Whole to part or part to whole Percent to amount, percent to umber, number to amount Greatest part of greatest whole means

greatest overall Assuming greatest part means being member of the greatest whole Failing to consider relative size of groups Refute probability claim with finite number of examples Mistaking relative for absolute Possible to definite, probable to definite, possible to probable Treating partial as whole or no solution

Treating limited correlation as universal Treating partial cause as the whole cause Establishing correlation by focusing on one thing Assuming effect must be produced intentionally Assume that since A tends to be B, more of A means more of B Assuming causation between 2 things when there could be a third cause Assuming effect cannot be reduced by counteracting factor Assuming temporal sequence implies causation Not ruling out all alternative causes Mistaking cause for effect or effect for cause Mistaking correlation for causation Assuming temporal continuity Presupposing a flaw is fatal Assuming false dichotomy Picking one statement over another as false when theres a contraction and either statements could be equally false Assuming statement is true because counterargument is false Failure to prove claim means the claim is invalid Failure ot disprove claim means claim is valid False conclusion means false premise Failing to recognize middle ground Concluding statement is false because thered be negative consequences if it was true Assuming that desiring something means desiring its consequences Appealing to emotion, opinion or popular thought Attacking proponents character or motives or calling them a hypocrite Equating what is true or false to be known to be true or false Assuming those who hold a belief also believe its implications

Advantages may outweigh disadvantages or disadvantages outweigh advantages Arguing for unfeasible or counterproductive course of action Misinterpreting key word

 Ambiguous word usage Distorting point at issue Missing the point at issue Rely on questionable analogy Illegal appeal to authority Basing conclusion on evidence that refutes it Ignoring counterevidence Providing irrelevant or no evidence to support contention Assuming survey responses are right Circular reasoning

Some means not all Manynot implies not many Mix up sufficient and necessary Fail to establish necessary or sufficient condition has been met Assuming trait is always manifested Mistakenly applying transitive property Showing necessary can exist without sufficient to refute a principle Failing to recognize the necessary condition has not been denied