14.

Strain Energy Method

Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)
1. Resilience (U)

Resilience is an ability of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and to return it when unloaded. The strain energy stored in a specimen when stained within the elastic limit is known as resilience.

U=

2 V o lu m e 2E

or U =

2 E V o lu m e 2

2. Proof Resilience

Maximum strain energy stored at elastic limit. i.e. the strain energy stored in the body upto elastic limit. This is the property of the material that enables it to resist shock and impact by storing energy. The measure of proof resilience is the strain energy absorbed per unit volume.

3. Modulus of Resilience (u)

The proof resilience per unit volume is known as modulus of resilience. If gradually applied load, then

is the stress due to

2 u= 2E
4. Application
3 L P2. P2 L P2 L 4 4 U= + = 2 d 2 AE 2 (2d ) 2 E E 2. 4 4

2 E or u= 2

L/4

2d

Strain energy becomes smaller & smaller as the cross sectional area of bar is increased over more & more of its length i.e. A , U

5. Toughness

This is the property which enables a material to be twisted, bent or stretched under impact
Page be 387 considered of 429 load or high stress before rupture. It may to be the ability of the material to

C Chapter-14

Strain En nergy Meth hod

S K Mo ondals

absor rb energy in i the plast tic zone. Th he measure e of toughne ess is the amount of energy absor rbed after be eing stressed d upto the point p of fract ture. Toug ghness is an ability to ab bsorb energy y in the plas stic range. The ability a to wit thstand occa asional stres sses above th he yield stre ess without f fracture. Toug ghness = stre ength + duct tility The materials with w higher r modulus of toughne ess are use ed to make e components and struc ctures that will w be expos sed to sudden and impac ct loads.

M Modulus of f Toughnes ss
The ability of un nit volume of material l to absorb energy y in the plast tic range. The amount of work per unit u volume e that the material can withstand d witho out failure.

The area a under the entire stress strain n diagr ram is called d modulus of f toughness, which h is a meas sure of energy that can n be absorbed a by y the unit volume of f mate erial due to impact i loadi ing before it t fractu ures.

UT = u f

6 Strain energy 6. e in shear an nd torsion n

Strain energy e per unit u volume e, (u s ) 2 G 2 us = or, u s = 2 2G
Total l Strain Ene ergy (U) for a Shaft in Torsion

1 U s = T 2 1 GJ 2 1 T 2L U s = or 2 L 2 GJ
O

or
Case es

Us =

2 max 2 L 2d 2 2G r
2 max r2L 4G

Sol lid shaft , U s =

( D4 d 4 ) L 2 D2 + d 2 ) ( 2 max max Hollow shaft , U s = = Volume D2 D2 4G 4G

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Chapter-14

Strain n Energy Method M

2

S K Mondals

Thin T walled d tube , U s =

sLt 4G w where s = Le ength of me ean centre lin ne

GJ d GJ dx = 2 dx 2 = P 2GJ
2 2 n 2 2 n

Conical sp pring , US =

PR R ) .R.d ( R = Radius GJ

R d
3 0

ries with ) (R var

3 P2 L Cantilever beam b with load l 'p' at en nd, Us = 5 bhG

Helical spr ring , U s = P 2 R 3 n GJ

( L = 2 Rn )

7. Strain energy in bending.

An ngle subtend ded by arc, =

x EI .dx

Mx

St train energy y stored in beam.

Ub = or U

2 Mx .d x 2E I

EI = 2

d 2y dx 2 dx

d 2y M = 2 EI dx

Cases o Cantilever beam with a end load l P , Ub =

P 2 L3 6 EI P 2 L3 96 EI E

Simpl ly supported d with a load d P at centre e, U b =

mportant Note N Im o For pu ure bending g o M is const tant along th he length L L

=
U=

ML EI
EI 2 M 2L if curvature / L isknown if Misknow wn = 2L 2EI

on-uniform bending b For no Strain energy in shea ar is neglecte ed Strain energy in bend ding is only considered.

8. Casti igliones theorem

U = n Pn
Page 389 of 429

Chapter-14

Strain Energy Method

S K Mondals

U 1 = p EI

Note:
o

M x Mx p

dx

Strain energy, stored due to direct stress in 3 coordinates

U=
o

1 ( x ) 2 2 x y 2E

If x = y = z ,in case of equal stress in 3 direction then U= 3 2 2 [1 2] = 2E 2k (volume strain energy)

Page 390 of 429