Din n Ton hc MathScope.

org
THI CHN HC SINH GII
CP QUC GIA THPT MN TON
NM HC 2012 - 2013
LI GII CHI TIT V BNH LUN
Ngi thc hin : Trn Nam Dng
Phan c Minh
L Phc L
Thng 01 - 2013
Phn 1
THI
2
Ngy thi th nht : 11/01/2013
Thi gian : 180 pht
Bi 1 (5,0 im). Gii h phng trnh
_

_
_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
+
_
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
=
_
20y
x +y
_
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
+
_
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
=
_
20x
x +y
(x, y R).
Bi 2 (5,0 im). Cho dy s thc (a
n
) xc nh bi :
a
1
= 1 v a
n+1
= 3
a
n
+ 2
2
a
n
vi mi n 1.
Chng minh rng dy (a
n
) c gii hn hu hn. Hy tm gii hn .
Bi 3 (5,0 im). Cho tam gic khng cn ABC. K hiu (I) l ng trn tm I ni
tip tam gic ABC v D, E, F ln lt l cc tip im ca ng trn (I) vi cc cnh
BC, CA, AB. ng thng i qua E v vung gc vi BI ct (I) ti K (K = E), ng
thng i qua F v vung gc vi CI ct (I) ti L (L = F). Gi J l trung im ca KL.
(a) Chng minh rng D, I, J thng hng
(b) Gi s cc nh B v C c nh, nh A thay i sao cho t s
AB
AC
= k (k khng i).
Gi M, N tng ng l cc giao im IE, IF vi (I) (M = E, N = F). MN ct IB, IC
ln lt ti P, Q. Chng minh rng ng trung trc ca PQ lun i qua mt im
c nh.
Bi 4 (5,0 im). Cho trc mt s s t nhin c vit trn mt ng thng. Ta thc
hin cc bc in s ln ng thng nh sau : ti mi bc, xc nh tt c cc cp s
k nhau hin c trn ng thng theo th t t tri qua phi, sau in vo gia mi
cp mt s bng bng tng ca hai s thuc cp . Hi sau 2013 bc, s 2013 xut hin
bao nhiu ln trn ng thng trong cc trng hp sau :
(a) Cc s cho trc l : 1 v 1000 ?
(b) Cc s cho trc l : 1, 2, . . . , 1000 v c xp theo th t tng dn t tri qua phi ?
3
Ngy thi th hai : 12/01/2013
Thi gian : 180 pht
Bi 5 (7,0 im). Tm tt c cc hm s f : R R tha mn : f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2013 v
(x y)
_
f
_
f
2
(x)
_
f
_
f
2
(y)
__
=
_
f(x) f(y)
__
f
2
(x) f
2
(y)
_
ng vi mi x, y R, trong f
2
(x) =
_
f(x)
_
2
.
Bi 6 (7,0 im). Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O) v im D thuc cung
BC khng cha imA. ng thng thay i i qua trc tmH ca tamgic ABC ct
cc ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABH v ACH ln lt ti M v N (M = H, N = H).
(a) Xc nh v tr ca ng thng din tch tam gic AMN ln nht.
(b) K hiu d
1
l ng thng i qua M v vung gc vi DB, d
2
l ng thng i qua
N v vung gc vi DC. Chng minh rng giao im P ca d
1
v d
2
lun thuc mt
ng trn c nh.
Bi 7 (6,0 im). Tm s cc b sp th t (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

) tha mn
_

_
ab +a

1 (mod 15)
bc +b

1 (mod 15)
ca +c

1 (mod 15)
vi a, b, c, a

, b

, c

{0, 1, . . . , 14}.
4
Phn 2
BNH LUN CHUNG
5
Mt cm gic u tin khi c thi nm nay l thi khng thc s hay v p. Cng
c mt s bi ton th v nhng nhn tng th th nm nay km hn so vi thi nm
ngoi (VMO 2012).
V cu trc , nm nay c 2 bi i s, 2 bi hnh hc, 1 bi gii tch, 1 bi t hp v 1
bi s hc. Phn i s tuy c mt nhiu nhng li l non nht v khng c tng g
mi. Hai bi hnh hc th kh ging nhau nn cng lm thi km th v. Bi gii tch
tip tc bn c son li cho thy s b tc trong cch ra cho phn mn ny. Hai bi
t hp v s hc c nt th v nhng li c mt c im chung l c hai bi u l s kt
hp gia t hp v s hc (bi t hp th dng s hc m, cn bi s hc li yu cu
m s nghim).
V kh, nm nay c kh tng ng vi nm ngoi vi th t cc bi ton
c sp nh sau (theo th t t d n kh): bi 1, bi 2, bi 5, bi 6, bi 3, bi 7, bi 4.
Tuy nhin, cc bi 6, 3 v 4 u c cu cho im. Cc bi 1, 2, 5 tuy d nhng cng c
nhiu ch khin th sinh b mt im. Do d on ca chng ti l ph im thi nm
nay cng tng t ph im nm ngoi.
Li gii cc bi ton bn di c tham kho t din n MathScope. Xin chn thnh cm
n cc thnh vin : Traum, ThangToan, DaiToan, quykhtn, thaygiaocht, kien10A1, LTL,
liverpool29,. . . ng gp cc li gii cho thi ny.
6
Phn 3
LI GII CHI TIT V BNH LUN
7
DXi i. H( inucNo fuiNn
Gii h phng trnh
_

_
_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
+
_
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
=
_
20y
x +y
_
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
+
_
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
=
_
20x
x +y
(x, y R).
Li gii. iu kin xc nh : sin x, cos x, sin y, cos y = 0, xy > 0.
Nhn theo v hai phng trnh ca h, ta thu c
_
_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
+
_
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
__
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
+
_
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
_
= 20
_
xy
(x +y)
2
.
(1)
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz v AM-GM, ta c
_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
__
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
_

_
| sin xcos x| +
1
| sin xcos x|
_
2
=
_
| sin 2x|
2
+
1
2| sin 2x|
+
3
2| sin 2x|
_
2

_
1 +
3
2
_
2
=
_
5
2
_
2
.
Hon ton tng t, ta c
_
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
__
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
_

_
5
2
_
2
.
Do theo bt ng thc AM-GM
VT(1) 4
4

_
sin
2
x +
1
sin
2
x
__
cos
2
x +
1
cos
2
x
__
sin
2
y +
1
sin
2
y
__
cos
2
y +
1
cos
2
y
_
4
4

_
5
2
_
4
= 10 20
_
xy
(x +y)
2
= VP(1).
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi | sin 2x| = 1, x = y x = y =

4
+
k
2
, k Z. Th li : Ta
thy rng khi x = y =

4
+
k
2
, k Z th
sin
2
x = cos
2
x = sin
2
y = cos
2
y =
1
2
v
x
x +y
=
y
x +y
=
1
2
.
Khi c hai v ca mi phng trnh trong h cho u bng

10.
Vy x = y =

4
+
k
2
, k Z l tt c cc nghim ca h phng trnh cho.
8
Nhn xt. y l bi ton d nht v cng l bi ton. . . d nht ca k thi. D v
tng dng bt ng thc l qu r rng, cn d l v vic trn ln gia cc biu thc
lng gic v biu thc i s lm cho bi ton tr nn xu x v thiu t nhin. Ngoi
cc nh gi nu trong hai li gii trn cn c th dng nhiu cch khc, c th t
thm n ph d bin i hn.
tng dng bt ng thc trong gii phng trnh l khng mi v gn y nht
c s dng trong k VMO 2009:
(Bi 1, VMO 2009) Gii h phng trnh
_

_
1

1 + 2x
2
+
1
_
1 + 2y
2
=
2

1 + 2xy
_
x(1 2x) +
_
y(1 2x) =
2
9
S lp li trong cc thi VMO ca chng ta c th ni tr thnh h thng. C th
n c mt s v d trong lnh vc h phng trnh minh chng cho lun im ny.
(VMO 1996) Gii h phng trnh
_

3x
_
1 +
1
x +y
_
= 2

7y
_
1
1
x +y
_
= 4

2
(VMO 2007) Gii h phng trnh
_

_
_
1 +
12
3x +y
_

x = 2
_
1
12
3x +y
_

y = 6
(VMO 2004) Gii h phng trnh
_
_
_
x
3
+ 3xy
2
= 49
x
2
8xy +y
2
= 8y 17x
(VMO 2010) Gii h phng trnh
_
_
_
x
4
y
4
= 240
x
3
2y
3
= 3 (x
2
4y
2
) 4(x 8y)
(VMO 1994) Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp cc s thc
_

_
x
3
+ 3x 3 + ln(x
2
x + 1) = y
y
3
+ 3y 3 + ln(y
2
y + 1) = z
z
3
+ 3z 3 + ln(z
2
z + 1) = x
9
(VMO 2006) Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp cc s thc
_

x
2
2x + 6 log
3
(6 y) = x
_
y
2
2y + 6 log
3
(6 z) = y

z
2
2z + 6 log
3
(6 x) = z
S lp li ny cho thy nhng sng to, nhng tng mi gn y thiu vng rt
nhiu, thay vo l nhng bi ton cho i hnh. thot khi tnh trng ny,
rt cn phi c s u t mnh m cho cng tc xy dng ngun xut, m gii
php kh thi nht l mnh dn s dng s ng gp ca cc bn tr l cu VMO, cu
IMO nh kinh nghim ca cc nc c phong tro Olympic Ton mnh nh Nga, M,
Romania. . .
Cui cng, cng cn ni thm l bi ton ny tuy d nhng cng c th lm nhiu bn
mt im khu trnh by. iu kin xc nh u bi ton v th li trc khi kt
lun l nhng phn khng th thiu. Nhiu thnh vin trong i tuyn thi IMO 2012
qun trnh by phn th li y v mt i 1 im bi 4 (phng trnh hm), y l
mt iu ng tic v l bi hc qu gi cho cc hc sinh chuyn Ton, d gii c bi
nhng th hin li gii cng phi tht cn thn.
10
DXi . DXv s6
Cho dy s thc (a
n
) xc nh bi :
a
1
= 1 v a
n+1
= 3
a
n
+ 2
2
a
n
vi mi n 1.
Chng minh rng dy (a
n
) c gii hn hu hn. Hy tm gii hn .
Li gii. Trc ht, bng quy np, ta chng minh a
n
> 1 vi mi n > 1. ()
Tht vy :
Vi n = 2, ta c u
2
=
3
2
nn () ng.
Gi s () ng vi n = k > 1, tc l a
k
> 1, ta cn chng minh a
k+1
= 3
a
k
+ 2
2
a
k
> 1
hay 2
a
k
+1
> a
k
+ 2. Xt hm s u(x) = 2
x+1
x 2 trn (1, +). Ta c u

(x) =
2
x+1
ln 2 1 > 0, x > 1. Do u(x) l hm ng bin, suy ra u(a
k
) > u(1) > 0. T
suy ra () ng vi mi n > 1.
V a
n
1 vi mi n 1 nn
a
n+1
= 3
a
n
+ 2
2
a
n
< 3, n 1.
Tip theo, ta s chng minh (a
n
) l dy tng.
Xt hm s f(x) = 3
2 +x
2
x
vi 1 < x < 3. Ta c f

(x) =
ln 4 +xln 2 1
2
x
> 0 nn f(x)
ng bin trn (1; 3). Ta cng c a
2
=
3
2
> a
1
nn dy tng. Do , dy (a
n
) cho tng
v b chn trn bi 3 nn c gii hn hu hn.
Gi s gii hn l L (1; 3). Trong cng thc xc nh ca dy, chuyn qua gii hn,
ta c L = 3
L + 2
2
L
. Ta s chng minh phng trnh
x = 3
x + 2
2
x
(1)
c nghim duy nht trn (1; 3). Tht vy, xt hm s g(x) = 3
x + 2
2
x
x, x (1; 3), ta c
g

(x) =
ln 4 +xln 2 1
2
x
1 =
ln 4 +xln 2 1 2
x
2
x
,
Ta xt tip hm s h(x) = ln 4+xln 212
x
, x (1; 3) th h

(x) = ln 2(12
x
) < 0, x (1; 3)
nn y l hm nghch bin. Suy ra h(x) < h(1) = ln 4 + ln 2 3 = ln 8 3 < 0, hay
ln 4 + xln 2 1 2
x
< 0 vi mi x (1; 3). Do , hm s g(x) nghch bin trn (1; 3) v
phng trnh g(x) = 0 c khng qu mt nghim.
Hn na g(2) = 0 nn x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (1). V vy dy s
cho c gii hn l 2.
11
Nhn xt. Ngoi cch nh gi chn min gi tr ca dy thuc (1; 3) nh trn, ta cng
c nhiu c nhiu nh gi khc cht hn gip qu trnh quy np thun tin hn.
Bi ny cng kh c bn v quen thuc. Bi ton kho st s hi t ca dy s dng
a
n+1
= f(a
n
) tr thnh gio khoa, c bit l khi f l hm tng. Vn chng minh
dy b chn cng khng c kh khn v ch cn chng minh c a
n
> 1 th hin nhin ta
c a
n
< 3. Cui cng, vic gii phng trnh x = f(x) gy i cht kh khn i vi mt
s bn, c bit l cc bn hc lp 11 (v lp 10 - nm nay c mt s bn lp 10 tham gia
k thi).
B sung thm cho kin v s lp li trong cc thi VMO, chng ti tip tc a ra
mt s bi ton c hnh thc v cch tip cn tng t bi VMO nm nay c s
dng trong cc k VMO trc y.
(VMO 1998) Cho a 1 l s thc. t
x
1
= a, x
n+1
= 1 + ln
_
x
2
n
1 + ln x
n
_
(n = 1, 2, . . .).
Chng minh rng dy {x
n
} c gii hn hu hn v tm gii hn .
(VMO 2008) Dy s thc (x
n
) c xc nh bi
x
1
= 0, x
2
= 2 v x
n+2
= 2
x
n
+
1
2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Chng minh rng dy s trn c gii hn hu hn khi n dn n v cng v tm gii hn
.
y chng ti ch nu hai bi ton c dng v c cch gii rt ging vi bi nm nay,
v cc bi dy s cc nm 2000, 2001, 2005 cng c dng dy s x
n+1
= f(x
n
) nhng u
c nhng nt th v ring do khai thc c nhng hay.
12
DXi . HiNn noc inNo
Cho tam gic khng cn ABC. K hiu (I) l ng trn tm I ni tip tam gic
ABC v D, E, F ln lt l cc tip im ca ng trn (I) vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB.
ng thng i qua E v vung gc vi BI ct (I) ti K (K = E), ng thng i
qua F v vung gc vi CI ct (I) ti L (L = F). Gi J l trung im ca KL.
(a) Chng minh rng D, I, J thng hng
(b) Gi s cc nh B v C c nh, nh A thay i sao cho t s
AB
AC
= k (k khng
i). Gi M, N tng ng l cc giao im IE, IF vi (I) (M = E, N = F). MN
ct IB, IC ln lt ti P, Q. Chng minh rng ng trung trc ca PQ lun
i qua mt im c nh.
Li gii.
A
B
C
I
D
E
F
M
N
K
L
J
X
Y
T
P
Q
G U
(a) Do D, E ln lt l cc tip im ca (I) vi cc cnh BC, CA nn ta c DE CI.
Theo gi thit th FL CI nn suy ra DE FL. Hon ton tng t, ta c DF EK.
T cc cung bng nhau trong ng trn, ta c c DK = DL = EF hay D nm trn
ng trung trc ca KL. Hn na, I cng nm trn ng trung trc ca KL nn suy
ra D, I, J thng hng.
(b) Gi T l trung im BC, G l giao im ca AI vi BC, U l im i xng vi T qua
G. Ta s chng minh rng ng trung trc ca PQ lun i qua U.
Gi X, Y ln lt l giao im ca EF vi BI, CI. Ta c

XIC = 180

BIC = 180

_
90

BAC
2
_
= 90

BAC
2
=

AEI

EFI
=

AEF =

XEC.
13
Do C, I, E, X ng vin, suy ra

BXC = 90

. Tng t, ta suy ra

BY C = 90

. Do
B, C, X, Y ni tip ng trn tm T, ng knh BC. Suy ra T nm trn ng trung
trc ca XY .
D thy rng cc cp im M, E v N, F i xng nhau qua I nn EF MN hay XY
PQ. T , ta c IEX = IMP, suy ra X v P i xng vi nhau qua I. Tng t,
ta cng c Y v Q i xng nhau qua I. Do hai ng trung trc ca XY v PQ i
xng vi nhau qua AI. T suy ra ng trung trc ca PQ i qua U.
V B, C c nh nn T c nh. T s
GB
GC
=
AB
AC
= k khng i nn G c nh. Do U c
nh. V vy ng trung trc ca PQ lun i qua im c nh U.
Nhn xt. Vic d on im c nh trn BC l tng i n gin v ch cn ly A

i xng vi A qua BC, ta s c hai ng trung trc i xng nhau qua BC. Do
chng s ct nhau ti mt im trn BC v l im c nh cn tm (d thy rng nu
im A tha mn iu kin
AB
AC
= k th im A

i xng vi A qua BC cng s tha

mn iu kin
A

B
A

C
= k). Cc kt qu c bn cng tng i d nhn ra v m hnh ca
bi ny tng xut hin trong bi 3, VMO 2009.
Tuy vy, ci mi v chnh l ci kh ca bi ton ny nm ch : vic xc nh M, N l
php i xng tm I, nhng gii bi ton ta cn chuyn qua php i xng trc AI.
iu ny i hi hc sinh phi nm vng tnh cht ca php bin hnh mi c th lp
lun nhanh chng c, nu khng hc sinh c th dng mt s bin i gc, tnh ton
i s cng c th gii quyt c bi ton nhng kh vt v. Mt kh khn khc ca
bi ny chnh l kh v c hnh chnh xc do cc v tr im kh gn nhau, khng r
rng dn n tnh trc quan b mt i, nhiu khi dn n ng nhn. Do , bi ton ny
i hi nhiu kh nng phn on ca th sinh.
Gi thit
AB
AC
khng i ch l suy ra chn ng phn gic c nh nhng v tnh
lm mt s hc sinh ngh n ng trn Apollonius. Vic ch ra im c nh da theo
t s chia on BC l c th lm c nhng cng tng i khng n gin.
14
DXi q. T6 noi
Cho trc mt s s t nhin c vit trn mt ng thng. Ta thc hin cc bc
in s ln ng thng nh sau : ti mi bc, xc nh tt c cc cp s k nhau
hin c trn ng thng theo th t t tri qua phi, sau in vo gia mi cp
mt s bng bng tng ca hai s thuc cp . Hi sau 2013 bc, s 2013 xut hin
bao nhiu ln trn ng thng trong cc trng hp sau :
(a) Cc s cho trc l : 1 v 1000 ?
(b) Cc s cho trc l : 1, 2, . . . , 1000 v c xp theo th t tng dn t tri qua
phi ?
Li gii. (a) Ta s chng minh rng c ng hai s 2013 trong dy nhn c sau 2013
ln thc hin. Tht vy, ch rng ta ch quan tm n s ln xut hin ca 2013 nn
khi c hai s ng k nhau m tng cc s u ln hn 2013 hoc cc s xut hin t
trc ri (ta hon ton xc nh s c bng 2013 hay khng) th ta khng cn
lit k na.
Dy ban u l
1, 1000.
Sau bc 1 :
1, 1001, 1000.
Sau bc 2 :
1, 1002, 1001, 2001, 1000.
Sau bc 3 :
1, 1003, 1002, 2003, 1001, 3002, 2001, 3001, 1000.
Tip theo, ta ch gi li 4 s u tin. Sau bc 4 :
1, 1004, 1003, 2005, . . .
Sau bc 5 :
1, 1005, 1004, 2007, . . .
Sau bc 6 :
1, 1006, 1005, 2009, . . .
Sau bc 7 :
1, 1007, 1006, 2011, . . .
Sau bc 8 :
1, 1008, 1007, 2013, . . .
Sau bc th 8, s 2013 xut hin ln u tin. Sau , tr tng ca cp u tin cn b
hn 2013 th cc cp cn li u ln hn 2013. Hn na ngay t u, sau mi ln thc
15
hin th s th hai trong dy tng ng mt n v nn sau 1013 bc th s th hai
s nhn gi tr 2013. T tr i, s khng c s 2013 no mi xut hin thm na.
Vy vi cc s cho trc l 1 v 1000 th s 2013 xut hin ng hai ln.
(b) Ta s chuyn vic thao tc trn cc s t 1 n 1000 vit trn ng thng v cc s
t 1 n 1000 vit trn vng trn (c th hiu l thm mt on 1000-1 vo cui dy ban
u) ri tin hnh thc hin vi quy tc tng t.
cu (a), ta chng minh c rng sau 2013 bc th c ng hai s 2013 nn vi
vng trn ny, gi s sau 2013 bc, c N s 2013 th p s cn tm - s cc s 2013 xut
hin trn ng thng ban u - chnh l N 2.
Ta thy rng vic thao tc vi cc s 1, 2, 3, . . . , 1000 trn vng trn nh th hon ton
tng t vi vic thao tc vi vng trn ban u ch c hai s l 1 v 2.
1
1000
999
. . .
. . .
4
3
2
1
4
3
5
2
5
3
4
Tht vy : Vi hai s ban u l 1 v 2, ta in s 3 vo gia cc cp (1, 2) v (2, 1) (cc
cp c tnh th t), tuy nhin, ta ch quan tm n s 3 in vo gia cp (2, 1). Tip tc
in cc s vo gia cc cp hin ang c l (1, 3), (3, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), ta c cc s nh
hnh trn. Trong , ta cng ch quan tm n s 4 in gia cp (3, 1). C tip tc nh
th, in s 5 vo gia cp (4, 1), in s 6 vo gia cp (5, 1),. . . , in s 1000 vo gia
cp (999, 1).
ng thi, vi vic in s ny, ta xy dng c mt dy cc cp s (a, b) trn vng
trn theo chiu kim ng h.
Bng quy np, ta chng minh c rng vi mi cp (a, b) m gcd(a, b) = 1 v (a, b) = (1, 1)
th xut hin duy nht mt ln trong dy v hn ny. Nu a > b th cp (a, b) xut hin
t cp (a b, b). So snh tip hai s ny, chng hn, nu a b > b th cp s ny xut
hin t cp (a2b, b) v c th, n mt lc no s tr v cp (1, 2) hoc (2, 1) ban u.
Do , theo thut ton Eulid th gcd(a, b) = gcd(2, 1) = 1, tc l hai s k nhau trn vng
trn lun nguyn t cng nhau.
Khi , s 2013 s xut hin t mi cp s c dng l (a, 2013 a) m 0 < a < 2013 v
gcd(a, 2013) = 1. Hn na, sau bc th 2013, tt c cc s in vo tip theo s u ln
hn 2013 nn s khng c s 2013 no c in vo na.
16
Do , s cc s xut hin trn vng trn s l (2013) = 1200. Vy s ln cc s 2013 xut
hin trn ng thng sau 2013 ln thao tc l 1198.
Nhn xt. y l bi ton th v nht ca ngy thi th nht. Rt tic l nhiu bn
khng dm ng n bi ny (hoc n gin l ht thi gian, do tn nhiu sc cho cc
bi trc, c bit l bi hnh). l mt iu ng tic v cu (a) ca bi ton hon
ton l mt cu cho im. Mt nguyn tc c bn khi gii bi ton t hp l phi. . . lm
th, c th y, vi quy tc bin i nh th phi lm th qua cc bc cm nhn
bi ton.
im mu cht trong li gii ca bi ton chng ta l vic a v xt tnh hung c bn
khi b s ban u l (k, k + 1). Qu trnh sinh ra cc b s mi hon ton c lp, khng
chm ln nhau v ph thuc vo nhau. R rng trong cc bi ton t hp dng nh th
ny, d on v quy np ng mt vai tr quan trng.
Cng ni thm rng bi ton s c gii quyt d dng hn nu s dng dy Farey v
cc tnh cht ca dy ny (c gii thiu trong cun Ti liu chuyn ton - i s v
gii tch 11). Dy Farey c nh ngha nh sau :
Dy Farey bc n, k hiu F
n
l dy tng cc phn s trong on [0; 1] sao cho chng l cc
phn s ti gin c dng
a
b
vi 0 a < b n, a, b Z. Phn s u tin ca dy c gi tr
0 v ta quy c vit
0
1
, phn s cui cng ca dy c gi tr 1 v ta quy c vit
1
1
.
17
DXi . PnucNo fuiNn nXv
Tm tt c cc hm s f : R R tha mn : f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2013 v
(x y)
_
f
_
f
2
(x)
_
f
_
f
2
(y)
__
=
_
f(x) f(y)
__
f
2
(x) f
2
(y)
_
ng vi mi x, y R, trong f
2
(x) =
_
f(x)
_
2
.
Li gii. Cho x = 0 v y = 0, ta c
xf
_
f
2
(x)
_
= f
3
(x).
Suy ra
f
_
f
2
(x)
_
=
f
3
(x)
x
, x = 0.
Thay vo phng trnh ban u ta c:
(x y)
_
f
3
(x)
x

f
3
(y)
y
_
=
_
f(x) f(y)
_ _
f
2
(x) f
2
(y)
_
, x, y = 0. (1)
Thay x < 0, y = 1 vo (1), ta c
(x 1)
_
f
3
(x)
x
2013
3
_
=
_
f(x) 2013
_ _
f
2
(x) 2013
2
_
,
tng ng vi
_
f(x) 2013x
_ _
f
2
(x) 2013
2
x
_
= 0, x < 0.
Mt khc, vi x < 0 th f
2
(x) > 2013
2
x, t suy ra f(x) = 2013x vi mi x < 0. Do
f(1) = 2013.
Thay x > 0, y = 1 vo (1), ta c
(x + 1)
_
f
3
(x)
x
+ 2013
3
_
=
_
f(x) + 2013
_ _
f
2
(x) 2013
2
_
,
tng ng vi
_
f(x) 2013x
_ _
f
2
(x) + 2013
2
x
_
= 0, x > 0.
Suy ra
f(x) = 2013x, x > 0.
Kt hp vi f(0) = 0, ta suy ra f(x) = 2013x, x R. Vi f(x) = 2013x, ta c
f
2
(x) = 2013
2
x
2
v f
_
f
2
(x)
_
= f
_
(2013x)
2
_
= 2013
3
x
2
.
Do , ta c
(x y)
_
f
_
f
2
(x)
_
f
_
f
2
(y)
__
= 2013
3
(x y)
_
x
2
y
2
_
v
_
f(x) f(y)
__
f
2
(x) f
2
(y)
_
= (2013x 2013y)
_
2013
2
x
2
2013
2
y
2
_
= 2013
3
(x y)
_
x
2
y
2
_
.
18
T hai ng thc trn, ta suy ra hm s f(x) = 2013x tha mn tt c cc iu kin ca
bi ton. Vy f(x) = 2013x l tt c cc hm cn tm.
Nhn xt. y l mt bi ton kh c bn. S khng qu kh khn i n ng thc
(1) trong li gii trn. Cch gii khng c g mi nhng cng cha ng mt s by khin
nhiu hc sinh mt im, trong li thng gp nht s l
(f(x) ax)(f(x) bx) = 0
_
f(x) = ax x
f(x) = bx x
(ng ra l vi mi x th f(x) = ax hoc f(x) = bx). Tnh hung ny cng xut hin
trong mt s bi VMO trc . Chng hn :
(VMO 2002B) Tm tt c cc hm s f : R R tha mn
f
_
y f(x)
_
= f
_
x
2002
y
_
2001yf(x), x, y R.
(VMO 2007) Cho b l s thc dng. Hy xc nh tt c cc hm s f : R R sao cho
f(x +y) = f(x) 3
b
y
+f(y)1
+b
x
_
3
b
y
+f(y)1
b
y
_
, x, y R.
Ngoi cch s dng trn, hc sinh c th chng minh bng phn chng dn n
iu v l.
C mt im lm cho bi ton mt p, l cc iu kin f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2013. Tt
nhin iu kin f(1) = 2013 l gi nhng iu kin f(0) = 0 lm cho bi ton n
gin i rt nhiu. Tnh hung phi thm iu kin ny gp phi bi phng trnh
hm VMO 2012 khi tc gi bt buc phi thm iu kin f ton nh, vn l mt iu
kin rt thiu t nhin. Vic thm cc iu kin nh vy phn no gim i tnh trn vn
ca bi ton.
19
DXi 6. HiNn noc inNo
Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O) v im D thuc cung BC khng
cha im A. ng thng thay i i qua trc tm H ca tam gic ABC ct cc
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABH v ACH ln lt ti M v N (M = H, N = H).
(a) Xc nh v tr ca ng thng din tch tam gic AMN ln nht.
(b) K hiu d
1
l ng thng i qua M v vung gc vi DB, d
2
l ng thng i
qua N v vung gc vi DC. Chng minh rng giao im P ca d
1
v d
2
lun
thuc mt ng trn c nh.
Li gii.
A
B
C
H
D
M
N
P
F
(a) D thy rng R
(AHB)
= R
(AHC)
= R
(ABC)
khng i (trong R
(XY Z)
l bn knh
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic XY Z). Li c AM v AN l hai dy cung chn gc

AHM
v

AHN nn AM = AN. Ta c
(AM, AN) (AB, AC) + (AM, AB) + (AC, AN)
(AB, AC) + (HM, HB) + (HC, HN)
(AB, AB) + (HC, HB) 2(AB, AC) (mod ).
Do (AM, AN) khng i (theo modulo ). Suy ra din tch tam gic AMN ln nht khi
v ch khi AM ln nht. iu ny xy ra khi AM, AN ln lt l ng knh ca (AHB)
v (AHC). Khi

AHM =

AHN = 90

nn MH BC.
(b) Ta c (PM, PN) (DB, DC) (AB, AC) (mod ). Suy ra
(AM, AN) 2(PM, PN) (mod ),
do P (A, AM). Gi F l giao im khc A ca (AHC) vi ng thng qua A song
song CD. Ta c AF PN nn P i xng vi N qua AF. V AF c nh v N di ng
20
trn (AHC) c nh, ta suy ra P lun di ng trn mt ng trn c nh i xng vi
(AHC) qua AF.
Nhn xt. y li l mt ng dng p ca php i xng trc, trong bi ny th trc
cn kh nhn ra hn bi 3b trc . C l nhiu hc sinh i n kt qu P thuc
(A; AM) nhng li b cch xc nh im P nh lc hng, v khng tn dng c kt
qu trn.
Cng bi l do khng c sn trc i xng l ng thng AF nn vic v hnh v d
on cng d lm hc sinh hoang mang bi khng r v tr ca ng trn cha P.
Mu cht l phi nhn ra P chnh l giao ca ng thng qua N vung gc BD vi
(A; AN) (y li l mt iu hin nhin !?) ri t mi c th d dng tm ra trc i
xng AF v gii quyt bi ton. Mun c nhng nhn xt quan trng ny th ngoi vic
nm vng tnh cht cn phi bnh tnh quan st k hnh v, iu kin bi.
Trong nhiu nm tr li y, cc bi ton hnh hc thi VMO thng t c s xut hin
ca php bin hnh m ch xoay quanh cc vn v phng tch, trc ng phng,
hng im iu ha hay cc dng bin i gc c bn. Trong thi ln ny, c hai bi
hnh u i hi phi vn dng n tnh cht ca php bin hnh nhc chng ta rng
phi chun b cho mnh nhng kin thc cn bn y ch khng nn da vo thi
cc nm trc m phn on. Php bin hnh l ni dung quan trng khng th thiu
trong vic xy dng, pht trin hnh phng m ta c hc ngay trong chng trnh
ph thng lp 8 v lp 11.
Ngoi cch tip cn trn, ta cng c th v thm cc hnh ph to ra m hnh theo
php i xng v ch ra c th tm ca ng trn c nh cn tm.
21
DXi y. S6 noc
Tm s cc b sp th t (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

) tha mn
_

_
ab +a

1 (mod 15)
bc +b

1 (mod 15)
ca +c

1 (mod 15)
vi a, b, c, a

, b

, c

{0, 1, . . . , 14}.
Li gii. Trc ht, theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa th ta thy rng nu s x a
(mod 3), 0 a 2 v x b (mod 5), 0 b 4 th tn ti duy nht s c, 0 c 14 m
x c (mod 15), do (3, 5) = 1.
Do , ta s m s b (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

) m
_

_
ab +a

1 (mod 3)
bc +b

1 (mod 3)
ca +c

1 (mod 3)
vi a, b, c, a

, b

, c

{0, 1, 2}. Gi s s b ny l A. Tip theo, ta m s b (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

)
m
_

_
ab +a

1 (mod 5)
bc +b

1 (mod 5)
ca +c

1 (mod 5)
vi a, b, c, a

, b

, c

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Gi s s b ny l B. Khi , ng vi mi b A v mi b

B s tng ng vi mt b 6 s tha mn bi, tc l ta cn tm tch AB.
m s b A. Trc ht, ta thy rng (ab, a

), (bc, b

), (ca, c

) u khng cng chia ht

cho 3 nn d thy rng abc, a

cng khng cng chia ht cho 3 (nu khng th s c mt

trong 3 b kia chia ht cho 3, mu thun).
Gi s abc khng chia ht cho 3, do ch c hai s d l 1, 2 nn s c hai trong ba s a, b, c
ng d vi nhau theo modulo 3. Ta tip tc gi s l a, b.
Khi , tng ng a

chia ht cho 3. Nu a

chia ht cho 3 th li suy ra tip c

chia ht
cho 3 hay ca 1 (mod 3), tc l a c (mod 3). M bc chia 3 d 1 nn dn n b

chia ht
cho 3 v suy ra thm c mt s trong b

, c

chia ht cho 3.
T , do tnh bnh ng ca cc s a, b, c v a

, b

, c

, ta suy ra rng c ba s a, b, c ng
d vi nhau theo modulo 3 v trong cc s a

, b

, c

th c hai s chia ht cho 3, s cn li

ty .
C hai cch chn b (a, b, c) v 7 cch chn b (a

, b

, c

), do c mt cch chn (0, 0, 0), ba

cch chn (0, 0, 1) v ba cch chn (0, 0, 2).
22
Tng t vi trng hp a

khng chia ht cho 3. Do , s b trong trng hp ny l

A = 2 2 7 = 28 b.
m s b B. Cc s d khi chia cho 5 l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 v ta thy cc tch ca cc b sau s
c s d tng ng khi chia cho 5 c lit k bn di :
1 2 1, 1 2 2, 1 3 3, 1 4 4, 2 2 4,
2 3 1, 2 4 3, 3 3 4, 3 4 2, 4 4 1.
Tng t trn, cc s abc, a

u khng cng chia ht cho 5.

Ta xt cc trng hp sau :
Nu abc hoc a

chia ht cho 5, gi s abc chia ht cho 5 v ta tip tc gi s a

chia ht cho 5 th a

, a

chia 5 d 1. Ta xt tip cc trng hp sau :

Nu a

chia 5 d 1 th b

, c

chia 5 d 1 v dn n bc chia ht cho 5 v c thm

mt trong hai s b, c chia ht cho 5. Khi , cc b s m hai trong ba s (a, b, c)
chia ht cho 5 v (a

, b

, c

) = (1, 1, 1) tha mn bi. C tt c 7 1 = 7 b nh

th.
Nu a

chia 5 d 4 th b

, c

chia 5 d 4 v dn n bc chia ht cho 5, cc b s m

hai trong ba s (a, b, c) chia ht cho 5 v (a

, b

, c

) = (4, 4, 4) tha mn bi. C

tt c 7 1 = 7 b nh th.
Nu a

chia 5 d 2 th b

, c

chia 5 d 3 th b

chia 5 d 4 v dn n bc chia 5 d
2. Khi b s c dng (a, b, c) = (0, 1, 2), (0, 3, 4) v (a

, b

, c

) = (2, 3, 3) tha mn.

C tt c 6 2 = 12 b nh th.
Nu a

chia 5 d 3 th b

, c

chia 5 d 2 v dn n bc chia 5 d 2. Khi , cc b

s c dng (a, b, c) = (0, 1, 2), (0, 3, 4) v (a

, b

, c

) = (3, 2, 2) tha mn. C tt c

6 2 = 12 b nh th.
Trng hp ny c tt c 2 (7 + 7 + 12 + 12) = 76 b tha.
Ta tm s trng hp m c abc v a

u khng chia ht cho 5. Khi , ta thy

ab, bc, ca ch c th chia 5 d 2, 3, 4 v nu chia 5 d 1 th b a

, b

, c

s chia ht
cho 5, mu thun.
Ta thy cc s d ca (ab, bc, ca) khi chia cho 5 khng th l mt trong cc b sau :
(2, 2, 2), (2, 2, 3), (2, 2, 4), (2, 3, 3),
(2, 4, 4), (3, 3, 3), (3, 3, 4), (3, 4, 4).
Tht vy, chng hn vi b (2, 2, 2), ta c ab bc ca 2, dn n 2c
2
= 4, v l.
Tng t vi cc trng hp cn li.
Do , cc b s d ny ch c th l (2, 3, 4), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 4), ta c ba trng hp
sau :
23
Nu (ab, bc, ca) = (2, 3, 4) th (a

, b

, c

) = (4, 3, 2) v ta c (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

)
tng ng vi mt trong 4 trng hp sau :
(4, 3, 1, 1, 4, 2), (1, 2, 4, 1, 4, 2), (4, 3, 1, 4, 1, 3), (1, 2, 4, 4, 1, 3).
C tt c 6 4 = 24 b tha mn (ng vi mi hon v ca ba s u th tn ti
ng mt dy th t cho ba s sau v cc hon v ca cc b khc nhau).
Nu (ab, bc, ca) = (2, 4, 2) th (a

, b

, c

) = (4, 2, 4) khng tha.

Nu (ab, bc, ca) = (4, 4, 4) th (a

, b

, c

) = (2, 2, 2) cng khng tha.

Do , trong trng hp ny c 2 24 = 48 b tha mn bi.
T ta tnh c tng s b B l 76 + 48 = 124 b.
Vy tng s b cn tm l 28 124 = 3472.
Nhn xt. Bi ny l mt tnh hung p dng nh l Trung hoa v s d kh c bn,
tuy nhin c v nh cc th sinh khng c hc nhiu lm v nh l ny di gc
nh x phc hi : Z
p
Z
q
Z
pq
vn l ng dng quan trng nht ca nh l ny :
Mt s thuc Z
pq
c xc nh mt cch duy nht qua cp s d ca n khi chia cho p
v q. T ta chuyn cc bi ton trn Z
pq
v cc bi ton trn Z
p
v Z
q
.
Trc y, nh l Trung hoa v s d thng c s dng trong cc bi ton nh th
ny:
1. (Ninh Bnh 2010) Cho hai s nguyn dng p, q ln hn 1 v nguyn t cng nhau.
Chng minh rng tn ti s nguyn k sao cho (pq 1)nk + 1 l hp s vi mi s
nguyn dng n.
2. Chng minh rng vi mi n, tn ti n s nguyn dng lin tip m mi s u chia
ht cho bnh phng ca mt s nguyn t.
3. Xt a thc P(x) = (2x + 1)(3x + 1). Chng minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng, tn
ti x nguyn sao cho P(x) chia ht cho n.
V th gc nhn di gc nh x phc hi cha c gii thiu mt cch y .
Tin s VMO ghi nhn bi ton sau c nt ging nht vi bi ton VMO nm nay v
cch p dng nh l Trung hoa v s d : (VMO 2008) Cho m = 2007
2008
. Tn ti bao
nhiu s nguyn dng n sao cho n < m v n(2n + 1)(5n + 2) chia ht cho m?
Bi ton ny c th tng qut nh sau : Cho p l mt s nguyn t, gi f(p) l s tt c
b sp th t (a, b, c, a

, b

, c

) tha mn
_

_
ab +a

x (mod p)
bc +b

y (mod p)
ca +c

z (mod p)
vi a, b, c, a

, b

, c

{0, 1, 2, . . . , p 1} v 0 x, y, z p 1. Khi :
24
Nu 0 < x, y, z p 1 th
f(p) = p
3
1 = (p 1)(p
2
+p + 1) nu p 1 (mod 4).
f(p) = p
3
+ 1 = (p + 1)(p
2
p + 1) nu p 3 (mod 4).
Nu trong ba s x, y, z c mt s bng 0 th
f(p) = p
3
p
2
+p 1 = (p 1)(p
2
+ 1) nu p 1 (mod 4).
f(p) = p
3
p
2
p + 1 = (p + 1)(p 1)
2
nu p 3 (mod 4).
Nu trong ba s x, y, z c hai s bng 0 th
f(p) = 2p
3
3p
2
+ 2p 1 = (p 1)(2p
2
p + 1) nu p 1 (mod 4).
f(p) = 2p
3
p
2
2p + 1 = (p + 1)(p 1)(2p 1) nu p 3 (mod 4).
Nu c ba s x, y, z u bng 0 th
f(p) = 5p
3
6p
2
+ 3p 1 nu p 1 (mod 4).
f(p) = 3p
3
3p + 1 nu p 3 (mod 4).
Ta th kim tra cc biu thc trn :
Vi p 1 (mod 4) th s tt c cc trng hp xy ra l
(p1)
3
(p
3
1)+3(p1)
2
(p
3
p
2
+p1)+3(p1)(2p
3
3p
2
+2p1)+(5p
3
6p
2
+3p1) = p
6
.
Vi p 3 (mod 4) th s tt c cc trng hp xy ra l
(p1)
3
(p
3
+1)+3(p1)
2
(p
3
p
2
+p1)+3(p1)(2p
3
p
2
2p+1)+(3p
3
3p+1) = p
6
.
Hon ton trng khp do mi s a, b, c, a

, b

, c

c p cch chn.
Cng cn ch thm rng, vi p, q l hai s nguyn t phn bit bt k th (p, q) = 1. Do
, theo nh l phn d Trung Hoa, ta c f(p)f(q) = f(pq), suy ra f l hm nhn tnh.
Ta ch cn tm cng thc tng qut cho f(p
k
) vi p nguyn t v k > 1 l c th tng qut
c bi ton khi thay 15 bi mt s nguyn dng ln hn 1 bt k.
25