Bi Ging Cu Lc B Ton hc Bi 1.

Hon v: mt s tnh cht v song nh

Phan Th H Dng - Vin Ton hc 28 thng 11 nm 2010 Ngy 6 thng 12 nm 2010

Ghi ch
Bi ging ny c chun b kh nhiu phn (ti ghi tm tt dn bi trong ti liu ny); ti chn mt s phn ging trong Bui CLB 90, cc phn cn li cc bn c th v nh c thm. c bit khuyn khch cc bn lm cc bi tp. Trong bui trnh by ngy 28/11, ti trnh by cc inh l di dng bi tp, v cha kh chi tit, mt s bi c cha ton b. C th l cc bi sau: 5 Bi tp trong phn 3 v 4 v cc nh l 3.1, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2. c bit bi tp s 2 trong Phn Bi tp 7.2 vi vic s dng cc tnh cht ca hon v v Nguyn l B tr. Hu ht cc chng minh c da trn vic xy dng cc song nh gia cc tp hp. Phn l thuyt, ti trnh by cc phn 1, 2, 3, 4, v 8.

1 Gii thiu v Hon v 2 nh ngha v v d

nh ngha 2.1 Mt hon v ca tp X l mt song nh ca X vo chnh n. c bit, mt hon v ca n vi n l s nguyn dng l mt song nh t [n] = {1, 2, ..., n} vo chnh n. S cc hon v ca n bng n!. V d: Mt hon v f ca 7, c th vit di dng 4, f (2) = 2, f (3) = 5, ....

1234567 4257361

, v c hiu l f (1) =

3 Biu din hon v. S Stirling loi mt

Phn tch mt hon v thnh cc xch: Cho 1 x n, ta xt dy x, f (x), f (f (x)), ..., tn ti s t nhin nh nht l sao cho f l (x) = x. Nh vy cc s trong dy x, f (x), ...f l1 (x) l i mt khc nhau, v c gi l mt xch. Bi tp 1: Chng minh rng mt hon v ca n c th vit di dng mt hp ri ca cc xch C1 , ..., Ck , trong mi s t nhin t 1 n n xut hin trong ng 1 xch. V d: hon v 1234567 4257361 c th c vit nh sau f = (53)(6)(147)(2). 1

Nu ta quy c vit sao cho: mi xch bt u bng s ln nht trong xch, cc xch c sp theo th t tng dn ca cc s ln nht xch, th cch vit ny l duy nht. nh x bin mt hon v thnh mt cch vit cc xch nh trn c k hin l h V d: hon v 1234567 4257361 s c vit l (2)(53)(6)(714). Bi tp 2: C bao nhiu hon v c chn xch c di chn ? nh l 3.1 nh x h l mt song nh t Sn vo chnh n. nh ngha 3.2 S cc hon v ca n c ng k xch c k hiu l s(n, k), v c gi l s Stirling loi mt. nh l 3.3 S s(n, k) tha mn cng thc truy hi sau: s(n + 1, k) = s(n, k 1) + ns(n, k), vi mi n, k nguyn dng, v quy c s(n, k) = 0 nu n = 0 hoc k = 0, tr trng hp s(0, 0) = 1. nh l 3.4 Vi n nguyn khng m ta c:
n x(x + 1)...(x + m 1) = m n=1 s(m, n)x .

Nghch th: Cho f l mt hon v ca n. Ta gi cp (f (i), f (j ) l mt nghch th ca f nu 1 i < j n v f (i) > f (j ). Bi tp 3 (Bi 5 k thi chn i tuyn Nng - 2010): Cho n em hc sinh ng thnh hng dc. C mi ln thy gio thi ci th c ng hai em i ch cho nhau. Hi: sau mt s l ln thy gio thi ci, ta c th thy tt c cc em hc sinh u ng ng v tr ban u ca mnh hay khng?

4 Hon v ca a tp
Cho tp S = {x1 , . . . , xm } gm m phn t. Mt t hp chp k ca m l mt tp con T gm k phn t ca mt tp S gm m phn t. a tp: l mt tp hp m cc phn t c th ging nhau. S cc thnh phn ca a tp c gi l s phn t ca a tp. am 1 V d: a tp M gm ai phn t xi , c th c k hiu l {xa 1 , ..., xm }. S cc phn t n ca M bng tng cc ai . T hp lp chp k ca m l mt a tp k phn t ca tp S gm m phn t ( cc phn t ca S khc nhau). Bi tp 4: C bao nhiu t hp lp chp k ca m ? (k hiu l ((n k )). Hon v ca a tp Hon v ca mt a tp M l mt cch sp xp n phn t ca a tp M . S cc hon n v ca a tp M k hiu l a1 ,...,a m
am 1 nh l 4.1 S cc hon v ca a tp M = {xa 1 , ..., xm } bng

n! a1 !...am !

am 1 nh l 4.2 S cc hon v ca a tp M = {xa 1 , ..., xm } bng h s ca n thc a1 n a m x1 ...xm trong khai trin ca hm m (x1 + ... + xm ) .

nk trong khai trin ca Ch : C th coi t hp chp k ca n l h s ca xk 1 x2 a1 n m (x1 + x2 ) cn s cc hon v ca a tp M l h s ca x1 ...xa m trong khai trin ca n (x1 + ... + xm ) . Bi tp 5: Chng minh rng

r+s+t=n

n r, s, t

= 3n

5 Mt s song nh
5.1 Gii thiu v cy

1. Mt cy l mt th v hng khng c chu trnh v lin thng (lun tn ti ng i gia hai nh bt k) 2. nh l c bn v cy: Cho mt th v hng G = (V, E ) trong V l tp nh v E l tp cnh.Cc mnh sau l tng ng: (a) G l mt cy: G lin thng v khng c chu trnh (b) G lin thng v |V | = |E | + 1. (c) G khng c chu trnh v |V | = |E | + 1. (d) G lin thng v nu xa i mt cnh bt k th th nhn c khng cn lin thng na. (e) G khng c chu trnh v nu thm vo mt cnh bt k th th nhn c s c chu trnh. (f) Gia hai nh bt k ca G c mt v ch mt ng i. 3. Mt cy c gc l mt th c dng cy trong c mt nh r c chn lm gc. Ti mi nh u khc r ca cy, u c mt ng i duy nht n r , nh v gn nht nh trn ng i y c gi l cha ca nh u, v u l con ca ca v . 4. Mt cy nh phn l cy m mi nh c 0 hoc 1 hoc 2 con. C bao nhiu cy n nh nh vy ? 5. Mt cy nh phn y l cy nh phn m mi nh hoc c hai con hoc khng c con. C bao nhiu cy n nh nh vy ? 6. Mt cy c nh s l cy m cc nh ca n c gn mt s t nhin t 1 n n (n l s nh ca cy), mi s c gn ng 1 ln. C bao nhiu cy n nh nh vy ? 7. Mt rng l mt hp thnh ca cc cy, ngha l mt th khng c chu trnh. C bao nhiu rng n nh c nh s ?

5.2

Song nh

Song nh gia cc hon v ca n v cc cy nh phn tng n nh (cc nh c nh s sao cho s ca cha nh hn s ca con). Song nh gia cc hon v ca n v cc cy c nh s tha mn: s ca con nh hn ca cha v ca em nh hn ca anh. 3

6 Sinh ngu nhin hon v

Bng nghch o: Cho mt hon v (a1 , ...an ) ca n. K hiu bi l s cc s t nhin j nm bn tri ca i trong hon v v j > i (s cc nghch th ca i). Khi bng (b1 , ...bn ) c gi l Bng nghch o ca a. nh l 6.1 t Jn = [0, n 1] [0, n 2] ... [0, 0] nh x I i t Sn vo Jn bin mi hon v ca n vo bng nghch o ca n l mt song nh. Php sinh ngu nhin vi xc xut u. sinh ngu nhin mt hon v, nu ch dng nh ngha th rt kh. Phng php l ta sinh ngu nhin mt bng nghch o (vi xc xut u, v rt d dng), sau p dng nh x ngc ca nh x I tm ra mt hon v.

7 Bi tp minh ha
7.1 Bi tp l thuyt

Chng minh cc nh l trong bi ging

7.2

Bi tp p dng

1. Gi f (n, k) l s cc hon v ca n c ng k nghch th. Chng minh rng vi k n, ta c f (n + 1, k) = f (n, k) + f (n + 1, k 1). 2. Gi Dn l s cc hon v bc n khng c im c inh. Khi Dn l s nguyn gn nht vi s n!/e. 3. Trong mt bui d hi, c mt s cp v chng tr tham gia mt iu nhy i (mi i gm mt nam v mt n). Trong iu nhy ny cc i s chi tr i bn: hai i nhy i bn nhy cho nhau. Chng minh rng d lc ban u cc i nhy c ghp th no th lun c cch chn sau mt s ln i bn, chng trai no cng c nhy vi v mnh (ngha l c gi no cng phi nhy vi chng mnh :-)). 4. Trong mt mt gii thi u bng bn, c n cn b Vin ton u vi n hc sinh cp 3. vng 1, h thi u n trn, mi trn do mt cn b u vi mt hc sinh. n vng u 2, cc trn cng c t chc nh vy, vi iu kin khng ai phi gp li i th trong vng 1 ca mnh. Tm s cch t chc ghp cp u cho vng 2 sau khi vng 1 kt thc (c th s dng tnh ton xp x). 5. Mt lp hc c 10 hc sinh c im tng kt i mi khc nhau. H quyt nh gio nhau hc tp. Mi bn c th c mt ngi gip mnh mn vn, hoc mt ngi gip mnh mn ton, hoc c hai ngi, hoc khng c ai gip. Bit rng mt ngi c th gip c ngi khc nu im tng kt ca h cao hn ca ngi kia, v ch c bn thp im nht l khng gip ai. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng gip nhau hc tp ? 4

6. (Shortlist 2002) Cho n l mt s nguyn dng. Mt dy S gm n s c gi l y nu n tha mn hai iu kin: vi mi k nguyn ln hn hoc bng 2, nu k thuc S th k 1 thuc S ; ln xut hin u tin ca k trong S trc ln xut hin cui cng ca k. Hi c bao nhiu dy y ?

8 Tm hiu thm
T hp: Rt nhiu bi ton t hp, nhiu i tng t hp c a v cc bi ton v cc hon v. c bit cc bi ton v sp xp. i s: Tp hp Sn gm tt c cc hon v ca n c rt nhiu tnh cht, c bit cc nghin cu v cu trc nhm ca Sn ng vai tr quan trng trong i s. Xc xut v thut ton: Mt trong nhng vn c bn ca vic sinh ngu nhin cc phn t ca mt tp hp l lm sao xc xut sinh ra cc phn t u nh nhau. Nh c bng nghch o, ta sinh c cc hon v vi xac xut u rt hu hiu. Tng t, rt nhiu bi ton sinh ngu nhin cc phn t ca mt tp A rt phc tp c n gin ha bng cch tm mt song nh gia A v mt tp B v mt thut ton sinh ngu nhin n gin trn B . Khoa hc my tnh: Tp cc hon v lin quan mt thit n bi ton sp xp - mt bi ton in hnh trong Khoa hc my tnh: "Cho mt dy s (cc s khc nhau), hy tm thut ton sp xp dy s theo th t tng dn". C rt nhiu thut ton c xut bng cc phng php khc nhau, th hin bn cht ca cc phng php thut ton. Quan trng hn ht, ngi ta chng minh rng d thut ton no, th phc tp tnh ton ca thut ton (c tnh bng s cc php so snh hai phn t vi nhau) lun ln hn hay bng O(nlogn).

9 Ti liu tham kho

1. Enumerative Combinatorics. Richard Stanley. Cambridge University Press 1997. 2. Combinatorics. R. Merris. Wiley-Intersciences. 2003 3. Introduction to algorithm. Thomas H. Cormen, Dartmouth College Charles E. Leiserson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ronald L. Rivest, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clifford Stein, Columbia University. 4. Shortlist 2002. 5. th chn i tuyn Nng 2010.