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WHITTLE ESTIMATION OF ARCH MODELS by Liudas Giraitis and Peter M Robinson London School of Economics and Political Science

Contents: Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Main Results 3. Proof of Theorem 2.2 References List of previous papers in this series.

Discussion Paper No.EM/00/406 November 2000

The Suntory Centre Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE Tel.: 020-7405 7686

Research supported by ESRC grant R000235892. The second authors work was also supported by a Leverhulme Trust Personal Research Professorship.

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