Ham Phan Nguyen

15 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ
LI TA
K t khi c hc v S Hc, th Phn Nguyn l mt trong nhng chng hp
dn ti nht. C l v nh ngha ca n n gin, n c bn nh nh ngha v s nguyn
t vy! Tuy nhin bn trong ca s n gin y l mt mnh t rt mu m, cn v s
nhng hoa thm c l ang ch ti cng cc bn khm ph. Qu thc, o su nghin
cu v Phn Nguyn l mt ti khng ti. Khng c nhiu ti liu vit v ch ny.
Bi v l , ti quyt nh tng hp li mt s kt qu thu c vit ln ti liu ny, hy
vng mang n bn c mt vi iu th v. Rt mong cc bn ng gp v xy dng
ch ny c pht trin v hon thin hn na.

Hong Xun Thanh, 10- 2010

Ti liu tham kho:
1. Bi ging S Hc ng Hng Thng
2. 104 Number Theory Problems Titu Andresscu
3. http://diendantoanhoc.net
4. Mt s website Ton hc khc


VN I: - MT S TNH CHT C BN
1. nh ngha:
Phn nguyn (hay sn) (Floor Function: Ngha l hm sn) ca s thc x l: S
nguyn ln nht khng ln hn x.
Mt nh ngha tng t vi Floor l Ceilling (hm trn)
Trn ca s thc x l: S nguyn nh nht khng nh hn x
Khng nn nhm ln Floor v Ceiling vi hm lm trn Around(x), v hm cht ui
Trunc(x) m cc bn vn thng s dng trong cc ngn ng lp trnh.
Around(x): L s nguyn gn x nht (u tin chiu bn phi trn trc s)
Trunc(x): L s nguyn c c sau khi b i phn thp phn ca x
Around(5.5)=6; Floor(5.5)=5; Ceilling(5.5)=6; Trunc(5.5)=5
Around(5.4)=5; Floor(5.4)=5; Ceilling(5.4)=6; Trunc(5.4)=5
Around(-5.4)=-5; Floor(-5.4)=-6; Ceilling(-5.4)=-5; Trunc(-5.4)=-5
K hiu phn nguyn ca x l , trn ca x l . Ngoi ra ngi ta cng gi
L phn l (fractional part) ca s thc x.
Cc bn c th tham kho thm v cc hm ny trong website
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions
nh ngha v phn nguyn c hiu theo mt trong hai cng thc sau:
hoc
2. Cc tnh cht c bn

i.
ii.
iii.

iv.

v.

vi. S cc s nguyn dng l bi ca n v khng vt qu x l
x
(

x
(
(
{ }
x x x =
(

x y x y >
( (

1 x x x < +
( (

| x n x n n + +
( (

Z
1 x y x y x y + + + +
( ( ( ( (

0 |
1 |
x
x x
x
+ =
( (

Z
Z
|
x
x
n
n n
(
(
(

=
(
(

Z
x
n
(
(

1 x x x <
(

{ }
0 1 x <

Chng minh: Tnh cht i. v ii. L hin nhin
iii. t

ta c:
v nn ta suy ra iu phi chng minh
iv. t
ta c
v ch bng 0 khi x nguyn. T c pcm

v. t , khi

vi. Cc s nguyn dng l bi ca n khng vt qu x l .
Trong m l s tha mn iu kin

3. nh l Legendre
S m ca s nguyn t p trong phn tch tiu chun ca n! c tnh theo cng
thc:

{ } { }
; 0 1 x x x x = + <
(

{ } { }
; 0 1 y y y y = + <
(

{ } { } { } { }
x y x y x y x y x y + = + + + ( = + + + ( ( ( ( ( (

{ } { }
0 2 x y + <
{ } { }
; 0 1 x x x x = + <
(

{ } { }
x x x x x x + = + ( = ( ( ( ( (

{ }
1 0 x <
x
m
n
(
=
(

1
x
m m
n
< +
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
mn x m n
mn x m n mn
x
m m
n
x
m
n
< +
< +
(

(

< +
(
(

=
(

Z
, 2 ,..., n n mn
( )
1
1
mn x m n
x
m m
n
x
m
n
< +
< +
(
=
(

( )
1 2 3
1
...
p i
i
n n n n
e n
p p p p
( ( ( (
= = + + +
( ( ( (


Chng minh: Trc ht ta c nhn xt rng, tng trn ch gm hu hn s hng
khc khng.
V vi ch s i ln th , khi

Trong tch c ng tha s l bi ca p (theo tnh cht vi)
Do :

Trong :
Tng t

Vi . Theo tnh cht v. ta c

Vy

Lp li l lun trn vi v c tip tc cho ti khi

Cui cng ta c s m ca p trong phn tch nguyn t ca n! l

Vi k l ch s tha mn .pcm

i
n p < 0
m
n
m i
p
(
=
(

! 1.2... n n =
n
p
(
(

1
! . !
n
p
n
n p A
p
(
(

(
=
(

( )
1
, 1 A p =
2
! . !
n
p
p
n
p n
p A
p p
( (
( (

(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

(
=
(
(

(

( )
2
, 1 A p =
2
n
p
p
n
p
( (
( (

(
=
(
(

(
(

2
2 2
! . !
n n
p p
n
n p A
p
( (
+
( (

(
=
(

2
!
n
p
(
(

k
n
p
p
(
<
(

( )
p
e n
( )
1 2
...
p k
n n n
e n
p p p
( ( (
= + + +
( ( (

1 k k
p n p
+
<

4. Mt s bi tp
Chng minh rng
Li gii: t , . Khi

V
Ta phi CM
V nn c th xy ra 2 trng hp sau:
* Nu th v phi bng 0, do bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
* Nu khi phi c t nht mt trong hai s hoc ln hn
hoc bng . Gi s , vy:

Chng minh rng, vi n l s nguyn dng bt k ta c

Li gii: t ;

Ta c
V n nguyn dng nn phi c
Tng t

Do phi c .pcm

Gii phng trnh
Li gii: Ta c
Pt v nghim
Pt nghim ng
Ex1.1
2 2 , x y x y x y x y + + + +
( ( ( ( (

R
{ } { }
; 0 1 x x x x = + <
(

{ } { }
; 0 1 y y y y = + <
(

{ } { }
2 2 2 2 2 2 x y x x y y + = + + + ( ( ( ( ( (

{ } { }
x y x y x y + = + + + ( ( ( (

{ } { } { } { }
2 2 x y x y + + ( ( (

{ } { }
0 2 x y + <
{ } { }
0 1 x y + <
{ } { }
1 2 x y + <
{ }
x
{ }
y
1
2
{ }
1
2
x
{ } { } { } { } { }
2 2 1 2 1 x y y x y + + = + ( ( ( (

Ex1.2
1 3 1
2 4 2
n n
(
(
+ = +
(
(

1
2
k n
(
= +
(

3 1
4 2
m n
(
= +
(

1
1
2
k n k + < +
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 4 4
k n k k k n k k < + + < + +
2 2
1 k k n k k + +
3 1
1
4 2
m n m + < +
2 2
1 3 1
4 4 4
m m n m m + < + +
2 2
1 m m n m m + +
k m =
Ex1.3 1 x x ( =
(

1 2 x x <
(

2 2 4 x x x x
( (

1 2 1 1 2 x x x x < = <
( (


Pt v nghim
Pt v nghim
Pt nghim ng
Pt v nghim
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l

Gii phng trnh
Li gii: Ta c

Thay tng gi tr vo pt, gii ra ta c cc nghim l

Vi n nguyn dng cho trc, phng trnh
C bao nhiu nghim nguyn dng? (perfectstrong VMF)
Li gii: Ta c
Tng ng vi mi gi tr ca y ta c chnh l 1 nghim ca pt. S nghim
phng trnh chnh l s cc gi tr c th c ca y, l s cc bi ca 2 m khng vt
qu n-1.
L nghim nguyn dng

Cho . Chng minh rng (Romania-2003)

Chng minh rng
T kt qu chng minh chia ht cho
(USA-1975)
Tm s t nhin n nh nht sao cho n! tn cng bng 290 ch s 0 (HMMT-2003)

0 1 0 0 x x x x < = =
( (

1 0 1 1 x x x x x < < = = <
( (

1 1 1 x x x x = = =
( (

1 2 2 x x x x < >
( (

{ } [ )
1 1, 2 x
Ex1.4
2
3 10 3 0 x x + =
(

( )( )
2 2
3 1 3 3 10 3 3 10 3 0 x x x x x x = + + =
(

1
3 1 3
3
x x
(

1, 2,3 x =
(

1 2 3
7 17
; ; 3
3 3
x x x = = =
Bt1.6
2
4 A n n n = + N
{ }
1
4
A
5 5 3 3 x y x y x y + + + +
( ( ( (

( ) ( )
5 ! 5 ! m n ( ) ( )
! ! 3 ! 3 ! m n m n n m + +
Ex1.5
2 x y n + =
2 1 y n x n =
2 x n y =
1
2
n
(
(

Bt1.7
Bt1.8

5. nh l Hermite
Vi n nguyn dng, x l s thc bt k, ta c:

Chng minh:
Xt hm
Ta c:

Do l hm tun hon vi chu k . Trn khong chu k th tt c
cc s hng:
u bng 0
T
pcm
Tnh tng
Li gii:
Ta c (Theo nh l Hermite)

Tnh tng

Chng minh rng

Bt1.10
Ex1.9
1 1
...
n
nx x x x
n n
( (
= + + + + +
( (

( (

( )
1 1
...
n
f x x x x nx
n n
( (
= + + + + +
( (

( (

1 1 1 1 1
...
n
f x x x n x
n n n n n
(
| | ( ( | |
+ = + + + + + +
| |
(
( (
\ \

1 1
... 1 1
n
x x x nx
n n
( (
= + + + + + + +
( (

( (

( )
f x =
( )
f x
1
n
1
0 x
n
<
1 1
, ,..., ,
n
x x x nx
n n
( (
+ +
( (

( (

( )
0, f x x = R
0 i j n
x i
j
<
( +
(

0 1 0 1
n n
i j n j i j j
x i x i
x n x
j j
< = < =
| |
( ( + +
= = =
( ( |
( (
|

\

2009
1 1
0
3 2010 2010 3
3 3
k k
k k
k
S
+ +
=
| |
( ( +
= +
|
( (

\
Bt1.11
1
0
2
2
k
k
k
x
x
+
=
( +
=
(
(


VN II: DY S & TNG PHN NGUYN

l dy s Th t tng dn ca cc s t nhin l khng chia ht cho 3

Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Li gii:
Xt theo s d th tt c cc s t nhin khng chia ht cho 3 u c dng
hoc , y l 2 s chn hoc 2 s l lin tip ty theo p l hy chn.
Khi p chn , th hai s c dng v l 2 s l. Tt c cc s dng ny
chnh l cc s hng ca dy cn tm. Xp theo th t tng dn ta s c:
v
Nh vy vi , ta c:

L dy s : Th t tng dn ca cc s t nhin khng chnh phng

Tm s hng tng qut ca dy s trn.
Li gii: Xt dy s t nhin
D thy . k l s cc s chnh phng nh hn
(b loi i t dy )
{ }
n
U
{ } { }
1
1,5, 7,11,13,17,19, 23, 25,...
n
U

=
3 1 p 3 1 p +
2 p k =
6 1 k 6 1 k +
2
6 1
k
U k =
2 1
6 1
k
U k
+
= +
{ }
2 , 0,1 n k r r = + =
{ }
{ }
6 1,1
2
6 2 0,1 1
2
6 2 1
2
6 2 2 1
2 2
n
n
U
n
n
r
n n
n
(
= +
(

(
= +
(

(
= +
(

| |
( (
= +
|
( (

\
2 2 1
2
n
n
U n
(
= +
(

Ex2.1
Ex2.2
{ }
n
U
{ } { }
1
: 2,3,5, 6, 7,8,10,...
n
U

{ } { } ( )
1
: 1, 2,3, 4,5,...
n n
D D n
=
n n
U D k = +
n
U
{ }
n
D

Nh vy phi nm gia 2 s chnh phng lin tip:
Trn mi on (gia 2 s chnh phng lin tip) c s t nhin.
m cc s hng ca dy c gi tr nh hn ta c
s hng. Nh vy ch s n s phi tha mn

hay

v

nn hay (Theo Ex1.2 )

Cui cng ta c:

Tnh tng
Li gii:
t suy ra
Xt cc s hng ca trn mi on c s hng, cc s hng
ny u c gi tr l . Nh vy ta c:

Tnh tng
n
U
( )
2
2
1 1 1
n
k U k + +
( )
2
2
1; 1 1 i i
(
+ +

2i
2
k
1
2
1
2
k
i
i k k
=
=
{ }
n
U
2 2
1 k k n k k + +
1 1 3 1
4 2 4 2
n k n + +
3 1 1 1 3 1
1
4 2 4 2 4 2
n n k n + < + +
3 1
4 2
k n
(
= +
(

1
2
k n
(
= +
(

1
2
n
U n k n n
(
= + = + +
(

Ex2.3
1
n
n
k
S k
=
(
=

m n
(
=

( )
2
2
1 m n m < +
2 2
2 i k i i +
2 1 i +
n
S
i
2
2 2
1 2
1 1
n m i i n
n
k i k i k m
S k k k
+
= = = =
| |
( ( (
= = +
|
|
\

( )
2
1
1
2 1
m n
i k m
i i k
= =
(
= + +

( )( ) ( )
( )
2
1 2 1 1
1
3 2
m m m m m
n m m

= + + +
( )( )
1 2 5
6
m m m
nm
+
=
Bt2.4
1
1
2
n
n
k
S k
=
(
= +
(


Tnh tng
,
( n mt trng hp ring nh l Hermite )

Cho dy
c xc nh bng quy lut : 1 s 1; 3 s 2; 5 s 3;; 2k-1 s k;
Tm s hng tng qut ca dy trn.

1. NH L BEATTY
l cc s v t dng sao cho . Khi 2 tp (2 dy)

lp thnh 2 phn hoch ca tp cc s nguyn dng
(ngha l: v )
Chng minh:
Trc tin ta chng minh tnh tch ri gia v
Tht vy, gi s tn ti cc ch s sao cho . Khi bi v
hai s v u l cc s v t nn:
v
hay v

cng cc v 2 bt ng thc ny li ta c
hay . iu ny v l!
Tip theo ta s chng minh s t nhin n bt k phi c mt trong hoc hoc
Tht vy, cng bng phn chng, ta gi s n khng xut hin trong c v
Khi tn ti cc ch s sao cho
v
Bt2.5
1
2
n
n
k
S k
=
(
=

1
2
2
x x x
(
+ + =
( (

(

Bt2.6 { } { }
1
: 1, 2, 2, 2,3,3, 3,3,3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,5,...
n
U

,
1 1
1

+ =
{ } { } { } { }
1 1
, 2 , 3 ,... ; , 2 , 3 ,... ;
n n
A B

= =
( ( ( ( ( (

*
N
{ } { }
1 1
n n
A B

= { } { }
*
1 1
n n
A B

= N
{ } { }
1 1
n n
A B

, i j
i j
A B i j k = = =
( (

i j
1 1 k i k k j k < < + < < +
1 1
1 1
i i j j
k k k k
< < < <
+ +
1 1
1
1
i j i j
k k
+ +
< + = <
+
1 k i j k < + < +
{ } { }
1 1
n n
A B

{ } { }
1 1
n n
A B

, i j
( )
; 1 1 i n i n < + > +
( )
; 1 1 j n j n < + > +

hay v
cng cc bt ng thc theo v ta c

iu ny cng khng th xy ra! Vy mi s t nhin xut hin ng 1 ln 1 trong 2 dy
trn. pcm.
2. IM NGUYN V PHN NGUYN
NH L 1: Cho l cc s thc dng
Gi s l hm n iu tng v kh nghch.
Khi ta c:

Trong l s im nguyn ca th hm trn on , cn l hm
xc nh bi

(Lu c th biu din di dng )
Chng minh: K hiu l s im
nguyn ca min M. Theo hnh minh ha
D thy:

R rng v tri ca (1) chnh l ton b
s im nguyn dng nm trong vng
gch, cng l s im nguyn dng ca
h.c.n ln tr i s im nguyn dng ca
h.c.n nh (khng tnh trn bin h.c.n nh). (Hnh II.2.1)
Hiu chnh l VP. (pcm)

1 1 1 1
1 1
i i j j
n n n n
+ +
< < < <
+ +
1 1 2
1 1
1
i j i j
i j n i j
n n
+ + +
< + = < + < < + +
+
[ ] [ ]
: , , f a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
f
a k b c k d
f k f k n G b d a c

( + = ( ( (

( )
f
n G f [ ]
, a b
*
:
+
R N
( )
*
*
; \
1;
x x
x
x x
+

(

=

R N
N
( )
x ( ) ;
x
x x x
x
+
(
(

=
(
(

R
( )
y f x =
( )
n M
, a c
( ) ( ) 1
a k b
n M f k

= (

( ) ( )
1
2
c k d
n M f k

( =


NH L 2: Cho l cc s nguyn dng . Khi :

Chng minh: Da vo b n gin sau y:
Trong dy c ng s nguyn
Tht vy, ta c . vi .Dy trn tr thnh
Do nn s cc s nguyn trong dy l

Xt hm
Theo nh l 1 ta c

Theo b trn th
T suy ra pcm
H qu: Trng hp c bit khi , ta c

NH L 3: Cho l cc s thc dng
Gi s l hm n iu gim v kh nghch.
Khi ta c:

Trong l hm c xc nh nh trong nh l 1
Chng minh: Tng t nh l 1
Ta cng c: v

, , m n s m n
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
,
2 , ,
s
ms
k
k
n
m n s
km kn ms
s m n ucl n m n
n m n n
=

(
( ( (
+ = + =
(
( ( (

1 2
, ,...,
m m sm
n n n
( ) , m n s
n
(
(

( ) ( )
1 1
, , , m m m n n n m n = =
( )
1 1
, 1 m n =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2
, ,...,
m m sm
n n n
( )
1 1
, 1 m n =
( )
1
, m n s s
n n
( (
=
( (

[ ] ( ) ( )
1
: 1, , , =
m ms m n
f s f x x f x x
n n n m
(
=
(

( )
1
1
0
s
f
ms
k
k
n
km kn ms
n G s
n m n
=

( ( (
+ =
( ( (

( )
( ) ,
f
m n s
n G
n
(
=
(

s n =
( ) ( )
1 1
, 3
n m
k k
km kn
mn m n
n m
= =
( (
+ = +
( (

, a c
[ ] [ ]
: , , f a b c d
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
4
a k b c k d
f k f k b c d a

( = ( ( (

( )
x
( ) ( ) 1
a k b
n M f k

= (

( ) ( )
1
2
c k d
n M f k

( =

( ) ;
x
x x x
x
+
(
(

=
(
(

R

T hnh minh ha ta thy ngay c hiu
chnh l hiu cc im
nguyn dng ca h.c.n abBI v cdAI.
Hay l bng
(pcm)

(Hnh II.2.3)
Tnh

Li gii: Xt hm l hm n iu gim
C hm ngc l
Theo nh l 3, ta c

(o chiu bin chy)

Theo (3) ta c:
T suy ra:

Kt qu trn c th vit di dng
c bit hn na khi

( )
y f x =
( ) ( )
1 2 n M n M
( ) ( )
0bBc 0aAd n n
( ) ( )
b c d a =
( (

Ex2.7 ( )
1
n
k
km
m n
n
=
(

(

[ ] ( )
: 1, 1, 1 , 1
m m
f n m f x m x
n n
(
+ = +
(

( ) ( )
1
1
n
f x n x
m
= +
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
n
m
k
k m
n
k n km m
m n n m
n m n

=
+
(
( (
+ + = +
(
( (

( )
1 1
1
1 0
n m
k k
k n km
m n
n m
= =
(
(
+ + =
(
(

( )
1 1
1
1 0
n m
k k
k m kn
n m
= =
(
(
+ =
(
(

1 1
0
n m
k k
km kn
n m
n m
= =
( (
+ =
( (

( )
1 1
,
n m
k k
km kn
mn m n
n m
= =
( (
+ = +
( (

( ) ( )
1
1
,
2
n
k
km
mn m n m n
n
=
(
= + +
(

( ) ( )
1
1
1
,
2
n
k
km
mn m n m n
n
=
(
= +
(

( )
, 1 m n =
( )( )
1
1
1 1
2
n
k
m n km
n
=

(
=
(


Tnh (KMO-1997)
Li gii:
Xt hm , y l hm n iu tng v
C hm ngc l .Theo nh l 1, ta c

Mt khc l s im nguyn dng ca th hm s trn. Do

(Ch : so snh vi Ex 2.3)
Chng minh rng

Li gii:
Xt hm , l hm n iu gim,
c hm ngc l
Theo nh l 3 ta c:

T ta c pcm.
Tnh
Li gii:
Xt hm , l hm n iu tng,
c hm ngc l
Theo nh l 1 ta c

Ex2.8
1
n
k
k
=
(

[ ] ( ) : 1, 1, , f n n f x x
(
=

( )
1 2
f x x
=
( )
2
1 1
n
n
f
k k
k k n G n n
(

= =
( (
( + =

n a
(
=

( ) ( )
( )( )
2
1 1
1 2 1
1 1
6
n a
k k
a a a
k n a k n a
= =
+ +
(
= + = +

Ex2.9 2
2
2
1 1
n n
k k
n n
k k
= =
(
(
=
(
(

[ ] ( )
2
2
2
: 1, 1, ,
n
f n n f x
x
( =

( )
1
n
f x
x
=
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
1 1
1 1 0
n n
k k
n n
n n
k k

= =
(
(
( = =
(
(
(

Ex2.10
1
3
n
k
k
=
(
(

[ ] ( )
: 3, 1, ,
3 3
n x
f n f x
(
=
(

( )
1
3 f x x
=
( ) ( )
3
3 1
3 3 1
3 3 3 n
n
k k
k n n
k n
=
( ( (
+ =
( (

( ( (


Suy ra:

Tnh

Tnh (Japan MO-1995)

Cho l mt s v t, n l mt s nguyn dng. Chng minh rng:

Tnh

NH L 4: Cho p l mt s nguyn t l, q l s nguyn khng chia ht cho p.
Gi s hm tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:

khng l s nguyn, vi mi
l s nguyn chia ht cho p, vi mi
Khi ta c:

Chng minh:
Ta c . V vi mi
( )
3
1 3 1
1 3
3 3 3
n
n n
k k k
k k n
n k
(

= = =
( ( (
= = +
( ( (

( )
1
3
1 1
3 3 2 3 3
n
k
k n n n
n
=
| |
( ( ( (
= + +
|
( ( ( (

\
2
1
1 3
3 2 3 2 3
n
k
k n n
n
=
( | | ( (
=
|
( ( (
\
Bt2.11
2
1
3 2
5
n
k
k k
=
( +
(

Bt2.12
1
1
n
k
km
n
=

`
)
Bt2.13

1 1
k
n
k k
k
k n n
(

= =
(
+ =
( (

(

Bt2.14
( ) 1
2
1
8 1 1
2
n n
k
k
+
=
(
+
(

*
: f N R
( ) f k
p
1, 2,..., 1 k p =
( ) ( ) f k f p k +
1, 2,..., 1 k p =
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
2
p p
k k
q q p
f k f k
p p

= =
(
=
(

( ) ( ) qf k qf p k
p p
+ Z
( ) ( )
;
qf k qf p k
p p
Z Z 1, 2,..., 1 k p =

Do vy, t tnh cht phn l,

ta suy ra vi mi

Ly tng cc gi tr ny t 1 n p-1 ta c

T kt qu ny ta c

suy ra pcm.
Cho p v q l 2 s nguyn t cng nhau. Chng minh rng:

Li gii: Xt hm . D thy tha mn c 2 iu kin ca nh l 4, v theo
ta c

Cho p l s nguyn t l. Chng minh rng

Li gii: Xt hm .
V p nguyn t, nn u khng chia ht cho p. (iu kin u tin tha)
( ) ( )
0 2
qf k qf p k
p p

+ <
` `
) )
( ) ( )
1
qf k qf p k
p p

+ =
` `
) )
1, 2,..., 1 k p =
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
p p
k k
qf k qf p k
p
p p

= =

+ =
` `
) )

( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
2 1
2
p p
k k
qf k qf k p
p
p p

= =

= =
` `
) )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1
2
p p p p
k k k k
q q q p q
f k f k f k f k
p p p p

= = = =
( (
+ = + =
`
( (
)

Ex2.15
( )( )
( )
1
1
1 1
2
p
k
p q q
k Gauss
p
=
(
=
(

( ) f x x = ( ) f x
( ) ( )( )
1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
p p
k k
p p p q q q p q p
k k
p p p

= =
(
= = =
(

Ex2.16
( )( )( )
( )
1 3
1
1 1 2
2002
4
p
k
p p p k
GermanMO
p
=
+ (
=
(

( )
3
f x x =
( )
3
3
1 ,..., 1 p

Mt khc
Do theo nh l 4, ta c

Cho l s nguyn t l
Tnh tng:

Li gii:
Xt hm
l hm n iu tng,
c hm ngc l . Theo nh l 1 ta c:

l
Do khng chia ht cho vi mi , nn
s im nguyn dng ca th
Vi th

Do ta c

Theo kt qu ca Ex2.16, phn trn: ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 2 2
3 3 f x f p x x p x p p x px p + = + = +
( ) ( )( )( )
2
2 1 1 3 3
1 1
1 1 1 2 1 1 1
2 4 2 4
p p
k k
p p p p p k k p p
p p p

= =
+ (
= = =
(

Ex2.17
( )( ) 1 2
3
1
p p
k
S kp

=
(
=

p
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 3 3
: 1, 1 2 , 1 2 , f p p p p p p f x px
(
= (

( ) f x
( )
3
1
x
f x
p
=
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
3 3
1 2
3
3
1
1 2
3 3
1 2 1 2 1
p p
f
k
p k p p p
k
kp n G
p
p p p p p p

=

(
(
+ =
(

(
=

( )( ) ( )
3
1 2 2 p p p p
(
=

3
k p 1, 2,..., 1 k p =
( )
( ) 1
0
f
f
n G n G

= =
3
k p <
3
0
k
p
(
=
(

( )( )
( )( )
1 2
2 3
2
3
1 1
1 2
p p
p
k k
k
kp p p
p

= =
(
(
+ =
(

( )( )
( )( )
( )
3
1 2
1 3
2
3
1 1
1
1 2
p p
p
k k
p k
kp p p
p p

= =
(
(
(
= + (
(

(


Cho m,n l cc s nguyn dng

Tnh

Cho p l s nguyn t l; q l s nguyn khng chia ht cho p.
Chng minh rng

Cho p l s nguyn t l.
Chng minh rng

Cho p v q l 2 s l

Tnh gi tr biu thc

Cho s nguyn

Tnh

( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( )
1 2
2
3
1
1 1 2
1 2 1 2
4
p p
k
p p p
kp p p p p

=
+
(
= +

( )( )
( )( )( )
1 2
3
1
1 2 3 5
4
p p
k
p p p
kp

=

(
=

Bt2.19
( )
( )( )
1
2
1
1 1
1
2
p
k
k
p q q
k
p
=
(
=
(

Bt2.20
( )
( )
1
1
1
mod
2
p p
k
p k k
p
p
=
+
Bt2.21
1 1
2 2
1 1
p q
k k
kq kp
S
p q

= =
( (
= +
( (

Bt2.22
2 n
2 1 2
1 1
1
n
n m
m k
n m
S
k m
(
(
+
= =
(
=
(
+

Bt2.18
1
n
k
m
S
k
=
(
=
(


VN III GP CC CNG THC THEO PHN D
Trong mt s bi ton lin quan n dy s nh tm cng thc tng qut mt dy truy
hi, tnh tng cc s hng, tnh chia ht ca mt nhm s hng. i khi gii quyt bi ton
li i hi ta phi chia ra rt nhiu trng hp (chn l chng hn) mi trng hp li cho
ta mt kt qu khc nhau? S khc nhau gia cc cng thc tm c y l g? Phi
chng c th biu din chng di 1 dng duy nht? l ni dung ca vn ta nghin
cu sau y:
- Php chia s nguyn n cho s t nhin k
, 0 1 n pk r r k = +
Ta c thng l p, cn r l phn d, r ly cc gi tr t 0 n k 1.
Theo tnh cht ca phn nguyn ta c
n pk r r
p p
k k k
+
( ( (
= = + =
( ( (

, v nh vy phn d
n
r n k
k
(
=
(

Thay v xt n k s d t 0 n k 1. Ta vit
{ }
0,1,..., 1 r k = xem nh mt tp hp k
gi tr tng ng vi k trng hp ca s d r.
Cc php tnh ton hc i vi tp gi tr ny, c hiu theo lut phn phi:

{ }
{ }
{ } { }
{ } { } { }
0
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
0 0,..., 0
1 1,...,1
,..., ,...,
,..., ,..., ,...,
k so
k so
k k
k k k k
x a a x a x a
a a b b a b a b
=
=
=
=

Trong x l s nguyn l php ton bt k
Ta c mt s cc kt qu lin quan sau:
{ }
{ }
1, 2,..., 1
0, 0,...,1
k r
k k
( +
(
= =
(
(

(k - 1 s 0; 1 s 1 cui)
{ }
{ }
2,3,..., , 1 2
0, 0,...,1,1
k k r
k k
+ ( +
(
= =
(
(

(k 2 s 0; 2 s 1 cui)


{ }
{ }
, 1,..., ,... 1
0,...,1,1
a a k k a r a
k k
+ + ( +
(
= =
(
(

(a < k; c a s 1 cui)
Tip theo

{ }
{ }
1, 0,..., 2 1
1, 0,...,0
k r
k k
(
(
= =
(
(

(1 s 1 u, cn li l 0)
{ }
{ }
2, 1, 0,..., 3 2
1,1,..., 0
k r
k k
(
(
= =
(
(

(2 s 1 u, cn li l 0)

{ }
{ }
,..., 0,..., 1
1,1,..., 0
a k a r a
k k
(
(
= =
(
(

( a < k ; c a s 1 u)
Cc kt qu kh n gin ny chnh l cng c gp cc cng thc rt hiu qu. Hy xt
v d minh ha sau:

Tnh
0
3
n
n
i
i
S
=
(
=
(

Li gii: Ta c
1
3
n n
n
S S
(
= +
(

Xt tng trng hp:
3 1 3 3
3 1
3
k k k
k
S S S k
+
+
(
= + = +
(

3 2 3 1 3 1
3 2
3
k k k
k
S S S k
+ + +
+
(
= + = +
(

3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3
3 3
1 2 1 3 1
3
k k k k k
k
S S S k S k S k
+ + + +
+
(
= + = + + = + + = + +
(

Suy ra
Ex3.1

3( 1) 3
3 3( 1)
3 0
3( 1) 2
3 2
...
3.1 2
k k
k k
S S k
S S k
S S
+
= + +
= +
= +

Cng cc ng thc trn theo v, ta c:
2
3
1
3 ( 1) 3
(3 2) 2
2 2 2
k
k
i
k k k k
S i k
=
+
= = =
(1)
2
3 1 3
3
2 2
k k
k k
S S k
+
= + = + (2)
2
3 2 3 1
3 3
2 2
k k
k k
S S k
+ +
= + = + (3)
Cc bn thy g t cc cng thc (1), (2), (3) ?
t
{ } 3 , 0,1, 2 n k r r = + =
& 3
3 3
n n
k r n
( (
= =
( (

By gi (1), (2), (3) c th vit gp thnh
{ }
2
3 1
1,1,3
2 3 2 3
n
n n
S
( (
= +
( (

, ta cn biu din gi tr
{ } 1,1,3 qua biu thc ca r
Cch 1 { } { } { } { }
1 2 1
1,1,3 1,0, 0 0,1,1 2 0, 0,1 2
3 3 3
r r r + +
( ( (
= + + = + +
( ( (

Cch 2
{ } { } { } 1,1,3 0, 2, 4 1 2 0,1, 2 1 2 1 r = = =
Ta thy r rng biu din theo cch 2 gn gng hn cch 1 rt nhiu. Tuy vy cch 1 l
phng php tng qut nht biu din b
{ }
1 2
, ,...,
k
a a a bt k theo
{ } 0,1,..., 1 r k =
Thay gi tr 3
3
n
r n
(
=
(

(theo cch biu din th 2), ta c

2
3 1
2 3 1
2 3 2 3 3
n
n n n
S n
| |
| |
( ( (
= +
|
|
( ( (

\
\

2
0
1 3
3 2 3 2 3
n
n
i
i n n
S n
=
( | | ( (
= =
|
( ( (
\

Tng qut ha: Chng minh rng, vi m,n nguyn dng
2
0
1
2 2
n
i
i m n m n
n
m m m
=
( | | ( (
= +
|
( ( (
\

Gi : t (ng qun so snh vi Ex2.10)
Rt gn biu thc

Li gii: t
Ta c:

{ }
, 0,..., 1 n km r r m = + =
{ }
6 , 0,1, 2,3, 4,5 n k r r = + =
6 6
6 3 6 3
6 6
3 3
1 2
2 3 2 6
3 3
3 3
2 1 2
2 3 2
k r k r
k r k r
k r k r
S
r r
r r
r
S k k
| |
+ ( + (
( (
+ +
|
( (
( (
+ +
( (

|
= + ( (
( (
|
( (
|
( (

\
| |
( (
( (

|
( (
( (
| |
(

|
= + + ( (
|
(
|
(\ (
|
( (

\
{ } { }
{ }
3
3
2 3
0,1, 2,3, 4,5 3 0, 0, 0,1,1,1
0, 0, 0,1,1,1
2
r
r
r
S k
S k
(
(
(
(
(

= + (
(

(
(

(
= +
(

Ex3.3
Ex3.2

Cho dy s tha mn
Tm s hng tng qut ca dy
Li gii:
y l dy truy hi tuyn tnh bc 2. Mt cch rt t nhin l ta xt pt c trng
Tic rng phng trnh ny v nghim (thc ra ta c th dng nghim phc, nhng trong
khun kh bi vit ny chng ta s khng cp n)
Ta hy xem c tnh cht g bng cch tnh th mt vi gi tr

K t s hng tr i cc s hng ca dy u l ly tha ca 2 (suy ra t biu thc
truy hi). Ta lit k c bng sau

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Du ca -1 0 1 1 1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 1 1 1 0 -1 -1
Ly tha ca 2 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
-1

0 2
1
2
2
2
2
0 -2
3
-2
4
-2
4
0 2
5
2
6
2
6
0 -2
7
-2
8
{ }
n
U
( )
1 2 2 1
1, 0, 2 , 1
n n n
U U U U U n
+ +
= = =
{ }
n
U
2
2 2 0 x x + =
{ }
n
U
3 4 5
2(0 1) 2, 2(2 0) 4, 2(4 2) 4,... U U U = + = = = = =
2
U
{ }
n
U
{ }
n
U
{ }
{ }
{ }{ }
{ }
0,1, 2, 0,1, 2
0, 0, 0,1,1,1
2
0, 0,1, 0, 0,1 0, 0, 0,1,1,1
0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1
1
6
6 1
6
1
6
S k
S k
S k
r
S k
n k
S k
n
S
(
= +
(

= +
= +
+
(
= +
(

+
(
= +
(

+
(
=
(

Ex3.4

n y ta nhn thy c quy lut
Vi l dy du ca m ta cn tm
Nhn vo bng lit k trn ta thy l dy tun hon vi chu k bng 8 ta s chng
minh khng nh ny. Da vo biu thc truy hi. Ta c:

Suy ra
Nh vy qu thc l dy tun hon vi chu k bng 8.

Trn mt chu k t n=8 n n=15 chng hn nhn cc gi tr
Tng ng vi mi r ta c 1 cng thc biu din ?
Gi l lc ta dng cc kin thc c gp 8 cng thc trn lm 1:

Thay gi tr ri rt gn, cui cng ta c

===========================
2
2
n
n n
U D
(
(

=
{ }
n
D { }
n
U
{ }
n
D
8 7 6
2 2 2
8 7 6
6 5 6
2 2 2
6 5 6
6 5
2 2
6 5
5 4 5
2 2 2
5 4 5
4
2
4
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 4 2 2 2
2 2 4 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
4 2
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n n
n n
n n
n n n
n n n
n
n
D D D
D D D
D D
D D D
D
+ + + ( ( (
( ( (

+ + +
+ + + ( ( (
( ( (

+ + +
+ + ( (
( (

+ +
+ + + ( ( (
( ( (

+ + +
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
4
2
2
4
2
n
n
D
(
(
+ (
+
(

+
=
8 4
, 1
n n n
D D D n
+ +
= =
{ }
n
D
{ }
8 , 0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 n k r r = + =
{ }
n
U
{ }
{ } { } { } { } ( )
2
2
2
1 1, 0,1,1,1, 0, 1 2
0, 0, 0,1,1,1,1,1 1,1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1,1 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1 2
5 2 2 1
2
8 8 8 8
n
n
n
n
U
r r r r
(
(

(
(

(
(

=
=
| + + + |
( ( ( (
= +
|
( ( ( (

\
8
8
n
r n
(
=
(

2
5 2 2 1
2
8 8 8 8
n
n
n n n n
U
(
(

| + + + |
( ( ( (
= +
|
( ( ( (

\
{ }
n
D
{ }
1, 1, 0,1,1,1, 0, 1

Ham Phan Nguyen

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15 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

45 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

85 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

105 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

125 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

145 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

195 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

205 JU1L D 1 UJ UJ C3B_ ZL3B 103B0 J/JJ

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