.

VT LIU THP LM KT CU XY DNG Trn th trng Vit Nam hin nay, c nhiu loi thp c sn xut cc nc nh Vit Nam, Nga, Nga, Ty u, M, Nht, Hn quc, Trung quc. Do c qu nhiu chng loi, vic nm vng cc tnh nng ca thp theo ngun gc l ht sc quyt nh n cht lng xy dng. 1. Thp ca Vit Nam. Thp Vit nam l cc loi thp do Vit Nam sn xut hoc lm theo Tiu chun ca Vit Nam . 1.1. Thp cacbon. Thp cacbon c thnh phn chnh l st v cacbon, vi lng cacbon di 1,7%. Thp cacbon dng trong xy dng l thp cacbon thp vi lng cacbon di 0,22%, l loi thp mm, do d hn. Cch gi tn c quen thuc l theo cch phn loi ca Lin x, chia thp cacbon lm 7 cp t CT1 n CT 7, trong thp cacbon dng cho kt cu thp CT3. Theo TCVN 1765-85 : cc thp cacbon thp c cc mc CT34, CT38, CT42. Ch CT l vit tt ca ch ting Nga ngha l thp. Thp cacbon thng thng, hai s sau l gii hn bn ti thiu khi ko, tnh bng kG/mm2. Cn c theo cng dng, thp c chia lm 3 nhm : nhm A, thp thuc nhm ny phi m bo tnh cht c hc ; nhm B phi m bo thnh phn ho hc ; nhm C : tho mn c thnh phn ho hc v tnh nng c hc. Ch u tin l ch tn nhm : A, B hoc C. Nh vy thp tt nht l thuc nhm C nh CCT34, CCT38, CCT42. Quy phm kt cu thp u yu cu ch dng loi thp ny lm kt cu chu lc v ngoi vic m bo tnh nng chu lc cn m bo tnh d hn v chu lc trong nhng iu kin phc tp. Ch cui cng tron g tn thp l l ch ch s kh xy trong cng ngh rt. Khi rt thp t l luyn vo cc khun v ngui cho kt tinh li th c cc cng ngh lng ngui nh sau - thp si : thp khi ngui bc ra nhiu bt kh xy, cacbon oxy nn trng nh si, c gi l thp si. Thp si c ln nhiu bt kh nn cu trc km ng nht, thp c cht lng khng tt, d b ph hoi gin v lo ho ; - thp lng (hay l tnh), trong qu trnh ngui khng c bc hi ra cun cun, do c thm nhng cht kh oxy nh silic, nhm, mngan. Nhng cht ny kh ht oxy c hi v nhng tp cht phi kim loi khc to nn x ni trn mt. Loi b phn x i th thp cn li tr nn ng nht, chu lc ng tt kh b ph hoi gin. Thp lng t hn thp si, c dng trong nhng cng trnh quan trng hoc chu ti trng ng lc ;

- thp na lng l trung gian gia thp lng v si, oxy khng c kh hon ton. V cht lng thp cng nh v gi thnh th thp na lng l trung gian gia thp si v thp lng. Thp si c thm ch s sau con s ch bn ; thp na lng c thm ch n ; khng ghi th l thp lng. i vi thp na lng c hm lng mangan nng cao th sau ch n c thm ch Mn, v d BCT38nMn2 Cc nh my luyn thp Vit Nam sn xut ch yu cc mc thp ny. Chng tng ng vi tn thp Lin x quen thuc l CT2 v CT3. Di y trch t TCVN 1765-85 mt s tnh nng c hc ca thp cacbon thp thuc nhm A v nhm C Bng 9.1. Mt s tnh nng c hc ca thp cacbon thp Mc thp bn Gii hn chy ti thiu dn di , %, cho b dy ko (N/mm2)cho b dy, mm mm 2 N/mm n 20 trn 20 trn 40 n 20 trn 20 trn 40 n 40 n 100 n 40 n 100 330- 420 340- 440 370- 470 380- 490 220 230 240 250 250 260 270 290 290 210 220 230 240 240 250 260 280 280 200 200 220 230 230 240 250 270 270 32 32 27 26 26 25 24 20 20 32 31 26 25 25 24 23 19 19 30 29 24 23 23 22 21 17 17

CT34s CT34n, CT34 CT38s CT38n, CT38 CT42s CT42n, CT42 CT51n, CT51

CT38Mn 380-500 410-520 420-540 510-640

CT52Mn 460-600

1.2 Thp cacbon dng trong xy dng theo TCVN 5709 -93 : XCT34, XCT38, XCT42. Loi thp cacbon ny tho mn yu cu v tnh nng c hc ca thp CCT tng ng, nhng yu cu v thnh phn ho hc th khng cht ch nh thp ny, m ch cn tho mn yu cu v mt s thnh phn chnh, nh sau : hm lng cacbon C khng ln qu 0,22% trong phm vi thp ccbon thp ; phtpho P v lu hunh S l cc cht c hi, lm do do v dai ca thp, lm thp tr nn gin nhit thp hoc nhit cao, nn phi hn ch di 0,05%. Vi yu cu n gin hn, thp XCT d sn xut hn thp CCT v cht lng dng lm kt cu xy dng. Mi sn phm thp cn nng nh thp thanh, thp hnh, thp tm v cc kt cu thp hn u c sn xut t cc mc thp ny. Bng 2 l mt s tnh nng c hc ca thp cacbon thp dng trong xy dng, theo TCVN 5709 1993 Bng 9.2. Mt s tnh nng c hc ca thp cacbon thp dng trong xy dng Mc thp bn Gii hn chy ti thiu dn di , %, cho b dy ko (N/mm2)cho b dy, mm mm 2 N/mm n 20 trn 20 trn 40 n 20 trn 20 trn 40 n 40 n 100 n 40 n 100 340440 380-500 420-520 520-620 220 240 260 360 210 230 250 360 200 220 240 350 32 26 23 22 31 25 23 22 29 23 22 21

XCT34 XCT38 XCT42 XCT52

1.3. Thp hp kim thp : L thp c thm lng hp kim tng tnh nng c hc v bn chng g, lng hp kim c t l khng qu 2,5%. thp hp kim thp theo TCVN 3107-7909 c cc mc : Mn2, 14Mn2,16MnSi, 09Mn2Si, 10Mn2Si1, 10CrSiNiCu. Hai con s u tin ch phn vn ca lng cacbon (v d 14 = 0,14%) ; ch l ch nguyn t hp kim, c di 1% (Mn : mng gan, Si : silic, Ni : niken, Cu : ng, v.v.), con s ng sau l ch lng % khi ln hn 1. Nhng thp hp kim thp ny c cng cao hn thp cacbon thp t 40 n trn 100%, nn tit kim c lng thp s dng. Dng thp hp kim thp l phng hng pht trin kt cu thp ca cc nc trn th gii. Tuy nhin, thc t hin nay nc ta cha sn xut c thp hp kim thp vi s lng nhiu c th dng lm kt cu xy dng.

1.4. Thp cacbon kt cu cht lng tt : c luyn trong cc l bng, l quay thi oxy v l in h quang ch yu dng cho ngnh c kh, gia cng sn phm bng p lc hoc bng dao ct. Mt s sn phm thp cn nh thp ng, thp tm dy, thp tm rng c ch to t loi thp ny, ch yu l cc mc C15 v C20. Ch C ch thp cacbon kt cu cht lng tt, con s tip theo ch hm lng trung bnh ca cacbon tnh theo phn vn. Mt nhm thp c hm lng mangan nng cao th c thm ch Mn trong tn, v d C15Mn, C20Mn. Thp ny c bn cao hn thp hm lng mangan thng, nhng do v dai thp hn 2. Thp ca Lin x c v ca Nga : cn c dng trong cc Tiu chun thit k ca Vit Nam, c bit TCVN 5575-91 v thit k kt cu thp. 2.1. Thp cacbon thp : dng lm kt cu gm cc mc BCT3 K, BCT3 C, BCT3 C, cha hm lng cacbon t 0,14 dn 0,22%. Ch B c ngha l thuc nhm th ba, phi tho mn c yu cu v c tnh ln thnh phn ha, tng t nh nhm C ca Vit Nam ; theo quy nh th ch loi thp ny mi c dng lm kt cu. Cc ch tip theo : C - lng ; C - na lng, K - si. Cui cng l con s ch hng ca thp t 1 n 6, s dng trong nhng trng hp ring, v d chu nhit thp, khi cn c dai va chm. Thng dng trong xy dng l cc mc BCT3 K2, thp si hng 2 ; BCT3 C6, thp na lng hng 6 v thp lng hng 5 BCT3 C5. 2.2. Thp hp kim thp : thng dng trong xy dng c cc mc 14 2, 092C, 102C1, 15CH, 10XCH, v.v. ngha ging nh thp hp kim thp Vit Nam : hai con s u tin ch phn vn ca lng cacbon, ch tip theo l nguyn t hp kim vi - mnggan , X - crm, C - silic, - ng,v.v., con s ng sau nguyn t l t l hp kim khi ln hn 1%. V d thp mc 092C c 0,09 % cacbon, t 1 n 2 % mangan v di 1% silic. Dng cho nh ca l 3 loi trn, 2 mc sau dng cho cu. 2.3. Thp cacbon kt cu cht lng tt : c p dng cho nhng kt cu chu lc nng, iu kin lm vic nng n. Mt s sn phm cn nh thp ng thng c lm t loi thp ny. Trong xy dng dng mc 18 (tng ng C20 ca Vit Nam ) hay 18, c thm Mn. Cng ghi thm cng ngh lng trong tn gi, v d 18K, 18C. 3. Thp Trung Quc : 3.1. Thp cacbon : Theo Tiu chun GB699-88, thp cacbon c ti 30 loi, cc loi s 20, 25 c gi l thp s 3, l thp cacbon thp, tng ng CT3 ca Nga. Thp c phn lm 3 nhm A, B, C (ting Trung l nhm Gip, t v c), m bo v tnh nng c hc, v thnh phn ho hc hoc m bo c hai. Dng ch Y ch l quay thi oxy, ch F ch thp si, ch b ch thp na lng v cn thp

lng th khng c ch g. V d : thp s 3 lng, l bng, nhm A th k hiu A3 ; thp s 3 si, l quay, nhm B th k hiu BY3F. Tiu chun mi GB700-88 dng gii hn chy t tn thp, thp s 3 th gi l Q235, con s l cng chy theo MPa. Cn c vo cht lng phn thp lm 4 cp A, B, C, D : A l khng quy nh v dai va chm ; B l khi cng va chm l 27J 20 oC ; C nh vy nhng 0oC ; D nh vy nhng 20oC. (B, C, D ging nh JR, JO, JC ca Tiu chun chu u xem bn di). V d Q235-A.F ; Q235-B.b ; Q235-D.Z (Z l thp lng, c th khng cn vit). 3.2. Thp hp kim thp : Dng lm kt cu xy dng c 4 loi 16Mn, 16Mnq, 15MnV, 15MnVq. Con s l phn vn ca cacbon ; nguyn t hp kim mng gan hay vanai c k vo tn c hm lng nh di 1,5% ; ch q l thp c dai xung kch tt, dng lm cu. 3.3. Thp cacbon kt cu cht lng tt : trong xy dng dng cc mc 15 v 20, c thnh phn ho hc v tnh nng c hc tng t thp C15 v C20 theo TCVN 4. Thp Hoa k : Thp ca Hoa k c sn xut v t tn theo tiu chun ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), c nhiu nc trn th gii p dng. C 16 loi c chn dng trong xy dng bi Vin AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction) v ASSHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) : 3.1. Thp cacbon thp : A36, thng dng nht, gii hn chy khong (36 ksi = 2500 kG/cm2 , tng ng nh CT3. Dng cho kt cu ph thng, ch yu cho nh, hn hay bulng. Cn c A53, A501 cng tng ng A36, dng lm thp ng hn hay khng mi ni, 3.2. Thp cacbon cng kh cao : v d A529 , A570, dng lm thp hnh u n ngui, c cc cp cng 40 n 65, l gii hn chy (theo ksi) 3.3. Thp hp kim thp cng cao : gm nhiu loi thp c cc cht hp kim , vi gii hn chy t 40 - 70 ksi. Loi thng dng c A441, A572 cc cp 42 n 65 ; loi chng g tt c A242, A606, A588, v d loi sau cng c chng g cao hn thp A36 ti 4 ln. Loi chuyn lm thp tm, thp di nh A606 c chng g cao, A607 c hp kim vanai. 3.4. Thp dng cho cu : mang s hiu A709, c th l thp cacbon hoc hp kim thp, nhng c nhit luyn. C cc cp t 36 n 100. Dng thay th c cho cc loi t A36 n A 588. Loi chu ng thi tit tt mang k hiu W nh 50W, 100W.

3.5. Thp cng rt cao (thp hp kim, c nhit luyn) : v d A852, A514, gii hn chy ti 90-100ksi, gii hn bn 100-130 ksi. Bng di y cho gii hn chy v gii hn bn ca cc loi thp thng dng trong xy dng theo ASTM Bng 3. Gii hn chy v gii hn bn ca cc loi thp thng dng trong xy dng theo ASTM Gii hn chy cc tiu (N/mm2) thp cacbon 250 thp cacbon 240 thp hp kim thp 290 cng cao 315 345 A441 ngng sn xut t 1989 ; thay th bi A572 A500 Cp A thp cacbon, loi 228 thanh trn Cp B 290 Cp C 317 thp cacbon, loi Cp A 269 thanh hnh Cp B 317 Cp C 345 Tn thp theo ASTM A36 A53 cp B A242 A501 A514 A529 A570 cp 40 cp 45 cp 50 A572 cp 42 cp 50 cp 60 cp 65 thp cacbon thp hp kim, ti v nhit luyn thp cacbon thp cacbon 250 620 690 290 275 310 345 190 345 415 450 Loi thp Gii hn bn ko (N/mm2) 400-550 415 435 460 480 310 400 427 310 400 427 400 690- 895 760- 895 414- 586 380 415 450 415 450 520 550

thp hp kim thp columbi hay vanai, cng cao

A588

thp hp kim thp cng cao thp hp kim thp cng cao thp hp kim thp columbi hay vanai, cng cao

A606 A607 cp 45 cp 50 cp 55 cp 60 cp 65 cp 70 A611 cp C cp D cp E A618 cp I & II cp III A709 cp 36 cp 50 cp 50W cp 100 &100W cp 100 &100W 5. Thp chu u .

thp cacbon

thp hp kim thp cng cao thp cacbon ; thp hp kim thp cng cao ; thp hp kim, ti v nhit luyn

290 315 345 310 345 310 340 380 410 450 480 230 275 550 345 345 250 345 345 620 690

435 460 485 450 480 410 450 480 520 550 590 330 360 565 485 450 400- 550 450 485 690- 895 760- 895

Nhng nm gn y, thp chu u dng tiu chun chung EN thay th dn cho Tiu chun tng nc nh NF ca Php, BS ca Anh. V d Php th thng dng trong xy dng l 3 mc E24, E28 v E36, vi con s l ch gii hn chy bng kG/mm2. Thp E24, E28 l thp cacbon, dng cho nh v cc cng trnh thng thng, E36 l thp hp kim thp, dng cho cu v cc cng trnh ln. Mi mc li c 3 cp cht lng 2, 3, 4 ; cp 2 l thp si, 3 l na lng, 4 l lng. Ti Anh th mc thp quen thuc nht l thp ca BS 4360, gm cc cp 40, 43, 50, 55 v chia thm thnh hng A, B, C c dai va chm cao hn. Mc 40, 43 c gii hn chy

24 n 27 kG/mm2, mc 50 v 55 cao hn nhiu. Hin nay, cc thp c thay bng Tiu chun chu u EN nh sau : 5.1. Thp kt cu : c k hiu chung l Snnn, vi nnn l gi tr nh nht ca gii hn chy N/mm2 (tn gi da vo c tnh), vi 3 cp JR, JO, J2 tng ng cc cp A, B, C ca Anh hay 2,3,4 ca Php, hay B, C, D ca Trung quc. Thp kt cu c cho bi tiu chun EN 10025 gm cc mc : S235 thay cho E24 hoc BS 4360 cp 40 ; S275 thay cho E28 hoc BS 4360 cp 43 ; S355 thay cho E36 hoc BS 4360 cp 50. V d thp S355J0C ca EN 10025 l thp kt cu (ch S) c gii hn chy 355 N/mm2(s 355), dai va chm l 27 Joule nhit 0oC (ch J0), v c th mang tut ngui, to hnh ngui (ch C). Thp S355J2WP ca EN 10155 l thp kt cu (S), c gii hn chy 355 N/mm2 (s 355), dai va chm l 27 Joule nhit 20oC (ch J2), c chng g cao (W) dng lm cc vn (P). 5.2. Thp c tn da vo thnh phn ho : thp cacbon c k hiu chung l Cn.. ( n l lng cacbon nhn 100 ln, v d C40), thp hp kim thp v d 25CrMo4, s u l phn vn cacbon, tc l 0,25%, tip theo tn hp kim v phn trm ca n, y l hp kim Cr v Mo trong lng Mo l 4% ly trn. 6. Thp cc nc khc. C th gp trn th trng nhiu loi thp ca cc nc khc nh thp Nht v thp Hn quc theo tiu chun Nht JIS nh : thp cn nng dng lm kt cu SS330 tng ng CT2, vi gii hn chy 21 kG/mm2 SS400 tng ng CT3, vi gii hn chy 235 n 245 MPa SS490 l thp hp kim thp, vi gii hn chy 290 MPa Thp dng cho kt cu hn: SM400, SM490, vi cc hng A, B, C c chung cng vi thp SS nhng tnh nng hn cao hn. Thp ca Uc, theo Tiu chun AS nh : 250 (gii hn chy 230MPa), 300 (gii hn chy 280 n 320 MPa), 350 (330 n 360 MPa), 400 (380 n 400MPa), v.v.