Broad Band Access Technologies

Chapter 1

BROAD BAND ACCESS(Wired and Wireless)

Contents
Introduction What is Broadband Broad Band Access Wired Line Access Wireless Access Broadband Modem Configuration Procedure Conclusion

Objectives
After completion of this module you will be able to know About !arious Broad Band access technologies being deployed around the globe" About Broadband Modem configuration procedure"

1.1 Introduction
Ad!ances in telecommunications and data technology are creating new opportunities for countries# businesses and indi!iduals$%ust as the Industrial &e!olution changed fortunes around the globe" The new economy is defining how people do business# communicate# shop# ha!e fun# learn# and li!e on a global basis$ connecting everyone to everything" The e!olution of Internet has come into e'istence ( Internet ser!ice is e'panding rapidly" The demands it has placed upon the public network# especially the access network# are great" )owe!er# technological ad!ances promise big increases in access speeds# enabling public networks to play a ma%or role in deli!ering new and impro!ed telecommunications ser!ices and applications to consumers "The Internet and the network congestion that followed# has led people to focus both on the first and last mile as well as on creating a different network infrastructure to a!oid the network congestion and access problems" The solution to this is Broadband"

1.2 What is Broadband?

A definition to broadband is a must as different ser!ice pro!iders defines in their own terms ( conte't" TRAI (Telecommunication Regulatory Authority of India) defines broadband as follows * An always-on data connection that is able to support interacti!e ser!ices including Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 2 ! "ilo #its per second ("#ps) to an indi!idual subscriber from the $oint %f $resence ($%$) of the ser!ice pro!ider intending to pro!ide Broadband ser!ice where multiple such indi!idual Broadband connections are aggregated and the subscriber is able to Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page , of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies access these interacti!e ser!ices including the Internet through this P.P" The interacti!e ser!ices will e'clude any ser!ices for which a separate license is specifically re/uired# for e'ample# real*time !oice transmission# e'cept to the e'tent that it is presently permitted under I0P license with Internet Telephony"1

1. Broadband Access
Broadband access technology is broadly classified into two categories" They are Wired Line ( Wireless and further classified as detailed in the following diagram"

(roadband %ccess Technologies Wired line

DSL (Digital Subs Line) Cable Modem PLC (Po er Line Communication) Optical Fibre Technologies

Wireless
!" Mobile Wi#Fi (Wireless Fidelit$) WiM%& FSO (Free Space Optics) LMDS ' MMDS Satellite

1. .1

Wired !ine Access"

1. .1.1 DS! (Di#ital S$bscriber !ine)" % 20L uses the e'isting twisted*pair telephone lines as the access media" .!er a period of time# a number of technologies (&'()) ha!e been introduced to pro!ide faster data speeds o!er this medium" The !arious '20L technologies are gi!en below" ," A20L 3Asymmetric 2igital 0ubscriber Line4 5" 620L 36ery )igh*0peed 2igital 0ubscriber Line4 -" &A20L 3&ate Adapti!e 2igital 0ubscriber Line4 7" )20L 3)igh 2ata*&ate 2igital 0ubscriber Line4 8" 020L 30ymmetric 2igital 0ubscriber Line

A'() (Asymmetric 'igital (u#scri#er )ine) Asymmetric 'igital (u#scri#er )ine 3A'()4 is a form of 20L# a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission o!er copper telephone lines than a con!entional Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page 5 of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies modem can pro!ide"A20L has the distinguishing characteristic that the data can flow faster in one direction 3used for download streaming4 than the other3used for upload streaming4 i"e"# asymmetrically" *+, A'()A20L is in place due to both technical and marketing reasons" .n the technical side# there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the 20LAM 3'igital (ubscriber )ine Access .ultiple'4 end 3where the wires from many local loops are close together4 than at the customer premises" Thus the upload signal is weakest# while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop" It therefore makes 20LAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end" 0ince the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed# thus telecom companies chose to make a !irtue out of necessity# hence A20L come to place" +%* A'() *%R/( To obtain the asymmetrical data transfer to suit re/uirement of Internet and LA+ access# A20L works by firstly splitting the a!ailable bandwidth on the twisted copper wire 3telephone wires4 into three different channels ,4 A high speed downstream channel 3ranges from ,"8 to 9 54 A medium speed upstream channel 3ranges from ,: kbps to , -4 P.T0 3Plain .ld Telephone 0er!ice4 channel Mbps4 Mbps4

A20L uses two separate fre/uency bands" With standard A20L# the band from 58"9;8 k)< to ,-9 k)< is used for upstream communication# while ,-9 k)< * ,,=7 k)< is used for downstream communication" 0re1uency plan for A'()

>irst the P.T0 channel is splits off from the digital modem by filter# thus guaranteeing uninterrupted P.T0" After the P.T0 channel are spitted from the digital data transfer bandwidth# the 5:k)< to ,",mh< data bandwidth could be further separated by using one of two ways as describe below Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page - of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies 2) 0re1uency 'ivision .ultiple&ing (0'.) * >2M assigns one band for upstream data and one band for downstream data" Time di!ision multiple'ing di!ides the downstream path into one or more high speed channels and one or more low speed channels" But the upstream path is only multiple'ed into corresponding low speed" 2) 3cho cancellation4 - ?cho cancellation assigns the upstream band to o!er*lap the downstream" To separate them is by local echo cancellation" This techni/ue is common in 6"-5 and 6"-7 modems 3Con!entional Modems4" By using either one of the abo!e techni/ues# A20L splits off a 7kh< region for P.T0 at the 2C end of the band"

Upstream
Basic Telephone Service

Downstream

&D'

Frequency Upstream Downstream

Basic Telephone Service Frequency

Echo Cancellation

A'() .%'5)ATI%6 A20L uses two types of Modulation i"e" CAP 3Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation4 ( 2MT 32iscrete Multi Tone4 ( 2MT is the most widely used one" 7A$ (7arrierless Amplitude $hase .odulation)4 It is a !ariation of @AM 3@uadrature Amplitude Modulation4" @AM generates a 200C 32ouble 0ideband 0uppressed Carrier4 signal constructed from two multi*le!el PAM 3Pulse Amplitude Modulated4 signals applied in phase /uadrature to one another" CAP modulation produces the same form of signal as @AM without re/uiring in*phase and /uadrature components of the carrier to the first be generated" The following diagrams illustrate the CAP modulation" 7A$ TRA6(.ITT3R 8 R373I93R

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Broad Band Access Technologies

In-Phase Filter &utput To#line

an
Binary Constellatio Input n Encoder

D!"

Pass#$and %ine#Filter

$n

uadrature Filter

In-Phase "daptive# 'ilter %ine Input Decision Device uadrature Filter

( an

"!D

Data Decode &ut r

( $n

'iscrete .ultitone .odulation ('.T) 2MT is basically a multicarrier modulation techni/ue" 2MT spread the original spectrum of the input signal o!er numerous sub*channels each of which carries a fraction of the total information" All these sub*channels transmit data in parallel to each other and are independently modulated with a carrier fre/uency" By using 20P techni/ues# multiple sub* channels could be established using >ast >ourier Transform 3>>T4# where the sub*carriers had In-Phase to ha!e orthoganility with each other" "daptive# As mentioned before# 2MT utili<es the spectrum between 5:k)< and ,",Mh<" After using 'ilter ( split up into upstream >2M or echo cancellation techni/ue# this spectrum of bandwidth is an Data band 35:k)< which is then further %ine to ,-9k)<4 and downstream band 3,-9k)< to ,",M)<4# &ut Decision Decode di!ided into 58: discrete sub*channels each of which had a bandwidth of 7k)<" Input Device r "!D ( .ne of 2MT most significant feature is that it is able to dynamically adapt to the line $n condition to obtain the ma'imum throughput for each uni/ue telephone line" 2MT does this by framing the data bits into chunks and spreads them o!er the sub*channels" The allocation of uadrature data into each sub*channel is dependent on the characteristics of the line and on the 0+& Filter Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page 8 of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies 30ignal to +oise &atio4 of the line" There could be no data at all in a really noisy channel and there could be as high as ,8 bitsA)< in a channel where 0+& is optimum" By using the a!erage signal to noise ration 30+&4 of the sub*channel# the number of bits to be allocated to that sub*channel can be decided" The number of bits to be assigned to the nth channel could be calculated from this e/uation"

The ma%or stages in transmitting and recei!ing could be seen in the following block diagram"

Data Input

Serial#to Parallel Input Data Bu''er

D)T Sym$ol Encoder

*

&utput To#line IFFT D!" %ine Filter

*#+Comple,Su$-channel Sym$ols

D)T Sym$ols Transmitted# Serially

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Broad Band Access Technologies

. /

line

Filter

"!D

FFT
*

D)T Sym$ol Decoder

Parallel Data To#Serial &ut &utput Data Bu''er

D)T Sym$ols 0eceived Serially

*#+Comple,Su$-channel Sym$ols

The chunk of bits that are being assigned to each sub*channel as described abo!e are encoded as a set of /uadrature amplitude modulated sub symbols" These subsymbols are then pass into an In!erse >ourier Transform 3I>>T4 which combines the subsymbols into a set of real*!alued time domain samples# the output of the I>>T is then send a Parallel*to*0erial block with cyclic prefi' which is added to remo!e Inter0ymbol Interference 3I0I4 between the sub*channels" The output is then pass into a digital to analog con!erter# which is then sending through the twisted copper telephone wire" The recei!er would recei!e the signal from the twisted copper telephone wire and does the re!erse process to obtain the re/uired data" To reduce error in transmission and to counter those problem of using telephone lines as a data transfer medium# 2MT had uses &eed 0olomon forward error correction method "The si<e of this &eed 0olomon codeword depends on the number of bits assigned to each sub*channel" 7ommon 3lements In A'()

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Broad Band Access Technologies a4 CP? 3Customer Premises ?/uipment4 containing a 0plitter# A20L Modem ( a PC" b4 Central .ffice Premises ?/uipment containing 20LAMs32igital 0ubscriber Line Access Miltiple'4#M2>s ( P0T+" c4 Aggregator and ATM core consists of Tier II#Tier I switches# B&A03Broad Band &emote access 0er!ice4 #0er!ers and Core routers" 0actors 'etermining A'() 7onnectivity4 More the distance from the 20LAM32igital 0ubscriber Line Access Multiple'4 to the customer end the data rate reduces"0ignal attenuation and 0ignal to +oise &atio are defining characteristics# and can !ary completely independently of distance 3e"g"# non*copper cabling# cable diameter4"The performance is also dependent to the line impedance# which can change dynamically either dependent on weather conditions 3!ery common for old o!erhead lines4 or on the number and /uality of %oints or %unctions in a particular cable length" 'ata Rate - *ire (i:e ; 'istance

'ata Rate 2< -2<= .#ps 2< -2<= .#ps !<2 .#ps !<2 .#ps

*ire (i:e =< mm =<? mm =< mm =<? mm

'istance 2>=== 0eet 2 === 0eet 22=== 0eet B=== 0eet < /ms ?<! /ms @<A /ms 2<A /ms

A'() standards 0tandard name A+0I T,"7,-*,CC9 Issue 5 ITB D"CC5", ITB D"CC5"5 ITB D"CC5"-A7 ITB D"CC5"-A7 Anne' E ITB D"CC5"-A7 Anne' LF ITB D"CC5"8 ITB D"CC5"8 Anne' LF ITB D"CC5"8 Anne' M 0tandard type A20L A20L 3D"2MT4 A20L Lite 3D"Lite4 A20L5 A20L5 A20L5 A20L5G A20L5G A20L5G 2ownstream rate 9 MbitAs 9 MbitAs ,"8 MbitAs ,5 MbitAs ,5 MbitAs ,5 MbitAs 57 MbitAs 57 MbitAs 57 MbitAs Bpstream rate ,"= MbitAs ,"= MbitAs ="8 MbitAs ,"= MbitAs -"8 MbitAs ,"= MbitAs ,"= MbitAs ,"= MbitAs -"8 MbitAs Page 9 of -,

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Broad Band Access Technologies Additionally# the non*Anne' A20L5 and A20L5G support an e'tra 58: kbitAs of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for P.T0 !oice calls is allocated for A20L usage"While the A20L access utili<es the ,", M)< band# A20L5G utili<es the 5"5 M)< band" 9'() (9ery-+igh-(peed '()) 6ery*high*speed 20L 3620L4 promises e!en higher speeds than A20L# although o!er much shorter distances" .riginally named 6A20L 3A HAsymmetric4 but was later e'tended to support both symmetric ( asymmetric" &e/uires one phone line and supports !oice ( data" It works between ="-*,"-; kms depending on speed" It supports upstream data rate of ,":*5"mbps ( downstream data rate of ,-*85 mbps" The following figure illustrates shows the data rate# wire si<e ( distance" 'ownstream ,5"C: Mbps 58"95 Mbps 8,"97 Mbps RA'()(Rate-Adaptive '()) As the name implies# rate*adapti!e 20L 3&A20L4 modems ad%ust the data rate to match the /uality of the twisted*pair connection" ?merging software should make this an automated process with little human inter!ention" +'()(+igh-'ata-Rate '()) )20L modem is !iewed as e/ui!alent of PCM stream35 Mbps4 and offers the same bandwidth both upstream and downstream" It can work up to a distance of -":: to 7"8; kms depending upon the speed re/uired" It can deli!er 5=79 kbps a4 .n 5 pairs of wires# each line carrying ,,:9 kbps b4 .n - pairs of wires# each line carrying ;97 kbps" ('()((ymmetric '()) 0ymmetrical digital subscriber line 3020L4 is similar to )20L but re/uires only one pair of wires" Transmission speed ranges from n ' :7 kbps to 5"= Mbps in both directions" In this the upload and download streams are of e/ui!alent bandwidth" 1. .1.( CAB!E 'ODE' The cable network was primarily designed to deli!er T6 signals in one direction from the )ead*?nd to the subscriberJs homes" .perators had to upgrade the cable network so that signals Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page C of -, 5pstream ,":*5"- mbps ,":*5"- mbps ,":*5"- mbps 'istance 0eet /ms 78== >eet -=== >eet ,=== >eet ,"-; Ims ="C, Ims ="-= Ims

Broad Band Access Technologies could flow bi*directionally" .ne spectrum is used for the signals that mo!e from the )ead*?nd towards the cable subscriber" Another spectrum of signal fre/uencies is used for the signals that mo!e from the cable subscriber towards the )ead*?nd" By way of replacing the e'isting one way amplifiers with two way amplifiers# Cable .perators are able to separate the upstream and downstream signals and amplify each direction separately in the right fre/uency range" In the downstream direction 3from the network to the computer4# network speeds can be up to 5; Mbps" In the upstream direction 3from computer to network4# speeds can be up to ,= Mbps" Most modem producers ha!e selected a more optimum speed between 8== Ibps and 5"8 Mbps" A cable modem with a splitter can pro!ide Internet access to multiple PCs# if they are connected !ia a local area network 3LA+4"Cable modems typically ha!e an ?thernet output# so they can connect to the LA+ with a standard ?thernet hub or router"

A typical 7AC)3 .%'3. (3T5$ at 75(T%.3R 36'<

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Broad Band Access Technologies

There are @ types of ca#le modem< ,4" ?'ternal Cable Modem ?'ternal bo' connected to computer through ?thernet connection Can use B0B interface too" 54" Internal Cable Modem Is typically a PCI bus add*in card for a PC -"4" Interacti!e 0et*Top Bo' Pro!ides a return channel Hoften through the P.T0*gi!ing access to web* browsing through the T6 screen 'isadvantages of 7a#le .odem4 ,4 Bandwidth 0haring Bsers in a neighborhood ha!e to share the a!ailable bandwidth pro!ided by a single coa'ial cable line" Therefore# connection speed can !ary depending on how many people are using the ser!ice at the same time" .ften the idea of a shared line is seen as a weak point of cable Internet access" 54 0ecurity A more significant weakness of cable networks using a shared line is the risk of loss of pri!acy# especially considering the a!ailability of hacking tools for cable modems" -4 Connecti!ity Problem Many cable Internet pro!iders are reluctant to offer cable modem access without tying it to a cable tele!ision subscription" 74 Cost factor The cost of Cable modem ( splitters is high as complared to A20L modems" 1. .1. )o*er !ine Co++$nication ()!C) PLC also called Croad#and over $ower )ines 3C$)4 or $ower )ine Telecoms 3$)T4# is a wireline technology that is able to use the current electricity networks for data and !oice transmission" The carrier can communicate !oice and data by superimposing an analog signal o!er the standard 8= or := )< alternating current 3AC4" Traditionally electrical utilities used low*speed power*line carrier circuits for control of substations# !oice communication# and protection of high*!oltage transmission lines"More recently# high*speed data transmission has been de!eloped using the lower !oltage transmission lines used for power distribution" A short* range form of power*line carrier is used for home automation and intercoms"A computer 3or any Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page ,, of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies other de!ice4 would need only to plug a BPL KmodemK into any outlet in an e/uipped building to ha!e high*speed Internet access" PLC modems transmit in medium and high fre/uency 3,": to -= M)< electric carrier4" The asymmetric speed in the modem is generally from 58: kbitAs to 5"; MbitAs" In the repeater situated in the meter room the speed is up to 78 MbitAs and can be connected to 58: PLC modems" In the medium !oltage stations# the speed from the head ends to the Internet is up to ,-8 MbitAs" To connect to the Internet# utilities can use optical fiber backbone or wireless link" T,$I7A) $)7 )A,%5T

)igh*speed data transmission# or Broadband o!er Power Line uses the electric circuit between the electric substations and home networks" A standard used for this is ETSI PLT" PLC uses the following fre/uencies bands" Low fre/uencies Below 7== k)< 3B04 Below ,58 k)< 3?urope4 Transmission rate about , to ,= kbps Low Band is used for Telemetry# 0ecurity ( &emote Control" )igh fre/uencies Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page ,5 of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies 5 to -= M)L 3)>4 Transmission rate about , to 7= Mbps )igh Band is used for Telephony ( Internet" $)7 'istri#ution 6etwor"

"etting be#ond the transformer

Insert Power Line Carrier at middle voltage

Backhaul to NAP (fiber, D L, wireless, satellite!

A'9A6TAD3( The ma%or ad!antage of BPL o!er regular cable or 20L connections is the a!ailability of the e'tensi!e infrastructure already a!ailable which would appear to allow more people in more locations to ha!e access to the Internet" 'I(A'9A6TAD3( Btility power systems are ad!erse electromagnetic en!ironments for broadband communications" ," +etwork characteristics 3topology# impedance# splices# terminations# grounding4 and de!ices 3regulators# capacitors# re*closers4 can ad!ersely affect signal strength and /uality" 5" ?lectronic loads and nearby high fre/uency radiation sources may cause high fre/uency noise that interferes with BPL" -" ?/uipment will be e'posed to se!ere lightning and switching surges" 7" Btility operations and maintenance personnel may damage or improperly install e/uipment Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page ,- of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies 8" 0ome of the PLC systems are not fully operable at !ery low or no load without battery backup" :" Physics limits fre/uency on power lines to M,== M)<# limiting ultimate throughput in densely penetrated areas" ;" BPL is not likely to be a!ailable soon for high !oltage 3N:: k64 power lines" 9" Con!entional electronic surge arrestors se!erely attenuate BPL signal" C" .ther electronic de!ices 3plasma screen T6Js# !ariable speed dri!es4 interfere with BPL signal or !ice !ersa" ,=" ?'isting !endorsJ technologies are not interoperable" ,," There is not yet an I??? standard for BPL 1. .1., O)-.C &.BER -EC/NO!O0.ES

.ptical fibers# clearly the chosen technology for transmission media# are beginning to find their place in the subscriberOs loop" Currently fiber costs are high as compared to copper but there is a trend towards decreasing costs of optical fiber cables and photonics employed" In addition the tremendous ad!antages in terms of information capacity of fiber# its small weight and si<e o!er copper cable are making it a !ery attracti!e technology to replace copper in subs loop when ad!anced broadband ser!ices need to be offered to the customer" To carry the same information as one fiber cable we would need hundreds of reels of twisted wire Cu cables" >urther# fiber is 5- times lighter than Cu cable and -: times less in cross* sectional area" These features of light weight and small si<e make it easier to handle fiber cable" In crowded city networks they can easily be accommodated in e'isting ducted systems" >iber in loop 30IT)4 can be de!eloped in se!eral configurations" 1) )) !) *) 0i#re to the 7ur#(0TT7) 0i#re to the #uilding(0TTC) 0i#re to the homeE%ffice(0TT+E0TT%) $%6 ($assive %ptical 6etwor")

0i#re to the 7ur#(0TT7) in which the terminal e/uipment is located on the curb from where it would be con!enient to ser!e a suitable ser!ice area" 0ince the distribution would still be copper# suitable location for the terminal would be one which optimi<es the cost# reduces back*feeding# reduces distribution cost and takes safety factors into consideration" 0pace and power a!ailability need to be confirmed before finali<ing the location" 0i#re to the #uilding(0TTC) in which the terminal e/uipment is located inside a multistoreyed building" This brings higher bandwidth closer to the subscriber" The distribution part is still copper" >or new buildings# the planners may negotiate for suitable location well in time"

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Broad Band Access Technologies 0i#re to the homeE%ffice(0TT+E0TT%) in this method the fibre goes upto the subscriber premises Typical Architecture of 0i#re in )ocal )oop

2epending upon the location of the cabinet 3CAB*see abo!e diagrams 4 or the terminal e/uipment we call >TTC#>TT) or >TT. and >TTB" The optical fibre cabinet consists of fibre optic transmission e/uipment and customer access e/uipment" It consists of three internal chambers" A battery chamber that houses upto 5 batteries# an M2> chamber housing M2># alarms and fibre splice bo'# an e/uipment chamber housing transmission and access e/uipment" ?'change side of cabinets connect to e'change on 5Mbps or channel le!el or on a 6 8"5 interface and subscriber side of cabinets connect to subscribers !ia copper lines" These can be installed as outdoor or indoor cabinets" .utdoor cabinets are en!ironmentally fitted and could be installed on curbs or in remote areas" Bsual capacities of fibre optic cabinets ha!e capacities ,5=# 57=#79= and ,C5= channels" ?ach cabinet re/uires two fibres for operation and one dark fibre*pair is usually kept as spare" The fibre optic cabinets offer point to point connections and can take care of P.T0# I02+3BA and P&I4# 2I2# Payphones# :7Ibps leased lines" 1. .1.1 )assive Optical Net*or2s ()ONs) Most networks in the telecommunications networks of today are based on acti!e components at the ser!ing office e'change and termination points at the customer premises as well as in the repeaters# relays and other de!ices in the transmission path between the e'change and the customer" By acti!e components# we mean de!ices which re/uire power" With Passi!e .ptical +etworks# all acti!e components between the central office e'change and the customer premises are eliminated# and passi!e optical components are put into the network to guide traffic based on splitting the power of optical wa!elengths to endpoints along the way" This replacement of acti!e with passi!e components pro!ides a cost*sa!ings to the ser!ice pro!ider by eliminating the need to power and ser!ice acti!e components in the transmission loop" The passi!e splitters or couplers are merely de!ices working to pass or restrict light# and as such# ha!e no power or processing re/uirements and ha!e !irtually unlimited Mean Time Between >ailures 3MTB>4 thereby lowering o!erall maintenance costs for the ser!ice pro!ider" The basic components of P.+ are Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page ,8 of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies a) %ptical )ine Terminal(%)T)4 It is located in the central office and interfaces with switch 3possibly through 68 interface4 "It pro!ides system control and implements protocol for transmission" b) (plitter 4 It splits the source optical beam into multiple fibers" c) %ptical 6etwor" 5nit (%65) 4 It interfaces with subscriber terminals and works under the control of .LT to implement the transmission protocol" It can be configured in >TTC# >TTB and >TT) configurations

Typical $%6 7onnectivity

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Broad Band Access Technologies

There are different P.+ technologies e'ists and are gi!en below" a4 AP.+ 3ATM P.+4 b4 ?P.+ 3?thernet P.+4 c4 DP.+3 Diga Bit ?thernet .+4 " $%6 #enefits P.+ systems offer a number of benefits to the operator and the end users" ,4">iber is less costly to maintain than copper based systems so operators can reduce costs# increase profits or lower costs to the end*users" 54 The technology conser!es fibre#passi!e elements and optical interfaces" All this leads to cost effecti!eness" -4 &eliability of the network is !ery high" 74 Both business and residential customers can be ser!ed on the same platform and customers get better /uality of ser!ice" 84" +etwork can be upgraded to support future ser!ices

1.4 Wireless Technologies

1.,.1 Bl$etooth It is a Wireless Technology used for short range applications 3 about ,= meters4 namely in Personal Area +etworks3PA+4" It operates on 5"7 D)< band with ,G Mbps speed and >re/uency )opping 0pread spectrum modulation techni/ue is employed" It is a Combination of circuit switching and packet switching supporting both !oice and data" Bluetooth lets these de!ices talk to each other when they come in range# e!en if they are not in the same room# as long as they are within up to ,== metres 3-59 feet4 of each other# dependent on the power class of the product" Products are a!ailable in one of three power classes 7lass 2 (2== m*) Pstill readily a!ailableQ It has the longest range at up to ,== metres 3-59 ft4" 7lass 2 (2< m*) Pmost commonQ It allows transmission to a distance of ,= metres 3-- ft4" 7lass @ (2 m*) PrareQ It allows transmission of ,= cm 3-"C in4# with a ma'imum of , metre 3-"ft4"

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Broad Band Access Technologies With BWB 3Bltra Wide Band technology4 speed upto a ma'imum of 7==Mbps is achie!ed" 1.,.( 0 'obile .f late cellular mobile telephony has started maturing in deli!ering data access o!er the air" The e!olution of cellular mobile telephony has taken place in following steps ," 5D H D0M# C2MA 5" 5"8D H D0M3DP&0A?2D?4# C2MA 5=== ,' -" -D H BMT0AWC2MA# C2MA 5=== ,'?62.A?626 The speeds achie!ed with abo!e different cellular mobile telephony is gi!en below" ,4"5D D0MAC2MA C*,7 Ibps 54"5"8D D0M DP&0 ,,8 Ibps ?2D? -97 Ibps -4"5"8D C2MA 5=== ,' ,;= Ibps 74"-D -D BMT0AWC2MA -97I 3M4# 5=79I304 84"-D C2MA 5=== ,' -97I 3M4# 5=79I304 ?62.A?626 )owe!er the technologies 5"8D D0M3?2D?4 ( -D 3Both C2MA 5=== ,' ?62.RA?626R ( BMT0RAWC2MAR4 falls into the category of Broadband access" 3R+ote S?62.*?!olution 2ata .ptimi<ed #?626*?!olution 2ata and 6oice #BMT0*Bni!ersal Mobile Telephony 0ystem ( WC2MA H Wideband Code 2i!ision Multiple Access4 1.,. Wi%&i( Wireless &idelit3)

*i-0i 3also *i0i or wifi4 is an abbre!iation for Kwireless fidelity1 ( is a trademark controlled by the Wi*>i Alliance 3formerly the Wireless ?thernet Compatibility Alliance4# the trade organi<ation that tests and certifies e/uipment compliance with the I333 >=2<22 standards for wireless local area networks( *)A6s)" Wi*>i was intended to allow mobile de!ices# such as laptop computers and personal digital assistants 3P2As4 3P2As4 to connect to local area networks# but is now often used for wireless Internet access and wireless" Many computers are sold today with Wi*>i built*inT others re/uire adding a Wi*>i network card 3Wireless ?thernetALA+ card4" A Wi*>i*enabled de!ice is able to connect to a local area network when near one of the networkOs access points 3see the figure below4" The connection is made by radio signalsT there is no need to plug the de!ice into the network" If the local area network is connected to the Internet# the Wi*>i de!ice can ha!e Internet access as well" The geographical region co!ered by se!eral access points is called a hot:one" The range of an access point !aries" The access point built into a typical Wi*>i home router might ha!e a range of 78 m 3,8= ft4 indoors and C= m 3-== ft4 outdoors"

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*ireless 3thernet standards Wi*>i is based on the I??? 9=5",, specifications" There are currently four deployed 9=5",, !ariations 9=5",,a# 9=5",,b# 9=5",,g and 9=5",,n" The b specification was used in the first Wi*>i products" The n !ariant is most recent" I333 >=2<22 The Initial release of the standard capable of transmissions of , to 5 Mbps and operates in 5"7 D)< band using either fre/uency hopping spread spectrum 3>)004 or direct se/uence spread spectrum 320004" I333 >=2<22a Capable of transmissions upto 87 Mbps and operates in 8 D)< band and uses an orthogonal fre/uency di!ision multiple'ing .>2M encoding scheme " I333 >=2<22# Capable of transmissions of upto ,, Mbps and operates in 5"7 D)< band and uses only 2000 encoding scheme" I333 >=2<22g Capable of transmissions upto 87 Mbps and operates in 5"7 D)< band and uses an orthogonal fre/uency di!ision multiple'ing3.>2M4 encoding scheme" I333 >=2<22n Capable of transmissions upto ,== Mbps and operates in 5"7 D)< band and uses an orthogonal fre/uency di!ision multiple'ing3.>2M4 encoding scheme" Advantages of *i-0i Bnlike packet radio systems# Wi*>i uses unlicensed radio spectrum and does not re/uire regulatory appro!al for indi!idual deployers" Allows LA+s to be deployed without cabling# potentially reducing the costs of network deployment and e'pansion" 0paces where cables cannot be run# such as outdoor areas and historical buildings# can host wireless LA+s" Wi*>i products are widely a!ailable in the market" 2ifferent brands of access points and client network interfaces are interoperable at a basic le!el of ser!ice" Competition amongst !endors has lowered prices considerably since their inception" Many Wi*>i roaming# in which a mobile client station such as a laptop computer can mo!e from one access point to another as the user mo!es around a building or area" Many access points and network interfaces support !arious degrees of encryption to protect traffic from interception" Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page ,C of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies Wi*>i is a global set of standards" Bnlike cellular carriers# the same Wi*>i client works in different countries around the world 3although may re/uire simple software configuration4"

'isadvantages of *i-0i Though the use of the 5"7 D)< Wi*>i band does not re/uire a license in most of the world# local regulations do re/uire that Wi*>i de!ices stay below the local regulatory limits on transmission power and accept interference from other sources# including interference which causes the de!ices to no longer function" LegislationAregulation is not consistent worldwide" The 9=5",,b and 9=5",,g fla!ors of Wi*>i use the 5"7 D)< spectrum# which is crowded with other e/uipment such as Bluetooth de!ices# microwa!e o!ens# cordless phones 3C== M)< or 8"9 D)< are# therefore# alternati!e phone fre/uencies one can use to a!oid interference if one has a Wi*>i network4# or !ideo sender de!ices# among many others" This may cause a degradation in performance" .ther de!ices which use these microwa!e fre/uencies can also cause degradation in performance" Closed access points can interfere with properly configured open access points on the same fre/uency# pre!enting use of open access points by others" Power consumption is fairly high compared to other standards# making battery life and heat a concern" 1.,., Wi'A4 *i.AF is an acronym that stands for *orldwide Interoperability for .icrowa!e Access# a certification mark for products that pass conformity and interoperability tests for the I??? 99=5",: standards"3I333 >=2<2! is working group number ,: of I??? 9=5 speciali<ing in point*to*multipoint Broadband wireless access4"WiMAU co!ers wider# metropolitan or rural areas" It can pro!ide data rates up to ;8 megabits per second 3Mbps4 per base station with typical cell si<es of 5 to ,= kilometers" This is enough bandwidth to simultaneously support 3through a single base station4 more than := businesses with T,A?,*type connecti!ity and hundreds of homes with 20L*type connecti!ity" It is similar to Wi*>i in concept# but has certain impro!ements are done at impro!ing performance and should permit usage o!er much greater distances" I??? 9=5",: networks use the same Logical Link Controller3standardi<ed by I??? 9=5"54 as in other LA+s and WA+s# where it can be both bridged and routed to them" An important aspect of the I??? 9=5",: is that it defines a .A7 (.edia Access 7ontrol) layer that supports multiple physical layer specifications in 5 to ,, D)< ( ,= to :: D)< bands" It will pro!ide fi'ed# portable# and e!entually mobile wireless broadband connecti!ity and also pro!ides P.T0 ser!ices"

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78(.19 !ast 'ile Net*or2s

Wi'A4 S$bscriber Station

)O-S

# "2 ul i) a 1 c3h Ba
Wi'A4 Access )t to '$ltipt.

PST* .nternet -elco core net*or2 Or private (5iber) net*or2

C$sto+er )re+ise (/o+e6 B$siness or /O-S)O-)

The MAC is significantly different from that of Wi*>i 3and ?thernet from which Wi*>i is deri!ed4" In Wi*>i# the MAC uses contention access$all subscriber stations wishing to pass data through an access point are competing for the APOs3Access points4 attention on a random basis" This can cause distant nodes from the AP to be repeatedly interrupted by less sensiti!e# closer nodes# greatly reducing their throughput" By contrast# the 9=5",: MAC is a scheduling MAC where the subscriber station only has to compete once 3for initial entry into the network4" After that it is allocated a time slot by the base station" The time slot can enlarge and constrict# but it remains assigned to the subscriber station meaning that other subscribers are not supposed to use it but take their turn" This scheduling algorithm is stable under o!erload and o!er subscription 3unlike 9=5",,4" It is also much more bandwidth efficient" The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control @uality of 0er!ice by balancing the assignments among the needs of the subscriber stations" This is also an important aspect of why WiMAU can be described as a Kframework for the e!olution of wireless broadbandK rather than a static implementation of wireless technologies" 1.,.1 &ree Space Optics >0. is optical# wireless# point*to*point# line*of*sight broadband technology that is an alternati!e to fiber optic cable systems without e'pense of fiber" 0peed is comparable to fiber optic transmissions and transmits up to ,"58 Dbps at distance of 7 miles 3:"7 kilometers4 in full* duple' mode" It uses low*powered infrared 3I&4 beam sent through open air by transcei!ers" Bses unlicensed higher fre/uency" Currently >0. uses two different wa!elengths3;9=nm ( ,88=nm4# but e'pect worldwide standard in near future"

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Wi% &i .nternal Access )oint *ith h$b Ethernet

Wi'A4 Base Station

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0(% TRA6(73I93R Advantages of 0(% ,"0ignificantly less e'pensi!e than fiber optic or leased lines 5"Much faster installation# days or weeks compared to months for fiber optic cables -"Transmission speed can be scaled to meet userJs needsT from ,= Mbps to ,"58 Dbps 7"0ecurity is key ad!antageT not easy to intercept or decode 'isadvantage of 0(% ,"0cintillation is temporal and spatial !ariations in light intensity caused by atmospheric turbulence that acts like prism to distort >0. signals 5" Loss of 0ignal due to >og 3Intensity of Light is reduced4 " -" Interference of signal due to birdAflies obstructing the signal path" 7" .bstruction of signal by swaying of tall structuresAbuildings due to winds and seismic acti!ity"

1.,.9 (a) !ocal '$ltipoint Distrib$tion Service(!'DS) LM20 is a broadband wireless access technology that uses microwa!e signals operating between the 5:D)< and 5CD)< bands" It is a point*to*multipoint ser!ice# hence is typically deployed for access by multiple parties" Throughput capacity and distance of the link depends on the modulation method used * either phase*shift keying or amplitude modulation" Links up to 8 miles from the base station are possible"

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Central O55ice

:ideo )S-N

Content & Application Providers Bac2ha$l 5or /otspots

.nternet

Data6)S-N :ideo Access

!'DS Cell Site

Data6)S-N :ideo Access

).'( T,$I7A) )A,%5T 0actors determining ).'( ,4"Line*of*sight$LM20 re/uires direct line" Tall buildings may obstruct line of sight and the solution is to di!ide area into smaller cells" 54" Antenna height$placed on taller buildings can ser!e larger cells without obstructions Advantages a4Lower cost for both user and carrier than wired alternati!es b4Increased ser!ice areaT network may be e'panded one cell at a time c4CapacityT with as much as ,#-== M)< of spectrum in a local market# carriers can support ,:#=== telephone calls and 5== !ideo channels simultaneously 'isadvantages a4&e/uires line*of*sight between buildingsT LM20 network is limited by surrounding ob%ects b4Affected by precipitationT LM20 systems are susceptible to interference from rain and fog 1.,.9 (b) '$ltichannel '$ltipoint Distrib$tion S3ste+(''DS) Multichannel multipoint distribution ser!ice# also known as ..'( or wireless ca#le# is a wireless telecommunications technology# used for general*purpose broadband networking " 0imilar to LM20# MM20 can transmit !ideo# !oice# or data signals at ,"8 Mbps downstream and Prepared by &TTC# +agpur Page 5- of -,

Broad Band Access Technologies -== Ibps upstream at distances up to -8 miles" Mounted MM20 hub uses point*to*multipoint architecture" Pi<<a bo' 3,- ' ,- inch4 directional antennas are mounted at recei!ing location ( a cable runs from antenna to MM20 wireless modem# which con!erts analog signal to digital and may be attached to single computer or LA+"

Advantages a40ignal strength$low fre/uency MM20 &> signal tra!els farther and with less interference than high*fre/uency LM20 &> signals b4Cell si<e$se!en times larger than area co!ered by LM20 transmitters c4Cost$MM20 is less e'pensi!e than LM20 'isadvantages a4&e/uires direct line*of*sight$makes installation difficult and eliminates locations blocked by taller obstructions b40hared signals$decreased speed and throughput since users share same radio channel c40ecurity$Bnencrypted transmissions may be intercepted and read d4Limited markets$a!ailable in limited areas in B0A 1.,.; SA-E!!.-E 0atellite broadband offers two*way Internet access !ia satellites orbiting the earth about 55#=== miles abo!e e/uator" The PC through a special satellite modem broadcasts the re/uests to the satellite dish #located on top of the roofAbuilding which in turn transmits and recei!es signal from the satellites" But satellite broadband is slower in both uplink and downlink compared to any 20L technology for e'ample" At present we use 60AT 36ery 0mall Aperture Terminals4 ( 2T) 32irect To )ome4 terminals for satellite transmission" C# Iu ( Ia bands are used for ser!ices in!ol!ing fi'ed terminals and L band is used for mobile ser!ices" It offers data rates C": Ibps for a handheld terminal and := Mbps for a fi'ed 60AT terminal at present" 0atellite broadband has got an ad!antage# that it can be deployed in e!ery region in a country" 0atellite e'plores the possibility of usage in rural areas where tough terrain conditions pre!ails" It pro!ides an always on Connection without dialing "It offers incredible reliability# better than CC"CV" and need not worry about dropped connections during critical transactions# or missed emails""

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Con5i#$ration o5 C)E 5or Broad Band

BroadbandWirelessModemInstallationProcedure
To Configurethe PC:1. 2. 3. 4. Right click to My NetworkPlaces Icon. Click on Properties . Right click on LocalAreaConnectionIcon. Click on Properties. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP ) Properties. Select Use the following IP Address radio button. a. IP Address 192.168.1.5 b. Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 c. Default Gateway 192.168.1.1 d. Preferred DNS server 192.168.1.1 e. Click OK and close. 5. open command prompt by following procedure a. click on STARTbutton b. select Accessories c. click on Commandprompt . d. Type command ping192.168.1.1

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The above result shows that there is good connectivity between the PC and ADSL Modem.

-o Con5i#$re the 'ode+ in Al*a3s on +ode "%

6. Open Internet Explorer and type http://192.168.1.1 in the web browser, the following Window appears:a. Type Username adminand Password admin and click OK.

;" click on Advanced (etup and then select *A6

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8. Enter the VPI and VCI as VPI=0 and VCI=35 9. Select PPPoEradio button 10. Encapsulation mode as LLCand click Next.

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11. Type usernameand passwordas given to the customer for broadband access. 12. click on Enable NAT function box as

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13. Click on next 14. click on save . 15. Click on Save/Reboot.

+ow to configure the *ireless settings in Type II .odem4.4 5o#to#Wireless#menu4 /4 Clic3#on#Basic#su$menu4

3. Click on Advanced . Check the following settings in Advancedsetup of wireless.

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+ow to save and re#oot the modem4.4 5o#to#'ana#e+ent#menu4 /4 Select#Save<Reboot#su$menu 64 clic3#on#Save<Reboot4 In the modem the '+7$ 0er!er can be switched on so that the 2ynamic IP Address allotment to the client Computers those are configured to ha!e the access of Internet through the same broadband modem# will get the IP Address" This is of (1.1 Concl$sion With the ad!ent of new technologies in the field of communication which has brought the world closer and closer# the consumer will be in a better position to choose and reap the benefits# the broadband technology offers !i<" )igh 0peed Internet# 6ideo Conferencing# Telemedicine# 6ideo on 2emand #Internet &adio# Instant messaging# etc"

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