EMS Lab Plan:

S.No Topic Week

(i) Equipment used in lab:
1. Single phase energy meter
2. Rheostat
3. wattmeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Ammeter
6. Single phase variac
. !ower"actor meter
#. $% cromptons potentio meter
&. 'elvin(s )o*+le +ri)ge ,it
1-. %*rrnt trans"ormer Stan)ar) an) commercial
11. !hase shi"ting tras"ormer
12. Schering +ri)ge ,it
13. An)erson(s +ri)ge circ*it
14. .V$/ /rainer ,it
15. Specimen(.iyo) "isher)
01
(ii) Components used in lab
1. $eca)e %apacitance +o1
2. $eca)e 2n)*ctance +o1
3. Stop watch
4. Sensitive 3alvanometer
5. Volt ratio +o1
6. 4e) phones
. !atch car)s
#. %ho,e %oil
&. 356 Varia+le 2n)*ctive .oa)
02
Unit-IElect!ical Measu!ements"
1 E#pt-$: 7eas*rement o" parameters o" cho,e coil *sing 3
voltmeter an) 3 ammeter metho)
03
Unit-IIInst!ument T!ans%o!me!s"
2 E#pt-$: %ali+ration o" $ynamo !ower "actor meter 04
3 E#pt-&: %/ /esting +y Sil+ees(s metho) 05
Unit-IIIMeasu!ement o% Po'e!"
4 E#pt-$: 7eas*rement o" 356 reactive power with single
phase wattmeter.
06
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5 E#p-&: 7eas*rement o" 356 active power +y *sing 2 %/(s
an) single wattmeter metho).
0
Unit-I(Measu!ement o% Ene!)*"
6 E#pt-$: %ali+ration 8 testing o" single phase 9nergy
meter.
0#
E#pt-&: %ali+ration o" .!; wattmeter +y !hantom
.oa)ing.
0&
Unit-(Potentio mete!s"
# E#pt-$:%ali+ration o" !77% ammeter 8 voltmeter
*sing crompton(s $% !otentio meter.
01-
Unit-(IMeasu!ement o% +esistance"
& E#pt-$: 'elvins $o*+le <ri)ge 011
Unit-(II,C -!id)es o! Measu!ement o% inductance and capacitance"
1- E#pt-$: 7eas*rement o" capacitance +y Schering +ri)ge
8 2n)*ctance +y An)erson(s +ri)ge.
012
E#p-&: 7eas*rement o" 2n)*ctance +y An)erson(s
+ri)ge.
013
Unit-(IIIMa)netic Measu!ement"
11 E#pt-$: 7eas*rement o" 2ron loss in +ar specimen *sing
a %R= an) *sing a wattmeter
014
12 E#p-&: .V$/ an) %apacitance pic,5*p characterstics
an) cali+ration.
015
Supplementa!* topics
E#p-$: 7eas*rement o" 356 reactive power *sing two an)
three wattmeter metho).
016
E#pe!iment no.$
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Calib!ation and testin) o% sin)le p.ase ene!)* mete!
,IM : /o %ali+rate an) test the given Single phase energy meter +y *sing S*+5stan)ar) or cali+rate)
0attmeter with )irect loa)ing.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. N/. N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1. 15!hase 9nergy meter A% 23- V>1- A 1 no.
2. 0attmeter(S*+5stan)ar) or cali+rate)) $ynamometer type? .!; 1-A? 3--V 1 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 1 no.
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 1 no.
5. Rheostat 5-? 15A 1no.
6 Single !hase Variac -52-V? 1-A 1 no
%onnecting wires 1 set
# Stop watch $igital 1no.
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
2n)*ction type o" energy meters are *niversally *se) "or meas*rement o" energy in )omestic an)
in)*strial a.c. circ*its. 2n)*ction type o" meters possesses lower "riction an) higher tor@*e>weight ratio.
Also they are ine1pensive an) acc*rate? an) retain their acc*racy over a wi)e range o" loa)s an)
temperat*re con)itions.
/here are "o*r main parts o" the operating mechanism:
(i) $riving system
(ii) 7oving system
(iii) <ra,ing system an)
(iv) Registering system.
$riving System: /he )riving system o" the meter consists o" two electro5magnets. /he core o" these
electromagnets is ma)e *p o" silicon steel laminations. /he coil o" one o" the electromagnets is e1cite) +y
the loa) c*rrent. /his coil is calle) the Ac*rrent coil(. /he coil o" secon) electromagnet is connecte) across
the s*pply an)? there"ore? carries a c*rrent proportional to the s*pply voltage. /his coil is calle) the
Apress*re coil(. %onse@*ently the two electromagnets are ,nown as series an) sh*nt magnets respectively.
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%opper sha)ing +an)s are provi)e) on the central lim+. /he position o" these +an,s is a)B*sta+le. /he
"*nction o" these +an)s is to +ring the "l*1 pro)*ce) +y the sh*nt magnet e1actly in @*a)rat*re with the
applie) voltage.
7oving System: /his consists o" an al*mini*m )isc mo*nte) on a light alloy sha"t. /his )isc is positione)
in the air gap +etween series an) sh*nt magnets.
<ra,ing System: A permanent magnet positione) near the e)ge o" the al*mini*m )isc "orms the +ra,ing
system. /he al*mini*m )isc moves in the "iel) o" this magnet an) th*s provi)es a +ra,ing tor@*e. /he
position o" the permanent magnet is a)B*sta+le? an) there"ore? +ra,ing tor@*e can +e a)B*ste) +y shi"ting
the permanent magent to )i""erent ra)ial positions as e1plaine) earlier.
Registering (co*nting) 7echanism: /he "*nction o" a registering or co*nting mechanism is to recor)
contin*o*sly a n*m+er which is proportional to the revol*tions ma)e +y the moving system.
2n all in)*ction instr*ments we have two "l*1es pro)*ce) +y c*rrents "lowing in the win)ings o" the
instr*ment. /hese "l*1es are alternating in nat*re an) so they pro)*ce em"s in a metallic )isc or a )r*m
provi)e) "or the p*rpose. /hese em"s in t*rn circ*late e))y c*rrents in the metallic )isc or the )r*m. /he
+rea,ing tor@*e is pro)*ce) +y the interaction o" e))y c*rrent an) the "iel) o" permanent magnet. /his
tor@*e is )irectly proportional to the pro)*ct o" "l*1 o" the magnet? magnit*)e o" e))y c*rrent an) e""ective
ra)i*s AR( "rom a1is o" )isc. /he moving system attains a stea)y spee) when the )riving tor@*e e@*als
+ra,ing tor@*e.
/he term testing incl*)es the chec,ing o" the act*al registration o" the meter as well as the a)B*stments
)one to +ring the errors o" the meter with in prescri+e) limits. A% energy meters sho*l) +e teste) "or the
"ollowing con)itions:
1. At 5C o" mar,e) c*rrent with *nity p".
2. At 1--C (or) 125C o" mar,e) c*rrent.
3. At one interme)iate loa) with *nity p".
4. At mar,e) c*rrent an) -.5 lagging p".
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 0ith loa) $!S/ open an) with variac in minim*m (or) Dero o*tp*t position? close the s*pply
$!S/ switch.
3. 3ra)*ally vary the variac to apply the rate) voltage (23- volts).
4. %lose the loa) $!S/ an) apply a s*ita+le loa) (5A).
5. Eote )own the rea)ings o" the meters an) time ta,en "or 5 revol*tions o" energy meter )isc.
6. 2ncrease the loa) in steps an) in each step note )own the rea)ings o" the meters an) also the time
ta,en "or 1- revol*tions o" energy meter al*min*m )isc. /a+*late the rea)ings.
. 3ra)*ally re)*ce the loa) in steps an) open the loa) $!S/.
#. Vary the variac gra)*ally to minim*m or Dero o*tp*t position an) open the s*pply $!S/.
& 9val*ate o+serve) rea)ing? act*al rea)ing? Cerror? Ccorrection.
1-. $raw the graph +etween .oa) c*rrent (vs) C 9rror.
T,-UL,+ 5/+M:
S.
No.
(oltmete!
(olts"
,mmete!
+eadin) ,mps
Wattmete!
+eadin) W
Time %o!
&6 !e7
T.eo!etical
kW4 /.+"
P!actical
'#t ,.+"
8
e!!o!
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=.RF=<S9RV9$ R9A$2E3
A.RFA%/GA. R9A$2E3
M/3EL C,LCUL,TI/NS:
=+serve) rea)ing F 1>(energy meter constant (,)>no. o" revol*tions)
0here ? no. o" revol*tions F 1-
energy meter constant ,F&-- rev>,wh
Act*al rea)ing F 0 Ht
Cerror F I(=.R5A.R)>A.RJ H1--
Ccorrection F 5 C error F I(A.R5=.R)>A.RJ H1--
7=$9. 3RA!4 :.

C
e
r
r
o
r

.oa) c*rrent
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. Avoi) lose connections.
2. %are"*l while o+serving the reval*ation with stop watch.
3. $o not apply more c*rrent? more than the rate) energy meter c*rrent.
4. /a,e rea)ings witho*t error.
5 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
6 Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
. 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
#. .ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
& 2" any wattmeter rea)s? rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil connections.
1- .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
11 .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
12 /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT :
/he given single phase energy meter is teste) at )i""erent loa)s an) cali+ration c*rve is plotte).
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat is an energy meterK
2. 0hat are the types o" energy meterK
3. 0hich type o" energy meters are *se) in )c circ*itsK
4. 9nergy meter is an LLLLLLLLLLLLL (i) integrating instr*ment (ii) in)icating instr*ment
5. %an the meas*re) percentage error +e negativeK
6. 0hat )o yo* mean +y Ator@*e a)B*stment(K
. 0hat is operating tor@*eK
#. $e"ine +ra,ing tor@*eK
&. 0hen )oes the )isc on the spin)le rotate with a constant spee)K
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1-. /he operating tor@*e is )irectly proportional to spee)? state tr*e or "alse.
E9PE+IMENT N/.&
C,LI-+,TI/N /5 30N,M/METE+ P/WE+ 5,CT/+ METE+
,IM :
/esting an) %ali+ration o" the given $ynamometer !ower ;actor 7eter +y *sing a s*+5stan)ar) wattmeter?
ammeter an) voltmeter.
,PP,+,TUS :
S..
E=.
EA79 /M!9 RAE39 NGAE/2/M
1. p.". meter $ynamometer
type? G!;
1-A? 3--V 1 no.
2. 0attmeter $ynamo meter
type .!;
1-A? 6--V 1 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 2 no.s
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 1 no.
5. Rheostat 5- =hm>5A 1no.
6 %onnecting wires 1 set
Single !hase Variac A% 2-V? 1-A 1no.
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
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T4E/+0:
!ower "actor meters in)icate )irectly? +y a single rea)ing? the power "actor o" the circ*it to which they are
connecte).
!ower "actor meters O li,e wattmeters O have a c*rrent circ*it an) a press*re circ*it. /he c*rrent circ*it
carries the c*rrent (or )e"inite "raction o" this c*rrent) in the circ*it whose power "actor is to +e meas*re).
/he press*re circ*it is connecte) across the circ*it whose power "actor is to +e meas*re) an) is *s*ally
split *p into two parallel paths O one in)*ctive an) the other non5in)*ctive. /he )e"lection o" the
instr*ment )epen)s *pon the phase )i""erence +etween the main c*rrent an) the c*rrents in the two paths o"
the press*re circ*it? i.e. *pon the phase angle or power "actor o" the circ*it. /he )e"lection is in)icate) +y
a pointer. /he )e"lection o" the instr*ment is a meas*re o" phase angle o" the circ*it. /he scale o" the
instr*ment can +e cali+rate) in )irectly in terms o" power "actor.
/he moving system o" power "actor meters is per"ectly +alance) at e@*ili+ri*m +y two opposing "orces an)
there"ore there is no nee) "or a controlling "orce. 4ence when a power "actor meter is )isconnecte) "rom a
circ*it the pointer remains at the position which it occ*pie) at the instant o" )isconnection.
/he instr*ment m*st +e )esigne) "or? an) cali+rate) at? the "re@*ency o" the s*pply on which its to +e *se).
2n case the meter is *se) "or any other "re@*ency or i" the s*pply contains harmonics it will give rise to
serio*s errors in the in)ication on acco*nt change in the val*e o" reactance o" cho,e coil.
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 0ith variac in minim*m or Dero o*tp*t position? the Rheostat in ma1im*m resistance position?
close the $!S/ switch.
3. Apply rate) voltage 23-V to press*re coils o" the !.; meter an) wattmeter with the variac. .
4 %lose the loa) $!S/ an) apply a s*ita+le loa) . Eote )own the rea)ings o" the instr*ments
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5 2ncrease the loa) in steps an) in each step note )own the rea)ings o" the instr*ments. /a+*late the
rea)ings.
6. 3ra)*ally re)*ce the loa) in steps an) open the loa) $!S/.
. Vary the variac gra)*ally to minim*m or Dero o*tp*t position an) open the s*pply $!S/.
#. /he !; meas*re) "rom !; meter *n)er test an) act*al !; "rom the rea)ing o" wattmeter? voltmeter
an) ammeter calc*late) an) Cerror? Ccorrection are "o*n).
& $raw the graph +etween .oa) c*rrent (vs) C 9rror.
T,-UL,+ 5/+M:
S.Eo. Voltmeter
Rea)ing
(Volts)
Ammeter
Rea)ing ? 2
(Amps)
0attmeter
Rea)ing? 0
(0atts)
!.;. meter
Rea)ing(S2)
%=SP
F0>V2
(S1)
C9rror
FS15S2H1--
S1
M/3EL1+,P4:

.ag p.".
.ea) p.".
C
e
r
r
o
r

P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. /here sho*l) not +e any loose connection
2. 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
3. /a,e rea)ings witho*t parallel errors.
4. Eote )own the rea)ings o" voltmeter? wattmeter? an) p.". meter
5. Vary the rheostat +y o+serving the p.". meter an) loa) c*rrent *pto rate) c*rrent o" rheostat.
6. Eote )own all the rea)ings an) re)*ce the inp*t voltage an) open the $!S/.
. Eow? remove in)*ctance "rom the circ*it? connect only rheostat an) "ollow steps "rom 2.
#. %onnect a varia+le capacitor in series with rheostat an) "ollow the steps "rom 1 .
& 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
1- Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
11. 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
12. .ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
13 2" any wattmeter rea)s? Dero (or negative) rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil
connections.
14 .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
15 .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
16 'eep rheostat at its minim*m resistance position initially.
1 /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT :
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/he )ynamometer type power "actor meter is teste) at )i""erent power "actors +y *sing phase5shi"ting
trans"ormer an) cali+ration c*rve is plotte).
2UESTI/NS:
1. State the wi)ely *se) power "actor meterK
2. 0hat )o yo* mean +y tr*e powerK State the "orm*laK
3. 2s there any limit in mechanism to )evelop the controlling tor@*e in )ynamometer p" meterK
4. /he ang*lar )isplacement o" the coil is proportional to system phase angle. State /r*e>;alse.
5. 0hat are the two )i""erent types o" power "actor meterK
6. 0hat is the position o" the pointer when no c*rrent "lows in the circ*itK
. /or@*e acting on the coil !1 is )irectly proportional to LLLLLLLLLLLLLL
#. /or@*e acting on coil !2 is )irectly proportional to LLLLLLLLLLLLLL
&. /he con)ition "or the spin)le to +e in e@*ili+ri*mK
1-. /he ang*lar )isplacement o" the coils is e@*al to LLLLLLLLLLLL
Calculations o% d*namo po'e! %acto! mete!:
s.no Voltmeter
(Volts)
Ammeter(Amps) 0attmeter(0atts) !ower"actor
meter
cosQF0>V2 9rrorF
S15S2>S1
1 23- - - 1 - -
2 23- 1 5- 1 -.21 536-.#
i) CerrorFS15S2>S1 H1--
S1F cosQF0>V2
S1F5->23-F-.21
!ower"actor meter rea)ing(S2)F1
C9rror F-.2151>-.21 H1--
Cerror F 536-.#
ii) S1F1-->23-F-.434
S2F!ower"actor rea)ingF1
C9rror F-.43451>-.434H1--
Cerror F 513-.4
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E9PE+IMENT N/.:
C,LI-+,TI/N /5 PMMC ,MMETE+ ,N3 (/LTMETE+ USIN1 C+/MPT/N 3.C.
P/TENTI/METE+
,IM : /o cali+rate !77% Ammeter an) Voltmeter *sing %rompton $% potentiometer.
,PP,+,TUS +E2UI+E3 :
Sl.
N/.
N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1. $% %rompton
!otentiometer
$% 1 no.
2. Stan)ar) cell $% $aniel cell (1.-#V 1 no.
3. Volt ratio +o1 2np*t -51.5V =*tp*t -51.5? 15? 3-?
1--? 3--V
1 no.
4. Reg*late) power
s*pply(R!S)
$% -53-V 1 no.
5. Ammeter 7% -52A 1no.
6 Voltmeter 7% -53--V 1 no
%onnecting wires 1 set
# Sensitive galvanometer Spot re"lecting 7%
type
3-5-53- 1 no
& Stan)ar) resistance -.-1 =hms? 1-A 1 no
1- Rheostat 5- =hms? 5A 1 no
11 +attery 2V("reshly charge)) 1 no
12 $% SG!!.M 22-V 1no.
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M :
C,LI-+,TI/N /5 (/LTMETE+
C,LI-+,TI/N /5 ,MMETE+ :
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T4E/+0 :
A !otentiometer is an instr*ment )esigne) to meas*re an *n,nown voltage +y comparing it with a
,nown voltage. /he ,nown voltage may +e s*pplie) +y a stan)ar) cell or any other ,nown voltage O
re"erence so*rce. 7eas*rements *sing comparison metho)s are capa+le o" a high )egree o" acc*racy
+eca*se the res*lt o+taine) )oes not )epen) *pon on the act*al )e"lection o" a pointer? as is the case in
)e"lectional metho)s? +*t only *pon the acc*racy with which the voltage o" the re"erence so*rce is ,nown.
Another a)vantage o" the potentiometers is that since a potentiometer ma,es *se o" a +alance or n*ll
con)ition? no c*rrent "lows an) hence no power is cons*me) in the circ*it containing the *n,nown em"
when the instr*ment is +alance). /h*s the )etermination o" voltage +y a potentiometer is @*ite in)epen)ent
o" the so*rce resistance.
2t can also +e *se) to )etermine c*rrent simply +y meas*ring the voltage )rop pro)*ce) +y the *n,nown
c*rrent passing thro*gh a ,nown stan)ar) resistance. /he potentiometer is e1tensively *se) "or a
cali+ration o" voltmeters an) ammeters an) has in "act +ecome the stan)ar) "or the cali+ration o" these
instr*ments. ;or the a+ove mentione) a)vantages the potentiometer has +ecome very important in the "iel)
o" electrical meas*rements an) cali+ration.
7o)ern la+oratory type potentiometers *se) cali+rate) )ial resistors an) a small circ*lar wire o" one or
more t*rns? there+y re)*cing the siDe o" the instr*ment. /he resistance o" sli)e wire is ,nown acc*rately?
the voltage )rop along the sli)e wire can +e controlle) +y a)B*sting the val*e o" wor,ing c*rrent. /he
process o" a)B*sting the wor,ing c*rrent so as to match the voltage )rop across a portion o" sli)ing wire
against a stan)ar) re"erence so*rce is ,nown as RStan)ar)isationS.
P+/CE3U+E :
ST,N3,+3I;,TI/N:
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the "*nction ,no+ o" the potentiometer at S/$ position. Switch on the R!S(1) an)
a)B*st to 2 volts.
3. A)B*st the sli)e contact an) sli)e wire o" the potentiometer to rea) stan)ar) cell voltage
(1.-#V).
4. !ress the galvano ,ey o" the potentiometer an) a)B*st the coarse an) "ine rheostats *ntil the
spot re"lecting galvanometer gives n*ll )e"lection. /his completes stan)ar)iDation o" the
potentiometer. =nce stan)ar)iDation is )one the position o" R1 8 R2 sho*l) not +e
change)
PMMC (/LTME+
1. Volmeter *n)er test is connecte) across potential )ivi)er in s*ch a way that p.) across voltmeter
can +e varie)
2. V.R +o1 is *se) in parallel to potentiometer to re)*ce voltage to the range o" potentiometer
3. %hange the "*nction ,no+ to 91 position. Switch on R!S an) a)B*st a s*ita+le voltage on V.R +o1
4 !ress the galvano ,ey o" the potentiometer an) a)B*st the sli)e contact an) sli)e wire *ntil the spot
re"lecting galvanometer gives n*ll )e"lection.
5 Eote )own the rea)ings o" voltmeter? an) potentiometer sli)e contact an) sli)e wire rea)ings.
6 Repeat the steps 4 an) 5 "or )i""erent voltages "rom R!S
. Re)*ce the voltage o" R!S an) R!S to Dero. Switch o"" the s*pply.
# $raw the graph +etween .oa) c*rrent (vs) C 9rror.
N/TE :
1. R!S m*st +e at 2 volts only.
2. Smoothly vary the ,no+s on the potentiometer.
3. 'eep the spot re"lecting galvanometer switch to A% mains position an) rotating ,ey to "ree
position )*ring the con)*ction o" e1periment.
4. At the en) o" the e1periment remove the s*pply to the galvanometer an) move the rotating ,ey to
loc, position an) short the galvanometer o*tp*t terminals.
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C,LCUL,TI/N :
%ali+ration o" voltmeter:
VOR <o1 ratio F =*tp*t voltage > 2np*t voltage
Vact F Voltmeter rea)ing
Vtr*e F Rea)ing o+taine) "rom potentiometer
F I%oarse voltage T ;ine voltageJ 1 Ratio o" volt5ratio +o1
C error F
100
V
V V
true
true act

P+/CE3U+E:
ST,N3,+3I;,TI/N:
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the %irc*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the "*nction ,no+ o" the potentiometer at S/$ position. Switch =E the R!S(1) an) a)B*st
to 2 volts.
3. A)B*st the sli)e contact an) sli)e wire o" the potentiometer to rea) stan)ar) cell voltage (1.-#V).
4. !ress the galvano ,ey on the potentiometer an) a)B*st the coarse an) "ine rheostat *ntil the spot
re"lecting galvanometer gives n*ll )e"lection. /his completes stan)ar)iDation o"
galvanometer.=nce stan)ar)iDation is )one the position o" R1 8 R2 sho*l) not +e change)
PMMC ,MMETE+:
1 Ammeter to +e cali+rate) is connecte) in series with varia+le resistor R 8 stan)ar) resistance S
2 /he stan)ar) resistance sho*l) o" s*ch a magnit*)e that c*rrent passe) thro*gh it )oesn(t e1cee)
range o" potentiometer
3 V.R +o1 is *se) in parallel to potentiometer to re)*ce voltage to the range o" potentiometer
4. 'eep the rheostat at ma1im*m position an) change the "*nction ,no+ to 91 position. Switch on
R!S(2) an) apply 3- volts.
5 Vary the rheostat gra)*ally an) a)B*st s*ita+le c*rrent.
6. !ress the galvano ,ey on the potentiometer an) a)B*st the sli)e contact an) sli)e wire *ntil the
spot re"lecting galvanometer gives the n*ll )e"lection.
. Eote )own the rea)ings o" ammeter? voltmeter? an) potentiometer sli)e contact an) sli)e wire
rea)ings.
#. Repeat the steps 5 to "or )i""erent val*es o" c*rrent.
& Vary the rheostat to ma1im*m position? re)*ce the voltage o" R!S an) R!S to Dero. Switch o"" the
s*pply.
1- $raw the graph +etween .oa) c*rrent (vs) C 9rror.
T,-UL,+ 5/+M:
5/+ (/LTMETE+:

S.Eo Voltmeter
rea)ing(V) ? Vtr*e
92 val*e(V) VactF(R1TR2>R2)
H92
Cerror
100
V
V V
true
true act

5/+ ,MMETE+:

S.Eo Ammeter
rea)ing(A)
92 val*e(V) 2actF9>R Cerror
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2tr*e
100
I
I I
true
true act

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C,LCUL,TI/N :
%A.2<RA/2=E =; A779/9R:
2act F Ammeter rea)ing
2tr*e F
ce resis dard S
box ratio volt of Ratio volt Fine volt Coarse
tan tan
) ( +
C error F
100
I
I I
true
true act

P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. %onnect the circ*it witho*t loose connections.
2. $on(t vary the coarse an) "ine pots? a"ter stan)ar)iDation.
3. A"ter connecting the *n,nown voltage? $on(t press the "inal +*tton o" 3alvanometer )irectly.
4. =perate the selector switch (!1) a)? sli)e wire (!2) very smoothly.
5. /a,e care a+o*t c*rrent rating which choosing the stan)ar) rheostat in cali+ration o" ammeter
e1periment.
6. %onnect the *n,nown voltage )irectly to the test terminals? i" it has less than 1.5V.
. Since $% %rompton potentiometer meas*res *pto1.#6V a)B*st the voltage at 92 sho*l) not e1cee)
this val*e while )oing the e1periment.
+ESULT :
/he cali+ration o" !77% Voltmeter an) Ammeter is )one *sing %rompton $% potentiometer. /he
cali+ration c*rves "or voltmeter an) ammeter are )rawn.
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat )o yo* mean +y a potentiometerK
2. 0hat are the types o" potentiometerK
3. 0hat is the wor,ing principle o" a potentiometerK
4. 0hat is stan)ar)iDation o" potentiometerK
5. 0hat is the p*rpose o" connecting a stan)ar) +attery in the circ*itK
6. Application o" )c potentiometerK
. 0hat )o yo* mean +y cali+ration c*rve o" the ammeterK
#. 0hat )o yo* mean +y a volt5ratio +o1K
&. 0hat are the types o" A% potentiometerK
1-. 0hat are the practical applications o" ac potentiometerK
Calib!ation o% PMMC ,mmete! < (oltmete! usin) c!omptons 3C potentio mete!:

Calib!ation o% (oltmete!:
C9rrorF (Vact5Vtr*e) > Vact H1--
Vact FR1TR2 > R2 H92
Vtr*e F Voltmeter rea)ing (v)
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Vact F (1T2 > 2) H 5
F.5V
Vtr*eF-.25T51mv
F-.3-1V
C 9rrorF(.55-.3-1>-.3-1 ) H1--
F23.&C
Calib!ation o% ,mmete!:
C9rrorF (2act52tr*e) > 2act H1--
2act F9>R
2tr*e F Ammeter rea)ing (A)
2act F 9>RF5>2
F2.5A
2tr*eF -.1 amps
C 9rrorF(2.55-.1>-.1 ) H1--
F24C
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E9PE+IMENT N/.=
>EL(IN?S 3/U-LE -+I31E
,IM :
/o )etermine the low resistance +y setting *p 'elvin(s )o*+le +ri)ge.
,PP,+,TUS +E2UI+E3 :
Sl. N/. N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1 'elvin(s )o*+le +ri)ge ,it 1 no
2. 3alvanometer 1 no.
3. Rheostat. 5A?5- =47 1 no.
4. $77 $232/A. 1 no.
5. !atch car)s> %onnecting wires 1set.
6 R!S $% 2V 1 no
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
U is the *n,nown resistance to +e meas*re).
S is the stan)ar) resistance.
/he ratio o" N>@ m*st +e e@*al to 7>m *n)er +alance con)itionsV there is no c*rrent thro*gh
galvanometer 3. /he "irst o" ratio arms is N an) 7. /he secon) set o" ratio arms o" m is *se) to connect the
galvanometer to a point at the appropriate potential +>w point e an) " to eliminate the e""ect o" connecting
lea) o" resistance r +etween then the *n,nown resistance U an) stan)ar) resistance S.
2"
S
7
N
thenU ?
m
7
p
N

P+/CE3U+E :
1. Short the terminals which are mar,e) Tc?5c 8 Tp ? 5p.
2. %ali+rate the 'elvin(s )o*+le +ri)ge +y t*rning the Dero a)B*sting ,no+ *ntil galvanometer
in)icates Dero.
3. $*ring cali+ration remaining ,no+s sho*l) +e ,ept at Dero position.
4. Eow short terminals Tp?Tc an) Op?5c. connect *n,nown specimen resistance +etween Tp an) Op
terminals.
5. Eow a)B*st the main )ial ?sli)e wire an) m*ltiplier *ntil the galvanometer in)icates Dero position.
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6. Eote )own the rea)ings o" main )ial sli)e wire an) m*ltiplier.
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/-SE+(,TI/NS :
S.No. Specimen t*pe /+" standa!d
o! kno'n
un +esistance o! p!actical
1.
2.
3.
4.
S,MPLE C,LCUL,TI/NS :
Gn,nown resistance F m*ltiplier H(main )ial rea)ing T sli)e wire rea)ing)
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. 3alvanometer sho*l) always +e connecte) to protective resistance to prevent )amage to
galvanometer.
2. %hanges in N an) @ sho*l) +e ma)e imme)iately to +ring the pointer o" galvanometer +ac, to
within scale to prevent )amage.
3. Resistance r sho*l) +e in the ma1im*m position to start with an) a)B*ste) later i" necessary to get
large )e"lection.
+ESULT :
/he *n,nown resistances o" earth wires? having )i""erent parameters? are meas*re) +y *sing 'elvin(s
)o*+le +ri)ge.
2UESTI/NS:
1. %lassi"y resistanceK
2. 91amples o" high resistanceK
3. 0hat are the metho)s employe) in meas*ring low resistancesK
4. 0hich is the most acc*rate metho) to meas*re the low resistancesK State the reasonK
5. 'elvin )o*+le +ri)ge is a mo)i"ie) version o" K
6. 0hat is the main pro+lem in meas*ring low resistancesK
. 4ow )o we meas*re high resistancesK
#. !ractical metho)s to meas*re earth resistanceK
&. 0hat are the @*antities that are meas*re) +y ac +ri)gesK
>EL(IN?S 3/U-LE -+I31E C,LCUL,TI/NS:
Gn,nown resistance F m*ltiplier H (main )ial rea)ing T sli)e wire rea)ing)
Gn,nown resistance F 1-- H(-.1T (15H-.-1))
F 11.5
'nown resistance F 14
/olerance F 'nown resistance 5 Gn,nown resistance
F 14 5 11.5
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/olerance F 2.5

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E9PE+IMENT N/. @
CT TESTIN1 -0 SILS-EE?S MET4/3
,IM:
/o meas*re the C ratio error an) phase angle error o" given %/ +y Sils+ee(s metho).
,PP,+,TUS:
SL.
N/.
N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2U,NTIT0
1. %/ !recision (Stan)ar)) 5>5 1 no.
2. %/ %ommercial 5>5 1 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 1 no.s
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 2 no.
5. 0attmeter 9lectro)ynamometer
/ype .!;
1-A? 6--V 2no.
6 %onnecting wires 1 set
Rheostat 5- =hms? 5A
# .oa)ing <*r)en Rheostat 5- =hms? 5A 1 no
& !hase5shi"ting trans"ormer 3 =hms? 42-V? 1-A 1 no
1- Single !hase s*pply A% 23-V? 1-A 1no.
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
7etho)s o" e1periment testing instr*ment trans"ormers i.e.? "in)ing their ratio an) phase angle errors may
+e +roa)ly classi"ie) into two gro*ps. A+sol*te metho)s an) comparison metho)s each o" these test
metho)s can +e classi"ie) accor)ing to meas*rement techni@*e employe) as $e"lecting metho)s an) E*ll5
metho)s.
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Sils+ee(s metho) is a comparison metho). /here are two types o" Sils+ee(s metho)s )e"lectional
an) here the ratio an) phase angle o" the test trans"ormer are )etermine)? in term o" a stan)ar) trans"ormers
having the same nominal ratio.
/he two trans"ormers are connecte) with their primaries in series. An a)B*sta+le +*r)en is p*t in
the secon)ary circ*it o" the trans"ormers *n)er test. An ammeter is incl*)e) in the secon)ary circ*it o" the
stan)ar) trans"ormers so that the c*rrent may +e set to the )esire) val*e. A01( is a wattmeter whose c*rrent
coil is connecte) to carry the secon)ary c*rrent o" the stan)ar) trans"ormers. /he c*rrent coil o" wattmeter
A02( carries a c*rrent which is the )i""erence +etween the secon)ary c*rrents o" the stan)ar) an) test
trans"ormers. /he voltage circ*its o" the wattmeters lies their press*re coils are s*pplie) in parallel "rom a
phase shi"ting trans"ormer at a constant voltage V.
P+/CE3U+E:
1. %onnections are ma)e as per circ*it )iagram.
2. Switch on the s*pply an) +y *sing single phase variac an) rheostat a)B*st primary
c*rrent to some val*e say 3 A.
3. <y varying the phase shi"ting trans"ormer the phase o" the voltage is so a)B*ste) that wattmeter
A01( rea)s ma1im*m val*e (!hase con)ition).
4. Eow note )own the rea)ings o" all meters. /he rea)ings o" wattmeter in phase con)ition are ta,en
as 01p an) 02p
5. Again vary the phase shi"ting trans"ormer so that the wattmeter A01( rea)s Dero val*e (&-W phase
shi"t ON*a)rat*re con)ition).
6. At this instant also note )own all the meter rea)ings an) the wattmeter rea)ings are ta,en as 01@
an) 02@.
. C Ratio error an) phase angle error are calc*late) +y *sing the "orm*lae given +elow.
T,-UL,TI/N:
S.Eo. Ammeter
Rea)ing
21(Amps)
Ammeter
Rea)ing
22(Amps)
01p
(0atts)
02p
(0atts)
01@
(0atts)
02@
(0atts)
Rs F21>22
C Ratio error (R1) F Rs X(02p > 01p) T1Y
!hase angle error (Z1) F 02@> (01p O 02p) T Zs

5/+MUL,E USE3 :
Eominal ratio o" stan)ar) %/ F 1->5 F 2
!hase angle error o" stan)ar) %/ F 5
(
Act*al ratio o" stan)ar) %/ F 1.&&
Act*al ratio o" %/ *n)er test F 1
]
1

+
ss
s x
I V
W
R R
1
-
1
C ratio error F
x
s
R
R R

!hase angle error "or %/ *n)er test
1
1
]
1

,
_

1
1
]
1

1#-
2
-
ss
s x
I V
W
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. /a,e care? while varying the phase angle with phase shi"ting trans"ormer.
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2 Avoi) lose connections.
3 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
4. /a,e rea)ings witho*t error.
5 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
6 Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
.ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
# 2" any wattmeter rea)s? rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil connections.
& /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
1- .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
11 .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
+ESULT :
/he c*rrent trans"ormer is teste) +y *sing Sils+ee(s metho) an)? the ratio an) phase angle errors are
calc*late).
2UESTI/NS:
1 4ow types o" Sils+ee(s metho)s K An) what are those K
2 Sils+ee(s metho)s55555555555 metho)
3 0hat is <*r)en o" trans"ormerK
4 $e"ine (%./8!./) A. /rans"ormation ratio
<. /*rns ratio
% .Eominal ratio
$ .R%;
5 %omparison +etween %./ 8 !./
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E9PE+IMENT N/.A
,. ME,SU+EMENT /5 C,P,CIT,NCE -0 SC4E+IN1 -+I31E
,IM : /o "in) the capacitance o" *n,nown capacitor *sing Schering +ri)ge.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. E=. EA79 /M!9 RAE39 N/M.
1 Schering +ri)ge circ*it 1 no
2. 4ea) phones 1 no.
3. $eca)e capacitance +o1 1 no.
4. $77 )igital 1 no.
5. !atch car)s 1set
6 R!S 23-v 1 no
3alvanometer 1 no
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0:
/he Schering +ri)ge is very wi)ely *se) "or the meas*rement o" capacitance? )ielectric loss an) power
"actor o" capacitors. /he a)vantage o" *sing this +ri)ge is that it can +e employe) in +oth low voltage an)
high voltage meas*rements.
;rom the circ*it :
%1 is the *n,nown capacitance an)
R1 is a resistance representing its loss component
%2 is a stan)ar) air capacitor an) it is loss "ree
R3 8 R4 are non5in)*ctive stan)ar) resistors.
R3 is "i1e) an) R4 is varia+le
%4 is a varia+le capacitors.
/he )etector may +e a hea) phone or vi+ration galvanometer
9 is a low voltage a.c. so*rce r 23-v?5-hD?s*pply
/he +ri)ge is +alance) +y a)B*sting
%4 an) R4
At +alance? we have V1 F V2 8 V3 F V4
4 2 4 3 1 3
2 1
1 1
8 ?
1
1 2 ?
1
Z I V R I V
jwc
V
jwc
r V
1
]
1

1
]
1

+
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0here [4 F
1 4 4
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
+

+
1
]
1

C jwR
R
jwc
R
jwc
R
=r V4 F
4 4
4 2
1
1
C jwR
R
+

11

,
_

1
]
1

+
2
2
1
1
1 1
jwc
I
jwc
r
\\. (1) an)
21R3 F
4 4
4 2
1 C jwR
R I
+
\\.. (2)
;rom (1) 8 (2)
3
1
1
1
R
jwC
r +
F
) )( (
1
4 2
4 4
R jwc
C jwR +
or

,
_

,
_

+
4 4
4
1
1
1
R jwC
R
jwg
r
F R3
1
]
1

2
1
jwc
Simpli"ying? r1R4 5
1
4
wC
jR
F
2
4 4 3
C
C R R
5
2
3
wC
R
j
9@*ating real an) imaginary parts
Separately? we get :
r1R4F
2
4 4 3
C
C R R
8 %1F %1 F(R4>R3) 1 %2
E=/9: %1 F%11F %12F\\\\
%2F%s1F%s2F\\\\.
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. %onnect the *n,nown capacitance A%1( +etween the terminals A 8 $.
3. Switch on the s*pply an) vary the Resistance ,no+ (R1) *ntil minim*m so*n) is o+taine) "rom the
lo*) spea,er.
4. Switch o"" the s*pply an) meas*re the Resistance (R1) +etween % 8 < +y *sing $77.
5. Repeat the a+ove steps "or )i""erent val*es o" capacitance 8 ta+*late the rea)ings.
6. Switch o"" the s*pply.
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. Avoi) loose connections.
2. Resistance sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
3. Switch o"" the s*pply when the resistance R1 is meas*re).
;=R7G.A GS9$:
r1R4F
2
4 4 3
C
C R R
8 %1F %1 F(R4>R3) 1 %2
E=/9: the val*e o" *n,nown capacitors is
% F -.-1];
-.-2 ];
-.-3 ];
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-.-4 ^"
s.no %s (,nown
capacitance)
R4 R3 %1F%sR4>R3
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2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat )o yo* mean +y high voltage Schering <ri)geK
2. State some o" the errors that occ*r in +ri)ge meas*rementsK
3. An)erson <ri)ge is a mo)i"ie) version o" LLLLLLLLLL
4. 2n An)erson <ri)ge the sel" in)*ctance is meas*re) in comparison with LLLLLLLLLLL
5. 0hat are the resistors nee) to +e a)B*ste) to get the +alance
6. At what con)ition the galvanometer )etector will +e replace) +y the hea) phone.
. Schering +ri)ge is *se) "or the meas*rement o" LLLLLLLLLLLLLL
#. 0hat is meant +y loss angle K
&. 0hy we are )oing electrostatic shiel)ing "or high voltage Schering +ri)geK
1-. 0hat are the elements nee) to +e a)B*ste) to o+tain +alance in Schering +ri)geK
+ESULT : the val*e o" *n,nown capacitance is calc*late) +y *sing Schering +ri)ge
. ME,SU+EMENT /5 C,P,CIT,NCE -0 SC4E+IN1 -+I31E
Schering <ri)ge
At +alance con)ition V
1
FV
2
8 V
3
FV
4

4ere V
1
F (r
1
T (1>B_%
1
))

V
2
F (1>B_%
2
)
V
3
F 2
1
R
3
V
4
F 2
2
[
4
0here [
4
F (R4 (1>B_%
4
))> (R
4
T (1>B_%
4
)) F (R
4
> B_R
4
%
4
)
/here"ore V
4
F (2
2
R
4
)

>( B_R
4
%
4
)
At +alance V
1
FV
2
i.e.? (r
1
T (1>B_%
1
)) F (1>B_%
2
) \\\ (1)
V
3
F V
4
i.e.? 2
1
R
3
F (2
2
R
4
)

>( B_R
4
%
4
)\\\..(2)
;rom e@*ation (1) 8 (2)
V
1
>V
3
F V
2
>V
4

(r
1
T (1>B_%
1
))> (R
4
> B_R
4
%
4
) F (R
3
> B_%
2
)
<y e@*ating real 8 imaginary parts we get?
r
1
R
4
F (R
3
R
4
%
4
)> %
2
an) %
1
F %
1
F (R
4
%
2
)> R
3
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%alc*lation:
<y ta,ing %
2
val*e as -.1]"
0e get R
4
F 1-.3 ,
R
3
F 56-m`
%
1
F (R
4
%
2
)> R
3
/hen? %
1
F (1-.3 ,H-.1]")> 56-m`
F 1.#3p"
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-. ME,SU+EMENT /5 IN3UCT,NCE -0 ,N3E+S/N?S -+I31E
,IM : /o "in) the *n,nown in)*ctance o" a coil or in)*ctor *sing An)erson(s +ri)ge.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. N/. N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1 An)erson(s +ri)ge circ*it 1 no
2. 4ea) phones 1 no.
3. $eca)e in)*ctance +o1 1 no.
4. $77 $232/A. 1 no.
5. !atch car)s 1set
6 R!S 23- 1 no
3alvanometer 1 no
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
An)erson(s +ri)ge is a mo)i"ication o" the 7a1well(s in)*ctance capacitance +ri)ge. 2n this metho)? the
sel"5in)*ctance is meas*re) in terms o" a stan)ar) capacitor. /his metho) is applica+le "or precise
meas*rement o" sel"5in)*ctance over a very wi)e range o" val*es.
;ig*re shows the connections an) the phasor )iagram o" the +ri)ge "or +alance) con)itions:
.et .1 F Sel"5in)*ctance to +e meas*re
R1 F resistance o" sel"5in)*ctor?
r1 F resistance connecte) in series with sel"5in)*ctor?
r? R2? R3? R4 F ,nown non5in)*ctive resistances? an)
% F "i1e) stan)ar) capacitor.
At +alance? 21 F 23 an) 22 F 2c T 24
Eow 21R3 F .c 1
C j
1

2c F 21B_%R3.
0riting the other +alance e@*ations
21 (r1TR1TB_.1) F 22 R2 T 2cr an) 2c

,
_

+
C j
r

1
F (22 O 2c) R4.
S*+stit*ting the val*e o" 2c in the a+ove e@*ations? we have
21(r1TR1TB_.1) F 22R2T21B_% R3r
=r
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21(rTR1TB_.15B_%R3r) F 22R2 \(i)
an)
B_%R3 21

,
_

+
C j
r

1
F (22 O 2B_%R3)R4 or 21(B_%R3r T B_%R3R4 TR3) F 22R4 \ (ii)
;rom 9@ns. (i) an) (ii)? we o+tain
21 (r1 T R1 T B_l1 O B_%R3r) F 21

,
_

+ +
2 3
4
3 2
4
3 2
R CR j
R
r R CR j
R
R R

9@*ating the real an) the imaginary parts : R1 F

1
4
3 2
r
R
R R

an) .1 F %
4
3
R
R
Ir(R4 T R2) T R2R4J
An e1amination o" +alance e@*ations reveals that to o+tain easy convergence o" +alance? alternate
a)B*stments o" r1 an) sho*l) +e )one as they appear in only one o" the two +alance e@*ations.
,3(,NT,1ES:
1. 2n case a)B*stments are carrie) o*t +y manip*lating control over r1 an) r? they +ecome in)epen)ent o"
each other. /his is a mar,e) s*periority over sli)ing +alance con)itions met with low N coils when
meas*ring a1well(s +ri)ge. A st*)y o" convergence con)itions wo*l) reveal that it is m*ch easier to
o+tain +alance in the case o" An)erson(s +ri)ge than in 7a1well(s +ri)ge "or low N5coils.
2. A "i1e) capacitor can +e *se) instea) o" a varia+le capacitor as in the case o" 7a1well(s +ri)ge.
3. /his +ri)ge may +e *se) "or acc*rate )etermination o" capacitance in terms o" in)*ctance.
3IS,3(,NT,1ES:
1. /he An)erson(s +ri)ge is more comple1 than its prototype 7a1well(s +ri)ge. /he An)erson(s +ri)ge
has more parts an) is more complicate) to set *p an) manip*late. /he +alance e@*ations are not simple
an) in "act are m*ch more te)io*s.
2. An a))itional B*nction point increases the )i""ic*lty o" shiel)ing the +ri)ge.
%onsi)ering the a+ove complications o" the An)erson(s +ri)ge? in all the cases where a varia+le capacitor is
permissi+le the more simple 7a1well(s +ri)ge is *se) instea) o" An)erson(s +ri)ge.
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram with an a*)io oscillator an) hea) phones
connecte) to proper terminals o" the An)erson(s +ri)ge.
2. %onnect the *n,nown in)*ctor A.( as shown in the circ*it )iagram.
3. Switch on the s*pply an) select a certain val*e o" A%( say -.-1 ;.
4. A)B*st R1an) r1alternately till the hea) phones give minim*m or no so*n).
5. Eote )own the val*es o" S? 7 an) % at this +alance) con)ition.
6. Repeat steps (4) an) (5) "or the same in)*ctance +y selecting )i""erent val*e o" %.
. Repeat the a+ove steps "or )i""erent val*es o" *n,nown in)*ctance.
#. Switch o"" the s*pply.
N/TE :
1. /he val*e o" A%( is so chosen that there is s*""icient a)B*stment availa+le in the val*e o" 7.
2. 0hen A%( is small? A7( will +e large.
3. /he +ri)ge is *se"*l "or meas*ring small val*es o" in)*ctor s*ch as 5-? 1--? 15- an) 2-- m4.
Eote the val*e o" *n,nown in)*ctances
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1. 1-m4
2. 1--m4
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%A.%G.A/2=E :
A.( val*e is calc*late) +y the given "orm*la.
.1 F %
4
3
R
R
Ir1(R4T R2) T R2R4J
R1 F
1
4
3 2
r
R
R R

S.N/ C>N/WM
C,P,CIT,NCE"
!$ +$ +& +: += L$
+ESULT :
/he val*e o" *n,nown in)*ctance is calc*late) +y *sing An)erson <ri)ge
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat )o yo* mean +y high voltage Schering <ri)geK
2. State some o" the errors that occ*r in +ri)ge meas*rementsK
3. An)erson <ri)ge is a mo)i"ie) version o" LLLLLLLLLL
4. 2n An)erson <ri)ge the sel" in)*ctance is meas*re) in comparison with LLLLLLLLLLL
5. 0hat are the resistors nee) to +e a)B*ste) to get the +alance
6. At what con)ition the galvanometer )etector will +e replace) +y the hea) phone.
. Schering +ri)ge is *se) "or the meas*rement o" LLLLLLLLLLLLLL
#. 0hat is meant +y loss angle K
&. 0hy we are )oing electrostatic shiel)ing "or high voltage Schering +ri)geK
1-. 0hat are the elements nee) to +e a)B*ste) to o+tain +alance in Schering +ri)geK
-. ME,SU+EMENT /5 IN3UCT,NCE -0 ,N3E+S/N?S -+I31E
AE$9RS=E(S <R2$39
At +alance con)ition 2
1
F2
3

2
2
F 2
%
T2
4
4ere 2
%
F 2
1
B_R
3
%
;rom the circ*it +alance e@*ations are
2
1
(r
1
T R
1
TB_.
1
) F 2
2
R
3
T 2
%
r
2
%
(rT (1>B_%)) F (2
2
5 2
%
) R
4
<y s*+stit*ting o" the val*e o" 2
%
in the a+ove e@*ation we get?
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2
1
(r
1
T R
1
TB_.
1
5 B_%R
3
r) F 2
2
R
2
......... (1)
2
1
(B_%R
3
rT B_%R
3
R
4
T R
3
) F 2
2
R
4
.........(2)
;rom e@*ation (1) 8 (2)
2
1
(r
1
T R
1
TB_.
1
5 B_%R
3
r) F 2
1
((R
3
R
2
>R
4
)T( B_%R
3
R
2
r >R
4
)T B_%R
3
R
2
)
<y e@*ating real 8 imaginary parts we get?
R
1
F
1
4
3 2
r
R
R R

an) .
1
F %
4
3
R
R
Ir1(R4T R
2
) T R
2
R
4
J
%alc*lation:
2n An)ersons <ri)ge we have to calc*late the *n,nown in)*ctance val*e +y *sing the
"orm*la
.
1
F%
4
3
R
R
Ir
1
(R
4
T R
2
) T R
2
R
4
J
<y ta,ing % val*e as -.-2]"
0e get R
2
F -.13 ,
R
3
F -.-6 ,
R
4
F -.11 ,
r
1
F -.2 ,
<y *sing the a+ove "orm*la we get the val*e o" in)*ctance
i.e.? .
1
F (-.-2]" H(-.2 , (-.11 ,T-.13 ,) T -.13 , H -.11 ,))> -.11 ,
F -.56mh
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E9PE+IMENT N/.B
ME,SU+EMENT /5 :-P4,SE +E,CTI(E P/WE+ WIT4 SIN1LE P4,SE W,TTMETE+
,IM : /o meas*re the 35!hase reactive power *sing single wattmeter.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. E=. EA79 /M!9 RAE39 N/M.
1. 0attmeter $ynamometer type? .!; 1-A? 3--V 1 no.
2. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 1 no.
3. Ammeter 72 1-A 1 no.
4. 3 !hase varia+le in)*ctive loa) -51-A? 23- V? 65steps
5-? 15A
1no.
5 /hree !hase Variac 415>-54-V? 15A 1 no
6 %onnecting wires 1 set
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
/he +asic principle *se) "or meas*ring active as well as reactive power in an a.c. circ*it is the
<lon)els theorem.
2" a networ, is s*pplie) thro*gh An( con)*ctors? the total power is meas*re) +y s*mming the
rea)ings o" An( wattmeters is in each line an) the correspon)ing voltage element is connecte) +etween the
line an) a common point.
2" the common point is locate) on one o" the lines? then the power may +e meas*re) +y (n51)
wattmeters.
=ne wattmeter metho) can +e *se) "or the meas*rement o" power +*t this metho) is applica+le
only "or +alance) loa)s the c*rrent coil is connecte) in one o" the lines an) one en) o" the press*re coil to
some line? other en) +eing connecte) alternatively to other two lines.
2n case o" +alance) three phase circ*its it is simple to *se a single wattmeter to rea) reactive
power the c*rrent coil o" the wattmeter is connecte) in one line an) press*re coil is connecte) across other
two lines.
Rea)ing o" wattmeter F ) &- cos(
2 13
+ I V
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F ) &- cos( 3 + VI
F
sin VI 3
N F 3 V2 sin6 F ( ) 3 1 rea)ing o" wattmeter.
!hase angle 6 F
,
_

P
Q
1
tan
.
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the 35!hase variac to minim*m or Dero o*tp*t position. %lose the /!S/ switch an)
gra)*ally vary the variac *ntil the rate) voltage o" 415V is applie).
3. Eote )own the rea)ings o" all the in)icating instr*ments at no5loa) position.
4. Apply the loa) in steps +y varying the 35phase in)*ctive loa) *pto the rate) c*rrent (1-Amps) an)
note)own the rea)ings o" instr*ments in each step.
5. Vary the loa) gra)*ally to no5loa) position? vary the 35phase variac to minim*m or Dero o*tp*t
position an) open the /!S/ switch.
6. %alc*late the three phase reactive power.
T,-UL,+ 5/+M:
S.N
o.
(oltmete!
!eadin)
(7olts"
,mmete!
!eadin)
I,mps"
Wattmete!
!eadin) W
'atts"
T.!ee p.ase !eacti7e po'e!
2CD : EW
(,+"
sinFC 2GD : (I
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. 'eep the 35phase variac in Dero position initially.
2. 'eep in)*ctive loa) at no5loa) position initially.
3. .ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
4. %onnect the circ*it witho*t any loose connection.
5. 2" any wattmeter rea)s? rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil connections.
6. /a,e all meter rea)ings witho*t parallel error.
. .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
# Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
&. 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
1- .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
11 /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT : Reactive power a+sor+e) +y the in)*ctive loa) is calc*late) 8 ta+*late) "or vario*s loa)ing
con)itions.
2UESTI/NS:
1. 4ow )o yo* meas*re power K
2. State the )i""erence +etween wattmeter an) an energy meterK
3. /ypes o" wattmetersK
4. 0hich types o" wattmeter is wi)ely *se)K
5. 4ow is the controlling tor@*e o+taine)K
6. 0hat are the errors in )ynamometer type wattmetersK State a "ew.
. 4ow many wattmeters )o we re@*ire to meas*re 35phase powerK
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#. 0hat is reactive power K State the "orm*la.
&. 4ow many wattmeters are re@*ire) to meas*re 35phase reactive powerK
1-. 4ow )o we minimiDe the errors )*e to e))y c*rrents in wattmetersK
Measu!ement o% :-p.ase !eacti7e po'e! 'it. sin)le p.ase 'attmete! calculations:
0hen the loa) is +alance)?
/otal power is ! F 3H(0attmeter rea)ing)
i.e.? ! F 3HVphH2ph cos6
4ence one wattmeter iss*e) to meas*re the single phase power 8 then it is to +e m*ltiplie)
+y 3
N F 3V2sin6
N F a 3 H(0attmeter rea)ing)
Calculation:
/a,e the voltage? ammeter rea)ing an) wattmeter rea)ing "rom the circ*it
V F 3-- v
2 F 2 amp
0 F 4#- watts
/hen 356 reactive power is
N Fa 3 H0 VAR
i.e.? N F a 3 H 4#- F #31.2 VAR
an) sin6 F 6>(a 3V2 )
i.e.? sin6 F #31.2> (a 3H3--H2) F -.&&
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E9PE+IMENT N/.H
ME,SU+EMENT /5 P,+,METE+S /5 C4/>E C/IL USIN1 :(/LTMETE+S <
:,MMETE+S MET4/3
,IM : /o o+tain the parameters (R? U? .?[? power an) !;)o" given cho,e coil *sing 3 Voltmeter an) 3
Ammeter metho)s.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. N/. N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1. %ho,e coil 23- V? 1- A 1 no.
2. .Reg*late) $.%
!ower s*pply
(-53-V) 1 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 3 no.
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 4 no.
5. Rheostat 5-? 15A 1no.
6 Single !hase Variac A% -52-V? 1-A 1 no
%onnecting wires 1 set
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M:
T4E/+0 :
An in)*ctive trans)*cer wor,s on the principle o" variation o" in)*ctance *sing m*ltiple coils.
/he coils that are +eing *se) nee) to +e eval*ate) an) their parameters so )e"ine) s*ch that the *se o" their
parameters may +e regar)e) as constant an) acc*rate.
/h*s emphasis nee) to +e lai) *pon the metho) o" meas*rement o" in)*ctance o" cho,e coil +y *sing 3
voltmeter meter metho) an) 3 ammeter metho).
;or 35Voltmeter metho):
cos 2
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
V V V V V +
cos6 F
) 2 (
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
V V
V V V

? +*t cos6 F
2 > 1 2 2
J ) 2 ( I fL r
r
+
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[ ]
2 > 1
2 2
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
) 2 (
) 2 (
fL r
r
V V
V V V
+

( )
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2 2 2 2
V V V
V V 4
r ) fL 2 ( r

+
( )
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 2
3
2
2 2
4
) 2 ( r
V V V
r V V
fL


L
( )
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 2
3
2
2
r
V V V
r V V 4
f 2
1

For 35Ammeter metho):

+ cos I I 2 I I I
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
cos F
) 2 (
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
I I
I I I

V
[ ]
2 > 1
2 2
) 2 ( fL r
r
+
[ ]
2 > 1
2 2
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
) 2 (
2
fL r
r
I I
I I I
+

( )
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
1
r
I I I
I I r
f
L

4ence +y *sing the a+ove "orm*lae we can calc*late the in)*ctance o" a cho,e coil.
P+/CE3U+E :
: (oltmete! met.od
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the variac in minim*m position an) close the $!S/ switch.
3. Vary the variac gra)*ally in steps *p to rate) c*rrent capacity o" con)*ctor that *se) "or coil or *p
to voltage less than rate) voltage in)icate) +y voltmeter1
4. Eote )own the rea)ings o" meters in each step. /a+*late the rea)ings as per ta+*lar "orm1
5. 3ra)*ally vary the variac to minim*m position an) open the $!S/ switch.
6 Eow calc*late the parameters o" the cho,e coil.
: ,mmete! met.od
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the variac in minim*m position an) close the $!S/ switch.
3. Vary the variac gra)*ally in steps *pto the rate) voltage (23-V).=R Apply c*rrent less than
(5--mA) in)icate) +y ammeter 2
4. Eote )own the rea)ings o" 3 Ammeters in each step. /a+*late the rea)ings as per ta+*lar "orm 2
5. 3ra)*ally change the variac to minim*m position an) open the $!S/ switch.
6. Eow calc*late the parameters o" the cho,e coil.
ME,SU+EMENTS /5 +ESIST,NCE /5 C4/>E C/IL:
1. 7a,e the connection as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the variac in minim*m position an) close the $!S/ switch.
3. Vary the variac gra)*ally in steps say 1-V?15V an) 2-V
4 Eote )own the ammeter rea)ings . /a+*late the rea)ings as per ta+*lar "orm 3
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5 %alc*late resistance val*es R1-v? R15v? R2-v an) ta,e average o" 3 resistance val*es as resistance
o" cho,e coil.
T,-LE $
S.N/ ($ (& (: IL P coso ;L +L 9L L
T,-LE &
S.N/ ( I$ I& I: P C/S/ ;L +L 9L L
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1 7eas*re the e1act magnit*)e o" e1ternal rheostat.
2 Avoi) lose connections.
3 /a,e rea)ings witho*t parllo1 error.
4 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
5 Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
6 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
.ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
# 2" any wattmeter rea)s Dero (or negative) rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil
connections.
& .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
1- .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
11 /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT :
/he e1periment is con)*cte) +y 35voltmeter an) 35ammeter metho)s an) in)*ctance o" the given cho,e
coil is calc*late)
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat are the cho,e coil parametersK
2. 0hat is the "*nction o" cho,eK
3. 0hat are the metho)s are there to "in) cho,e coil parametersK
4. 0hat are the metho)s are there to "in) cho,e coil parametersK
5. 0hich metho) is very important "or "in)ing the cho,e coil parametersK
Measu!ement /% Pa!amete!s /% C.oke Coil Usin) :7oltmete!s < :ammete!s Met.od
calculations:
;or 35ph Voltmeter metho)
V
1
2

F V
2
2
TV
3
2
5 2 V
2
V
3
cos6
%os6 F (V
1
2

F V
2
2
TV
3
2
)>(5 2 V
2
V
3
)
<*t %os6 F r>(r
2
T(2b".)
2
)
1>2
So that (V
1
2

5V
2
2
5V
3
2
)> (5 2 V
2
V
3
) F r>(r
2
T(2b".)
2
)
1>2
<y solving we get . F (1>2b") Ha ((4 V
2
2
V
3
2
r
2
)> (V
1
2

5V
2
2
5V
3
2
)) 5 r
2
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Calculation:
At on loa)
i.e.? 2
.
F 1 amp
V
2
F 1-- v
V
3
F 1-6 v
! F 23- watts
%os6 F -.&
/here"ore V
1
2

F V
2
2
TV
3
2
5 2 V
2
V
3
cos6 F 22- v
. F (1>2b") Ha ((4 V
2
2
V
3
2
r
2
)> (V
1
2

5V
2
2
5V
3
2
)) 5 r
2
4ere " F 5-4D
. F(1>2b") Ha ((4 2
2
2
2
3
2
r
2
)> (2
1
2

52
2
2
52
3
2
)) 5 r
2
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E9PE+IMENT N/.I
C,LI-+,TI/N /5 LP5 W,TTMETE+ -0 P4,NT/M L/,3IN1
,IM : /esting an) %ali+ration o" the given .!; wattmeter +y *sing a s*+5stan)ar) 0attmeter +y phantom
loa)ing metho).
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. E=. EA79 /M!9 RAE39 N/M.
1 0attmeter(/esting or stan)ar)) $ynamometer type? .!; 1-A? 3--V 1 no
2. 0attmeter(S*+5stan)ar) or cali+rate)) $ynamometer type? G!; 1-A? 3--V 1 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 1 no.
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 1 no.
5. Rheostat 35-? 1.2A 1no.
6 Single !hase Variac -52-V? 1-A 1 no
%onnecting wires 1 set
%2R%G2/ $2A3RA7:
T4E/+0 :
9lectro)ynamometer type wattmeter has two coils connecte) in )i""erent circ*its "or meas*rement
o" power. /he "i1e) coils or R"iel) coilsS are connecte) in series with the loa) an) so carry the c*rrent in
the circ*it. /he "i1e) coils? there"ore? "orm the Rc*rrent coilS or simply %.% o" the wattmeter. /he
moving coil is connecte) across the voltage an)? there"ore? carries a c*rrent proportional to the voltage. A
high non5in)*ctive resistance is connecte) in series with the moving coil to limit the c*rrent to a small
val*e. Since the moving coil carries a c*rrent proportional to the voltage? it is calle) the Apress*re coilS or
Rvoltage coilS or simply calle) !.%. o" the wattmeter.
<oth "i1e) an) moving coils are air core). /he voltage rating o" the wattmeter is limite) to a+o*t 6-- V +y
the power re@*irements o" the voltage circ*it since most o" the power is a+sor+e) +y the resistance in series
with the moving coil an) consi)era+le heat is generate). ;or higher voltages? the press*re coil circ*it is
)esigne) "or 11-V? an) a potential trans"ormer is *se) to step )own the voltage.
2" VF Voltage across the press*re coil?
2 F %*rrent thro*gh the c*rrent coil an)
6 F Angle +etween V8 2? then
! F !ower +eing meas*re) F V2 cos6
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/he )e"lection is )irectly proportional to the power +eing meas*re) an) the scale is essentially *ni"orm
over the range in which ()7>)c ) is constant. <y s*ita+le )esign? the m*t*al in)*ctance +etween "i1e)
an) moving coil an) +e ma)e to vary linearly with angle over a range o" 4-
o
to 5-
o
on either si)e o" Dero
m*t*al in)*ctance position.
=n lagging loa)s the wattmeter will rea) high? as the e""ect o" the in)*ctance o" the press*re coil circ*it is
to +ring the press*re coil c*rrent more nearly into phase with the loa) c*rrent than wo*l) +e the case i" this
in)*ctance were Dero. Very serio*s errors may +e intro)*ce) +y press*re coil in)*ctance at low power
"actors *nless special preca*tions are ta,en.
7any wattmeters are compensate) "or errors ca*se) +y in)*ctance o" press*re coil +y means o" a capacitor
connecte) in parallel with a portion o" m*ltiplier (series resistance).
7eas*rement o" power in circ*its having low power "actor +y or)inary electro)ynamometer wattmeter is
)i""ic*lt an) inacc*rate +eca*se:
i) /he )e"lecting tor@*e on the moving system is small (owing to low power "actor) even when
the c*rrent an) press*re coils are "lly e1cite)V
ii) 9rrors intro)*ce) +eca*se o" in)*ctance o" press*re coil ten) to +e large at low power "actors.
Special "eat*res are incorporate) in an electro)ynamometer wattmeter to ma,e it a low power "actor type o"
wattmeter. /hese "eat*res are )isc*sse) in )etails +elow:
1. !ress*re %oil %*rrent. /he press*re coil circ*it is )esigne) to have a low val*e o" resistance?
so that the c*rrent? "lowing thro*gh it? is increase) to give an increase) operating tor@*e. /he press*re coil
c*rrent in a low power "actor wattmeter may +e as m*ch as 1- times the val*e employe) "or high power
"actor wattmeter.
2. %ompensation "or !ress*re coil %*rrent. /he power +eing meas*re) in a low power "actor
circ*it is small an) c*rrent is high on acco*nt o" low power "actor. 2t is a+sol*tely necessary to compensate
"or the press*re coil c*rrent in low power "actor wattmeter.
0hen the c*rrent rating o" meter *n)er test is high a test with act*al loa)ing arrangements wo*l) involve a
consi)era+le waste o" power. 2n or)er to avoi) this !hantom loa)ing as ;ictitio*s loa)ing is )one. !hantom
loa)ing consists o" s*pplying the press*re coil "rom a circ*it o" re@*ire) normal voltage an) the c*rrent coil
"rom a separate low voltage s*pply. 2t is possi+le to circ*late the rate) c*rrent thro*gh the c*rrent coil with
a low voltage s*pply as the impe)ance o" this circ*it is very low? with this arrangement. /he total power
s*pplie) "or the test is that )*e to the small press*re coil c*rrent at normal voltage? pl*s that )*e to the
c*rrent circ*it c*rrent applie) at low voltage. /he total power there"ore? re@*ire) "or testing the meter with
phantom loa)ing is comparatively small.
P+/CE3U+E :
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 0ith variac A2( an) A22( in minim*m position an) the rheostat in minim*m position? close the
$!S/52 switch to connect the s*pply52.
3. Vary the variac52 gra)*ally to apply the rate) voltage (23-V). to press*re coils o" +oth p." meter
an) wattmeter
4 %lose the $!S/522 switch an) vary the variac522 to a)B*st a s*ita+le c*rrent o" (1A or 2A) in the
c*rrent coils o" .!; wattmeter an) p." meter. as in)icate) +y ammeter. Eote )own the rea)ings
o" all the instr*ments
5 Eow vary the c*rrent (*pto 4A) in c*rrent coils o" +oth wattmeter an) p." meter in steps *sing
single phase variac 8 rheostat an) note )own rea)ings "or each step. /a+*late the rea)ings.
6 <ring the rheostat to minim*m position? vary the variac522 an) variac52 to minim*m position an)
open the $!S/ switches.
. 9val*ate /r*e power (S1) ? Act*al power (S2) ? Cerror? Ccorrection.
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#. $raw the graph +etween .oa) c*rrent (vs) C 9rror.
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T,-UL,+ 5/+M:
S.Eo Voltmeter
Rea)ing
V (volts)
Ammeter
Rea)ing?
2 (Amps)
!.;
meter
rea)ing
0attmeter
Rea)ing(S2)
(0atts)
/r*e power (S1)
V2cosd(0atts)
C error
(S15S2)>S1
C%orrection
(S25S1)>S1
M/3EL C,LCUL,TI/NS:
/r*e power (S1) F V H 2 Hcosd
Act*al power (S2) F 0attmeter rea)ing.lp"
C error F I(S15 S2) > S1J H 1--
Ccorrection F I(S2 O S1) >S1J H 1--
M/3EL 1+,P4 :

Cerror
.oa) c*rrent
P+EC,UTI/NS:
1. Avoi) lose connections.
2. /a,e rea)ings witho*t parllo1 error.
3 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
4 Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
5 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
6 .ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
2" any wattmeter rea)s? rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil connections.
& .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
1- .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
11 'eep rheostat at its minim*m resistance position initially.
12 /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT: /he .!; wattmeter is cali+rate) *sing phantom loa)ing an) cali+ration c*rve is plotte)
"or the given wattmeter
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat is meant +y correction "actor K
2. /he loa) c*rrent in .!; wattmeter is high > low K
3. 0hy are the .!; wattmeter )esigne) to have a smaller controlling tor@*e K
4. 0hat is the nee) o" intro)*cing compensating coilK
5. State a "ew errors in )ynamometer wattmeterK
6. Applications o" .!; wattmeterK
. 0hy more operating tor@*e is pro)*ce) in .!; wattmeterK
#. 0hy the controlling tor@*e in an .!; wattmeter is lessK
&. 0hat are the )i""erent metho)s *se) "or meas*rement "or 35phase powerK
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1-. 91plain the wor,ing principle o" in)*ction wattmeterK
.
Calib!ation /% Lp% Wattmete! -* P.antom Loadin)
Calculations:

/r*e power S1 F V2%os6
Act*al power S2 F wattmeter rea)ing .!;
C error F ((S15S2)>S1)H1--
Ccorrection F ((S25S1)>S1)H1--
<y ta,ing val*es
V F 23- v
2 F 1 amp
S1 F 23- H 1H -.&5 F21#.5 watts
S2 F &- watts
C error F ((S15S2)>S1)H1-- F 5#.#1C
Ccorrection F ((S25S1)>S1)H1-- F 55#.#1C



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E9PE+IMENT N/.$6
ME,SU+EMENT /5 :-P4,SE ,CTI(E P/WE+ -0 USIN1 & CT?S ,N3 SIN1LE W,TTMETE+
MET4/3
,IM : /o meas*re the 35phase active power +y *sing a single wattmeter an) 2 %/(s.
,PP,+,TUS :
Sl. N/. N,ME T0PE +,N1E 2T0.
1 0attmeter $ynamometer type? .!; 1-A? 3--V 1 no
2. %/(s 1:1? 5>5A 2 no.
3. Voltmeter 72 3-- V 1 no.
4. Ammeter 72 1-A 2 no.
5. 35phase varia+le in)*ctive loa) <alance) star 35-? 1.2A 1no.
6 /hree !hase Variac -52-V? 1-A 1 no
%onnecting wires 1 set
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M
T4E/+0 :
/o meas*re 35 phase power *sing two %/(s. !ower can +e meas*re) in many ways? "or an +alance) loa)?
only one wattmeter is eno*gh to meas*re the 35 phase power? an) "or an *n+alance) loa)? two wattmeter
metho) is *se) to meas*re the 35 phase power. /he primary win)ings o" %/(s are connecte) in series with
two phases. /he secon)ary o" +oth the %/(s are connecte) as shown in "ig*re the c*rrent coil o" wattmeter
connecte) across +oth secon)aries o" %/(s. /he press*re coil is connecte) +etween the two phases.
!R=%9$GR9 :
1. 7a,e the connections as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. 'eep the 3 phase variac in minim*m position an) close the /!S/ switch.
3. Vary the 35 phase variac gra)*ally an) apply the rate) voltage (415V).
4. Eote )own all the meter rea)ings an) ta+*late them.
5. Vary the in)*ctive loa) in steps *pto the rate) c*rrent an) ta+*late the meter rea)ings in each step.
6. Re)*ce the voltage to Dero gra)*ally +y varying the 3 variac an) open the /!S/ switch.
T,-UL,TI/N:
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S.E= V 0 2ct1 2ct2 loa)
P+EC,UTI/NS :
1. Avoi) loose connections.
2. /he secon)ary o" %/ sho*l) not +e ,ept open.
3. /a,e rea)ings witho*t error.
4. 'eep variac at their minim*m position initially
5. Vary the variac s*ch that the c*rrent an) voltage are within the rate) val*e
6. 7eter rea)ings sho*l) not e1cee) their ratings.
. .ive terminals sho*l) not +e to*che).
# 2" any wattmeter rea)s Dero or negative rea)ing? change either c*rrent coil or press*re coil
connections.
&. .oa) c*rrent sho*l) not e1cee) rate) c*rrent val*e.
1-. .oa) sho*l) +e varie) very smoothly.
13. /a,e proper care? s*ch that the ammeter rea)ing? sho*l) not e1cee) the c*rrent rating o" .!;
wattmeter.
+ESULT :
/he 356 active power o" the in)*ctive loa) is calc*late) *sing single phase wattmeter an) two %/(s
metho). at +alance) loa) con)ition.
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat is <*r)en o" trans"ormerK
2. $e"ine (%./8!./) A. /rans"ormation ratio
<. /*rns ratio
% .Eominal ratio
$ .R%;
3 0hy %./ secon)ary sho*l) not +e opene)K
4 %omparison +etween %./ 8 !./
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E9PE+IMENT N/.$$
L(3T ,N3 C,P,CIT,NCE PIC>UP-C4,+,CTE+ISTICS ,N3 C,LI-+,TI/N
,IM:
/o meas*re the )isplacement *sing linear varia+le )i""erential trans"ormer.
,PP,+,TUS:.
%2R%G2/ $2A3RA7:

T4E/+0:
.inear varia+le )i""erential trans"ormer .V$/ is a trans)*cer. <asically it is passive in)*ctive trans"ormer
similar to a potential trans"ormer.
.V$/ consists o" three win)ings? one primary an) two secon)aries o" e@*al t*rns. !rimary is wo*n)
centrally +etween two secon)aries. All three win)ings are wo*n) on a hollow t*+*lar "ormer thro*gh
which magnetic core sli)es.
%ore a""ects magnetic co*pling +etween primary an) the secon)aries while primary is connecte) to an A%
signal.
Eormal > n*ll position o" core ca*ses e@*al in)*ce) voltage in +oth the secon)aries. 4ence the total
)i""erence voltage o" +oth the secon)aries +ecomes Dero. Any )eviation in core position "rom its n*ll
position in)*ces *ne@*al voltage "rom +oth secon)aries an) hence the )i""erence signal o" it is a non Dero
@*antity? this non Dero @*antity varies with core position. 2)eally )isplacement vers*s change in )i""erence
signal sho*l) +e linear.
0hen 9S1F9S2 (core at n*ll position or central position)
9)i""F-
0hen core is move) le"t
9S1e9S2 8
9)i"" (9S159S2) is in phase with 9S1
0hen core is move) right 9S1f9S2
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9)i"" (9S159S2) is in phase with 9S2.
Amo*nt o" 9)i"". is proportional to the )isplacement o" core. !hase angle o" the o*tp*t voltage )eci)es the
)irection o" core "rom its normal n*ll position.
9lectronic circ*it can +e *se) to recover apprecia+le )i""erence signal "rom .V$/. .V$/ o""ers linearity
in the o*tp*t "or certain Range o" )isplacement. %hange in its o*tp*t voltage is stepless an) resol*tion
)epen)s on test e@*ipment. 4igher magnit*)e o*tp*t is possi+le. .V$/ can tolerate high )egree o"
vi+ration an) shorts an) hence more r*gge). Repeat acc*racy is +etter )*e to low hysteresis.
$isa)vantages o" .V$/ are its sensitivity towar)s stray magnetic "iel) (magnetic shiel)ing is possi+le)?
large )isplacement is re@*ire) "or apprecia+le )i""erential o*tp*t.
P+/CE3U+E:
1. %onnections are ma)e as per the circ*it )iagram.
2. Switch on the s*pply ,eep the instr*ment in =E position "or 1- min*tes "or initial warm *p.
3. Rotate the micrometer core till it rea)s 2-.- mm an) a)B*st the %A. potentiometer to )isplay 1-.-
mm on the .V$/ trainer ,it.
4. Rotate the micrometer core till it rea)s 1-.- mm an) a)B*st the Dero potentiometer to )isplay 2-.-
mm on the .V$/ trainer ,it.
5. Rotate +ac, the micrometer core to rea) 2-.- mm an) a)B*st once again the %A. potentiometer
till the .V$/ trainer ,it )isplay rea)s 1-.- mm. Eow the instr*ment is cali+rate) "or 1-mm
range.
6. Rotate the core o" micrometer in steps o" 2 mm an) ta+*late the rea)ings o" micrometer? .V$/
trainer ,it )isplay an) m*ltimeter rea)ing.
/bse!7ations:
1+,P4:
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P+EC,UTI/NS:
1. Allow the instr*ment in =E position "or 1- min. "or initial warm *p.
2. 0hile cali+rating vary the cal>span pot slowly an) smoothly.
+ESULT:
$isplacement is meas*re) *sing linear varia+le )i""erential trans"ormer an) graphs o" in)icate)
)isplacement Vs act*al )isplacement? C9rror Vs act*al )isplacement an) o*tp*t voltage Vs act*al
)isplacement.
2UESTI/NS:
1. 0hat is .V$/K
2. 0hat is trans)*cerK
3. 4ow many trans)*cers are thereK
4. 4ow many win)ings the trans"ormer in .V$/ have in its constr*ctionK
5. 4ow the secon)aries are connecte) in the trans"ormer o" .V$/K
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E9PE+IMENT N/.$&
ME,SU+EMENT /5 I+/N L/SS IN , -,+ SPECIMEN USIN1 , C+/ ,N3 USIN1 ,
W,TTMETE+
,IM:
/o meas*re the iron losses in strip (sheet) material *sing .loy) 5 ;isher S@*are.
,PP,+,TUS:
CI+CUIT 3I,1+,M
T4E/+0:
/he voltage across the secon)ary i.e. voltmeter rea)ing given the rms val*e o" the in)*ce) voltage.
9 F 4 ,
"m
" E
2
E
2
F Eo. o" t*rn o" the secon)ary win)ing.

<m
1
F
2 "
As"E A'
9
(apparent val*e)
As F area o" specimenV m
2
<m F <m
1
O ]
-
4
m

,
_

1
As
Ac
A
c
F %ross sectional area o" coilV m
2
4
m
F 7agnetiDing "orce correspon)ing to ma1im*m "l*1 )ensityV A>m. (o+taine) "rom <.4. c*rve o"
specimen)
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0attmeter rea)ing F iron loss in the specimen T %opper loss in the secon)ary
%* loss F
rc rp
9
2
+
0here rp F resistance o" press*re coil
Rc F resistance o" coil S
1
.
/otal iron loss F !
i
F
rc rp
9
V
!9
2
+

watt
!i F e))y c*rrent loss T hysterias loss
9))y c*rrent loss F Vol*me 1
3!
t2'" <m 4"
2 2 2

4ysteresis c*rrent loss F Vol*me 1 "<m'

Vol*me F
3
'g>m i iron o" $ensity
'g in 0eight
SteinmetD coe""icient F 1.6
; F 5- 4D
i.e. F speci"ic resistivity
'
"
F "orm "actor (1.11)
/ F thic,ness (given)
.loy) "isher5s@*are is most commonly *se) "or meas*rement o" iron loss in strip material. /he strip
material to +e teste) is assem+le) as a close) magnetic circ*it in the "orm o" a s@*are? calle) magnetic
s@*are. /he strips *se) are *s*ally -.25m long 8 5- to 6-mm wi)e? an) "erromagnetic material.
P+/CE3U+E:
1. %onnect the circ*it as shown in "ig*re.
2. A)B*st the voltage applie) to the primary till the ammeter rea)s gives the re@*ire) val*e o" <
m
.
3. =+serve the wattmeter an) voltmeter rea)ing.
4. Re)*ce the c*rrent insteps o" -.5A an) note )own the rea)ings.
5. Switch =;; the circ*it an) calc*late iron loss.
/-SE+(,TI/NS :
C,LCUL,TI/NS:
! F 0attmeter rea)ing
!
i
F iron loss F
rc rp
V
rea)ing V
rea)ing V
!
2
2
1
2
+

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P+EC,UTI/NS:
1. %onnect the circ*it? witho*t any loose connection.
2. V
1
8 V
2
voltmeter *se) in the secon)ary sho*l) +e either electro static on electro )ynamometer
type.
3. /a,e the meter rea)ings witho*t parallel error.
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R9SG./:
2ron loss are calc*late) in a +ar specimen +y *sing .loye) "isher s@*are metho)? +y con)*cting the
e1periment.
NG9S/2=ES:
1. 0hat are the metho)s o" meas*ring iron lossesK
2. 0hat are the two types o" s@*ares *se) to meas*re iron lossesK
3. 0hich s@*are is pre"erre) to meas*re iron lossesK
4. 4ow the strips are locate) in 9pstein s@*are an) .loy)5;isher s@*areK
5. 0hat are iron lossesK
6. 0hat are the types o" iron lossesK
. 4ow the hysteresis loss is minimiDe)K
#. 4ow the e))y c*rrent loss is minimiDe)K
&. $e"ine "orm "actorK
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