C HC THY KH

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CHNG 6:
DNG CHY QUA L V VI
Mc ch: xc nh vn tc, lu lng
Yu cu: p dng linh hot


- Phng trnh Becnoulli
- Phng trnh lin tc
- Cch tnh tn tht nng lng hw
1. Cc yu t nh hng n dng chy qua l:
a. Kch thc:

Gi H: su trng tm ca l so vi mt
thong bnh cha, e: rng l vung gc dng
qua l.
Nu H= const dng dng (yn nh)
Nu e < 0,1H : l nh
e 0,1H : l ln
Vi l nh: vn tc ti mi im ca ca
ra l nh nhau

Vi l ln: vn tc ti mi im ca ca
ra s khc nhau, ty thuc su khc
nhau
b. Mi trng bao quanh
Dng chy qua l chy tip ra khng kh (h.1)
chy t do
Dng chy t l sang bnh khc cng cha mt
loi cht lng ph kn c l (h.2)
chy ngp
h.1 h.2
c. Hin tng co hp dng chy
L thnh mng: Dng chy sau khi qua khi
cnh l khng tip xc vi thnh ca l m
tip tc thu nh mt ct hin tng co hp
dng chy.
L thnh dy: Dng chy qua l thnh dy
cng b co hp, sau m rng ra v bm vo
thnh ca l, chy y l.
2. Dng chy t do qua l nh:
Xt dng chy yn nh qua l t do. p dng pt
Becnoulli cho ton dng chy t (1-1) n (c-c)


(do H=const)

hw (1)
Vi:
hw = hc (2)
hw




T (1),(2) ta c:

Vi gi l h s vn tc

Lu lng qua l:


Vi l h s lu lng chy qua l





3. Dng chy ngp qua l nh:
p dng phng trnh Becnoulli, tng t dng chy t
do qua l nh ta cng c:


Vi l trn nh:
d >= 1cm, H=2m
0,63 0.64
0,97 0,98
0,05 0,06
0,60 0,62
4. Dng chy qua l ln:
i vi l ln, su trng tm ca l so
vi mt thong bnh cha khc nhau rt
nhiu, nn vn tc cc im thuc l cng
khc nhau.
Cng thc gn ng:
Vi : h s lu lng c rt ra t thc
nghim.

Bng cc gi tr h s lu lng qua l to
DNG CHY QUA VI
Khi nim vi:
. L c gn thm mt on ng ngn vo
c gi l vi.
. Vic lp ng vo l to lu lng hay vn
tc chy ra vi ln hn qua l khi cng mt p.
* Nguyn nhn: c s hnh thnh chn khng
mt co hp trong vi hoc do vi un hnh
ng dng rt thun vi dng chy lm gim
tn tht cc b.
. Ta tnh lu lng qua vi theo cng thc ging
nh qua l:
Q=0s 2
Mt s loi vi thng gp trong
thc t :
Vi tr trn (gn trong hoc ngoi): loi ny
thng dng tho cht lng trong b cha.

.Vi hnh nn ct m rng: loi vi ny vn c hin
tng co hp v chn khng, tho c lu lng
ln, vn tc nh nn ng dng nh my bm phun
tia, my ti phun ma

.Vi hnh nn ct thu hp: ng nng ca dng
chy ra khi vi kh ln nn thng c dng
trong cc thit b cha chy, trong tua bin xung
kch.

.Vi lu tuyn: khng gy hin tng co hp, rt t
cn tr dng chy. V vy h s lu lng ca vi
lu tuyn ln hn tt c cc vi khc.

Ta tnh ton i vi vi hnh tr:
su trng tm l
gn vi l H=const
p dng phng trnh
Becnuli cho ton dng
t mt ct 1-1 (mt
thong b cha) v
mt ct 2-2 (ca ra ca
vi).
Ta coi: vtb = 0
p1 = p2 = pa
z1 - z2=H

Ta c:
H =
2

+h
12
(1)

Tnthtnnglng
h
12
gmtnthtccbtcavinmtct co hp c-c
vihstntht
1
vtnthtccbtmtct c-c
mrngratonbvivihs
2
:

2
= ( 1 -

)
2
= ( 1 -

)
2
(2)


h
c
= h
c1
+ h
c2
= 1

+ ( 1 -

)
2

(3)


Tnthtdcngtrnonvicnliccoiltrnto
nbvichiudi l : h
d
=

(4)
T phngtrnhlintc ta c:
v
c
s
c
= v
2
s V
c
= V
2

(5)

t (1)(2)(3)(4)(5) ta cphngtrnh:

H =

+ ( 1 -

) +

(6)

Ta c:V
2
=

Q =

s
Trong :

p dngphngtrnhbecnulichotondngtmtct 1-1
nmtct co hp c-c ta c:

H +

+ 1

viV
c
=

(7)

ta c: V
2
=

vh
ck
=

l
caochnkhng.
Ta c : h
ck
=

H
Ta thay (6) vo (7):

lygitr = , :

(8)

iukinhnhthnhchnkhngtimtct c-c l :
p
ck
= p
a
p
c
>
Theo (8), ta ciukinsau:

>
tbiuthctrn ta tmc:

<

mcchnkhngtrongvitimtct c-c thcnc : l
= d
Trongthct,
mbocchnkhngtrongvivlulng qua
vicgitrlnnhtththeoiukintrn, ngi ta
thngchnvicchiudi
l = d
Bng cc h s ca l v mt vi loi vi tnh
theo din tch ca ra ca vi v u c hnh trn
V d:

Ti thnh b cha hnh lng tr c mt l
hnh lc gic u cnh R, mc nc trn
trng tm l so vi mt thong bnh cha l
khng i v bng H = R 3. Xc nh lu lng
Q chy qua l
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