenphosphate. 2 H2PO4 (-4

)monohydrogenphosphate.

HPO4 ( --4

)phosphate.

PO4 (---4

(H2 PO4)
PH

H2PO4

PH . 6.5 5.5

. :

8.5

7 6.5 PH

7.5

.


..

.
:

inositol phosphates

:
.1

.2

granular

.3

)(

12

. 2

-:

. PH

Ca3 (PO4)2 +HCO3 Ca3 (H2 PO4)2 CaCO3

7 6

..


.

.6

) (P2O5 54

Fertigation

. :


..

Luxury Consumption

.





.

. (Buckman&Brady,1960)
..

K+

) ( .

)(

13

. ):(

..

scorching

Puckered

) PH

( .

..

Blotchy Ripening

) ( .

)(
.

. :
PH 7 6

)(

14


-:

:
.

)
(

2 : 1.5 600 400 /

1.5 (K
20 63) Kcl

/ .

. :

)K20 51 (

)K20 48 (

) ( .

K20 34 (MKP)
+ K20 43

?
. :

Middle lamella

) ( .

) ( .

) ( .

Pectic acid

. ..


) ( .

Lecithin

adenosine arginine kinasephospholipase

triphosphatase

Ca++

)(

15

. :
) (

.

.

) :

Bitterpit

( .

PH

) (
-:
- 1

- 2

- 3

36.1)( 5 2.5400 /
20)( 8 2.5400 /

) 12 :

( 1400 /

)(

EDTA

16

. :



(CaAl2 Si2 O8)anorthite

Co3) Calcite

(Ca

..

(Mg):

. :



.

RNADNA

microsomes

++
. Mg

. ):(


.

mottling

)(

17

. :
PH 8.5 7

PH 7 5.5

.


.



.

:
- 1

) (

limestone

25 18

(MgO) .

- 2

( 15 10
7H2o

90 70

- 3

dolomitic

(Mg)

((MgSo4. 9.8

400/

) . (
- 4

400/
3 : 2

. (
- 5

(6) 1400/

(S)

. :
:

Thiamin

Cystine

Methionine

Cysteine

) (

Biotin

Coenzyme A

.

:
.

. ):(
)(

18






.


.

. :

PH 6

PH

6 5 PH

PH

anion exhchange

..

.

.

hydrogensulfide

(H2S)

SO4

SO3

.
: )
(
..
.

:
)(

19

/ .

/ .

3 : 2

/ .

(Fe)

. :


:

heme

.

..
.

. ):(





:

.

. :

PH 6

PH 7

7 6 PH

PH

6.2 5.5

)(

20




.


-:
- 1 20) Ferrussulfate (FeSO4 . 7 H2 O 5

10
- 2

1.5 1400/

) ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

(12

450 350400/

EDTA

400

(DTPA) diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid :

(EDHA)

.

. :

Laccase

Phenolases

Tyrosinase

ascorbicacidoxidase

++
(Cu ) .

. ):(

)(

Scalding

..

)(

21

Dieback
. :

)( .

PH 7

PH

8 7 PH

PH) (5.5 .


)

0.01

++

(
+

..

:
- 1

25.5)

- 2

(Cu So 4. 5H2O 22 11

2.25 0.9400/

) 79.6 (CuO 7 3.5

.
- 3 EDTA 10 : 6

750 : 400400/

- 4

- 5

2 : 0.75

/ .

(1)600 : 400/

.
- 6

12 : 1 : 1

500 +

4)

4 +

( .

. :

)(

22

tryptophane

IAA

glycine dipeptidases

glycolysis

glyco

dehydrogenases

+
(Zn )

.):(

rosette

IAA

dieback

Mottle leaf

Little Leaf

Rosette

.
:
)
.
:

.

. :

PH 7

PH

PH 8 7

..

PH

)(

23


10 1

:
- 1

Zinc Sulphate

(nSO4 .7H2O 18 4.5

600 400/
- 2

24

1.8 0.9

) (ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid 18 7

750 : 500

600 : 400

. :

..

malicdehydrogenaseoxalsuccinicdehydrogenase

krebs

reductasehydroxylamine reductase

nitrate :

+
. (Mn )

IAA
.):(

)(

24



.
:


)
( .

( )

. :

PH 6.5

PH 7 PH

7 6.5 PH

. (6.2 5.5)




..

.
) (++

.. ..
O
(Mn )

Mn2O3

.
.1
) 24.6

Manganese(ous)sulfate

(Mn So4 . 4H2O 14 9

1.5 0.9 400 /

PH 7

.2 )
10 : 7

EDTA

1 : 0.5 600 400 /

)(

25

. :

(BO33)

2
. (HBO3 )(H2BO3)(B4O7 )

. ):(

.



.



.



..
.
..

.

)(

26

:
(1


:

0.5

.
(2

0.5 - 0.1

: .
(3

0.1

:
.
*

: / (1989)

.
) :( ) (
.

)(

27

. :

PH 7

8.5 - 7.5 PH

PH

8.5

7.5 - 7 PH

1 - 0.1

..

15 10

(PPM 2) .

:
.1 (Na 2 B4 O7 ,10H2 O) Borax 10.6

12 -

2.25 - 0.9400/

22

/ .

.2 (Na2 B4O7.5 H2o and Na2 B10 O16. 10H2o) Solubor

20.5

0.700400/

/ 0.45

.3

18.1

5 - 2.5

(Na2 B10O1 6.10H2o)Sodium Pentaborate

1.35 -400/

7.5 - 2.5

0.45

.4

(Na2B4 O7 Sodiumtetraboratepentahydrate

5H2O) 13.7

100/
1.8 - 0.45

9 - 3.5

.5 ) ( 17

0.75

0.15

/ .

)(

28

?(Mo) :
. :

riboproteinase

Azotobacter Rhizobium

Edmond ) (1975

.

. :




:
:

Whibtail

.
:
.

. :

7 - 5.5

PH

7 PH

PH

5 .5

.
:

4

3.9

--

- 0.3

..

0.01

-:
.1

Mo 4 :

Ammonium molybdate
(NH4 )2

150

48.9

400/

)(

29


.2

Sodiummolybdate

(Na 2 Mo4 .2H2 o)

.3

200

100

39.7)( :

400 /

/ .

)(

)
(


.

.







.


.

ExcessesofNitrogen

)(

30



-:
(1

.
(2 ) (


.
(3


.
(4



.
(5
.
(6 .
(7

.
(8



.

)(

31

ExcessofNitrogen







. (Buckman&Brady,1960)

+

) ( 4


.
..

. (Mills&Jones,1979)

ExcessofPotash


(Luxuryconsumption)



.


.
3

)(

32


) (


.

ExcessofSodiumandCalicum

/

PH

.


0.1

(Conductivity mmho

EC: Electrical )

(4)

(mmho) 2
(mmho16)
. )

saltindex

15
5
.



.

)(

33





)
(

.


.

Trace elements

.
) (



)

CropTolerancetoSalinity

)(

34



(1)
(2)
.

.



.





.

)(

35

(ECW)(ECe)
1)
(

100

EC e

EC W

90

EC e

EC W

75

EC e

EC W

50

EC e

EC W

EC e

EC W

10.0 5.3 8.0

19.0 28.0 12.0 18.0 8.7 13.0 6.7

5.1 7.7

9.6

18.0 27.0 12.0 17.0 8.4 13.0 6.4

4.7 7.0

8.7

16.0 24.0 10.0 15.0 7.5 11.0 5.8

4.5 6.8

7.4

9.9 5.6 8.4 5.0

8.7 13.0 6.7

4.0 6.0

7.4

13.0 20.0 8.7 13.0 6.3 9.5 4.9

3.3 5.0

5.5

7.5 4.2 6.3 3.7

6.7 10.0 5.0

3.3 4.9

7.5

9.1 4.7 7.0 3.8

8.8 13.0 6.0

2.1 3.2

3.5

4.9 2.7 4.1 2.4

3.3

4.4

2.0 3.0

3.8

7.2 3.4 5.1 2.6

7.6 11.0 4.8

1.1 1.7

3.4

12.0 19.0 6.8 10.0 4.0 5.9 2.3

1.1 1.7

2.5

5.9 2.5 3.8 1.7

6.7 10.0 3.9

1.1 1.7

2.5

5.9 2.5 3.8 1.7

6.7 10.0 3.9

1.1 1.5

2.6

6.8 2.0 4.3 1.8

8.0 12.0 4.5

0.7 1.0

1.5

3.6 1.5 2.3 1.0

4.2

)(

2.4

6.6

6.3

36

100

EC e

EC W

90

EC e

EC W

75

EC e

EC W

50

EC e

EC W

EC e

EC W

3.1 4.7

5.8

10.0 15.0 6.7 10.0 4.9 7.4 3.8

2.7 4.0

5.1

4.5 6.8 3.4

10.0 15.0 6.4 9.6

1.9 2.8

3.9

3.7 5.5 2.6

8.2

9.1 14.0 5.5

1.7 2.5

3.5

3.4 5.0 2.3

7.6

8.4 13.0 5.0

1.7 2.5

3.3

2.9 4.4 2.2

6.3

6.8 10.0 4.2

1.3 2.0

3.3

3.5 5.3 2.2

8.6

10.0 15.0 5.7

1.2 1.8

3.4

3.9 5.8 2.3

12.0 18.0 6.6 9.9

1.2 1.8

2.8

2.9 4.4 1.9

7.0

8.1 12.0 4.6

1.1 1.7

2.5

2.5 3.8 1.7

5.9

6.7 10.0 3.9

1.1 1.7

2.5

2.5 3.8 1.7

5.9

6.7 10.0 3.9

1.0 1.5

2.4

2.5 3.8 1.6

6.0

7.1 11.0 4.0

1.0 1.5

2.2

2.2 3.3 1.5

5.1

3.4

8.6

5.8

0.9 1.3

2.1

2.1 3.2 1.4

5.1

3.4

9.0

6.0

0.8 1.2

2.0

2.1 3.1 1.3

5.1

3.4

8.9

5.9

0.8 1.2

1.8

1.8 2.8 1.2

4.3

2.9

7.4

5.0

0.7 1.0

1.7

1.9 2.8 1.1

4.6

3.0

8.1

5.4

0.7 1.0

1.5

1.5 2.3 1.0

3.6

2.4

6.3

4.2

0.6 0.9

2.0

2.5 3.7 1.3

6.5

8.0 12.0 4.3

)(

37

100

ECe

7.5
6.9
6.0

2.8
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.5

90

ECe ECW

5.0
4.6
4.0
3.7
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.0

9.0
8.5
7.4
6.9
5.1
3.4
3.7
3.4
3.2
3.2
2.3

)(

ECW

75

ECe

ECW

7.4 11.0 6.0

7.2 11.0 5.6
6.4 9.5 4.9
5.9 8.9 4.6
5.7 8.6 3.4
3.2 4.8 2.3
3.9 5.9 2.5
3.6 5.4 2.2
3.5 5.2 2.1
2.9 5.9 2.2
2.4 3.6 1.6

50

ECe

ECW

ECe

ECW

15.0
15.0
13.0
12.0
14.0
7.1
9.4
8.8
8.6
10.0
5.7

9.8
9.8
8.7
8.1
9.6
4.8
6.3
5.9
5.7
6.8
3.8

22.0
23.0
20.0
19.0
26.0
12.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
19.0
9.8

15.0
15.0
13.0
13.0
17.0
7.8
11.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
6.6

38

100

EC e

EC W

90

EC e

EC W

75

EC e

EC W

50

EC e

EC W

EC e

EC W

2.7 4.0

6.8

21.0 32.0 12.0 18.0 7.3 11.0 4.5

1.2 1.8

3.4

4.9 2.2 3.4 1.6

3.3

8.0

5.4

1.1 1.7

2.3

4.8 2.2 3.3 1.6

3.2

8.0

5.3

1.1 1.7

2.2

4.1 1.9 2.9 1.5

2.7

6.5

4.3

1.1 1.6

2.0

3.7 1.8 2.6 1.3

2.5

5.8

3.8

1.0 1.5

2.5

6.7 2.7 4.1 1.7

7.9 12.0 4.5

1.0 1.5

2.0

4.1 1.9 2.8 1.4

2.8

6.8

4.5

1.0 1.5

2.1

4.3 1.9 2.9 1.4

2.9

7.0

4.7

1.0 1.5

2.0

3.7 1.8 2.6 1.3

2.5

6.0

4.0

0.7 1.0

1.3

2.5 1.2 1.8 0.9

1.7

4.0

2.7

)(

39

(4)

)(

)(

) (

)(

40

(4)

-1 EC w (2)

dS/m

1 >

2.7 1.0

(1)

2.7 <

-2 :

Na+ (3)
Cl (3)
B

me/l
me/l
mg/l

20 >

4 >

15.0 4.0

15 <

1 >

3.0 1.0

3 <

-3 :

HCO 3 (4)

me/l

NO3N

mg/l

(1

1.5 >

7.5 1.5

7.5 <

5 >

30.0 5.0

30 <

(2 15 .
(3

.
(4

: (1994) .

)(

41

:
WhiteTipofGrains

:TipBurnorSodiumScorch

0.25

0.5

/


. 0.4




.




) (

)(

42

nuts

) 0.5 0.25 (

.



(3)
ESP

SAR

(3)

ESP 15

40 15 ESP

ESP 40

ExcessofChlorine




.

)(

43






) (

defoliation

) (

0.3

1.0

0.3 ) (


) (
.


(4)


..
.

)(

44

(4)

Cl w (me/l)

Cl e(me/l)

5.0
4.1
3.0
16.6

7.0
6.0
5.0
25.0

10.0

15.0

6.7

10.0

27.0
20.0

40 .0
30.0
25.0
10.0
7.5

17.0
6.7
5.0

Rootstocks
WestIndian

Avocado
(Perseaamericana)

Guatemalan
Mexican
SunkiMandarins
Grapfrut
RangpurLime
Roughlemon
SourOrange
Pokanmandarin
TrifoliateOrange
Calamondin
SweetOrange
Solt
DogRidge

Citrus
(Citrusspp)

Graps
(Vitisspp)

Marianna
LovellShalit
Yunnan

Stone Fruits
(Prunusspp)

13.3
13.3
6.7
6.7
5.0
3.3

45

20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
7.5
5.0

Cultivars
Thompsonseedles
Berlette

Graps
(Vitisspp)

Cardinal
BlackRose
Lassen
Shasta

Strawberry

(Fragaria spp)

()





1 0.5 .

ExcessofManganese

.








.


.


.

ExcessofBoron
)

(

)(

46

1 2

0.2

/ .

300

250

/ ) (

)
(

Pome

) (

(5)

(5)
1 :
)

0.50

/ (

2 :

0.75 0.50)

/(

3 :

1.0 0.75)

/ (

4:

2.00 1.00)

/ (

6 :

6.00 4.00)

/(

5 :

4.00 2.00)

/ (

7 :

15.00 6.00)

/ (

) :/ / = (ppm

0.5

)(

190

47

ExcessofCopper

0.5

0.5

.


.

)(

48