NG THC, SO SNH

V BT NG THC
Cu lc b Ton hc:
Chng trnh bi dng chuyn Ton
HI TON HC H NI V S GIO DC V O TO H NI
H Ni, Ngy 11.12.2009
Vo 13h30 th Su, Ngy 11.12.2009, Hi Ton hc H
Ni v S Gio dc v o to H Ni phi hp t chc
chng trnh bi dng kin thc chuyn Ton cho cc
cn b ch o chuyn mn, cc thy gio, c gio ang trc
tip bi dng hc sinh gii trn a bn Th .
Chuyn sinh hot ln ny v
ng thc v bt ng thc
.
Chuyn do GS.TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu,
Ch tch Hi Ton hc H Ni, trc tip ging dy.
Knh mi cc thy gio, c gio ang trc tip bi dng
hc sinh gii ca cc qun huyn trn a bn Th quan
tm n d.
a im: Phng Gio Dc Huyn Thch Tht.
1
Mc lc
1 Tam thc bc hai v cc vn lin quan 3
2 Mt s ng nht thc quan trng 12
3 Bt ng thc Cauchy (dng thc v phc) 14
3.1 Bt ng thc Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Dng phc ca bt ng thc Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Tam thc bc () v tam thc bc (, ) 17
5 Mt s bt ng thc c in lin quan 20
6 Phng php bt ng thc Cauchy 25
6.1 gn u v sp th t dy cp im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.2 K thut tch v ghp b s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.3 Th t v sp li th t ca b s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.4 iu chnh v la chn tham s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7 Cc gi tr trung bnh 42
8 Bi tp p dng 47
2
Chng 1
Tam thc bc hai v cc vn lin
quan
Bt ng thc c bn v cng l quan trng nht trong chng trnh i s bc trung hc ph
thng chnh l bt ng thc dng sau y
x
2
0, x R. (1.1)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 0.
Gn vi bt ng thc (1.1) l bt ng thc dng sau
(x
1
x
2
)
2
0, x
1
, x
2
R,
hay
x
2
1
+x
2
2
2x
1
x
2
, x
1
, x
2
R.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
.
Bt ng thc (1.1) l dng bc hai n gin nht ca bt ng thc bc hai m hc sinh
lm quen ngay t chng trnh lp 9. nh l Viete ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic tnh ton
v c lng gi tr ca mt s biu thc dng i xng theo cc nghim ca phng trnh bc hai
tng ng. c bit, trong chng trnh i s lp 10, mng bi tp v ng dng nh l (thun v
o) v du ca tam thc bc hai l cng c hu hiu ca nhiu dng ton bc trung hc ph
thng.
Xt tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c, a = 0. Khi
af(x) =
_
ax +
b
2
_
2

4
,
vi = b
2
4ac. T ng thc ny, ta c kt qu quen thuc sau.
nh l 1. Xt tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c, a = 0.
i) Nu < 0 th af(x) > 0, x R.
ii) Nu = 0 th af(x) 0 x R. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x =
b
2a
.
iii) Nu > 0 th af(x) = a
2
(x x
1
)(x x
2
) vi
x
1,2
=
b
2a

2|a|
. (1.2)
Trong trng hp ny, af(x) < 0 khi x (x
1
, x
2
) v af(x) > 0 khi x < x
1
hoc x > x
2
.
3
Ta nhc li kt qu sau.
nh l 2 (nh l o). iu kin cn v tn ti s sao cho af() < 0 l > 0 v
x
1
< < x
2
, trong x
1,2
l cc nghim ca f(x) xc nh theo (1.2).
Nhn xt rng, cc nh l trn u c m t thng qua bt ng thc (kt qu so snh bit
thc vi 0). Cc nh l sau y cho ta tiu chun nhn bit, thng qua biu din h s, khi no
th tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c, a = 0, c nghim.
nh l 3. Vi mi tam thc bc hai f(x) c nghim thc u tn ti mt nguyn hm F(x), l
a thc bc ba, c ba nghim u thc.
Chng minh. Khi f(x) c nghim kp, tc f(x) = a(x x
0
)
2
, th ta ch cn chn nguyn hm di
dng
F(x) =
a
3
(x x
0
)
3
.
Khi f(x) c hai nghim phn bit, tc
f(x) = a(x x
1
)(x x
2
), x
1
< x
2
, a = 0,
ta chn nguyn hm F(x) tho mn iu kin
F
_
x
1
+x
2
2
_
= 0.
Khi , r rng hm F(x) c cc i v cc tiu ln lt ti x
1
v x
2
v im un ca th tng
ng l M
_
x
1
+x
2
2
, 0
_
. T y suy ra iu cn chng minh.
nh l 4. Tam thc bc hai f(x) = 3x
2
+ 2bx + c c nghim (thc) khi v ch khi cc h s b, c
c dng
_
b = + +
c = + +
(1.3)
Chng minh. iu kin l hin nhin v theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c

=b
2
3c = ( + +)
2
3( + +)
=
2
+
2
+
2
( + +)
=
1
2
( )
2
+
1
2
( )
2
+
1
2
( )
2
0.
iu kin cn. Gi s phng trnh bc hai c nghim thc x
1
, x
2
. Khi , tn ti a thc bc ba
c ba nghim thc, l nguyn hm ca f(x), tc l:
F(x) = (x +)(x +)(x +).
T y ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Tip theo, trong chng ny, ta xt cc dng ton c bn v bt ng thc v cc tr c s dng
tnh cht ca tam thc bc hai.
Xt a thc thun nht bc hai hai bin (xem nh tam thc bc hai i vi x)
F(x, y) = ax
2
+bxy +cy
2
, a = 0,
: = (b
2
4ac)y
2
.
4
Khi , nu 0 th aF(x, y) 0, x, y R.
Vy khi b
2
4ac v a < 0 th hin nhin
ax
2
+cy
2
|bxy|, x, y R.
Trng hp ring, khi a = c = 1, b = 2 th ta nhn li c kt qu
x
2
+y
2
2|xy|
hay
u +v
2

uv, u, v 0.
V sau, ta s dng cc tnh cht ca dng phn thc bc hai
y =
a
1
x
2
+b
1
x +c
1
a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
vi iu kin
a
2
> 0, f
2
(x) = a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
> 0, x R,
tm cc tr ca mt s dng ton bc hai.
Bi ton 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
y =
a
1
x
2
+b
1
x +c
1
a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
vi iu kin
a
2
> 0, f
2
(x) = a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
> 0, x R.
Gii. Nhn xt rng khi x = 0 th y(0) =
c
1
c
2
v khi x th y
a
1
a
2
. Tip theo, ta xt cc gi
tr y =
c
1
c
2
v y =
a
1
a
2
.
Gi s y l mt gi tr ca biu thc, y =
c
1
c
2
v y =
a
1
a
2
. Khi phng trnh tng ng
a
1
x
2
+b
1
x +c
1
a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
= y
phi c nghim, hay phng trnh
(a
2
y a
1
)x
2
+ (b
2
y b
1
)x + (c
2
y c
1
) = 0 (1.4)
phi c nghim.
Do (1.4) l phng trnh bc hai nn iu ny tng ng vi
= (b
2
y b
1
)
2
4(a
2
y a
1
)(c
2
y c
1
) 0
hay
g(y) := (b
2
2
4a
2
c
2
)y
2
+ 2(b
1
b
2
+ 2a
2
c
1
+ 2a
1
c
2
)y +b
2
1
4a
1
c
1
0
phi c nghim. V g(y) c b
2
2
4a
2
c
2
< 0 nn theo nh l o ca tam thc bc hai, th

= (b
1
b
2
+ 2a
1
c
2
+a
2
c
1
)
2
(4a
1
c
1
b
2
1
)(4a
2
c
2
b
2
2
) 0. (1.5)
v
y
1
y y
2
,
5
vi
y
1,2
=
b
1
b
2
+ 2a
2
c
1
+ 2a
1
c
2

b
2
2
4a
2
c
2
,
v

c tnh theo cng thc (1.5).

Suy ra max y = y
2
v miny = y
1
, t c khi ng vi mi j (j = 1, 2), xy ra ng thi
_
_
_
= (b
2
y
j
b
1
)
2
4(a
2
y
j
a
1
)(c
2
y
j
c
1
) = 0,
x
j
=
1
2
b
2
y
j
b
1
a
2
y
j
a
1
.
Xt mt vi v d minh ho sau y.
V d 1. Cho x, y l cc s thc sao cho
2x
2
+y
2
+xy 1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
M = x
2
+y
2
.
Gii. t 2x
2
+y
2
+xy = a, a 1. Khi
M
a
=
x
2
+y
2
2x
2
+y
2
+xy
1) Nu y = 0 th
M
a
=
1
2
.
2) Nu y = 0 suy ra
M
a
=
t
2
+ 1
2t
2
+t + 1
, t =
x
y
Ta ch cn xc nh cc gi tr
M
a
<
1
2
, sao cho phng trnh
M
a
=
t
2
+ 1
2t
2
+t + 1
c nghim.
Ngha l phng trnh
_
2
M
a
1
_
t
2
+
M
a
t +
M
a
1 = 0
c nghim. Th th bit thc phi khng m. Ta c
=
_
M
a
_
2
4
_
2
M
a
1
__
M
a
1
_
0
hay
7
_
M
a
_
2
+ 12
_
M
a
_
4 0.
Gii bt phng trnh bc hai ny ta c
6 2

2
7

M
a

6 + 2

2
7
.
Suy ra
M
6 2

2
7
a
6 2

2
7
= M
0
.
6
Vy minM =
6 2

2
7
, t c khi v ch khi
_
x = M
1
y
2x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1

_

_
x = M
1
y
y =

2(1 2M
0
)
_
2 7M
0
+ 7M
2
0
,
vi M
1
=
M
0
2(2M
0
1)
.
V d 2. Cho
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1.
Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc
A = x
2
xy + 2y
2
.
Gii. Ta c th vit A di dng
A =
x
2
xy + 2y
2
x
2
+xy +y
2
.
1) Nu y = 0 th A = 1.
2) Nu y = 0 th
A =
t
2
t + 2
t
2
+t + 1
, t =
x
y
Cn xc nh A phng trnh
A =
t
2
t + 2
t
2
+t + 1
c nghim. iu tng ng vi vic phng trnh
(A1)t
2
+ (A+ 1)t +A2 = 0
c nghim, tc l
= (A+ 1)
2
4(A1)(A2) 0.
T , ta c
7 2

7
3
A
7 + 2

7
3
Vy max A =
7 + 2

7
3
, t c khi
_
_
_
x =
A
2
+ 1
2(1 A
2
)
y
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1
hay
_

_
x =
A
2
+ 1
2(1 A
2
)
y
y =
2(A
2
1)
_
7 6A
2
+ 3A
2
2
v minA =
7 2

7
3
, t c khi
_
_
_
x =
A
1
+ 1
2(1 A
1
)
y
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1
hay
_

_
x =
A
1
+ 1
2(1 A
1
)
y
y =
2(A
1
1)
_
7 6A
1
+ 3A
2
1
trong A
1
, A
2
ln lt l gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht.
7
V d 3. Cho x
2
+y
2
xy = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca biu thc
M = x
4
+y
4
x
2
y
2
.
Gii. T gi thit suy ra
1 = x
2
+y
2
xy 2xy xy = xy
1 = (x +y)
2
3xy 3xy
T ta c
1
3
xy 1. Mt khc, t gi thit ta c x
2
+y
2
= 1 +xy nn
x
4
+y
4
= x
2
y
2
+ 2xy + 1
x
4
+y
4
x
2
y
2
= 2t
2
+ 2t + 1, t = xy
Vy cn tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca tam thc bc hai
f(t) = 2t
2
+ 2t + 1;
1
3
t 1.
Ta c
max M = f
_
1
2
_
=
3
2
,
t c khi v ch khi
xy =
1
2
, v x
2
+y
2
xy = 1
hay l
(x, y)
_
_

5 1
2

2
,

5 1
2

2
_
,
_

5 1
2

2
,

5 1
2

2
_
_
Vy nn
minM = f
_

1
3
_
=
1
9
,
t c khi v ch khi
_
xy =
1
3
x
2
+y
2
xy = 1
hay
_
x =

3
3
y =

3
3
.
Bi ton 2 (Thi HSG Ton Vit Nam 2003). Cho hm s f xc nh trn tp s thc R, ly gi
tr trn R v tho mn iu kin
f(cot x) = sin2x + cos 2x, x (0, ).
Hy tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s
g(x) = f(sin
2
x)f(cos
2
x).
Gii. Ta c
f(cot x) = sin2x + cos 2x
=
2 cot x
cot
2
x + 1
+
cot
2
x 1
cot
2
x + 1
=
cot
2
x + 2 cot x 1
cot
2
x + 1
, x (0; )
8
Vi mi t R u tn ti x (0, ) sao cho cot x = t, ta c
f(t) =
t
2
+ 2t 1
t
2
+ 1
, t R.
Do
g(x) = f(sin
2
x)f(cos
2
x) =
sin
4
2x + 32 sin
2
2x 32
sin
4
2x 8 sin
2
2x + 32
, x R.
t u =
1
4
sin
2
2x. D thy, x R khi v ch khi u
_
0,
1
4
_
. V vy
min
xR
g(x) = min
0u1/4
h(u) v max
xR
g(x) = max
0u1/4
h(u),
trong
h(u) =
u
2
+ 8u 2
u
2
2u + 2
.
Ta tnh do hm ca hm h(u)
h

(u) =
2(5u
2
+ 4u + 6)
(u
2
2u + 2)
2
.
Ta d dng chng minh c h

(u) > 0 u
_
0,
1
4
_
. Suy ra hm h(u) ng bin trn
_
0,
1
4
_
. V vy,
trn
_
0,
1
4
_
, ta c
minh(u) = h(0) = 1
v
max h(u) = h
_
1
4
_
=
1
25
.
Do ming(x) = 1, t c chng hn khi x = 0 v max g(x) =
1
25
, t c chng hn khi
x =

4
.
Bi ton 3 (Thi HSG Ton Vit Nam 2003). Cho hm s f xc nh trn tp hp s thc R, ly
gi tr trn R v tho mn iu kin
f(cot x) = sin2x + cos 2x, x (0, ).
Hy tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca hm s g(x) = f(x)f(1 x) trn on [1; 1].
Ta c
f(cot x) = sin2x + cos 2x
=
2 cot x
cot
2
x + 1
+
cot
2
x 1
cot
2
x + 1
=
cot
2
x + 2 cot x 1
cot
2
x + 1
, x (0; )
T , vi lu rng vi mi t R u tn ti x (0, ) sao cho cot x = t, ta c
f(t) =
t
2
+ 2t 1
t
2
+ 1
, t R.
9
Dn ti,
g(x) = f(x)f(1 x) =
x
2
(1 x)
2
+ 8x(1 x) 2
x
2
(1 x)
2
2x(1 x) + 2
, x R.
t u = x(1 x). D thy, khi x chy qua [1, 1] th u chy qua
_
2,
1
4
_
.
V vy,
min
1x1
g(x) = min
2u
1
4
h(u) v max
1x1
g(x) = max
2u
1
4
h(u),
trong
h(u) =
u
2
+ 8u 2
u
2
2u + 2
.
Ta c
h

(u) =
2(5u
2
+ 4u + 6)
(u
2
2u + 2)
2
T vic kho st du ca h

(u) trn [2; 1/4], ta thu c

min
2u
1
4
h(u) = h
_
2

34
5
_
= 4

34
v
max
2u
1
4
h(u) = max{h(2); h(1/4)} =
1
25
.
Vy, trn [1; 1], ta c ming(x) = 4

34 v max g(x) =
1
25
.
Bi ton 4 (MO Nga 1999). Cho hm s
f(x) = x
2
+ax +b cos x.
Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a, b sao cho phng trnh f(x) = 0 v f(f(x)) = 0 c cng mt tp hp
nghim thc (khc rng).
Gii. Gi s r l mt nghim ca f(x). Khi b = f(0) = f(f(x)) = 0. Do f(x) = x(x + a),
suy ra hoc r = 0 hoc r = a.
V vy
f(f(x)) = f(x)(f(x) +a) = x(x +a)(x
2
+ax +a).
Ta chn a sao cho x
2
+ax +a khng c nghim thc nm gia 0 v a.
Tht vy nu 0 hoc a l nghim ca phng trnh x
2
+ax +a = 0, th phi c a = 0 v khi
f(f(x)) khng c nghim no khc.
Ni cch khc, = a
2
4a < 0 hay 0 < a < 4.
Vy vi 0 a < 4 th hai phng trnh cho c cng tp hp nghim x = 0, x = a.
Bi ton 5. Cho tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c tho mn iu kin
|f(1)| 1, |f(0)| 1, |f(1)| 1.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca |f(x)| vi x [1; 1].
10
Gii. Ta c
f(x) =
_
f(1) +f(1)
2
f(0)
_
x
2
+
_
f(1) f(1)
2
_
x +f(0)
=
f(1)
2
(x
2
+x) +
f(1)
2
(x
2
x) +f(0)(1 x
2
)
Suy ra
f(x)
1
2
|x
2
+x| +
1
2
|x
2
x| +|1 x
2
|
=
1
2
(|x
2
+x| +|x
2
x|) +|1 x
2
|
V x [1; 1] nn (x
2
+x)(x
2
x) = x
2
(x
2
1) 0. Do
1
2
(|x
2
+x| +|x
2
x|) +|1 x
2
| =
1
2
|x
2
+x x
2
+x| + 1 x
2
= |x| + 1 x
2
= (|x|
1
2
)
2
+
5
4

5
4
.
Suy ra |f(x)|
5
4
. Vy max
1x1
|f(x)| =
5
4
.
11
Chng 2
Mt s ng nht thc quan trng
Trc ht, ta c nhn xt rng t mt ng thc cho i vi b s thc ta u c th m rng
(theo nhiu cch thc khc nhau) thnh mt ng thc mi cho b s phc. Chng hn, ta c th
coi mi s thc a cho nh l phn thc ca mt s phc z = a +ib (b R).
Ta nu mt s ng nht thc v sau cn s dng.
nh l 5. Vi mi b s (a
j
, b
j
, u
j
, v
j
), ta lun c ng thc sau:
n

j=1
a
j
u
j
n

j=1
b
j
v
j

n

j=1
a
j
b
j
n

j=1
u
j
v
j
=

1j<kn
(a
j
b
k
b
j
a
k
)(u
j
v
k
u
k
v
j
). (2.1)
Nhn xt rng, t ng nht thc ny ta thu c ng nht thc Lagrange sau y i vi b
s phc.
nh l 6. Vi mi b s phc (a
j
, b
j
), ta lun c ng thc sau
n

j=1
|a
j
|
2
n

j=1
|b
j
|
2

j=1
a
j
b
j

1j<kn
|a
j
b
k
a
k
b
j
|. (2.2)
Chng minh. . T ng thc (2.1), bng cch thay a
j
bi a
j
, v
j
bi b
j
v u
j
bi a
j
, ta s thu c
(2.2).
H thc (2.2) cho ta bt ng thc Cauchy sau y i vi b s phc.
H qu 1. Vi mi b s phc (a
j
, b
j
), ta lun c bt ng thc sau
n

j=1
|a
j
|
2
n

j=1
|b
j
|
2

j=1
a
j
b
j

. (2.3)
Gi s ta c b cc cp s dng (a
k
, b
k
) sao cho
a
k
b
k
[, ], > 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Khi , theo nh l o ca tam thc bc hai th
_

a
k
b
k
__
a
k
b
k

_
0
12
hay
a
2
k
+b
2
k
( +)a
k
b
k
, k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
T y suy ra
n

k=1
a
2
k
+
n

k=1
b
2
k
( +)
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
_1
2
_

k=1
b
2
k
_1
2

1
2
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
+
n

k=1
b
2
k
_
.
Vy nn
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
_1
2
_

k=1
b
2
k
_1
2

1
2
( +)
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
.
T y, ta thu c bt ng thc o Cauchy.
nh l 7. Gi s ta c b cc cp s dng (a
k
, b
k
) sao cho
a
k
b
k
[, ], > 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Khi
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
_1
2
_
n

k=1
b
2
k
_1
2

A
G
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
,
trong
A =
+
2
, G =
_
.
Nhn chung, rt nhiu bt ng thc nhn c t cc ng nht thc. V vy, vic thit lp
c cc ng nht thc c coi nh mt phng php hu hiu sng tc v chng minh bt
ng thc.
Bi ton 6. Chng minh rng vi mi b ba s (x, y, z), ta lun c ng thc sau
(2x + 2y z)
2
+ (2y + 2z x)
2
+ (2z + 2x y)
2
= 9(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
Hy tng qut ho?
Bi ton 7. Chng minh rng vi mi b bn s (x, y, z, t), ta lun c ng thc sau
(x +y +z t)
2
+ (y +z +t x)
2
+ (z +t +x y)
2
+ (t +x +y z)
2
= 4(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
).
Hy tng qut ho?
Bi ton 8. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (u
k
, v
k
, p
k
), ta lun c ng thc sau
n

j,k=1
(u
k
v
j
+u
j
v
k
)p
j
p
k
= 2
_
n

k=1
u
k
p
k
__
n

k=1
v
k
p
k
_
.
Bi ton 9. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (u
k
, v
k
, p
k
), ta lun c ng thc sau
n

j,k=1
(u
j
v
j
+u
k
v
k
)p
j
p
k
= 2
_
n

k=1
u
k
v
k
p
k
_
.
13
Chng 3
Bt ng thc Cauchy (dng thc v
phc)
3.1 Bt ng thc Cauchy
Tip theo, thc hin theo tng ca Cauchy
1
i vi tng
n

i=1
(x
i
t y
i
)
2
= t
2
n

i=1
x
2
i
2t
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
+
n

i=1
y
2
i
,
ta nhn c tam thc bc hai dng
f(t) = t
2
n

i=1
x
2
i
2t
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
+
n

i=1
y
2
i
0, t R,
nn 0.
nh l 8. Vi mi b s (x
i
), (y
i
), ta lun c bt ng thc sau
_
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
_
2

_
n

i=1
x
2
i
__
n

i=1
y
2
i
_
. (3.1)
Du ng thc trong (3.1) xy ra khi v ch khi hai b s (x
i
) v (y
i
) t l vi nhau, tc tn ti cp
s thc , , khng ng thi bng 0, sao cho
x
i
+y
i
= 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Bt ng thc (3.1) thng c gi l bt ng thc Cauchy
2
(i khi cn gi l bt ng
thc Bunhiacovski, Cauchy - Schwarz hoc Cauchy-Bunhiacovski).
Nhn xt rng, bt ng thc Cauchy cng c th c suy trc tip t ng nht thc Lagrange
sau y
1
Augustin-Louis Cauchy 1789-1857
2
Ti Vit Nam v mt s nc ng u, bt ng thc ny c mang tn l "Bt ng thc Bunhiacovski","Bt
ng thc Cauchy-Bunhiacovski" hoc "Bt ng thc Cauchy - Schwarz". Cn bt ng thc gia cc gi tr trung
bnh cng v nhn th c gi l bt ng thc Cauchy. Thc ra, theo cch gi ca cc chuyn gia u ngnh v
bt ng thc (Hardy G.H., Littlewood J.E., Polya G., Bellman R.,...), th bt ng thc tch phn dng (2.1) mi
mang tn l bt ng thc Bunhiacovski.
14
nh l 9 (Lagrange). Vi mi b s (x
i
), (y
i
), ta lun c ng nht thc:
_
n

i=1
x
2
i
__
n

i=1
y
2
i
_

_
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
_
2
=
n

i,j=1, i<j
(x
i
y
j
x
j
y
i
)
2
.
Tng t, ta cng c cc ng thc dng sau y (Bn c d dng t kim chng trc tip).
Bi ton 10. Vi mi b s (x
i
, y
i
), ta lun c ng thc sau
E
2
(x +y)E
1
(x)E
1
(y) E
1
(x +y)E
2
(x)E
1
(y) E
1
(x +y)E
1
(x)E
2
(y)
=
1
2
n

i=1
_
x
i
n

j=1
y
j
y
i
n

j=1
x
j
_
2
,
trong
E
1
(x) :=
n

i=1
x
i
, E
2
(x) :=
n

i,j=1,i=j
x
i
x
j
.
Nhn xt rng, t ng nht thc ny ta thu c bt ng thc sau y
H qu 2. Vi mi b s dng (x
i
, y
i
), ta lun c bt ng thc sau
E
2
(x +y)
E
1
(x +y)

E
2
(x)
E
1
(x)
+
E
2
(y)
E
1
(y)
,
trong
E
1
(x) :=
n

i=1
x
i
, E
2
(x) :=
n

i,j=1;i=j
x
i
x
j
.
V sau, ta c bit quan tm n trng hp tng ng vi hai cp s (1, 1) v (a, b). Khi
bt ng thc Cauchy trng vi bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn.
H qu 3. Vi mi cp s dng (a, b), ta lun c bt ng thc sau
2(a +b) (

a +

b)
2
,
hay
a +b 2

ab.
3.2 Dng phc ca bt ng thc Cauchy
Tip theo, ta xt mt s m rng khc (dng phc) ca bt ng thc Cauchy.
nh l 10 (N.G.de Bruijn). Vi b s thc a
1
, . . . , a
n
v b s phc (hoc thc) z
1
, . . . , z
n
, ta u
c

k=1
a
k
z
k

1
2
_
n

k=1
|z
k
|
2
+

k=1
z
2
k

__
n

k=1
a
2
k
_
.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a
k
= Re (z
k
) (k = 1, . . . , n), trong l s phc v
n

k=1

2
z
2
k
l
s thc khng m.
15
Chng minh. Bng cch thc hin ng thi php quay quanh gc to i vi cc z
k
cng mt
gc, ta thu c
n

k=1
a
k
z
k
0.
R rng php quay ny khng nh hng n gi tr ca modul cc s.

k=1
a
k
z
k

k=1
z
2
k

, |z
k
| (k = 1, . . . , n).
Vy, ch cn chng minh cho trng hp
n

k=1
a
k
z
k
0.
Nu ta t z
k
= x
k
+iy
k
(k = 1, . . . , n), th

k=1
a
k
z
k

2
=
_
n

k=1
a
k
x
k
_
2

_
n

k=1
a
2
k
__
n

k=1
x
2
k
_
.
V
2x
2
k
= |z
k
|
2
+ Re z
2
k
,
ta nhn c

k=1
a
k
z
k

1
2
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
__
n

k=1
|z
k
|
2
+
n

k=1
Re z
2
k
_
.
T bt ng thc ny v
n

k=1
z
2
k
=
n

k=1
z
2
k

k=1
z
2
k

ta thu c iu cn chng minh.

16
Chng 4
Tam thc bc () v tam thc bc
(, )
Ta c nhn xt rng bt ng thc Cauchy di dng s ng
x
2
+ 1 2x, x R (4.1)
c th xem nh bt ng thc tam thc bc hai trong trng hp du ng thc xy ra khi v ch
khi x = 1.
Khi , ta d dng m rng cho tam thc bc ( > 1) c bt ng thc tng t nh (4.1)
bng cch thay s 2 bi s . Tht vy, ta cn thit lp bt ng thc dng
x

+ (?) x, x R
+
(4.2)
sao cho du ng thc vn xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
Thay x = 1 vo (4.2), ta nhn c (?) = 1, tc l (4.2) c dng
x

+ 1 x, x R
+
. (4.3)
y chnh l bt ng thc Bernoulli quen bit.
S dng o hm, ta d dng chng minh (4.3).
Tht vy, xt hm s
f(x) = x

+ 1 x, x > 0.
Ta c f(1) = 0 v f

(x) = x
1
= (x
1
1). Suy ra f

(x) = 0 khi v ch khi x = 1 v x = 1

l cc tiu duy nht ca f(x) trn R
+
nn f(x) f(1) = 0.
Nhn xt 1. Trong p dng, c bit trong cc dng ton xc nh gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht,
bt ng thc Bernoulli dng (4.3) ch c s dng trong cc trng hp m bo chc chn rng
du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
Trong nhng trng hp, nu du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = x
0
> 0 cho trc, ta cn
thay (4.3) bi bt ng thc sau y
_
x
x
0
_

+ 1
x
x
0
, x R
+
. (4.4)
Tip theo, ta li c nhn xt rng bt ng thc Cauchy di dng s ng
x
2
+ 1 2x, x R (4.5)
c th xem nh bt ng thc tam thc bc (2,1) (ng vi lu tha 2 v lu tha 1 ca x), trong
trng hp du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
17
Khi , ta d dng m rng mt cch t nhin cho tam thc bc (, ) ( > > 0) c bt
ng thc tng t nh (1.14) bng cch thay lu tha 2 bi s v lu tha 1 bi .
Tht vy, ta cn thit lp bt ng thc dng
x

+ (?) (??)x

, x R
+
(4.6)
sao cho du ng thc vn xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
S dng php i bin x

= t v

= , ta c th a (1.15) v dng
t

+ (?) (??)t, t R
+
(4.7)
So snh vi (4.3), ta thy ngay cn chn (?) = 1 v (??) = . Vy nn
t

+ 1 t, t R
+
,
hay
x

, x R
+
, (4.8)
du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
Ta nhn c bt ng thc Bernoulli i vi tam thc bc (, ) ng vi trng hp du ng
thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1.
s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli cho trng hp m bo chc chn rng du ng thc xy
ra khi v ch khi x = x
0
(x
0
> 0) cho trc, ta ch cn thay (4.8) bi bt ng thc sau y
nh l 11. Gi s cho trc x
0
> 0 v cp s (, ) tho mn iu kin > > 0. Khi
_
x
x
0
_

_
x
x
0
_

, x R
+
. (4.9)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = x
0
.
Bi ton 11. Cho b cc s dng a, b, c; , vi > . Chng minh rng
_
a
b
_

+
_
b
c
_

+
_
c
a
_

_
a
b
_

+
_
b
c
_

+
_
c
a
_

.
Gii. Ta s dng bt ng thc (4.8). Ta c
_

_
_
a
b
_

_
a
b
_

,
_
b
c
_

_
b
c
_

,
_
c
a
_

_
c
a
_

,
_

1
___
a
b
_

+
_
b
c
_

+
_
c
a
_

_
3
_

1
_
(4.10)
Cng cc v tng ng ca (4.10) ta thu c
_
a
b
_

+
_
b
c
_

+
_
c
a
_

_
a
b
_

+
_
b
c
_

+
_
c
a
_

.
Tip theo, ta xt dng tam thc bc (, ):
f(x) = ax

+bx

+c
vi iu kin > 0 > v a +b = k > 0.
Trng hp ring, khi k = 0, ta thu c dng phn thc chnh quy v s c xt chi tit
chng tip theo.
Ta c kt qu sau y.
18
nh l 12. Tam thc bc (, ) dng
f(x) = ax

+bx

+c,
trong a, b > 0, > 0 > v a +b = k 0 c tnh cht sau:
f(x) f(1), x 1.
Chng minh. rng
f

(x) = ax
1
+bx
1
v trong khong (0, +), ta c f

(x) = 0 khi v ch khi

x = x
0
, trong x
0
=
_
1
k
a
1.
Do vy, f(x) ng bin trong [1, +), nn
f(x) f(1), x 1.
H qu 4. Tam thc bc (, ) dng
f(x) = ax

+bx

+c,
trong a, b > 0, > 0 > v a +b = 0 c tnh cht sau:
min
x>0
f(x) = f(1).
19
Chng 5
Mt s bt ng thc c in lin
quan
Tip theo, ta xt bt ng thc dng ni suy sau y.
nh l 13. Vi mi cp dy s thc a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) v 0 x 1, ta u c
_
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
+x

i=j
a
i
b
j
_
2

_
n

k=1
a
2
k
+ 2x

i<j
a
i
a
j
__
n

k=1
b
2
k
+ 2x

i<j
b
i
b
j
_
.
R rng, vi x = 0, ta thu c bt ng thc Cauchy.
Chng minh. Xt tam thc bc hai theo y:
f(y) =
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
+ 2x

i<j
a
i
a
j
_
y
2
2
_
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
+x

i=j
a
i
b
j
_
y +
n

k=1
b
2
k
+ 2x

i<j
b
i
b
j
= (1 x)
n

k=1
(a
k
y b
k
)
2
+x
_
n

k=1
(a
k
y b
k
)
_
2
.
D thy f(y) 0 vi mi y, v v vy ta suy ra ngay c iu cn chng minh.
S dng ng nht thc, ta thu c mt m rng ca bt ng thc Cauchy.
nh l 14 (H.W.Mclaughlin). Vi mi b s thc a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
), ta u c
_
2n

i=1
a
2
i
__
2n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
2n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2
+
_
n

i=1
(a
i
b
n+i
a
n+i
b
i
)
_
2
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
a
n+i
b
n+j
+a
n+j
b
n+i
= 0
v
a
i
b
n+j
a
j
b
n+i
+a
n+i
b
j
a
n+j
b
i
= 0
ng vi mi i, j = 1, . . . , n.
20
Chng minh. Chng minh c suy trc tip t ng thc
_
2n

i=1
a
2
i
__
2n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
2n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2

_
n

i=1
(a
i
b
n+i
a
n+i
b
i
)
_
2
=
=

1i<jn
(a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
a
n+i
b
n+j
+a
n+j
b
n+i
)
2
+
+

1i<jn
(a
i
b
n+j
a
j
b
n+i
a
n+i
b
j
+a
n+j
b
i
)
2
.
Tng t, ta c th m rng bt ng thc Cauchy cho bn b s.
S dng k thut bt ng thc Cauchy i vi
_
a
2
k
+b
2
k
v
a
k
b
k
_
a
2
k
+b
2
k
, ta thu c
nh l 15. Vi mi b s thc a
k
, b
k
sao cho a
2
k
+b
2
k
= 0, k = 1, . . . , n, ta u c
_
n

k=1
a
k
b
k
_
2

k=1
(a
2
k
+b
2
k
)
n

k=1
a
2
k
b
2
k
a
2
k
+b
2
k

k=1
a
2
k
n

k=1
b
2
k
.
Bt ng thc u xy ra ng thc khi v ch khi a v b t l v bt ng thc sau xy ra ng
thc khi v ch khi cc vct {|a
k
|}
n
k=1
v {|b
k
|}
n
k=1
trc giao.
Ta xt tip cc bt ng thc Ostrowski v Fan-Todd.
nh l 16 (A.M.Ostrowski). Cho hai dy khng t l a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) v dy
s thc x = (x
1
, . . . , x
n
) tho mn iu kin
n

i=1
a
i
x
i
= 0,
n

i=1
b
i
x
i
= 1.
Khi
n

i=1
x
2
i

n

i=1
a
2
i
_
n

i=1
a
2
i
__
n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
x
k
=
b
k
n

i=1
a
2
i
a
k
n

i=1
b
2
i
_
n

i=1
a
2
i
__
n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2
, k = 1, . . . , n.
Chng minh. t
A =
n

i=1
a
2
i
, B =
n

i=1
b
2
i
, C =
n

i=1
a
i
b
i
v y
i
=
Ab
i
Ca
i
AB C
2
.
21
D thy rng dy y
1
, . . . , y
n
tho mn iu kin bi ton. Mi dy x
1
, . . . , x
n
, t gi thit, cng
tho mn
n

i=1
x
i
y
i
=
A
AB C
2
.
Do
n

i=1
y
2
i
=
A
AB C
2
.
Mi dy x
1
, . . . , x
n
, theo gi thit, tho mn
n

i=1
x
2
i

n

i=1
y
2
i
=
n

i=1
(x
i
y
i
)
2
Vy nn
n

i=1
x
2
i

n

i=1
y
2
i
=
A
AB C
2
,
chnh l iu phi chng minh.
Tip theo, ta chng minh nh l:
nh l 17 (K.Fan and J.Todd). Vi mi dy s thc a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b = (b
1
, . . . , b
n
) tho
mn iu kin a
i
b
j
= a
j
b
i
ng vi i = j, ta u c
n

i=1
a
2
i
_
n

i=1
a
2
i
__
n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2

_
n
2
_
2 n

i=1
_

j=1,j=i
a
j
a
j
b
i
a
i
b
j
_
2
Chng minh. Ta thy
x
i
=
_
n
2
_
1

j=i
a
i
a
j
a
j
b
i
a
i
b
j
c th nhm thnh cc cp c dng
_
n
2
_
1_
a
i
a
j
a
j
b
i
a
i
b
j
+
a
j
a
i
a
i
b
j
a
j
b
i
_
(i = j)
v tng cp nh vy u bng 0.
Vy ta chuyn c v tng
n

i=1
a
i
x
i
= 0.
Tng t, cng c
n

i=1
b
i
x
i
= 1.
Vy theo kt qu ca nh l Ostrowski va chng minh trn, ta c ngay iu cn chng
minh.
Tip theo, ta xt mt dng bt ng thc, thc cht l bt ng thc Cauchy, trong hnh
hc gn vi tch trong trong khng gian tuyn tnh, thng c gi l Bt ng thc Cauchy -
Schwarz
1
.
1
i khi c gi l bt ng thc Schwarz ( Hermann Amandus Schwarz, 1843-1921)
22
Trc ht, ta nhc li tch v hng i vi cp vct
a = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
), b = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
)
trong khng gian R
n
c nh ngha nh sau
(a, b) =
n

j=1
a
j
b
j
. (5.1)
T (5.1), ta thy ngay rng
(a, a) 0, (a, a) = 0 a = (0, 0, . . . , 0).
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
(a, b) (a, a)
1
2
(b, b)
1
2
. (5.2)
rng, tch v hng (5.1) c cc tnh cht sau y.
(i) (a, a) 0, a R
n
,
(ii) (a, a) = 0 a = (0, 0, . . . , 0),
(iii) (a, b) = (a, b), R, a, b R
n
,
(iv) (a, b +c) = (a, b) + (a, c), a, b, c R
n
,
(v) (a, b) = (b, a), a, b R
n
.
nh ngha 1. Khng gian vct vi tch (a, b) c cc tnh cht (i)-(v) c gi l khng gian vi
tch trong.
V d 4. Gi s (
j
) l b s dng cho trc. Khi , tch v hng vi trng (
j
)
(a, b) =
n

j=1

j
a
j
b
j
(5.3)
l tch trong, tc l, c cc tnh cht (i)-(v).
nh l 18. i vi mi khng gian vi tch trong (a, b), ta u c bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz
(a, b) (a, a)
1
2
+ (b, b)
1
2
. (5.4)
Du ng thc xy ra i vi cp vct a, b khc 0 khi v ch khi b = a vi 0 = R.
Chng minh. S dng tnh cht
(v w, v w) 0,
ta thu c
(v, w)
1
2
(v, v) +
1
2
(w, w). (5.5)
V (5.4) lun lun tho mn khi mt trong hai vct bng 0. Vy, ta ch xt cc vct khc 0. Ta
t
v =
v
(v, v)
1
2
, w =
w
(w, w)
1
2
,
Khi , theo (5.5) th ( v, w) 1. T , ta c ngay (5.4).
23
c bit, i vi khng gian cc hm s lin tc trn mt on thng [, ] cho trc, ta c bt
ng thc Bunhiacovski
2
.
nh l 19. Vi mi cp hm s f(t), g(t) lin tc trn on thng [, ], ta u c
_
_

f(t)g(t)dt
_
2

[f(t)]
2
dt
_

[g(t)]
2
dt.
Chng minh. S dng tnh cht
_

_
f(t) g(t)
_
2
dt 0, R,
ta suy ra
A
2
2B +C 0, R,
trong
A =
_

[g(t)]
2
dt, C =
_

[f(t)]
2
dt, B =
_

f(t)g(t)dt.
T y, p dng nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta c ngay iu cn chng minh.
Tip theo, ta d dng kim chng
V d 5. Gi s V = C[, ] l khng gian cc hm lin tc trn [, ]. Khi , tch v hng ca
cp hm s f(t), g(t) V c nh ngha nh sau
(f, g) =
_

f(t)g(t)dt (5.6)
chnh l tch trong, tc c cc tnh cht (i)-(v).
Tng t nh trng hp khng gian R
n
, ta c th nh ngha tch (5.6) vi trng.
V d 6. Gi s V = C[, ] l khng gian cc hm lin tc trn [, ] v (t) l hm s lin tc
v dng trn [, ]. Khi , tch v hng ca cp hm s f(t), g(t) V vi trng (t) c nh
ngha nh sau
(f(t), g(t)) =
_

(t)f(t)g(t)dt (5.7)
l tch trong, tc c cc tnh cht (i)-(v).
Cc ng dng ca bt ng thc Schwaz v Bunhiacovski trong php tnh tch phn s c
cp cc chng sau.
2
Victor Yacovlewich Bunhiacovski 1804-1889
24
Chng 6
Phng php bt ng thc Cauchy
6.1 gn u v sp th t dy cp im
T bt ng thc
x
2
1
+x
2
2
2x
1
x
2
, x
1
, x
2
R,
ta suy ra vi mi cp s khng m x, y vi tng bng 1 cho trc th tch xy t gi tr ln nht
bng
1
4
khi x = y =
1
2
. Vy
xy
1
4
. (6.1)
Nu ta c mt cp s khng m khc, chng hn u, v vi tng bng 1 th tch uv cng c tnh cht
nh nu v
uv
1
4
. (6.2)
Phi chng ta c th cho mt tiu chun c th sp th t cp s xy v uv?
Nhn xt rng, ta khng th sp th t tt c cc cp s dng theo mt trnh t thng thng
trn ng thng c. Tuy nhin, i vi cc cp s dng c chung tng th nu n trng
hp c bit m bo du ng thc xy ra khi cc s hng (hoc tha s i vi tch) bng nhau,
th ta c th pht biu th t cc cp di dng vn hc rng tch xy t gi tr ln nht trong
trng hp cp s l u, tc l x = y.
nh ngha 2. (i) Xt cc cp s khng m x, y vi tng khng i ( n gin, ta chn x+y = 1).
Ta gi hiu
(x, y) := max(x, y) min(x, y),
l lch ca cp s x, y hay l gn u ca cp s x, y
(ii) Cp x
1
, y
1
c gi l gn u hn ( lch nh hn) cp x
2
, y
2
(hay cp x
2
, y
2
c gi l
xa u hn cp x
1
, y
1
), nu
(x
1
, y
1
) (x
2
, y
2
).
Nh vy, theo nh ngha trn th cp x, y lun c lch (x, y) 0 v lch bng 0 khi v
ch khi x = y, khi cp x, y l cp gn u nht v cc cp 0, 1 v 1, 0 s l nhng cp xa u
nht.
Vi cc quy c nh trn, ta c th sp th t cc tch xy vi tng x + y = 1 khng i theo
ngn ng "gn u" nh sau.
nh l 20. Xt cc cp s khng m x
j
, y
j
(j = 1, 2) vi tng khng i ( n gin, ta chn
x +y = 1). Khi
x
1
y
1
x
2
y
2
khi v ch khi cp x
1
, y
1
gn u hn cp x
2
, y
2
.
25
Chng minh. .
Xt cc cp s khng m x, y vi tng bng 1 khng i. Khng mt tnh tng qut, coi
0 x < y. Vi mi > 0 nh, m bo x + < y (ch cn chn [0,
yx
2
). D thy
rng cp x +, y gn u hn cp x, y cho. Ta ch cn chng minh rng
xy (x +)(y ) (6.3)
l .
iu ny l hin nhin v (6.3) tng ng vi bt ng thc (y x ) 0.
Th t sp c theo ngn ng "gn u dn" cho ta mt cch tip cn t nhin vi nhiu bi
ton ca thc tin. Chng hn, khi ta c cp s t nhin x, y c tng bng mt s l th cp s
s khng bao gi l cp s nguyn bng nhau c. Khi khi nim gn u nht (m khng phi
l u) s c ngha thc tin.
Nhn xt rng, i vi cc cp s dng c chung tch th ta cng c th pht biu th t cc
cp di dng vn hc rng tng x +y t gi tr nh nht trong trng hp cp s l u,
tc l x = y.
nh ngha 3. (i) Xt cc cp s dng x, y vi tch khng i ( n gin, ta chn xy = a > 0).
Ta gi hiu
(x, y) := max(x, y) min(x, y),
l lch ca cp s x, y hay l gn u ca cp s x, y
(ii) Cp x
1
, y
1
c gi l gn u hn ( lch nh hn) cp x
2
, y
2
(hay cp x
2
, y
2
c gi l
xa u hn cp x
1
, y
1
), nu
(x
1
, y
1
) (x
2
, y
2
).
Nh vy, theo nh ngha trn th cp x, y lun c lch (x, y) 0 v lch bng 0 khi v
ch khi x = y, khi cp x, y l cp gn u nht v cc cp 0, 1 v 1, 0 s l nhng cp xa u
nht.
Vi cc quy c nh trn, ta c th sp th t cc tng x +y vi tch xy khng i theo ngn
ng "gn u" nh sau.
nh l 21. Xt cc cp s dng x
j
, y
j
(j = 1, 2) vi tch khng i ( n gin, ta chn
x
j
y
j
= 1). Khi
x
1
+y
1
x
2
+y
2
khi v ch khi cp x
1
, y
1
gn u hn cp x
2
, y
2
.
Chng minh. Xt cc cp s dng x, y vi tch bng 1 khng i. Khng mt tnh tng qut, coi
0 < x < y. Vi mi > 1, m bo x < ()
1
y (ch cn chn
_
1,
_
y
x
_
.
D thy rng cp x, y()
1
gn u hn cp x, y cho. Ta ch cn chng minh rng
x +y x +y()
1
(6.4)
l .
iu ny l hin nhin v (6.4) tng ng vi bt ng thc x y.
nh l sau y ng vai tr trng tm i vi hai cp s sp c th t.
Xt hai cp s (z, 2 z) v (y, 2 y) vi
1 z y 2
hoc
0 y z 1.
Khi , theo nh ngha, r rng cp s (z, 2 z) gn u hn so vi cp s (y, 2 y). Vy nn, ta
c
26
nh l 22 (H.W.Melaughlin, F.T.Metcalf). Vi mi cp dy s dng a = (a
1
, . . . , a
n
) v b =
(b
1
, . . . , b
n
) sao cho 1 z y 2 hoc 0 y z 1, ta u c
_
n

k=1
a
y
k
b
2y
k
__
n

k=1
a
2y
k
b
y
k
_

_
n

k=1
a
z
k
b
2z
k
__
n

k=1
a
2z
k
b
z
k
_
.
y chnh l mt dng ni suy bt ng thc Cauchy trong [0, 1]. T kt qu ny, ta d dng
thu c ngay bt ng thc Cauchy quen bit.
Qu trnh sp u c th dng iu chnh b s nh sau:
Bi ton 12. Cho
B =
_
a
1
+a
2
2
,
a
2
+a
3
2
, ,
a
2005
+a
2006
2
,
a
2006
+a
1
2
_
l mt hon v ca b s
A = {a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
2006
}.
Chng minh rng
a
1
= a
2
= = a
2006
.
Chng minh. Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
a
2
k
+a
2
k+1
2

_
a
k
+a
k+1
2
_
2
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a
k
= a
k+1
, k = 1, 2, . . . , 2006, trong a
2007
:= a
1
. Do B l
mt hon v ca A, nn
2006

k=1
a
2
k
=
2006

k=1
a
2
k
+a
2
k+1
2
=
2006

k=1
_
a
k
+a
k+1
2
_
2
.
iu ny ch xy ra khi ng thi a
1
= a
2
, a
2
= a
3
, . . . , a
2006
= a
1
, iu cn chng minh.
Nhn xt 2. Vn sp th t gn u i vi b s tu s c cp trong cc chng sau.
c bit qu trnh sp th t gn cht ch vi gi thit ca Karamata khi m rng cc bt ng
thc c in i vi lp hm li, lm v ta li, lm.
6.2 K thut tch v ghp b s
Trong nhng nm gn y, chng ta thy c kh nhiu dng bt ng thc trong cc k thi
Olympic quc t, v ch quc gia ca nhiu nc trn th gii. Rt nhiu bi ton v bt ng
thc xut pht t cc php bin i biu thc i xng theo cc kiu (c th) khc nhau.
Trong mc ny chng ta a ra mt s dng bt ng thc ly t cc k thi Olympic quc t
v Olympic quc gia ca mt s nc m cch gii da ch yu vo k thut tch, ghp v iu
chnh b h s {a
k
} trong bt ng thc Cauchy. minh ho v tnh ton n gin, ta ch
yu xt cc v d vi cp b ba bin. Thc cht ca k thut ny cng chnh l cch sp th t v
iu chnh b s theo qu trnh gn u hoc u theo tng nhm.
Bi ton 13. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
a +b +c 2
_
a
2
b +c
+
b
2
c +a
+
c
2
a +b
_
.
27
Gii. Ta vit v tri di dng
a +b +c =
a

b +c

b +c +
b

c +a

c +a +
c

a +b

a +b.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
(a +b +c)
2

_
a
2
b +c
+
b
2
c +a
+
c
2
a +b
_
[(b +c) + (c +a) + (a +b)].
T y ta thu c iu cn chng minh.
Bi ton 14. Cho a, b, c > 0, a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 1. Chng minh rng
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
(a +b +c) 2

3.
Gii. T h thc hin nhin
(

3x 1)
2
(2

3x + 3) 0, x > 0,
suy ra
1
a
a
4

3
3
2

3a
2
.
Tng t, ta cng c
1
b
b
4

3
3
2

3b
2
,
1
c
c
4

3
3
2

3c
2
.
Do
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
(a +b +c) =
_
1
a
a
_
+
_
1
b
b
_
+
_
1
c
c
_

_
4

3
3
2

3a
2
_
+
_
4

3
3
2

3b
2
_
+
_
4

3
3
2

3c
2
_
= 2

3,
iu cn chng minh.
Nhn xt 3. Bng phng php tng t, ta d dng chng minh bt ng thc sau:
Vi mi cp s dng a, b v b s dng x
k
vi tng
n

k=1
x
2
k
= 1, ta u c
a
_
n

k=1
1
x
k
_

_
n

k=1
x
k
_
(an b)

n.
Bi ton 15. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng
_
a +b
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
b +c
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
c +a
a +b +c
_
1/2
6
1/2
.
Gii. t
T :=
_
a +b
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
b +c
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
c +a
a +b +c
_
1/2
.
28
Khi , ta c
T
2
=
_
1
_
a +b
a +b +c
_
1/2
+ 1
_
b +c
a +b +c
_
1/2
+ 1
_
c +a
a +b +c
_
1/2
_
2
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
T
2
(1
2
+ 1
2
+ 1
2
)
_
a +b
a +b +c
+
b +c
a +b +c
+
c +a
a +b +c
_
= 6.
T y suy ra
_
a +b
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
b +c
a +b +c
_
1/2
+
_
c +a
a +b +c
_
1/2
6
1/2
.
Bi ton 16 (APMO 1991). Cho hai b s dng a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
v b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
c chung tng:
n

k=1
a
k
=
n

k=1
b
k
.
Chng minh rng
n

k=1
a
2
k
a
k
+b
k

1
2
n

k=1
a
k
.
Gii. S dng bt ng thc Cauchy
_
n

k=1
a
k
_
2

k=1
a
2
k
a
k
+b
k
n

k=1
(a
k
+b
k
).
Suy ra
n

k=1
a
2
k
a
k
+b
k

_
n

k=1
a
k
_
2
n

k=1
(a
k
+b
k
)
=
1
2
n

k=1
a
k
,
iu cn chng minh.
Bi ton 17. Cho a, b, c > 0, a +b +c = 1. Chng minh rng
ab
c(b +c)
+
bc
a(c +a)
+
ca
b(a +b)

3
2
.
Gii. K hiu
M :=
ab
c(b +c)
+
bc
a(c +a)
+
ca
b(a +b)
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c
_
_
ab
c
+
_
bc
a
+
_
ca
b
_
2
=
_

ab
c(b +c)

b +c +

bc
a(c +a)

c +a +
_
ca
b(a +b)

a +b
_
2

_
ab
c(b +c)
+
bc
a(c +a)
+
ca
b(a +b)
_
[2(a +b +c)] = M[2(a +b +c)].
29
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
(a +b +c)
2
3(ab +bc +ca),
nn
_
_
ab
c
+
_
bc
a
+
_
ca
b
_
2
3(b +c +a).
Suy ra M
3
2
, hay
ab
c(b +c)
+
bc
a(c +a)
+
ca
b(a +b)

3
2
.
Bi ton 18 (Japan MO- 2004). Cho a, b, c > 0, a +b +c = 1. Chng minh rng
1 +a
1 a
+
1 +b
1 b
+
1 +c
1 c
2
_
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c
_
. (6.5)
Gii. Ta vit (6.5) di dng
1 +a
1 a
+
1 +b
1 b
+
1 +c
1 c
= 3 +
2a
1 a
+
2b
1 b
+
2c
1 c
2
_
b
a
+
c
b
+
a
c
_
2a
_
1
c

1
1 a
_
+ 2b
_
1
a

1
1 b
_
+ 2c
_
1
b

1
1 c
_
3
a
_
1
c

1
b +c
_
+b
_
1
a

1
c +a
_
+c
_
1
b

1
a +b
_

3
2

ab
c(b +c)
+
bc
a(c +a)
+
ca
b(a +b)

3
2
.
iu cn chng minh ny chnh l bt ng thc bi ton 1.17.
Bi ton 19 (MO Romanian 2004). Chng minh rng, vi mi a, b, c > 0, ta u c
a
bc(c +a)
+
b
ca(a +b)
+
c
ab(b +c)

27
2(a +b +c)
2
. (6.6)
Gii. t
a
bc(c +a)
+
b
ca(a +b)
+
c
ab(b +c)
= M.
Ta c
_
_
a
bc
+
_
b
ca
+
_
c
ab
_
2
=
=
_
_
a
bc(c +a)

c +a +

b
ca(a +b)

a +b +
_
c
ab(b +c)

b +c
_
2

_
a
bc(c +a)
+
b
ca(a +b)
+
c
ab(b +c)
_
[2(a +b +c)] = M[2(a +b +c)].
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
_
a
bc
+
_
b
ca
+
_
c
ab
_
2
3
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
30
hay
_
_
a
bc
+
_
b
ca
+
_
c
ab
_
2

27
(a +b +c)
,
nn suy ra (6.6):
M
27
2(a +b +c)
2
.
Bi ton 20 (MO USA). Xt cc s dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin abc = 1. Tm gi tr nh
nht ca biu thc
P =
1
a
2
(b +c)
+
1
b
2
(c +a)
+
1
c
2
(a +b)
.
Gii. Ta c
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
=
=
_
1
a

b +c

b +c +
1
b

c +a

c +a +
1
c

a +b

a +b
_
2
P[2(a +b +c)].
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
3
_
1
ab
+
1
bc
+
1
ca
_
hay
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2

3(a +b +c)
abc
= 3(a +b +c).
T y suy ra P
3
2
v P
min
=
3
2
khi a = b = c = 1.
Bi ton 21. Chng minh rng, vi mi b s dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin abc = 1, ta u c
1
a
3
(b +c)
+
1
b
3
(c +a)
+
1
c
3
(a +b)

1
2
(ab +bc +ca).
Gii. Ta c
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
=
=
_
1
a
_
a(b +c)
_
a(b +c) +
1
b
_
b(c +a)
_
b(c +a) +
1
c
_
c(a +b)
_
c(a +b)
_
2

_
1
a
3
(b +c)
+
1
b
3
(c +a)
+
1
c
3
(a +b)
_
[2(ab +bc +ca)].
Mt khc, theo gi thit abc = 1, ta c
_
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
_
2
= (ab +bc +ca)
2
.
T y suy ra ngay c iu cn chng minh.
31
Bi ton 22. Chng minh rng, vi mi b s dng a, b, c, ta u c
a
4
b
2
(c +a)
+
b
4
c
2
(a +b)
+
c
4
a
2
(b +c)

1
2
(a +b +c).
Gii. Ta c
_
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
_
2
=
=
_
a
2
b

c +a

c +a +
b
2
c

a +b

a +b +
c
2
a

b +c

b +c
_
2

_
a
4
b
2
(c +a)
+
b
4
c
2
(a +b)
+
c
4
a
2
(b +c)
_
[2(a +b +c)].
Mt khc, cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
a
2
b
+
b
2
c
+
c
2
a
_
2
(a +b +c)
2
.
T y ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Bi ton 23. Chng minh rng, vi mi b s dng a, b, c, ta u c
a
6
b
3
(a +c)
+
b
6
c
3
(a +b)
+
c
6
a
3
(b +c)

1
2
(ab +bc +ca).
Gii. Ta c
_
a
3
b
+
b
3
c
+
c
3
a
_
2
=
=
_
a
3
b

bc +ba

bc +ba +
b
3
c

ca +cb

ca +cb +
c
3
a

ab +ac

ab +ac
_
2

_
a
6
b
3
(a +c)
+
b
6
c
3
(a +b)
+
c
6
a
3
(b +c)
_
[2(ab +bc +ca)].
Mt khc cng theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
a
3
b
+
b
3
c
+
c
3
a
_
2
(ab +bc +ca)
2
.
T y ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Bi ton 24. Cho hai b s dng p, q, r v x, y, z. Chng minh rng
p
q +r
x
2
+
q
r +p
y
2
+
r
p +q
z
2
(xy +yz +zx)
1
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
Gii.
t
p
q +r
x
2
+
q
r +p
y
2
+
r
p +q
z
2
= M.
32
Ta s dng bin i sau
M =
_
p
q +r
x
2
+x
2
_
+
_
q
r +p
y
2
+y
2
_
+
_
r
p +q
z
2
+z
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
= (p +q +z)
_
x
2
q +r
+
y
2
r +p
+
z
2
p +q
_
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
=
1
2
_
(

q +r)
2
+ (

r +p)
2
+ (

p +q)
2
__
(
x

q +r
)
2
+
y

r +p
)
2
+
z

p +q
)
2
_
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
_
(

q +r)
2
+ (

r +p)
2
+ (

p +q)
2
__
(
x

q +r
)
2
+
y

r +p
)
2
+
z

p +q
)
2
_
(x +y +z)
2
.
Suy ra
M
1
2
(x +y +z)
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
),
hay
M (xy +yz +zx)
1
2
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
p
y +z x
=
q
x +z y
=
r
x +y z
.
Bi ton 25. Vi a, b, c > 0, tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
3a
b +c
+
4b
c +a
+
5c
a +b
.
Gii. Ta c
P =
_
3a
b +c
+ 3
_
+
_
4b
c +a
+ 4
_
+
_
5c
a +b
+ 5
_
12
=(a +b +c)
_
3
b +c
+
4
c +a
+
5
a +b
_
12
=
1
2
_
(

b +c)
2
+ (

c +a)
2
+ (

a +b)
2
___
_
3
b +c
_
2
+
_
_
4
c +a
_
2
+
_
_
5
a +b
_
2
_
12

1
2
_

3 + 2 +

5
_
2
12
Vy P
min
=
1
2
_

3 + 2 +

5
_
2
12, khi :
b +c

3
=
c +a
2
=
a +b

5
.
33
6.3 Th t v sp li th t ca b s
K thut sp li th t ca b dy s cho trc ph hp vi c th ca bi ton ng vai tr
rt tch cc trong vic nh hng sng tc bi tp cng nh nh hng cch chng minh cc bt
ng thc. Ch rng, sau khi sp li th t b s, chng hn x y z, ta thy ngay cp s
x y, y z gn u hn cp x z, 0. V vy, ng vi mi > 1, ta d dng kim chng hm s
f(t) = t

c tnh cht
f(x z) +f(0) f(x y) +f(y z),
hay
(x z)

(x y)

+ (y z)

.
Mt cch tng qut, vi mi b s sp c
x
1
x
2
x
n
,
v vi mi > 1, ta u c
(x
1
x
n
)

(x
1
x
2
)

+ (x
2
x
3
)

+ + (x
n1
x
n
)

.
Bi ton 26. Gi s a b c > 0. Chng minh rng
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2
a +b +c.
Gii. Ta c bin i sau
(a +b +c)
2
=
_
a
c

b
c
a

b +
b
a

c
a
b

c +
c
b

a
b
c

a
_
2

_
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2
__
c
2
b
a
2
+
a
2
c
b
2
+
b
2
a
c
2
_
.
Ta chng minh bt ng thc:
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2

ab
2
c
2
+
bc
2
a
2
+
ca
2
b
2
.
Tht vy, ta c
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2

ab
2
c
2
+
bc
2
a
2
+
ca
2
b
2
a
4
b
3
+b
4
c
3
+c
4
a
3
a
3
b
4
+b
3
c
4
+c
3
a
4
a
3
b
3
(a b) +b
3
c
3
(b c) +c
3
a
3
(c a) 0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
+c
3
)(a b) +b
3
c
3
(b c) +c
3
a
3
(c a) 0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
)(a b) +c
3
_
a
3
(a b) +b
3
(b c) +a
3
(c a)
_
0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
)(a b) +c
3
_
a
3
(c b) +b
3
(b c)
_
0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
)(a b) +c
3
(b c)(b
3
a
3
) 0
(b c)(a b)[a
2
(ab
2
c
3
) +c
2
(a
3
b
2
c) +abc(a
2
c
2
)] 0.
T y suy ra
(a +b +c)
2

_
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2
_
2
hay
a +b +c
a
2
b
c
2
+
b
2
c
a
2
+
c
2
a
b
2
.
34
Bi ton 27. Gi s a b c > 0. Chng minh rng
a
2
c
3
+
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3

1

ab
+
1

bc
+
1

ca
.
Gii. Ta c
_
1

ab
+
1

bc
+
1

ca
_
2
=
=
_
1

a
b
a
1

b
a
b
+
1

b
c
b
1

c
b
c
+
1

c
a
c
1

a
c
a
_
2

_
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3
+
a
2
c
3
__
a
2
b
3
+
b
2
c
3
+
c
2
a
3
_
.
Tip theo, ta chng minh bt ng thc
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3
+
a
2
c
3

a
2
b
3
+
b
2
c
3
+
c
2
a
3
.
Tht vy, ta c cc bin i tng ng sau
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3
+
a
2
c
3

a
2
b
3
+
b
2
c
3
+
c
2
a
3
b
5
c
3
+c
5
a
3
+a
5
b
3
a
5
c
3
+b
5
a
3
+c
5
b
3
a
3
b
3
(a
2
b
2
) +b
3
c
3
(b
2
c
2
) +c
3
a
3
(c
2
a
2
) 0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
+c
3
)(a
2
b
2
) +b
3
c
3
(b
2
c
2
) +c
3
a
3
(c
2
a
2
) 0
a
3
(b
3
c
3
)(a
2
b
2
) +c
3
(b
2
c
2
)(a
3
b
3
) 0.
Suy ra
_
1

ab
+
1

bc
+
1

ca
_
2

_
a
2
c
3
+
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3
_
2
,
hay
1

ab
+
1

bc
+
1

ca

a
2
c
3
+
b
2
a
3
+
c
2
b
3
.
Bi ton 28 (IMO 1995). Cho cc s dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin
abc = 1. Chng minh rng
a
2
b +c
+
b
2
c +a
+
c
2
a +b

3
2
.
Gii. t bc = x, ca = y v ab = z. Theo gi thit, ta thu c
1
a
= x,
1
b
= y,
1
c
= z
v
x +y +z 3.
Ta a bt ng thc cho v dng
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

3
2
.
35
Do vai tr ca a, b, c cng nh ca x, y, z bnh ng, khng mt tng qut, ta c th gi thit
a b c hay 0 < x y z. Khi
_
_
_
x
2
y
2
z
2
1
y +z

1
z +x

1
x +y
.
Suy ra
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

x
2
y +x
+
y
2
z +y
+
z
2
x +z
v
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

x
2
x +z
+
y
2
y +x
+
z
2
z +y
.
T y, cng cc v tng ng, ta nhn c
x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y

1
2
_
x
2
+z
2
x +z
+
y
2
+x
2
y +x
+
z
2
+y
2
z +y
_
.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, th
x
2
+z
2

(x +z)
2
2
, y
2
+x
2

(y +x)
2
2
, z
2
+y
2

(z +y)
2
2
,
v v vy
1
2
_
x
2
+z
2
x +z
+
y
2
+x
2
y +x
+
z
2
+y
2
z +y
_

1
2
(x +y +z)
3
2
.
T y, ta thu c iu cn chng minh.
Nhn xt 4. Sau khi sp li th t, ta cng c th s dng trc tip bt ng thc Chebyshev
_
x +y +z
3
__
x
y +z
+
y
z +x
+
z
x +y
_

x
2
y +z
+
y
2
z +x
+
z
2
x +y
.
T cc kt qu quen bit (ng vi xyz = 1)
x +y +z
3
1,
x
y +z
+
y
z +x
+
z
x +y

3
2
,
ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
6.4 iu chnh v la chn tham s
i vi mt s bt ng thc ng bc dng khng i xng th du ng thc trong bt ng
thc thng xy ra khi gi tr ca cc bin tng ng khng bng nhau. V vy, cn la chn k
thut hp l gii cc bi ton cc tr dng khng i xng l rt cn thit. Mt trong nhng k
thut c bn nht chnh l xy dng thut ton sp th t gn u. Trong trng hp dng bc
hai, ta s dng phng php min gi tr nh nu trn. Trong phn ny, ta nu thm mt
k thut na nhm iu chnh b s bng tham s ph. Ta a vo cc tham s t do cn thit
thng l cc gi tr trung gian c xc nh sau theo cch chn c bit tt c cc du ng
thc ng thi xy ra. Tham s ph c a vo mt cch hp l phng trnh xc nh chng
c nghim.
36
Bi ton 29. Cho s dng a. Xt b s dng x, y, z tho mn iu kin
xy +yz +zx = 1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = a(x
2
+y
2
) +z
2
.
Gii. Ta thy biu thc P i xng theo x, y, do vai tr ca x v y l bnh ng nn ta c th t
z
2
2
= x
2
= y
2
, > 0 c chn sau.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy (hoc bt ng thc AG) cho 2 s dng, ta c
x
2
+
z
2
2
2
_

2
xz, y
2
+
z
2
2
2
_

2
yz,
_

2
(x
2
+y
2
) 2
_

2
xy.
T cc bt ng thc trn, ta nhn c
_
+
_

2
_
(x
2
+y
2
) +z
2
2
_

2
(xy +yz +zx) = 2
_

2
.
Chn sao cho
+
_

2
= a,
hay
_

2
=
1 +

1 + 8a
4
.
Ta thy du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_
_
_
z
2
2
= x
2
= y
2
xy +yz +zx = 1
hay
_

_
x = y =
1
4

1 + 8a
,
z =
4

1 + 8a 1
2
4

1 + 8a
.
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc cho bng
minP =
1 +

1 + 8a
2
.
Bi ton 30. Cho u, v l cc s dng. Xt b s dng a, b, c tho mn iu kin
ab +bc +ca = 1.
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
Q = ua
2
+vb
2
+c
2
.
37
Gii. Ta phn tch
u = x +y, v = z +t, 1 = m+n,
trong x, y, z, t, m, n l cc s dng s c chn sau.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy cho 2 s dng, ta c
xa
2
+tb
2
2

xtab, ya
2
+nc
2
2

ynac, zb
2
+mc
2
2

zmbc.
T cc bt ng thc trn, ta nhn c
Q 2

xtab + 2

ynac + 2

zmbc.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
xa
2
= tb
2
ya
2
= nc
2
zb
2
= mc
2
hay
_

_
x
t
=
b
2
a
2
n
y
=
a
2
c
2
z
m
=
c
2
b
2
Suy ra
xzn = ytm. (6.7)
Chn x, y, z, t, m, n sao cho
xt = yn = zm =
tho mn (6.7)
Ta c
(x +y)(z +t)(m+n) = uv
(xz +xt +yz +yt)(m+n) = uv
xzm+xtm+yzm+ytm+xzn +xtn +yzn +ytn = uv
(x +y +m+n +t +z) + 2xzn = uv.
M (xzn)(ytm) =
3
nn xzn =

3
.
t q =

th
2q
3
+ (u +v + 1)q
2
uv = 0. (6.8)
R rng (6.8) c nghim dng duy nht, k hiu l q
0
.
Vy minP = 2q
0
vi q
0
l nghim dng duy nht ca phng trnh (6.8).
Nhn xt 5. Hai bi ton trn hon ton c th gii c theo phng php tam thc bc hai thng
thng.
Bi ton 31 (Thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam d IMO-1994). Xt b s thc a, b, c, d tho mn iu
kin
1
2
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
1.
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc sau
Q = (a 2b +c)
2
+ (b 2c +d)
2
+ (b 2a)
2
+ (c 2d)
2
.
38
Gii. Do vai tr ca a v d, b v c l i xng trong biu thc trn, ta d don rng im cc tr
s t c ti cc b s tho mn iu kin a
2
= d
2
, b
2
= c
2
. Vi p l s thc dng (c xc
nh sau), theo bt ng thc Cauchy - Bunhiacovski, ta c
(1 + 3p)
_
a
2
1
+
2b
2
p
+
c
2
p
_
(a 2b +c)
2
(p + 2)
_
b
2
p
+ 2a
2
_
(b 2a)
2
(1 + 3p)
_
d
2
1
+
2c
2
p
+
b
2
p
_
(d 2c +b)
2
(p + 2)
_
c
2
p
+ 2d
2
_
(c 2d)
2
Cng v vi v 4 bt ng thc trn, ta nhn c
Q (5 + 5p)(a
2
+d
2
) +
5 + 10p
p
(b
2
+c
2
). (6.9)
By gi ta cn chn p > 0 sao cho
1 +p =
1 + 2p
p
,
tc p =
1 +

5
2
.
Thay p =
1 +

5
2
vo (6.9), ta thu c
Q
5(3 +

5)
2
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
a > 0, c > 0, b < 0, d < 0
|a| = |d| =

b
p

c
p

a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
= 1
Gii h trn ng vi p =
1 +

5
2
, ta nhn c
_

_
a = d =
1
_
5

5
,
b = c =

5 1
2
_
5

5
.
(6.10)
Vy, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc bng
max Q =
5(3 +

5)
2
,
khi a, b, c, d tho mn iu kin (6.10).
Tip theo, ta tm gi tr nh nht.
Vi cch phn tch tng t nh trn, vic tm Min Q c trnh by hon ton tng t.
39
Ta c
Q = 5(a
2
+d
2
) + 6(b
2
+c
2
) + 2a(c 4b) + 2d(b 4c) 8bc
5(a
2
+d
2
) + 6(b
2
+c
2
)
1
p
[p
2
a
2
+ (c 4b)
2
]
1
p
[p
2
d
2
+ (b 4c)
2
] 8bc
hay
Q (5 p)(a
2
+d
2
) +
_
6
17
p
_
(b
2
+c
2
) + 2
_
8
p
4
_
bc.
Chn p trong khong (2,5) sao cho
8
p
4 < 0 v v vy
Q (5 p)(a
2
+d
2
) +
_
6
17
p
_
(b
2
+c
2
) + 2
_
8
p
4
_
(b
2
+c
2
)
Q (5 p)(a
2
+d
2
) +
_
2
9
p
_
(b
2
+c
2
).
Tip theo,chn p sao cho 5 p = 2
9
p
, tc p =
3 +

45
2
(2, 5), ta c
Q
_
5
3 +

45
2
_
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
)
7

45
4
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
pa = c 4b
pd = b 4c
b = c
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
+d
2
=
1
2
hay
_

_
a = d =
3
2
_
9 +p
2
b = c =
3
2
_
9 +p
2
vi p =
3 +

45
2
.
Vy
minQ =
7

45
4
.
Bi ton 32. Xt b s x, y, z tho mn iu kin
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+
16
25
xy = a
2
,
trong a l s dng cho trc.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
P = xy +yz +zx.
Gii. Vi q tu (c chn sau) trong (0, 1), p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 2 s khng m,
ta c _

_
q(x
2
+y
2
) 2q
_
x
2
y
2
2qxy
(1 q)x
2
+
z
2
2
2
_
1q
2
x
2
z
2
2
_
1q
2
xz
(1 q)y
2
+
z
2
2
2
_
1q
2
y
2
z
2
2
_
1q
2
yz
16
25
xy =
16
25
xy.
Cng cc v tng ng ca cc bt ng thc trn, ta nhn c
a
2

_
2q +
16
25
_
xy + 2
_
1 q
2
(yz +zx). (6.11)
40
xut hin biu thc P v phi ca (6.11) ta ch vic chn q sao cho
2q +
16
25
= 2
_
1 q
2
hay q =
7
25
.
Thay gi tr q vo (6.11) ta thu c P
5a
2
6
. Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
_

_
x = y =
5z
3
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+
15
25
xy = a
2
hay
_

_
x = y =
a

3
z =
3a
5

3
.
41
Chng 7
Cc gi tr trung bnh
Ta s dng cc gi tr trung bnh thc hin quy trnh sp th t gn u trong bt ng thc.
Chng ta bit rng c im ca nhiu bt ng thc l du bng xy ra khi v ch khi tt c
hoc mt vi bin s bng nhau (xut pht t bt ng thc c bn x
2
0!, c bit l bt ng
thc i s.
Phng php dn bin da vo c im ny lm gim bin s ca bt ng thc, a bt
ng thc v dng n gin hn. c th chng minh trc tip bng cch kho st hm mt bin
hoc chng minh bng quy np.
chng minh bt ng thc
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) 0, (7.1)
ta c th chng minh
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) f
_
x
1
+x
2
2
,
x
1
+x
2
2
, . . . , x
n
_
. (7.2)
hoc
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) f
_

x
1
x
2
,

x
1
x
2
, . . . , x
n
_
. (7.3)
Sau , chuyn sang vic chng minh (7.1) v chng minh bt ng thc
f(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
) g(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
)
tc l chng minh bt ng thc c t bin s hn. D nhin, cc bt ng thc (7.2) c th khng
ng, hoc ch ng trong mt s iu kin no . V ta ch thay i hai bin s nn c th kim
tra tnh ng ng ca bt ng thc ny mt cch d dng.
Ta xt cc bi ton sau minh ho phng php.
Bi ton 33. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z, > 0 th
2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) + 3(xyz)
2/3
(x +y +z)
2
.
Chng minh. Xt hm
F(x, y, z) = 2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) + 3(xyz)
2/3
(x +y +z)
2
= x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2xy 2yz 2zx + 3(xyz)
2/3
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s x y z, ta cn chng minh F(x, y, z) 0.
thc hin dn bin bng trung bnh nhn, ta s chng minh
F(x, y, z) F(x,

yz,

yz). (7.4)
42
Tht vy, xt hiu d = F(x, y, z) F(x,

yz,

yz).
d = x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2xy 2yz 2zx (x
2
+yz +yz 2x

yz 2x

yz 2yz)
+ 3(xyz)
2/3
3(xyz)
2/3
= y
2
+z
2
2yz + 4x

yz 2x(y +z)
= (y z)
2
+ 2x(y z + 2

yz)
= (y z)
2
2x(

z)
2
= (

z)
2
[(

y +

z)
2
2x]
= (

z)
2
[(y +z 2x) + 2

yz] 0
V x y z suy ra y +z 2x. T suy ra bt ng thc (7.4) ng.
Mt khc
F(x,

yz,

yz) = x
2
4x

yz + 3(xyz)
2/3
M
x
2
+ 3(xyz)
2/3
= x
2
(xyz)
2/3
+ (xyz)
2/3
+ (xyz)
2/3
4(x
2
y
2
z
2
)
1/4
= 4x

yz
nh p dng bt ng thc csi cho bn s khng m x
2
, (xyz)
2/3
, (xyz)
2/3
,
(xyz)
2/3
. Do vy F(x,

yz,

yz) 0. T suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh.

Bi ton 34. Chng minh rng nu x, y, z, t 0 th
3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
) + 4

xyzt (x +y +z +t)
2
.
Chng minh. Xt hm
F(x, y, z, t) = 3(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
) + 4

xyzt (x +y +z +t)
2
= 2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
) 2xy 2xz 2xt
2yz 2yt 2zt + 4

xyzt
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s x y z t, ta cn chng minh F(x, y, z, t) 0, trc
ht, ta c F(x, y, z, t) F(x, y,

zt,

zt). Tht vy, xt hiu d = F(x, y, z, t) F(x, y,

zt,

zt).
d = 2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
) 2xy (2xz + 2xt + 2yt + 2zt) + 4

xyzt
[2(x
2
+y
2
+zt +zt) 2xy + 2x

zt + 2x

zt
+ 2y

zt + 2y

zt + 2zt) + 4

xyzt]
= 2(z
2
+t
2
) 4zt 2x(z +t) 2y(z +t) + 4 + 4x

zt + 4y

zt
= 2(t z)
2
2x(

z)
2
2y(

z)
2
= (

z)
2
[2(

t +

z)
2
2x 2y]
Do x y z t nn
2(

t +

z)
2
2x 2y = 2(t +z x y + 2

zt) 0
suy ra d 0.
43
Tip theo ta chng minh
F(x, y, , ) F(x, (y
2
)
1/3
, (y
2
)
1/3
, (y
2
)
1/3
)
vi =

zt. t = (y
2
)
1/3
suy ra y =

3

2
, ta phi chng minh
F(x,

3

2
, , ) F(x, , , )
v x

3

2
.
Tht vy xt
F(x,

3

2
, , ) F(x, , , ) =
= 2(x
2
+

3

2
+
2
+
2
) [2(
x
3

2
) + 2x +
2
3

+
2
3

+ 2
2
] + 4
_
x
3

[2(x
2
+
2
+
2
+
2
) (2x + 2x + 2x + 2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
+ 4
_
x
3
]
= 2
_

4
+ 2
2
_

_
2x
3

2
+ 4x +
4
3

+ 2
2
_
+6x
= 2
_

4
+
2

2
3

_
2x
_

2
+ 2 3)
= 2
_

2

_
2
+2x(3

3

2
2)
M
3

3

2
4
_

2
2(
_

)
2
(7.5)
Bt ng thc ny tng ng vi mi bt ng thc sau
3 4
_

3 4
_

3


3

4
_
+ 3 0
(
_

)(
_
3

) 0
Bt ng thc cui ng v . Vy (7.5) ng.
T suy ra
F(x,

3

2
, , ) F(x, , , ) 2(

3

2
)
2
+ 2x(4
_

3

2
3

2)
V tri ca bt ng thc ny ln hn hoc bng
2(

2
)
2
(

+
_

2
)
2
4x(

2
)
2
2(

2
)
2
[(

+
_

2
)
2
2x] 0
44
ng. Vy
F(x,

3

2
, , ) F(x, , , )
M
F(x, , , ) = 2x
2
6x + 4
_
x
3
p dng bt ng thc cosi ta c
2x
2
+ 4
_
x
3
= x
2
+x
2
+
_
x
3
+
_
x
3
+
_
x
3
+
_
x
3
6x
Suy ra F(x, , , ) 0, suy ra F(x, y, z, t) 0. Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.
Bi ton 35. Cho a, b, c l cc s khng m, sao cho a +b +c = d, n 2, tm gi tr ln nht ca
biu thc
P =
(ab)
n
1 ab
+
(bc)
n
1 bc
+
(ca)
n
1 ac
.
Chng minh. Khng gim tng qut, ta gi s a b c.
Xt
P(a, b, c) =
(ab)
n
1 ab
+
(bc)
n
1 bc
+
(ca)
n
1 ac
.
Ta chng minh
P(a, b, c) P(a, b +c, 0)
Tht vy ta xt hiu
P(a, b, c) P(a, b +c, 0)
=
[a(b +c)]
n
1 a(b +c)

_
(ab)
n
1 ab
+
(bc)
n
1 bc
+
(ca)
n
1 ca
_
Ta c
[a(b +c)]
n
1 a(b +c)
= a
n
(b +c)
n
1 a(b +c)
=
= a
n
(b
n
+nb
n1
c + +nbc
n1
+c
n
)
1 a(b +c)
>
a
n
b
n
1 a(b +c)
+
a
n
b
n
1 a(b +c)
+
na
n
b
n1
c
1 a(b +c)
Do a, b, c 0 suy ra 1 a(b +c) = 1 ab ac 1 ab v 1 a(b +c) 1 ac, suy ra
a
n
b
n
1 a(b +c)
>
a
n
b
n
1 ab
v
b
n
c
n
1 a(b +c)
>
c
n
b
n
1 a(b +c)
>
a
n
c
n
1 ac
v
na
n
b
n1
c
1 a(b +c)

na
n
b
n1
c
1 bc

b
n
c
n
1 bc
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi c = 0, suy ra P(a, b, c) P(a, b +c, 0).
Vy ta cn tm gi tr ln nht ca
P(a, b +c, 0) =
(a(b +c))
n
1 a(b +c)
=
a
n
d
n
1 ad
, a 0, d 0, a +d = 1.
45
Ta c
ad
(a +d)
2
4
=
1
4
Suy ra
P(a, b +c, 0)
(1/4)
n
1 1/4
=
1
3.4
n1
Vy
P
max
=
1
3.4
n1
.
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a =
1
2
, b =
1
2
, c = 0 v cc hon v ca n.
Bi ton 36. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc bt k, chng minh rng
F(a, b, c) = (a +b)
4
+ (b +c)
4
+ (c +a)
4

4
7
(a
4
+b
4
+c
4
) 0.
Chng minh. y l thi chn i tuyn Vit Nam nm 1996, dng phng php dn bin cho
trung bnh cng ri thc hin bc sau cng bng phng php o hm.
Xt hiu d = F(a, b, c) F(a,
b+c
2
,
b+c
2
)
d = (a +b)
4
+ (b +c)
4
+ (c +a)
4

4
7
(a
4
+b
4
+c
4
)
2(a
b +c
2
)
4
(b +c)
4
+
4
7
(a
4
+ 2
_
b +c
2
_
4
_
= (a +b)
4
+ (c +a)
4
2
_
a +
b +c
2
_
4
+
4
7
_
(b +c)
4
8
b
4
c
4
_
= a(4b
3
+ 4c
3
(b +c)
3
) + 3a
2
(2b
2
+c
2
(b +c)
2
) +
3
7
(b
4
+c
4

1
8
(b +c)
4
)
= 3a(b +c)(b c)
2
+ 3a
2
(b c)
2
+
3
56
(b c)
2
(7b
2
+ 7c
2
+ 10bc)
= 3a(a +b +c)(b +c)
2
+
3
56
(b c)
2
(7b
2
+ 7c
2
+ 10bc)
Hng t
3
56
(b c)
2
(7b
2
+ 7c
2
+ 10bc) 0, ta xt hng t 3a(a +b +c)(b +c)
2
.
Nu a, b, c cng du th 3a(a +b +c) khng m, suy ra d 0.
Nu a, b, c khng cng du, nh vy trong a, b, c c t nht mt s cng du vi a, b, c. Khng
mt tng qut, gi s l a. T ng thc trn ta suy ra
F(a, b, c) F
_
a,
b +c
2
,
b +c
2
_
Nh vy ta cn phi chng minh F(a, b, c) 0 vi mi a, b hay l
2(a +b)
4
+ (2b)
4

4
7
(a
4
+ 2b
3
) 0 (7.6)
Nu b = 0 th bt ng thc trn l hin nhin.
Nu b = 0 th chia hai v bt ng thc cho b
4
v t x = a/b, th th (7.6) tr thnh
2(x + 1)
4
+ 16
4
7
(x
4
+ 2) 0
Xt hm
f(x) = 2(x + 1)
4

4
7
(x
4
+ 2) + 16.
Tnh o hm ta c
f

(x) = 8(x + 1)
3

16
7
x
3
Suy ra f

(x) = 0 khi v ch khi x + 1 = (2/7)

3
x hay x = 2, 99294. Suy ra
f
min
= f(2, 9294) = 0, 4924 > 0
iu ny cho thy bt ng thc rt cht. Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.
46
Chng 8
Bi tp p dng
Bi 1. Cho tam thc bc hai f(t) = at
2
+bt +c. t
_

_
2
3
x +
2
3
y
1
3
z = x
1
2
3
y +
2
3
z
1
3
x = y
1
2
3
z +
2
3
x
1
3
y = z
1
Chng minh rng
f(x
1
) +f(y
1
) +f(z
1
) = f(x) +f(y) +f(z), x, y, z R.
Bi 2. Xc nh cc b s , , sao cho ng vi mi tam thc bc hai
f(t) = at
2
+bt +c, ta u c hng ng thc
f(x
1
) +f(y
1
) +f(z
1
) = f(x) +f(y) +f(z), x, y, z R,
trong
_

_
x +y +z = x
1
y +z +x = y
1
z +x +y = z
1
Bi 3. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
y =
x
2
2x + 2
x
2
+ 2x + 2
, trong on [0; 2].
Bi 4. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
y =
3

x + 3 + 4

1 x + 1
4

x + 3 + 3

1 x + 1
.
Bi 5. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s
y = a sin
2
x +b sinxcos x +c cos
2
x.
Bi 6. Cho cc s thc a
1
, b
1
, c
1
, a
2
, b
2
, c
2
. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
y =
a
1
sinx +b
1
cos x +c
1
a
2
sinx +b
2
cos x +c
2
.
47
Bi 7. Xt cc tam thc bc hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx +c tho mn iu kin
|f(x)| 1 x [1, 1].
Chng minh rng
max(4a
2
+ 3b
2
) = 16.
Bi 8. Gi s cc s thc x, y, z tho mn iu kin xy + yz + zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
biu thc
M = x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 5z
2
.
Bi 9. Cho x, y, z R. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC, ta u c
_
b
c
+
c
b
1
_
x
2
+
_
c
a
+
a
c
1
_
y
2
+
_
a
b
+
b
a
1
_
z
2

_
3
b +c
a
_
yz +
_
3
c +a
b
_
zx +
_
3
a +b
c
_
xy.
Bi 10. Cho a b c > 0. Chng minh rng
a
3
b
c
3
+
b
3
c
a
3
+
c
3
a
b
3
a +b +c.
Bi 11. Cho 0 x < 1. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (a
k
), ta u c
n

k=0
a
k
x
k

1 x
2
_
n

k=0
a
2
k
_1
2
.
Bi 12. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (a
k
), ta u c
n

k=1
_
n
k
_
a
k

_
2n
n
_1
2
_
n

k=1
a
2
k
_1
2
.
Bi 13. Chng minh rng vi mi b s dng (a
k
) sao cho a
1
+a
2
+ +a
n
= 1, ta u c
n

k=1
_
a
k
+
1
a
k
_
2
n
3
+ 2n +
1
n
.
Bi 14. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (a
k
), ta u c

k=1
a
k

2
+

k=1
(1)
k
a
k

2
(n + 2)
n

k=1
a
2
k
.
Bi 15. Chng minh rng vi mi b s (a
jk
, x
j
, y
k
) (j = 1, 2, . . . , m;
k = 1, 2, . . . , n), ta u c

j=1
n

k=1
a
jk
x
j
y
k

DC
_
m

j=1
|x
j
|
2
_
1/2
_
n

k=1
|y
k
|
2
_
1/2
,
trong
D = max
1jm
n

k=1
|a
jk
|, C = max
1kn
m

j=1
|a
jk
|.
48
Bi 16. Tm cc cp s a, b tho mn iu kin a b 4 sao cho bt ng thc:
(x +y +z 4)
2
< xyz
nghim ng vi mi x, y, z [a, b] v hiu b a l ln nht.
Bi 17. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c, x, y, z R, ta lun c
ax +by +cz +
_
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)
2
3
(a +b +c)(x +y +z).
Bi 18 (K.Fan and J.Todd). Gi s p
ij
(i, j = 1, . . . , n; i = j) tho mn iu kin
p
ij
= pji, P =

1i<jn
p
ij
= 0.
Chng minh rng, khi vi mi cp dy s thc a
1
, . . . , a
n
v b
1
, . . . , b
n
sao cho a
i
b
j
= a
j
b
i
(i = j),
ta u c
n

i=1
a
2
i
_
n

i=1
a
2
i
__
n

i=1
b
2
i
_

_
n

i=1
a
i
b
i
_
2

1
p
2
n

i=1
_

j=1,j=i
p
ij
a
j
a
j
b
i
a
i
b
j
_
2
.

49