Định lý Rolle và một số áp dụng

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
NGUYN TH DNG KIU
NH L ROLLE
V MT S P DNG
LUN VN THC S TON HC
THI NGUYN - 2010

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC KHOA HC
NGUYN TH DNG KIU
NH L ROLLE
V MT S P DNG
Chuyn ngnh: PHNG PHP TON S CP
M S: 60.46.40
LUN VN THC S TON HC
Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

GS.TSKH. NGUYN VN MU
THI NGUYN - 2010

Mc lc
M u
1 nh l Rolle v mt s m rng
1.1 nh l Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 nh l Lagrange v nh l Cauchy . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 nh l Rolle trn khong v hn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Kho st tnh cht c bn ca hm s
2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin . . . . . . . . . .

2.2 Hm li, lm kh vi bc hai . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Tnh cht ca hm li, hm lm . . . .
2.2.2 gn u v sp th t cc tam gic
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3 Mt s ng dng nh l Rolle trong i s
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3.1 Chng minh s tn ti v bin lun s nghim ca phng

trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 S phn b nghim ca a thc v o hm . . . . . . .
3.4 Mt bi ton lin quan n khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov.
3.5 Chng minh bt ng thc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Bi tp b sung
Kt lun
Danh mc cc cng trnh lin quan n lun vn
Ti liu tham kho
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M u
nh l Rolle v mt s m rng ca nh l Rolle (nh l Lagrange,
nh l Cauchy, nh l Rolle trn mt khong khng b chn) l cc
nh l quan trng v gi tr trung bnh trong chng trnh gii tch c
in. ng dng ca cc nh l ny trong chng trnh ton Trung hc
ph thng rt a dng v phong ph, c bit l cc dng ton v gii
phng trnh, bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh trn mt khong,
chng minh bt ng thc, xt cc tr ca hm s... Tuy nhin, trong
cc ti liu sch gio khoa dnh cho hc sinh ph thng th cc ng dng
ny ca nh l Rolle cha c trnh by mt cch h thng v y .
Vi suy ngh v theo tng , mc tiu chnh ca bn lun vn
ny l nhm cung cp thm cho cc em hc sinh, c bit l cc em hc
sinh kh, gii, c nng khiu v yu thch mn ton mt ti liu, ngoi
nhng kin thc c bn cn c thm mt h thng cc bi tp nng cao,
qua s thy r hn cc dng ton ng dng rt phong ph ca nh
l Rolle, nh l Lagrange v mt s nh l m rng khc. c bit,
lun vn cng nh hng cch gii v cch vn dng cc nh l bit
tm ti nhng li gii hay, c o c th cho tng dng ton c
th, t hnh thnh thc sng to nhng bi ton mi. Ngoi ra, y
cng l nhng kt qu m bn thn tc gi s tip tc hon thin trong
qu trnh nghin cu v ging dy ton tip theo trng ph thng.
Lun vn ngoi mc lc, li ni u, kt lun v ti liu tham kho
gm bn chng.
Chng 1. nh l Rolle v mt s m rng.
2
Ni dung chng ny nhm trnh by mt cch c bn nht cc nh
l v gi tr trung bnh cng mt s h qu quan trng. y l phn l
thuyt c s vn dng cho cc bi ton ng dng nhng chng
sau.
Chng 2. Kho st tnh cht c bn ca hm s.
Chng ny trnh by mt s ng dng trc tip ca nh l Rolle v
nh l Lagrange trong vic kho st hai tnh cht rt c bn v quan
trng ca hm s trong chng trnh ton THPT, l tnh ng bin,
nghch bin v tnh cht li, lm ca hm s kh vi bc hai.
Chng 3. Mt s ng dng nh l Rolle trong i s.
y l ni dung trng tm ca lun vn. Chng ti nu ng dng
ca nh l Rolle v cc nh l m rng trong cc bi ton gii phng
trnh, bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh, chng minh bt ng thc,
s phn b nghim ca a thc v o hm. Cc bi tp minh ha c
la chn t thi ca cc k thi hc sinh gii Quc gia, cc k thi
Olympic khu vc v Quc t, mt s bi tp do tc gi t sng tc. i
vi mi dng bi tp u nu phng php gii c th, c a ra nhng
bi ton vi li gii c o y tnh sng to v bt ng.
Chng 4. Bi tp b sung.
Chng ny gii thiu mt s bi ton tiu biu c sp xp v
la chn k lng. Mi bi u c hng dn cch gii nhm vn dng
nhng kin thc thu c t ba chng trc nng cao k nng lp
lun v k nng tnh ton c th.
Lun vn c hon thnh di s hng dn khoa hc ca Nh gio
nhn dn, GS-TSKH Nguyn Vn Mu, tc gi xin c t lng bit n
chn thnh v su sc ti GS - Ngi Thy rt nghim khc v tn tm
trong cng vic, truyn th nhiu kin thc qu bu cng nh kinh
nghim nghin cu khoa hc cho tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v
nghin cu ti.
Tc gi xin c by t lng bit n chn thnh n Ban gim hiu,
Phng o to sau i hc, Khoa Ton-Tin ca trng i hc Khoa
3
hc - i hc Thi Nguyn, cng qu thy c gio tham gia ging
dy v hng dn khoa hc cho lp Cao hc Ton K2.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n UBND Tnh, S Gio dc v o
to Tnh Cao Bng, Ban gim hiu v tp th cn b gio vin Trng
THPT Dn tc Ni tr Tnh Cao Bng to iu kin cho tc gi c
c hi c hc tp v nghin cu.
Tc gi cng xin c cm n s quan tm, gip nhit tnh ca
cc bn hc vin Cao hc Ton K1, K2, K3 trng HKH - HTN i
vi tc gi trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu khoa hc.
hon thnh lun vn ny, tc gi tp trung hc tp v nghin
cu khoa hc mt cch nghim tc trong sut kha hc, cng nh rt
cn thn trong khu ch bn LaTex. Tuy nhin do cn hn ch v thi
gian, kh nng v hon cnh gia nh nn trong qu trnh thc hin
khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, tc gi rt mong nhn c s ch
bo ca qu thy c v nhng gp ca bn c lun vn c hon
thin hn.
Thi Nguyn, thng 09 nm 2010.

Ngi thc hin
Nguyn Th Dng Kiu
Chng 1
nh l Rolle v mt s m rng
Trong chng ny chng ti gii thiu ni dung nh l Rolle v mt
s m rng ca nh l Rolle (xem [3]-[4]-[8]-[10]-[11]). Mt s h qu
quan trng cng c trnh by y thun li cho vic vn dng
gii cc bi ton c trnh by trong hai chng tip theo.
1.1 nh l Rolle

C s ca nh l Rolle da vo hai nh l c bn nht ca Weierstrass i vi hm lin tc khng nh rng khi f lin tc trn on
[a, b] th n phi t gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn on
v nh l Fermat v im cc tr ca hm kh vi khng nh rng nu
hm kh vi g(x) trong (a, b) t cc tr (cc i hoc cc tiu) ti mt
im trong khong th o hm ti im bng 0.
nh l 1.1 (nh l Rolle). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on [a; b]
v c o hm ti mi x (a; b). Nu f (a) = f (b) th tn ti t nht

mt im c (a; b) sao cho f 0(c) = 0.
Chng minh.
V f lin tc trn on [a; b] nn theo nh l Weierstrass

hm f phi t gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu trn on [a; b], tc l
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tn ti cc im x1 , x2 (a; b) sao cho
f (x1 ) = min f (x) = m, f (x2 ) = max f (x) = M.
[a;b]
[a;b]
C hai kh nng:
a) m = M. Khi y f (x) = const trn on [a; b], do f 0 (x) = 0 vi
mi x (a; b) v c l im bt k trn khong .
b) m < M . Khi v iu kin f (a) = f (b) nn t nht mt trong
hai im x1 , x2 s khng trng vi cc u mt ca on [a; b]. Gi s
x1 (a; b), theo nh l Fermat th o hm bng 0 ti im ny.
nh l c chng minh xong.
Nhn xt 1.1.
1) nh l Rolle ni chung s khng cn ng nu trong khong

(a; b) c im c m ti f 0 (c) khng tn ti. Chng hn, xt hm
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f (x) = 2 x2 , x [1; 1]. D thy f (x) tha mn cc iu kin: f (x)
2
,
lin tc trn (1; 1) v f (1) = f (1). Ta xt o hm f 0 (x) =
33x
r rng ti x0 = 0 (1; 1) o hm khng tn ti, nn hm s khng
tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle.
2) iu kin lin tc trn on [a; b] i vi hm f (x) cng khng
th thay bi iu kin f (x) lin tc trong khong (a; b). Chng hn, xt
hm
1, nu x = 0,
f (x) =
x, nu 0 < x 1.
y x = 0 l im gin on. Khi , r rng khng tn ti x0 (0, 1)
f 0 (x0 ) = 0.
3) ngha hnh hc: Nu cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle c tho
mn th trn th ca hm s y = f (x), x [a; b] tn ti im
M (c; f (c)), c (a; b) m tip tuyn ti song song vi trc honh Ox.
H qu 1.1. Nu hm s f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b) v phng

trnh f (x) = 0 c n nghim phn bit thuc khong (a; b) th phng
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trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c t nht n 1 nghim phn bit thuc khong (a; b).
(Phng trnh f (k) (x) = 0 c t nht n k nghim phn bit thuc
khong (a; b), vi k = 1, 2, . . . , n).
Chng minh.
Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 c n nghim phn bit

thuc khong (a; b) c sp th t x1 < x2 < < xn . Khi
p dng ng l Rolle cho n 1 on [x1 ; x2 ], [x2 ; x3 ], . . . , [xn1 ; xn ] th
phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c t nht n 1 nghim thuc n 1 khong
(x1 ; x2 ), (x2 ; x3 ), . . . , (xn1 ; xn ). Gi n 1 nghim l 1 , 2 , . . . , n1
th ta c
f 0 (1 ) = f 0 (2 ) = = f 0 (n1 ) = 0.
Tip tc p dng nh l Rolle cho n 2 khong (1 ; 2 ), . . . , (n2 ; n1 )
th phng trnh f 00 (x) = 0 c t nht n 2 nghim trn khong (a; b).
Tip tc l lun trn, sau k bc phng trnh f (k) (x) = 0 c t nht
n k nghim phn bit trn khong (a; b).
H qu 1.2. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v c o hm

trn khong (a; b). Khi , nu phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c khng qu
n 1 nghim phn bit trn khong (a; b) th phng trnh f (x) = 0 c
khng qu n nghim phn bit trn khong .
Chng minh.
Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nhiu hn n nghim

phn bit trn khong (a; b), chng hn l n + 1 nghim, th th theo h
qu 1.1 phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c t nht n nghim thuc khong (a; b).
iu ny tri vi gi thit. Vy phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu n
nghim trn khong (a; b).
Tip theo, ta xt mt m rng ca nh l Rolle.
H qu 1.3. Cho hm s f (x) tho mn ng thi cc tnh cht sau

y:
i) f (x) xc nh v c o hm cp n (n 1) lin tc trn on

[a; b].
ii) f (x) c o hm cp n + 1 trong khong (a; b).

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iii) f (a) = f 0 (a) = = f (n) (a) = 0, f (b) = 0.
Khi tn ti dy im b1 , b2 , . . . , bn+1 phn bit thuc khong (a; b)sao
cho
f (k) (bk ) = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1.
Chng minh.
T gi thit f (a) = f (b) = 0, theo nh l Rolle tn

ti b1 (a; b) sao cho f 0 (b1 ) = 0, kt hp vi iu kin f 0 (a) = 0, suy
ra tn ti b2 (a; b1 ) (a; b) sao cho f 00 (b2 ) = 0. Li kt hp vi iu
kin f 00 (a) = 0 v tip tc p dng nh l Rolle ta c f 000 (b3 ) = 0 vi
b3 (a; b2 ) (a; b).
Tip tc nh vy, n bc th n, tn ti bn (a; bn1 ) (a; b)
sao cho f (n) (bn ) = 0, kt hp vi iu kin f (n) (a) = 0, suy ra tn ti
bn+1 (a; bn ) (a; b) sao cho f (n+1) (bn+1 ) = 0.
Nh vy tn ti dy im phn bit b1 , b2 , . . . , bn+1 trong khong (a; b)
sao cho
f (k) (bk ) = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n + 1.
Chnh nh nhng h qu ny m nh l Rolle tr thnh mt cng
c rt mnh gii ton, c bit l i vi dng ton v gii phng
trnh v kim chng s nghim ca phng trnh trong mt khong no
. Cc ng dng ny s c trnh by chi tit trong cc chng sau.
1.2 nh l Lagrange v nh l Cauchy

Tip theo ta xt mt s nh l lin quan mt thit vi nh l Rolle.
nh l 1.2 (nh l Lagrange). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on

v c o hm ti mi im trong khong (a; b). Khi tn ti t
nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho
[a; b]
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a).
Chng minh.
(1.1)
Ta xt hm ph
(1.2)
F (x) = f (x) x,
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trong s c chn sao cho F (a) = F (b), tc l sao cho
f (a) a = f (b) b.
c iu ch cn ly
=
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
(1.3)
R rng hm F (x) lin tc trn on [a; b], c o hm trong khong

(a; b) v F (a) = F (b), do theo nh l Rolle tn ti c (a; b) sao cho
F 0 (c) = 0. T (1.2) ta c F 0 (x) = f 0 (x) , do
F 0 (c) = 0 f 0 (c) = 0 f 0 (c) = .
Thay gi tr t (1.3) vo ta c f 0 (c) =
f (b) f (a)
, hay
ba
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a).
Cng thc (1.1) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Lagrange.
Nhn xt 1.2.
1) Ta thu c nh l Lagrange nh l mt h qu ca nh l

Rolle. Th nhng chnh nh l Rolle (v dng ca biu thc) li l mt
trng hp ring ca nh l Lagrange (ng vi gi thit f (a) = f (b)).
2) ngha hnh hc: Nu hm f (x) tho mn y cc iu kin
ca nh l Lagrange th trn th ca hm s y = f (x) phi tn ti
t nht mt im M (c; f (c)) sao cho tip tuyn vi th ti im
song song vi dy cung AB , A(a; f (a)) v B(b; f (b)).
H qu 1.4. Gi s f : [a; b] R l hm lin tc v f 0(x) = 0, vi

mi x (a; b). Khi f = const trn on [a; b].
Chng minh.
Tht vy, gi s x0 (a; b) l mt im c nh no ,

cn x l im tu ca (a; b). on thng [x0 ; x] hoc [x; x0 ] nm trn
trong khong (a; b), v th f c o hm (v do n lin tc) khp ni
trn on con y, p dng nh l Lagrange ta c
f (x) f (xo ) = f 0 (c)(x x0 ), c (xo ; x).
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Nhng theo gi thit f 0 (x) = 0 vi mi x (a; b) nn f 0 (c) = 0 vi mi
c (x0 ; x). V th ta c f (x) = f (x0 ), ng thc ny khng nh rng
gi tr ca hm f (x) ti im bt k x (a; b) lun lun bng gi tr
ca hm ti mt im c nh. Do vy, f = const trn on [a; b].
H qu 1.5. Nu hai hm f (x) v g(x) c o hm ng nht bng

nhau trn mt khong th chng ch sai khc nhau bi hng s cng.
Chng minh.
Tht vy, theo gi thit ta c

[f (x) g(x)]0 = f 0 (x) g 0 (x) = 0.
Theo h qu 1.4 th f (x) g(x) = C (C = const) hay f (x) = g(x) + C .
nh l 1.3 ( nh l Cauchy). Gi s cc hm f, g lin tc trn on
v c o hm ti mi im trong khong (a; b), ngoi ra g0(x) 6= 0

vi mi x (a; b). Khi tn ti t nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho
[a; b]
f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)

= 0 .
g(b) g(a)
g (c)
(1.4)
Chng minh.
Trc khi chng minh nh l ta nhn xt rng cng

thc (1.4) lun c ngha, tc l g(b) 6= g(a). Tht vy, nu g(b) = g(a)
th hm s g(x) tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle v do
tn ti c (a; b) sao cho g 0 (c) = 0, nhng iu ny tri vi gi thit
g 0 (x) 6= 0, x (a; b). By gi ta xt hm ph
F (x) = f (x) g(x),
(1.5)
trong s c chn sao cho F (a) = F (b), tc l

f (a) g(a) = f (b) g(b).
c iu ta ch cn ly
=
f (b) f (a)
.
g(b) g(a)
(1.6)
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Hm F (x) tho mn mi iu kin ca nh l Rolle, do c (a; b)
sao cho F 0 (c) = 0. Mt khc t (1.5) ta c F 0 (x) = f 0 (x) g 0 (x) nn
f 0 (c)
F (c) = 0 f (c) g (c) = 0 = 0 .
g (c)
0
(1.7)
T (1.6)v (1.7) ta thu c

f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)
= 0 .
g(b) g(a)
g (c)
Cng thc (1.4) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Cauchy.
Nhn xt 1.3. nh l Lagrange l trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy

vi gi thit g(x) = x.
1.3 nh l Rolle trn khong v hn

Trong mc ny, ta xt m rng ca nh l Rolle ra khong v hn.
C s ca cc m rng ny l da vo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy khng
nh rng minh gi tr ca hm lini tc trn on [a, b] lp y cc gi
tr trong on min f (x), max f (x) .
[a,b]
[a,b]
nh l 1.4. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn [a; +), c o hm
trong (a; +) vx+

lim f (x) = f (a). Khi , tn ti c (a; +) sao cho
f 0 (c) = 0.
Chng minh.
Nu f (x) = f (a) vi mi x > a th ly c l mt s bt
k ln hn a.
Gi s tn ti b > a sao cho f (b) 6= f (a), chng hn f (b) > f (a). Gi
l mt s thc bt k thuc (f (a); f (b)), theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy,
tn ti (a; b) sao cho f () = . V lim f (x) = f (a) < nn tn
x+
ti d > b sao cho f (d) < . Do f (x) lin tc trn [a; +) nn theo nh
l Bolzano-Cauchy tn ti (b; d) sao cho f () = = f (), do
theo nh l Rolle, tn ti c (; ) sao cho f 0 (c) = 0.
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Chng 2
Kho st tnh cht c bn ca hm
s
Tnh cht ng bin, nghch bin v tnh li, lm ca hm s l nhng
vn c bn trong chng trnh ton THPT. nh l Lagrange ng
mt vai tr quan trng trong vic chng minh cc nh l, tnh cht c
bn trong chng trnh. Ngoi ra, trong chng ny, chng ti cng
cp n khi nim gn u v sp th t cc tam gic, m da vo
cc tnh cht ca n ta c c cch gii rt th v i vi mt s bi
ton v bt ng thc trong tam gic (xem [2]-[6]-[7]).
2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin

T y v sau, ta s dng k hiu I(a; b) R l nhm ngm nh
mt trong bn tp hp (a; b), [a; b), (a; b] v [a; b] vi a < b.
nh ngha 2.1. Gi s hm s f (x) xc nh trn tp I(a; b) R v
tho mn iu kin

Vi mi x1, x2 I(a; b) v x1 < x2, ta u c f (x1) f (x2) th ta
ni rng f (x) l mt hm n iu tng trn I(a; b).
c bit, khi ng vi mi cp x1, x2 I(a; b) v x1 < x2, ta u c
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) th ta ni rng f (x) l mt hm n iu tng thc s
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trn I(a; b).

Ngc li, nu vi mi x1, x2 I(a; b) v x1 < x2, ta u c f (x1)
f (x2 ) th ta ni rng f (x) l mt hm n iu gim trn I(a; b).
c bit, khi ng vi mi cp x1, x2 I(a; b) v x1 < x2, ta u c
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) th ta ni rng f (x) l mt hm n iu gim thc s
trn I(a; b).
Nhng hm n iu tng thc s trn I(a, b) c gi l hm ng
bin trn I(a; b) v hm n iu gim thc s trn I(a; b) c gi l
hm nghch bin trn I(a; b).
Trong chng trnh gii tch, chng ta bit n cc tiu chun
nhn bit c khi no th mt hm s kh vi cho trc trn khong
(a; b) l mt hm n iu trn khong . Sau y chng ta s dng
nh l Lagrange chng minh nh l v iu kin ca tnh n
iu ca hm s. y l mt nh l rt quan trng trong chng trnh
gii tch lp 12- THPT.
nh l 2.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b).
i) Nu f 0(x) > 0 vi mi x (a; b) th hm s y = f (x) ng bin

trn khong .
ii) Nu f 0(x) < 0 vi mi x (a; b) th hm s y = f (x) nghch
bin trn khong .
Chng minh.
Ly hai im x1 , x2 (x1 < x2 ) trn khong (a; b). V

f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b) nn f (x) lin tc trn [x1 ; x2 ] v c
o hm trong khong (x1 ; x2 ).
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s y = f (x) trn [x1 ; x2 ], khi
c (x1 ; x2 ) sao cho
f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = f 0 (c)(x2 x1 ).
i) Nu f 0 (x) > 0 trn khong (a; b) th f 0 (c) > 0, mt khc x2 x1 > 0
nn f (x2 ) f (x1 ) > 0 hay f (x2 ) > f (x1 ), suy ra hm f (x) ng bin
trn khong (a; b).
13
ii) Nu f 0 (x) < 0 trn khong (a; b) th f 0 (c) < 0, mt khc x2 x1 > 0
nn f (x2 ) f (x1 ) < 0 hay f (x2 ) < f (x1 ), suy ra hm f (x) nghch bin
trn khong (a; b).
nh l 2.2 (M rng ca nh l 2.1). Gi s hm s y = f (x) c o

hm trn khong (a; b). Nu f 0(x) 0 (hoc f 0(x) 0) v ng thc
ch xy ra ti mt s hu hn im trn khong (a; b) th f (x) ng bin
(hoc nghch bin trn khong ).
Chng minh. Tht vy, n gin cch lp lun, gi s rng f 0(x) 0
trn (a; b) v f 0 (x) = 0 ti x1 (a, b) th khi f (x) ng bin trong

tng khong (a, x1 ) v (x1 , b) v lin tc trong (a, x1 ] v [x1 , b) nn n
cng ng bin trong (a, x1 ] v [x1 , b). T suy ra n ng bin trn
c khong (a, b).
2.2 Hm li, lm kh vi bc hai

2.2.1 Tnh cht ca hm li, hm lm
nh ngha 2.2.
i) Hm s f (x) c gi l hm li trn tp I(a; b) R nu vi

mi x1, x2 I(a; b) v vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta
u c
f (x1 + x2 ) f (x1 ) + f (x2 ).
(2.1)
Nu du ng thc trong (2.1) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni

f (x) l hm li thc s (cht) trn I(a; b).
ii) Hm s f (x) c gi l hm lm trn tp I(a; b) R nu vi
mi x1, x2 I(a; b) v vi mi cp s dng , c tng + = 1, ta
u c
f (x1 + x2 ) f (x1 ) + f (x2 ).
(2.2)
Nu du ng thc trong (2.2) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni

f (x) l hm lm thc s (cht) trn I(a; b).
14
Nhn xt 2.1. Khi x1 < x2 th x = x1 + x2 vi mi cp s dng
, c tng + = 1 u thuc (x1 ; x2 ) v

=
x2 x
x x1
; =
.
x2 x1
x2 x1
nh l 2.3. Nu f (x) l hm s kh vi trn I(a; b) th f (x) l hm li

trn I(a; b) khi v ch khi f 0(x) l hm n iu tng trn I(a; b).
Chng minh.
Gi s f (x) li trn I(a; b). Khi vi x1 < x < x2 ,

(x, x1 , x2 I(a; b)), ta c
x x1
x2 x
> 0;
> 0 v
x2 x1
x2 x1
x2 x
x x1
+
= 1.
x2 x1 x2 x1
V th
x2 x
x x1
f (x1 ) +
f (x2 )
x2 x1
x2 x1
f (x) f (x1 ) f (x2 ) f (x)
.
x x1
x2 x
f (x)
(2.3)
Trong (2.3) cho x x1 , ta thu c

f 0 (x1 )
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
.
x2 x1
(2.4)
Tng t, trong (2.3) cho x x2 , ta thu c

f (x2 ) f (x1 )
f 0 (x2 ).
x2 x1
(2.5)
T (2.4) v (2.5), ta nhn c f 0 (x1 ) f 0 (x2 ), tc hm s f 0 (x) l hm

n iu tng.
Ngc li, gi s f 0 (x) l hm s n iu tng v x1 < x < x2
(x, x1 , x2 I(a; b)). Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti x3 , x4 vi x3 (x1 ; x)
v x4 (x; x2 ) sao cho
f (x) f (x1 )
= f 0 (x3 ),
x x1
f (x2 ) f (x)
= f 0 (x4 ).
x2 x
15
Do f 0 (x3 ) f 0 (x4 ) nn
f (x)
f (x) f (x1 ) f (x2 ) f (x)
, hay ta c
x x1
x2 x
x2 x
x x1
f (x1 ) +
f (x2 ).
x2 x1
x2 x1
Tc f (x) l hm li trn I(a; b).
nh l 2.4. Nu f (x) kh vi bc hai trn I(a; b) th f (x) li (lm) trn

I(a; b)
khi v ch khi f 00(x) 0 (f 00(x) 0) trn I(a; b).
Chng minh.
Suy trc tip t nh l 2.3.

V sau ta ch xt cc hm li (lm) kh vi, tc l cc hm s kh vi
bc hai c o hm cp 2 khng i du trong I(a; b).
H qu 2.1. Nu hm s y = f (x) li hoc lm trn I(a; b) th phng

trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu hai nghim thuc I(a; b).
Chng minh.
Tht vy, gi s hm s y = f (x) li hoc lm trn

I(a; b), tc f 00 (x) > 0 hoc f 00 (x) < 0 trn I(a; b). Khi hm s f 0 (x)
lun ng bin hoc nghch bin trn I(a; b), nn phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0
c khng qu 1 nghim trong khong I(a; b). Do theo h qu 1.2
phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu 2 nghim trn khong .
Nhn xt 2.2. Vi h qu ny, chng ta c thm mt cng c hu hiu

p dng cho cc dng ton gii phng trnh, chng minh s tn ti
nghim ca phng trnh... m chng ti s gii thiu phng php gii
thng qua cc v d c th trong chng sau.
nh l 2.5
(Bt ng thc Karamata) Cho

I(a; b), k = 1, 2, . . . , n}, tho mn cc iu kin:
hai dy s
{xk , yk
x1 x2 xn , y1 y2 yn
16
x1 y1 ,
x + x 2 y1 + y2 ,
x1 + x2 + + xn1 y1 + y2 + + yn1 ,
x + x + + x = y + y + + y .
1
2
n
1
2
n
Khi , ng vi mi hm li thc s f (x) trn I(a; b), ta u c

f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn ) f (y1 ) + f (y2 ) + + f (yn ).
Chng minh.
Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc
f (x1 ) f (y1 ) + f 0 (y1 )(x1 y1 ), x1 , y1 I(a; b).
(2.6)
Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = y1 .

Tht vy, ta c
(2.6) f (x1 ) f (y1 ) f 0 (y1 )(x1 y1 ).
(2.7)
Ta xt 3 trng hp.
i) Nu x1 = y1 th ta c du ng thc, do (2.7) ng.
ii) Nu x1 > y1 th x1 y1 > 0 nn
(2.7)
f (x1 ) f (y1 )
f 0 (y1 ).
x1 y 1
(2.8)
Theo nh l Lagrange th (2.8) f 0 (x01 ) f 0 (y1 ) vi y1 < x01 < x1 . Bt

ng thc ny lun ng v f 0 (x) l hm ng bin do f 00 (x) > 0 (theo
gi thit), v th bt ng thc (2.6) ng.
iii) Nu x1 < y1 th x1 y1 < 0 nn
(2.7)
f (x1 ) f (y1 )
f 0 (y1 ).
x1 y 1
(2.9)
Theo nh l Lagrange th (2.9) f 0 (x01 ) f 0 (y1 ) vi x1 < x01 < y1 . Bt

ng thc ny lun ng v f 0 (x) l hm ng bin do f 00 (x) > 0 (theo
gi thit), v th bt ng thc (2.6) ng.
17
Tng t ta chng minh c
f (xi ) f (yi ) + f 0 (yi )(xi yi ), xi , yi I(a; b), i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Nh vy ta c
f (x1 ) f (y1 ) + f 0 (y1 )(x1 y1 ),
f (x2 ) f (y2 ) + f 0 (y2 )(x2 y2 ),
...........................
f (xn ) f (yn ) + f 0 (yn )(xn yn ).
Do
n
X
i=1
n
X
f (xi )
f (xi )
i=1
Xt
n
P
n
X
i=1
n
X
f (yi ) +
f (yi )
i=1
n
X
i=1
n
X
f 0 (yi )(xi yi )
f 0 (yi )(xi yi ).
(2.10)
i=1
f 0 (yi )(xi yi ).
i=1
S dng bin i Abel ng vi ai = f 0 (yi ) v bi = (xi yi ) ta c:

n
X
n1
X
f (yi )(xi yi ) =
[f 0 (yi ) f 0 (yi+1 )][(x1 + x2 + + xn1 ) (y1 + y2 +
0
i=1
i=1
+ yn1 )] + f 0 (yn )[(x1 + x2 + + xn ) (y1 + y2 + + yn )].
T gi thit ta c f 0 (yi ) f 0 (yi+1 ) 0 (do hm f 0 (y) ng bin), v

(x1 + x2 + + xn1 ) (y1 + y2 + + yn1 ) 0,
(x1 + x2 + + xn ) (y1 + y2 + + yn ) = 0.
V th
n
X
f 0 (yi )(xi yi ) 0.
i=1
T (2.10) v (2.11) ta thu c

n
X
i1
f (xi )
n
X
f (yi ) 0,
i1
(2.11)
18
tc l ta c
f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn ) f (y1 ) + f (y2 ) + + f (yn ).
2.2.2 gn u v sp th t cc tam gic

Tip theo ta nu v d minh ha v cc tnh cht li (lm) p dng
trong chng trnh lng gic bc ph thng.
nh ngha 2.3. Vi mi tam gic ABC cho trc, ta k hiu

4ABC = max{A, B, C} min{A, B, C}
v gi 4ABC l gn u ca tam gic ABC.

R rng 4ABC 0 v 4ABC = 0 khi v ch khi tam gic ABC l
mt tam gic u.
nh ngha 2.4. Vi mi cp tam gic A1B1C1 v A2B2C2 tho mn

ng thi cc iu kin
max{A1 , B1 , C1 } max{A2 , B2 , C2 },
min{A1 , B1 , C1 } min{A2 , B2 , B2 }
th ta ni cp tam gic A1B1C1 v A2B2C2 l cp sp c th t v

tam gic A1B1C1 gn u hn tam gic A2B2C2.
Vy trong trng hp c sp th t, nu vi mi cp tam gic A1 B1 C1
v A2 B2 C2 (vi A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 ) tho mn ng thi cc
iu kin A1 A2 , C1 C2 , th ta s c tam gic A1 B1 C1 gn u hn
tam gic A2 B2 C2 .
Nhn xt 2.3.
1) Tam gic u gn u hn mi tam gic khc.

2) Trong tp hp cc tam gic khng nhn th tam gic vung cn
gn u hn mi tam gic khc.
19
Trong qu trnh chng minh bt ng thc Karamata, chng ta s
dng nh l Lagrange chng minh mt tnh cht quan trng, thng
c s dng trong cc bi ton v gn u ca tam gic. Ta s nhc
li tnh cht .
Tnh cht 2.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm cp hai f 00(x) trong

(a; b).
a) Nu f 00(x) 0 vi mi x (a; b) th
f (x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ),
vi
x, x0 (a; b).
vi
x, x0 (a; b).
b) Nu f 00(x) 0 vi mi x (a; b) th
f (x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ),
Sau y, ta xt mt s bi ton tiu biu nhm minh ha cc tnh

cht nu trn.
Bi ton 2.1. Cho tam gic A2B2C2 gn u hn tam gic A1B1C1 v

cho hm s f (x) c f 00 (x) 0 vi mi x (0; ). Chng minh rng
f (A1 ) + f (B1 ) + f (C1 ) f (A2 ) + f (B2 ) + f (C2 ).
Gii.
Do f 00 (x) 0, x (0; ) nn theo tnh cht 2.1 ta c:

f (x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ), x, x0 (0; ).
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta coi

A1 B1 C1 , A2 B2 C2 .
Khi , theo nh ngha 2.4 ta c A1 A2 v C1 C2 . Suy ra
A A2 ,
1
A1 + B1 A2 + B2 ,
A + B + C = A + B + C .
1
1
1
2
2
2
(2.12)
20
Theo (2.12) th
f (A1 ) f (A2 ) + f 0 (A2 )(A1 A2 ),
f (B1 ) f (B2 ) + f 0 (B2 )(B1 B2 ),
f (C ) f (C ) + f 0 (C )(C C ).
1
2
2
1
2
(2.13)
Cng cc v tng ng ca (2.13), ta c

f (A1 ) + f (B1 ) + f (C1 ) f (A2 ) + f (B2 ) + f (C2 )
+ [f 0 (B2 ) f 0 (C2 )][(A1 + B1 ) (A2 + B2 )]
+ [f 0 (A2 ) f 0 (B2 )](A1 A2 )
f (A2 ) + f (B2 ) + f (C2 ).
Bi ton 2.2. Cho tam gic ABC v cho ba s dng , , sao cho
+ + = 1. t
A = A + B + C,
0
B0 = B + C + A,
C = C + A + B.
(2.14)
Chng minh rng:

sin A + sin B + sin C sin A0 + sin B0 + sin C0 .
Gii.
Theo gi thit ta c A0 + B0 + C0 = A + B + C = nn A0 , B0 , C0
l cc gc ca mt tam gic v
A A0 ,
A + B A0 + B0 ,
A + B + C = A + B + C .
0
0
0
vi gi thit A B C, A0 B0 C0 .
Xt hm s f (x) = sin x, x [0; ]. Ta c
f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = sin x 0, x [0; ].
21
Theo tnh cht 2.1 ta c
f (x) f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x x0 ), x, x0 [0; ].
Vy nn
sin A sin A0 + cos A0 (A A0 ),
sin B sin B0 + cos B0 (B B0 ),
sin C sin C0 + cos C0 (C C0 ).
Suy ra
sin A + sin B + sin C sin A0 + sin B0 + sin C0
+ cos C0 (A + B + C A0 B0 C0 )
+ (cos B0 cos C0 )(A + B A0 B0 )
+ (cos A0 cos B0 )(A A0 ).
V A + B + C (A0 + B0 + C0 ) = 0; A + B A0 + B0 ; A A0 ,
> B0 C0 0 cos B0 cos C0 ,
> A0 B0 0 cos A0 cos B0 ,
nn sin A + sin B + sin C sin A0 + sin B0 + sin C0 .
Bi ton 2.3. Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC khng nhn,
ta lun c
tan
Gii.
A
B
C
+ tan + tan 2 2 1.
2
2
2
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta coi A B C. Khi
A 2 ,
A + B 2 + 4 ,
A + B + C = +
2
4 ,
A2 + B2 4 + 8 ,
A + B + C = +
2
2
2
4
+ 4 .
+ 8 .
22

Xt hm s f (x) = tan x vi x 0;
Vy nn theo tnh cht 2.1, ta c

. Ta c f 00 (x) > 0, x 0;
.
2
2

.
f (x) f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x x0 ), x, x0 0;
2
0
Theo bi ton 2.1 th

B
C
A
+ tan + tan tan + tan + tan .
2
2
2
4
8
8

rng tan = 2 1 nn
8
tan + tan + tan = 2 2 1.

4
8
8
tan
Do
tan
A
B
C
+ tan + tan 2 2 1.
2
2
2
23
Chng 3
Mt s ng dng nh l Rolle
trong i s
3.1 Chng minh s tn ti v bin lun s nghim
ca phng trnh
chng minh s tn ti nghim ca phng trnh, ta c th s dng
cc nh l sau l dng pht biu khc ca ng l Rolle (xem [4]-[9]).
nh l 3.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v F (x)
l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) trong on . Nu tn ti cc s thc

x1 , x2 [a; b] vi x1 < x2 sao cho F (x1 ) = F (x2 ) th phng trnh
f (x) = 0 c nghim trong on [x1 ; x2 ] (hay c nghim trong on [a; b]).
Chng minh.
Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 v nghim trn on

[x1 ; x2 ]. V f (x) lin tc nn suy ra hoc f (x) > 0, x [x1 ; x2 ] hoc
f (x) < 0, x [x1 ; x2 ].
Nu f (x) > 0, x [x1 ; x2 ] th hm s F (x) ng bin trn [x1 , x2 ],
t suy ra F (x1 ) < F (x2 ).
Nu f (x) < 0, x [x1 ; x2 ] th hm s F (x) nghch bin trn [x1 ; x2 ],
t suy ra F (x1 ) > F (x2 ).
Nh vy, trong c hai trng hp ta u c F (x1 ) 6= F (x2 ), iu ny
24
tri gi thit l F (x1 ) = F (x2 ).
Vy phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim trong on [x1 ; x2 ].
Ta pht biu kt qu trn di dng nh l tng ng sau y.
nh l 3.2. Gi s hm s y = f (x)

lin tc trn on [a; b]. Nu
R
tn ti cc s thc x1, x2 [a; b] m xx
f (x) = 0 c nghim trong on [x1 ; x2 ].
f (x)dx = 0
th phng trnh
K thut c bn ca dng ton ny l chn hm s tho mn iu

kin ca cc nh l da trn gi thit ca bi ton. Chng ti la chn
gii thiu mt s bi ton trong cc k thi quc gia v quc t minh
ho cho dng bi tp ny (xem [1]-[2]-[5]).
Bi 3.1. Cho cc s thc a, b, c v cc s nguyn dng n tho mn iu
kin
c=
6(a + b)
.
5(n + 2)
Chng minh rng phng

a sinn x + b cosn x + c sin x + c = 0 c

trnh
nghim trong khong 0; .
2
Gii.
Xt hm s
f (x) =
2a
2b
2c
sinn+2 x
cosn+2 x + sin3 x c cos2 x.
n+2
n+2
3
R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn R v

f 0 (x) = 2a sinn+1 x cos x + 2b cosn+1 x sin x + 2c sin2 x cos x + 2c sin x cos x
= sin 2x(a sinn x + b cosn x + c sin x + c).
Ta c
f

2a
2c
2b
+
+
+c
n+2
3
n+2
2a
4(a + b)
2b
6(a + b)
=
n + 2 5(n + 2) n + 2 5(n + 2)
f (0) =
= 0.
25

Khi theo nh l Rolle, x0 0;

sao cho
2
f 0 (x0 ) = 0 sin 2x0 (a sinn x0 + b cosn x0 + c sin x0 + c) = 0

a sinn x0 + b cosn x0 + c sin x0 + c = 0.

(Do x0 0;
nn sin 2x0 6= 0).
2
Vy phng
a sinn x + b cosn x + c sin x + c = 0 c nghim trong

trnh
khong 0; .
2
Cho a0 , a1 , . . . , an l cc s thc tho mn iu kin

Bi 3.2.
a1 a2
an
a2 2 2 a3 2 3
an 2n
a0 +
+
+ +
= a0 + a1 +
+
+ +
= 0.
2
3
n+1
3
4
n+1
Chng minh rng phng trnh a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + + nan xn1 = 0

c t nht mt nghim thuc khong (0; 2).
1
1
1
Xt hm s f (x) = a0 x + a1 x2 + a2 x3 + +
an xn+1 .
2
3
n+1
R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn R, v ta c:
a1 a2
an
f (1) = a0 +
+
+ +
,
2
3
n+1

a2 2 2 a3 2 3
an 2 n
f (2) = 2 a0 + a1 +
+
+ +
.
3
4
n+1
Gii.
T gi thit ta c f (1) = f (2) = 0, ngoi ra hin nhin f (0) = 0. Khi

theo nh l Rolle, tn ti c1 , c2 tho mn 0 < c1 < 1 < c2 < 2 sao
cho f 0 (c1 ) = f 0 (c2 ) = 0. Tip tc p dng nh l Rolle cho hm f 0 (x)
trn on [c1 ; c2 ], x0 (c1 ; c2 ) (0; 2) sao cho f 00 (x0 ) = 0. Nh vy x0
l nghim ca phng trnh f 00 (x) = 0 trn khong (0; 2).
D thy f 00 (x) = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 + + nan xn1 .
T ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 3.3. Cho a, b, c tu v m l s dng tho mn biu thc

b
c
a
+
+
= 0.
m+2 m+1 m
(3.1)
Chng minh rng phng trnh ax2 +bx+c = 0 c nghim thuc khong
(0; 1).
26
Gii.
Cch 1. Xt hm s f (x) = m a+ 2 xm+2 + m b+ 1 xm+1 + mc xm.
R rng hm s f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn R. Ta c
f 0 (x) = axm+1 + bxm + cxm1 .
v
f (0) = 0.
f (1) =
a
b
c
+
+
= 0.
m+2 m+1 m
Theo nh l Rolle, x0 (0; 1) sao cho f 0 (x0 ) = 0, tc l

m1
axm+1
+ bxm
=0
0 + cx0
0
xm1
(ax20 + bx0 + c) = 0
0
ax20 + bx0 + c = 0.
Vy phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c nghim thuc khong (0; 1).

Xt hm s f (x) = ax2 + bx + c. R rng hm s f (x) lin tc
trn [0; 1]. Ta c f (0) = c v
m + 1 2
m + 1
m + 1
=a
+b
+ c.
f
m+2
m+2
m+2
h (m + 1)2 ih a
b
c(m + 2) i
+
+
=
m+2
m + 2 m + 1 (m + 1)2
h (m + 1)2 ih
c
c(m + 2) i
c
=
+
=
.
m+2
m (m + 1)2
m(m + 2)

a
b
c
Do (3.1)
+
=
.
m+2 m+1
m
m + 1
c2
Vy f (0).f
=
0 (do m > 0).
m+2
m(m + 2)
m + 1
m+1
Nu c = 0 th f
= 0, nh vy x0 =
l nghim ca
m+2
m+2
m+1
phng trnh cho. Hn na do m > 0 nn 0 <
< 1.
m
+
2
m + 1
Nu c 6= 0 th f (0).f
< 0. Khi phng trnh f (x) = 0 c
m
+
2
m + 1
nghim x0 0;
(0; 1).
m+2
Cch 2.
27
Nh vy vi gi thit cho, phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 lun c
nghim trong khong (0; 1).
(p dng nh l o tam thc bc hai).
1) Nu a = 0, khi (3.1) tr thnh
Cch 3.
b
c
+
= 0.
m+1 m
(3.2)
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:

Nu b = 0 th t (3.2) ta c c = 0. Khi , phng trnh ax2 +bx+c = 0
nghim ng vi mi x R, suy ra phng trnh c nghim thuc (0; 1).
Nu b 6= 0 th phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c dng
c
bx + c = 0 x = .
b
c
m
m
nn x =
(0; 1), do m > 0.
T (3.2) =
b m+1
m+1
2) Nu a 6= 0. t f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, khi f (x) lin tc trn R
v ta c:
m
ma2
af (0) = ac, af
=
< 0 (do a 6= 0, m > 0).
m+1
(m + 1)2 (m + 2)
Li c hai kh nng xy ra.

m
a) Nu ac > 0 th af (0) > 0, suy ra af (0) af
< 0.
m+1
Do
m
f (0)f
< 0.
m+1

m
V f (x) lin tc trn R nn tn ti x1 0;
sao cho f (x1 ) = 0.
m+1
m
Ngoi ra ta c 0 <
< 1, cho nn x1 (0; 1).
m+1
Vy phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim thuc khong (0; 1).
b) Nu ac 0 th af (1) = a(a + b + c).
a(m + 1) c(m + 1)
T gi thit (3.1) suy ra b =
. V th
m+2
m
a2
ac
af (1) =
> 0 (do m > 0, ac 0, a 6= 0).

m+2 m
28
m
m
< 0 f (1)f
< 0.
m+1
m
+
1
m

V f (x) lin tc trn R nn tn ti x2
; 1 sao cho f (x2 ) = 0,
m+1
m
< 1 nn x2 (0; 1).
v do 0 <
m+1
Nh vy vi gi thit cho, phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 lun c

Do af (1) af
Nhn xt 3.1.
1) y l mt bi ton tng qut, t bi ton ny ta c th sng tc

c nhng bi ton mi vi nhng iu kin c th hn. Chng hn ta
c bi ton sau y.
a
b
c
Gi s a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn
+
+
= 0. Chng
2010 2009 2008
minh rng phng trnh a. ln2 x + b. ln x + c = 0 lun c nghim.
2) So snh 3 cch gii trn, mi cch u c u th ring, nhng c
l cch 1 ngn gn hn v trnh c sai st trong qu trnh tnh ton.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh gii ton, khng nn vn dng mt cch my
mc mt phng php cho mt loi bi tp, v phng php ny c th
l hay vi bi ton ny, nhng cha hn l hay i vi bi khc. Chng
hn ta xt bi ton tip theo sau y.
Bi 3.4. Chng minh rng phng trnh
105 4 230 3
x
x + 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
2
3
c nghim trong khong (0; 2).
Gii.
Cch 1. Xt hm s
f (x) =
105 6 115 5 1 4 1 3 1 2
x
x + x + x + x + x.
60
30
4
3
2
R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn R, v ta c

105 5 115 4
x
x + x3 + x2 + x + 1,
10
6
105
230
f 00 (x) =
x4
x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1.
2
3
f 0 (x) =
29
D thy f (0) = f (1) = f (2) = 0. Theo nh l Rolle, x1 (0; 1) v
x2 (1; 2) sao cho f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (x2 ).
Do f 0 (x) cng l hm lin tc trn R nn tip tc p dng nh l
Rolle cho hm s f 0 (x) trn [x1 ; x2 ] : (x1 ; x2 ) (0; 2) sao cho
f 00 () = 0. iu c ngha l nghim ca phng trnh
105 4 230 3
x
x + 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0.
2
3
T ta c iu phi chng minh.

105 4 230 3
t f (x) =
x
x + 3x2 + 2x + 1.
2
3
R rng f (x) lin tc trn R v ta c
Cch 2.
f (0) = 1, f (1) =
109
173
, f (2) =
.
6
3
Suy ra f (0).f (1) < 0, f (1).f (2) < 0. Theo nh l Bolzano-Cauchy, tn
ti x1 (0; 1) v x2 (1; 2) sao cho f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) = 0.
Vy phng trnh f (x) = 0 lun c 2 nghim thuc khong (0; 2).
Nhn xt 3.2. Cch 2 ca bi ton trn cho ta kt qu mnh hn yu
cu ca bi ton v r rng cch gii cng ngn gn hn. Nh vy, vic

la chn phng php ph hp cho tng bi trong qu trnh gii ton
l mt vn v cng quan trng cn c lu trong qu trnh ging
dy, hc tp v nghin cu.
Bi 3.5 (Tuyn tp 200 bi ton v ch mn Gii tch). Cho hm s
f (x) c f 0 (x) l hm ng bin trn on [a; b], ngoi ra

1
f (a) = (a b),
2
1
f (b) = (b a).
2
Chng minh rng tn ti , , phn bit trong khong (a; b) sao cho
f 0 ().f 0 ().f 0 () = 1.
30
Gii.
T gi thit f 0 (x) ng bin trn [a; b], ta suy ra

f 0 (x) < f 0 (y) khi a x < y b.
(3.3)
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f (x) trn [a; b] : (a; b) sao cho
1
1
(b
a)
(a b)
f (b) f (a)
0
2
2
f () =
=
= 1.
ba
ba
(3.4)
a+b
. Do f (x) lin tc trn [a; b] (v f (x)
2
kh vi trn [a; b]) nn g(x) lin tc trn on [a; b]. Ta c
Xt hm s g(x) = f (x) + x
1
a+b
g(a) = (a b) + a
= a b,
2
2
a+b
1
= b a.
g(b) = (b a) + b
2
2
Suy ra g(a)g(b) = (a b)2 < 0. Khi x0 (a; b) sao cho g(x0 ) = 0,

hay
a+b
a+b
f (x0 ) + x0
= 0 f (x0 ) =
x0 .
2
2
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f (x) trn [a; x0 ] : (a; x0 ) sao
cho
1
1
(a
+
b)
(a b)
0
f (x0 ) f (a)
b x0
0
2
2
f () =
=
=
.
(3.5)
x0 a
x0 a
x0 a
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f (x) trn [x0 ; b] : (x0 ; b) sao
cho
1
1
(b
a)
(a + b) + x0
f (b) f (x0 )
x0 a
0
2
2
f () =
=
=
.
(3.6)
b x0
b x0
b x0
T (3.4), (3.5) v (3.6) ta thu c
f 0 ().f 0 ().f 0 () = 1.
T (3.3) ta suy ra , , i mt khc nhau.

Ta c mt bi ton tng t nh sau.
31
Bi 3.6 (Olympic Hoa K). Cho hm s f
kh vi trn [0; 1] v tha
mn
f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1.
Chng minh rng tn ti hai s thc phn bit a, b thuc khong (0; 1)
sao cho f 0 (a).f 0 (b) = 1.
Gii.
Xt hm s g(x) = f (x) + x 1, r rng g kh vi trn [0; 1].

Ta c g(0) = 1, g(1) = 1 g(0).g(1) < 0 nn c (0; 1) sao cho
g(c) = 0, do
f (c) + c 1 = 0 f (c) = 1 c.
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f (x) trn cc on [0; c] v [c; 1] th

a (0; c) sao cho
f (c) f (0)
= f 0 (a).
c
f (1) f (c)
= f 0 (b).
1c
f (c) f (1) f (c) (1 c)c
Suy ra f 0 (a).f 0 (b) =
.
=
= 1.
c
1c
c(1 c)
Vy, a, b (0; 1) sao cho f 0 (a).f 0 (b) = 1.
b (c; 1) sao cho
Bi 3.7 (Olympic sinh vin ton quc - 1994). Cho hm s f (x) lin tc
v c o hm trn khong (0; +) v khng phi l hm hng. Cho

hai s thc a, b tho mn iu kin 0 < a < b. Chng minh rng phng
trnh
af (b) bf (a)
x.f 0 (x) f (x) =
ba
c t nht 1 nghim trong khong (a; b).
Gii.
f (x)
1
v h(x) = .
x
x
Do f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn (0; +) nn cc hm s g(x) v
h(x) kh vi trn khong (a; b) v ta c
Xt hai hm s g(x) =
1
x.f 0 (x) f (x)
0
g (x) =
,
h
(x)
=
.
x2
x2
0
32
Theo nh l Cauchy, x0 (a; b) sao cho
[h(b) h(a)]g 0 (x0 ) = [g(b) g(a)]h0 (x0 ).
Ngha l ta c
1 x0 .f 0 (x0 ) f (x0 ) h f (b) f (a) i
1
2 .
b a
x20
b
a
x0
0
(a b)[x0 .f (x0 ) f (x0 )]
af (b) bf (a)
abx20
abx20
1
(b a)[x0 .f 0 (x0 ) f (x0 )] = af (b) bf (a)

af (b) bf (a)
.
x0 .f 0 (x0 ) f (x0 ) =
ba
Nh vy phng trnh x.f 0 (x)f (x) =

trong khong (a; b).
af (b) bf (a)
c t nht 1 nghim
ba

3x + 2 x 5x
(3 ln 3 + 2 ln 2 5 ln 5) tan x +
=0
cos2 x
x
c nghim thuc khong (0; 1).
Gii.
Xt hm s
3x + 2x 5x
f (x) = (3 ln 3 + 2 ln 2 5 ln 5) tan x +
.
cos2 x
x
R rng f (x) lin tc trn [0; 1] v c mt nguyn hm l

F (x) = (3x + 2x 5x ) tan x.
D thy F (0) = F (1) = 0. Theo nh l 3.1 th phng trnh f (x) = 0

c nghim trong khong (0; 1). Suy ra iu phi chng minh.

2(x 1) ln x + x ln2 x = 4x
c t nht 2 nghim phn bit.

(3.7)
33
Gii.
iu kin phng trnh c ngha: x > 0. Khi
(3.7) 2(x 1) ln x + x ln x2 4x = 0
2(x 1) ln x
+ ln2 x 4 = 0.
x
2(x 1) ln x
Xt hm s f (x) =
+ ln2 x 4.
x
R rng f (x) lin tc trn (0; +) v c mt nguyn hm l
F (x) = (x 1)(ln2 x 4).
1
2
D thy F (1) = F (e ) = F 2 = 0. Do theo nh l 3.1, trong
e
1
mi khong 2 ; 1 , (1; e2 ) phng trnh f (x) = 0 u c t nht mt
e
nghim.
Vy phng trnh (3.7) c t nht 2 nghim.
Bi 3.10. Cho cc s thc a1, a2, . . . , an. Chng minh rng phng trnh
a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + + an cos nx = 0
lun c nghim.
Gii.
1
1
Xt hm s f (x) = a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x + + an sin nx.
2
n
R rng f (x) lin tc trn R v ta c:
f 0 (x) = a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + + an cos nx.
D thy f (0) = f (2) = 0. Theo nh l Rolle, x0 (0; 2) sao cho

f 0 (x0 ) = 0. Tc x0 l nghim ca phng trnh
a1 cos x + a2 cos 2x + + an cos nx = 0.
Vy phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
Bi 3.11 (Olympic sinh vin ton quc - 1994). Cho n l s nguyn

dng; ak , bk R (k = 1, 2, . . . , n). Chng minh rng phng trnh
n
X
x+
(ak sin kx + bk cos kx) = 0
k=1
c nghim trong khong (; ).

(3.8)
34
Gii.
Xt hm s
n

bk
x 2 X ak
+
cos kx + sin kx , x R.
f (x) =
2
k
k
k=1
R rng f (x) kh vi trn R f (x) kh vi trn (; ) v

n
X
(ak sin kx + bk cos kx).
f (x) = x +
0
k=1
Ta c:
n
2 X
+
f () =
2
k=1
n
2
X
+
2
k=1
n
2
X
f () =
2
k=1
n
2 X
=
+
2
k=1

ak
bk
cos(k) + sin(k)
k
k

ak
k
(1) .
k

bk
ak
cos(k) + sin(k)
k
k

ak
k
(1) .
k
Nh vy f () = f (). Khi theo nh l Rolle, x0 (; ) sao

cho f 0 (x0 ) = 0, hay x0 l nghim ca phng trnh
n
X
x+
(ak sin kx + bk cos kx) = 0.
k=1
Vy phng trnh (3.8) c nghim trong khong (; ).
Bi 3.12. Gi s hm s f c o hm mi cp trn R tho mn cc
iu kin sau

i) Tn ti L sao cho | f (n) (x) | L, n N.
1
= 0, n N.
ii) f
n
Chng minh rng f (n) (0) = 0, n N v f (x) = 0, x R.
Gii.
Ta s chng minh bng phng php quy np.
35
1
V f lin tc ti im 0 nn f (0) = lim f

= 0. Theo nh l
n
n
1
1
;
sao cho f 0 (xn ) = 0. V f 0 lin tc ti
Rolle, tn ti xn
n+1 n
im 0 v lim xn = 0 nn f 0 (0) = lim f 0 (xn ) = 0.
n
Gi s tn ti dy im {an } gim nghim ngt ca R sao cho

lim an = 0 v f (k) (an ) = 0 vi mi n. Khi theo nh l Rolle, tn ti
n (an+1 ; an ) sao cho f (k+1) (n ) = 0. Hin nhin lim n = 0. V f (k+1)

n
lin tc ti im 0 nn
f (k+1) (0) = lim f (k+1) (n ) = 0.

n
Vy f (k) (0) = 0, k 0, tc f (n) (0) = 0, n N.

p dng cng thc Taylor, ta c
f (x) =
f (n) (x) n
x (0 < < 1), x R.
n!
| x |n
Do | f (x) | L
, n N.
n!
| x |n
T lim
= 0 suy ra f (x) = 0.
n n!
3.2 Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh

i vi dng bi tp ny th cc h qu ca nh l Rolle t ra l
cng c rt mnh gii ton. K thut gii mt s bi trong phn
ny nh sau:
+) Ta bin i phng trnh cn gii v dng f (x) = 0.
+) Xt hm s y = f (x). Tm s nghim ca phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0.
Gi s phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c n 1 nghim, khi theo h qu 1.2
th phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu n nghim.
+) Ch ra cc nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 3.13. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh 2x = x2 + 1.

36
Gii.
Phng trnh cho c vit di dng

2x x2 1 = 0.
t f (x) = 2x x2 1. R rng f (x) c o hm mi cp trn R v

f 0 (x) = 2x ln 2 2x,
f 00 (x) = 2x ln2 2 2.
2
Ta c f 00 (x) = 0 2x = 2 .
ln 2
2
V 2 > 0 nn phng trnh f 00 (x) = 0 lun c ng 1 nghim. Khi
ln 2
theo h qu 1.2, phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c khng qu 2 nghim thc
phn bit, suy ra phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu 3 nghim thc
phn bit.
Mt khc ta c f (0) = 0, f (1) = 0 v f (2).f (5) = 6 < 0, suy ra
x0 (2; 5) sao cho f (x0 ) = 0.
Vy phng trnh cho c 3 nghim phn bit
x = 0, x = 1, x = x0 (x0 (2; 5)).
Nhn xt 3.3. Bi ton trn cn c gii bng phng php th.

Bi 3.14. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh
sin x =
Gii.
x
.
3
(3.9)
Ta c | sin x | 1, x R. V vy, nu x tho mn phng trnh

(3.9) th | x | 3. Khi
(3.9) 3 sin x x = 0.
Xt hm s f (x) = 3 sin x x. R rng f (x) l hm lin tc, c o hm
trn [3; 3] v f 0 (x) = 3 cos x 1. D thy phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 lun
c hai nghim thuc khong (; ). V [3; 3] (; ) nn phng
trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c khng qu hai nghim thuc khong (3; 3). Do
37
theo h qu 1.2, phng trnh f (x) = 0 c khng qu ba nghim thuc
khong (3; 3). Mt khc, ta c
f (0) = 0,

f
f (3) = 3
(3 sin 3 3) < 0
; 3 : f () = 0,
2
2
2

f
f (3) = 3 +
(3 sin 3 + 3) < 0
2
2

3;
: f () = 0.
2
Vy phng trnh cho lun c 3 nghim

; 3 , x = 3; .
x = 0, x =
2
2
Bi ton trn cn c gii bng phng php th.
Nhn xt 3.4.
Bi 3.15. Gii phng trnh
(1 + sin x)(2 + 4sin x ) = 3.4sin x .
Gii.
(3.10)
t sin x = y, vi iu kin 1 y 1. Khi
(1 + y)(2 + 4y ) = 3.4y ,
(3.10)
1 y 1
3.4 y 1 = 0,
2 + 4y
1 y 1.
(3.11)
3.4y
Xt hm s f (y) =
y 1, ta c
2 + 4y
6. ln 4.4y
0
f (y) =
1.
(2 + 4y )2
f 0 (y) = 0 (4y )2 + (4 6 ln 4).4y + 4 = 0.
(3.12)
Phng trnh (3.12) l phng trnh bc hai i vi n 4y nn c khng

qu 2 nghim. Do theo h qu 1.2, phng trnh (3.11) c khng qu
3 nghim. Mt khc, d thy phng trnh (3.11) c 3 nghim
1
y = 0, y = , y = 1.
2
38
Cc nghim ny u tho mn iu kin 1 y 1. Khi
y = 0 sin x = 0 x = k, k Z.
h
x
=
+ k2, k Z
1
1
6
y = sin x =
5
2
2
x =
+ k2, k Z
6
y = 1 sin x = 1 x = + k2, k Z.
2
Th li, cc gi tr ny u tho mn phng trnh (3.10).

Vy, phng trnh cho c cc h nghim l:
x = k, x =
+ k2, x =
+ k2, x = + k2, (k Z).
6
6
2
3x = 1 + x + log3 (1 + 2x).
Gii.
(3.13)
1
iu kin phng trnh c ngha: x > . Ta c
2
(3.13) 3x + x = 1 + 2x + log3 (1 + 2x)

3x + log3 3x = 1 + 2x + log3 (1 + 2x)
f (3x ) = f (1 + 2x),
vi f (t) = t + log3 t, t > 0.

R rng hm f (t) = t + log3 t l hm ng bin trn khong (0; +),
nn ta c
f (3x ) = f (1 + 2x) 3x = 1 + 2x
3x 2x 1 = 0.
1
Xt hm s g(x) = 3x 2x 1, vi iu kin x > . Tac
2
g 0 (x) = 3x ln 3 2.
1
g 00 (x) = 3x ln2 3 > 0, x > .
2
(3.14)
39
Do theo h qu 2.1, phng trnh g(x) = 0 (tc l phng trnh
(3.14)) c khng qu hai nghim.
Mt khc, th trc tip ta thy x = 0 v x = 1 tho mn phng
trnh (3.14), v cng chnh l cc nghim ca phng trnh (3.13).
Vy, phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 0 v x = 1.
Ch 3.1. Ta c th s dng bt ng thc Bernoulli gii bi ton

h x = 0,
trn nh sau: (3.14) 3 + (1 3)x = 1
x = 1.
x

(3.15)
5x + 12x = 6x + 11x .
Gii.
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng

12x 11x = 6x 5x .
Gi s phng trnh c nghim , khi

(3.16)
12 11 = 6 5 .
Xt hm s f (t) = (t + 1) t (t > 0). R rng f (t) lin tc v c o

hm trn (0; +), v
f 0 (t) = [(t + 1)1 t1 ].
Mt khc, t (3.16) ta c f (11) = f (5). Do theo nh l Rolle,

c (5; 11) sao cho
f 0 (c) = 0.
[(c + 1)1 c1 ] = 0
h=0
h = 0,
(c + 1)1 = c1
= 1.
Th li, ta thy cc gi tr = 0, = 1 tho mn phng trnh (3.15).

Vy, phng trnh cho c 2 nghim x = 0, x = 1.
40

2010cos x 2009cos x = cos x.
Gii.
(3.17)
Vit li phng trnh cho di dng

2010cos x 2010 cos x = 2009cos x 2009 cos x.
Gi s phng trnh c nghim , khi

2010cos 2010 cos = 2009cos 2009 cos .
(3.18)
Xt hm s f (t) = tcos t. cos , t > 0. R rng hm s f (t) lin tc

v c o hm trn khong (0; +), v
f 0 (t) = cos (tcos 1 1).
Mt khc, t (3.18) ta c f (2010) = f (2009). Do theo nh l Rolle,

c (2009; 2010) sao cho
f 0 (c) = 0 cos (ccos 1 1) = 0
h = + k, k Z.
2
= k2, k Z.
Th li, ta thy cc gi tr = + k, = k2(k Z) tho mn

2
h cos = 0
cos = 1
phng trnh (3.17).

Vy, phng trnh cho c cc h nghim:
x = + k, x = k2 (k Z).
2
Bi 3.19. Gii phng trnh x = 2 .

Gii. Vit li phng trnh di dng
x2 1
3
x2 1
3
x = 0.
x2 1
Xt hm s f (x) = 2 3 x. R rng f (x) lin tc trn R, v ta c

2x ln 2 x2 1
f 0 (x) =
.2 3 1,
3
2 ln 2 x2 1 4x2 ln2 2 x2 1
00
f (x) =
.2 3 +
.2 3 > 0, x R.
3
9
41
Suy ra hm s li trn R, v th theo h qu 2.1, phng trnh cho
nu c nghim th c khng qu 2 nghim. D thy f (1) = f (2) = 0.
Do vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim x = 1 v x = 2.
x+
3x + 1 = x2 + x + 1.
(3.19)
Gii. iu kin: x 0.
Phng trnh (3.19) x + 3x + 1 x2 x 1 = 0.
Xt hm s f (x) = x + 3x + 1 x2 x 1 vi x [0; +) ta c:
3
1
2x 1,
f 0 (x) = +
2 x 2 3x + 1
1
9
f 00 (x) = p
2 < 0, x > 0.
4 x3 4 (3x + 1)3
Theo h qu 2.1, phng trnh (3.19) c khng qu 2 nghim. Th trc

tip ta thy x = 0, x = 1 tha mn phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim x = 0, x = 1.
Bi 3.21 ( thi hc sinh gii TP H Ni nm hc 1994 - 1995). Bt
phng trnh
q
q
3
3
sin(x + 1) cos x sin x cos(x + 1) < 3 cos x. cos(x + 1)
(3.20)
c nghim x = 5(Radian) khng? Ti sao?
Gii.
Ta c
sin(x + 1)
sin x
(3.20) p
< 1.
3
3
cos x
cos(x + 1)
(3.21)
sin(x + 1)
sin x
t f (x) = p
.
3
3
cos x
cos(x + 1)
3

sin t
Xt hm g(t) =
trn on [x; x + 1]
; 2 . R rng g(t)
3
2
cos t
2 cos2 t + 1
0
.
lin tc v c o hm g (t) =
3
3 cos4 t
42
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s cos2 t, cos2 t, 1, ta c
3
2 cos2 t + 1 = cos2 t + cos2 t + 1 3 cos4 t
2 cos2 t + 1

1.
3
3 cos4 t
Tc g (t) 1, t [x; x + 1]
0
3
; 2 .
2
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm g(t) trn [x; x + 1] ta c
g(x + 1) g(x)
= g 0 (c), (vi c (x; x + 1)).
(x + 1) x
sin(x + 1)
sin x
2 cos2 c + 1
p
=
1.
3
3
3
cos x
cos(x + 1)
3 cos4 c
3

Nh vy, x [x; x + 1]
; 2 th f (x) 1, m x = 5
2

3
; 2 , cho nn x = 5(radian) khng phi l nghim ca bt phng
2
trnh (3.21)(cng l bt phng trnh (3.20)).
Vy, bt phng trnh cho khng c nghim x = 5(radian).
3.3 S phn b nghim ca a thc v o hm

Trong phn ny chng ti quan tm n ng dng ca nh l Rolle
v cc h qu ca n trong s phn b cc khng im ca o hm cc
hm gii tch, qua xt s phn b nghim ca hm a thc.
nh ngha 3.1. S thc x0 l khng im ca hm f (x) nu f (x0) = 0.
Khi f (x) l a thc v tha mn f (x0) = 0 th x0 cn gi l nghim thc

ca a thc y.
S phc x0 = a + ib, b 6= 0 tha mn f (x0) = 0 th x0 c gi l
khng im phc ca hm f (x).
nh ngha 3.2. Hm f (x) duy tr du trong khong (a; b) nu
f (x) > 0 x (a; b) hoc f (x) < 0 x (a; b).
43
Gi s khong (a; b) c chia thnh m + 1 khong con sao cho:
i) f (x) khng ng nht trit tiu trong mt khong con no.
ii) f (x) duy tr mt du c nh trong mi khong con.
iii) f (x) tri du nhau trong mi cp khong k nhau.
Khi , hm f (x) c m ln i du trong khong (a; b).
Ta pht biu mt dng khc ca nh l Rolle.
nh l 3.3 (nh l Rolle). Nu a, b l hai khng im k nhau ca
hm f (x) (ngha l f (a) = f (b) = 0, f (x) 6= 0 vi a < x < b) th trong

khong (a; b) hm f 0(x) c mt s l cc khng im (do c t nht
mt khng im).
chng minh nh l ny ta s s dng kt qu ca b sau y.
B 3.1. Gi s gi tr ca hm f (x) ti cc im a v b khc 0. Khi
khong (a; b) cha mt s chn (hoc mt s l) cc khng im ca

hm y nu f (a) v f (b) c cng du (hoc tri du nhau).
Chng minh. Gi s f (x) l hm a thc v 1, 2, . . . , s l cc khng

im ca f (x) trong khong (a; b) vi bi tng ng l k1 , k2 , . . . , ks v
a < 1 < 2 < < s < b. Khi
f (x) = (x 1 )k1 (x 2 )k2 . . . (x s )ks g(x),
trong g(x) 6= 0, x (a; b) v du ca g(x) khng i trong khong

(a; b).
Do
f (b)g(b) = (b 1 )k1 (b 2 )k2 . . . (b s )ks [g(b)]2 > 0
(3.22)
v
f (a)g(a) = (a 1 )k1 (a 2 )k2 . . . (a s )ks [g(a)]2
suy ra
f (a)g(a)(1)k1 +k2 ++ks > 0.
(3.23)
44
T (3.22) v (3.23) suy ra
f (a)g(a)f (b)g(b)(1)k1 +k2 ++ks > 0.
Do du ca g(x) khng i trong khong (a; b) nn

f (a)f (b)(1)k1 +k2 ++ks > 0.
Ta xt cc kh nng sau:
- Nu f (a) v f (b) cng du th (1)k1 +k2 ++ks > 0, suy ra k1 + k2 +
+ ks l mt s chn. Ni cch khc, khong (a; b) cha mt s chn
cc khng im.
- Nu f (a) v f (b) khc du th (1)k1 +k2 ++ks < 0, suy ra k1 + k2 +
+ ks l mt s l. Ni cch khc, khong (a; b) cha mt s l cc
khng im.
Nhn xt rng, khi thay a thc f (x) bi mt hm gii tch th kt
qu bi ton trn vn khng thay i.
By gi ta s chng minh nh l trn.
Ly > 0 b sao cho cc khong (a; a + ), (b ; b) khng cha
khng im no ca f 0 (x). Khi , s khng im ca f 0 (x) trong khong
(a; b) bng s khng im ca f 0 (x) trong khong (a + ; b ). Ta c
f (a + ) = f (a + ) f (a) = f 0 (a + 1 ),
trong 0 < 1 < v

f (b ) = f (b) f (b ) = f 0 (b 2 ),
trong 0 < 2 < .V

sign f (a + ) = sign f (b ) 6= 0
nn
sign f 0 (a + ) = sign f 0 (b ) 6= 0.
Theo b 3.1, hm s f 0 (x) cha mt s l cc khng im trong
khong (a + ; b ) (a; b).
45
H qu 3.1. Nu trong khong (a; b) hm f (x) c m khng im th

f 0 (x) c t nht m 1 khng im trong khong .
Gii.
Nhn xt rng, nu ti im x = x1 , hm f (x) c khng im

bi bc t > 0 (t N) th ti im f 0 (x) c khng im bi bc t 1.
Nu x1 , x2 , . . . , xk l cc khng im ca hm f (x) sao cho
a x1 < x2 < < xk b.
Chia on [x1 ; xk ] thnh k phn khng giao nhau, trong gm mt im
x1 v k 1 khong na m (x1 ; x2 ], (x2 ; x3 ], . . . , (xk1 ; xk ]. Khi chuyn
t f (x) n f 0 (x) ta thy:
Ti x = x1 s mt i mt khng im (theo nhn xt trn). Trong cc
khong na m(x1 ; x2 ], (x2 ; x3 ], . . . , (xk1 ; xk ] khng mt i mt khng
im no (theo nh l Rolle).
Do nu trong khong (a; b) hm f (x) c m khng im th trong
khong hm f 0 (x) c t nht l m 1 khng im.
Nhn xt 3.5.
i) Kt qu bi ton trn vn ng nu thay khong (a; b) bi cc

na khong (a; b], [a; b) hay bi on [a; b] hoc ch l mt im {x1 }.
ii) Nu hm f (x) l a thc bc n v c n nghim thc th f 0 (x)
c n 1 nghim thc.
Bi ton 3.1. Chng minh rng nu x

lim f (x) = 0 th f 0 (x) c s lng
cc khng im trong khong (a; +) khng t hn so vi f (x) trn

khong y. Kt qu vn ng nu thay + bi .
Gii.
Nu trong khong (a; +), f (x) c s cc khng im l v hn.

Khi theo nh l Rolle ta suy ra s cc khng im ca f 0 (x) trong
khong y cng l v hn.
Gi s trong khong (a; +) hm f (x) c s cc khng im l hu
hn v xm l khng im cui cng ca hm f (x) trong khong y. Khi
theo h qu 3.1 trong na khong a < x xm hm f 0 (x) c t hn
f (x) ti a l mt khng im.
46
Xt trn khong (xm ; +) ta c
Z
lim f (x) =
f 0 (x)dx = 0.
xm
nn f 0 (x) khng th gi mt du c nh trong khong (xm ; +). Vy

trn khong (a; +) hm s f 0 (x) c s cc khng im khng t hn
so vi hm s f (x).
Chng minh tng t trong khong (; a).
Bi ton 3.2. Gi s hm s f (x) c n khng im trong khong
(a; +). Chng minh rng vi mi s thc hm s f (x) + f 0 (x)

c t nht n 1 khng im trong khong . Hn na, nu tha mn
iu kin lim ex f (x) = 0 th hm nu c t nht l n khng im.
x+
Gii.
Xt hm g(x) = ex f (x) trn khong (a, +).

Ta c g 0 (x) = ex [f (x) + f 0 (x)]. V f (x) c n khng im trong
khong (a, +) v ex > 0, x (a, +) nn g(x) cng c n khng
im trong khong . Theo h qu 3.1 th trong khong (a, +) hm
g 0 (x) = ex [f (x) + f 0 (x)]
c khng t hn n 1 khng im trong khong y. Suy ra hm s

f (x) + f 0 (x) c khng t hn n 1 khng im trong khong (a, +).
Theo gi thit lim ex f (x) = lim g(x) = 0 v theo Bi ton 3.1 ta
x+
x+
0
thu c s khng im ca hm s g (x) trn khong (a, +) khng t

hn so vi g(x). Do s khng im ca hm f (x) + f 0 (x) c t nht
l n im trn khong (a, +).
Bi ton 3.3. Nu trong khong hu hn (a, b) hm s f (x) c n khng
im v tho mn mt trong cc iu kin sau

(i) sign f (a) = sign f 0 (a) 6= 0,
(ii) sign f (b) = sign f 0 (b) 6= 0.
Chng minh rng trong khong (a, b) hm s f 0 (x) c khng t hn n
khng im.
47
Nu c hai iu kin c tho mn th trong khong (a, b) hm s
f 0 (x) c khng t hn n + 1 khng im.
Gii.
Gi s sign f (a) = sign f 0 (a) 6= 0 v x1 , x2 , . . . , xl l nhng

khng im ca hm f (x) tho mn
a < x1 < x2 < < xl .
Ta chia na khong a < x xl thnh cc na khong con khng giao

nhau
(a, x1 ], (x1 , x2 ], . . . , (xl1 , xl ].
Vi > 0 b th
f (x1 ) = f (x1 ) f (x1 ) = f 0 (x1 ), 0 < < ,
kt hp vi gi thit ta suy ra
sign f 0 (a) = sign f (a) = sign f (x1 ) = sign f 0 (x1 ) 6= 0.
Do theo b 3.1 ta suy ra trong khong (a, x1 ) (a, x1 ) hm
f 0 (x) c t nht mt khng im.
Tip theo, i vi cc khong con khc, theo b 3.1, ta suy ra trong
on [x1 , xl ] s nghim ca hm f 0 (x) c t hn s nghim ca f (x) ti
a l mt nghim.
Nh vy nu trong khong (a, b) hm f (x) c n khng im tho mn
iu kin sign f (a) = sign f 0 (a) 6= 0 th trong khong hm f 0 (x) c
khng t hn n khng im.
Tip theo, nu f (x) tho mn thm iu kin (ii), th bng lp lun
tng t nh trn, ta thu c
f (xl + ) = f (xl + ) f (xl ) = f 0 (xl + ),
trong > 0 b v 0 < < . Suy ra

sign f 0 (b) = sign f (b) = sign f (xl + ) = sign f 0 (xl + ).
Suy ra trong khong (xl + , b) hm f 0 (x) cn c thm mt khng im.
Do trong khong (a, b) hm f 0 (x) c khng t hn n + 1 khng im.
48
3.4 Mt bi ton lin quan n khai trin TaylorGontcharov.

Nh ta bit, mi hm gii tch u khai trin c thnh chui
ly tha (chui Taylor) ti im tng ng. Tuy nhin, tn ti nhng
hm s kh vi v hn (c o hm mi cp) ti ln cn mt im m
khng khai trin c thnh chui ly tha ti im . Trong phn ny,
da vo nh l Rolle, ta cng xy dng c hm s khng khai trin
c thnh chui Taylor-Gontcharov tng ng theo dy im phn bit
trong khong cho.
Trc ht ta xt hm Dirichlet xc nh nh sau:
e x12 , khi x 6= 0,
fD (x) =
0,
khi x = 0.
(n)
D thy fD (0) = 0, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . Vy nn hm fD (x) kh vi v hn

ti 0 v o hm mi cp ti 0 u bng 0.
Tuy nhin hm fD (x) khng gii tch ti 0. Tht vy, nu hm fD (x)
gii tch ti 0 th ti ln cn ca 0, ta c khai trin Taylor:
(n)
X f (0)
fD0 (0)
fD00 (0) 2
D
fD (x) = fD (0) +
x+
x + =
xn , | x |< .
1!
2!
n!
n=0
iu ny khng th xy ra v v phi ng nht bng 0.

Da vo nh l Rolle v mt s m rng ca n ta s ch ra s tn
ti mt hm s h(x) kh vi v hn trong [0; 1], gii tch trong (0; 1) v
mt dy im {xn } trong (0; 1) m khai trin Taylor-Gontcharov dng:
h0 (x1 )
h00 (x2 )
h(x) = h(x0 ) +
P1 (x) +
P2 (x) +
1!
2!
X
h(n) (xn )
=
Pn (x), | x |<
n!
n=0
khng thc hin c.
49
Xt hm s
ex 2x12 ,
g(x) =
0,
khi x 6= 0,
khi x = 0.
D kim tra rng
1 x 12
2x ,
g (x) = 1 + 3 e
x
nn g 0 (1) = 0 v lim g 0 (x) = 0. Bng phng php quy np ton hc,

x0+
da vo nhn xt sau y:

ng vi mi a thc Q( x1 ), ta u c
1 1
e x2 = 0,
lim Q
x0+
x
ta d dng kim chng

lim g (n) (x) = 0, n = 1, 2, . . .
x0+
Vy nu nh ngha
g 0 (x),
h(x) =
0,
khi x 6= 0,
khi x = 0.
th h(x) gii tch trong (0, 1) v lin tc trong [0, 1] v c tnh cht
h(0) = h(1) = 0, nn theo nh l Rolle, tn ti x1 (0, 1) h0 (x1 ) = 0.
Tip theo, p dng h qu 1.3, ta suy ra tn ti dy s dng (phn
bit) {xn } n iu gim trong (0, 1) h(n) (xn ) = 0 vi mi n N.
Vy hm h(x) gii tch trong trong (0, 1) v kh vi v hn trn [0, 1]
v mt dy im {xn } trong (0, 1) ti h(n) (xn ) = 0 vi mi n N.
T y suy ra hm h(x) khng khai trin c thnh chui TaylorGontcharov theo dy im {xn } trong (0, 1) v nu c khai trin nh vy
th t iu kin h(n) (xn ) = 0 vi mi n N, suy ra h(x) 0 trong (0, 1),
iu ny l v l.
50
3.5 Chng minh bt ng thc.

chng minh mt s bt ng thc, ta c th xt hm s ph v
p dng trc tip cc nh l v h qu nu trong chng 1.
Bi 3.22. Cho a, b, c, d l bn s dng bt k. Chng minh rng

r
3
Gii.
abc + abd + acd + bcd
ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd
.
6
Do vai tr ca a, b, c, d nh nhau, nn ta c th gi thit

a b c d.
Xt hm s f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c)(x d). R rng f (x) kh vi

trn R. Tac
f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c)(x d))
= x4 (a + b + c + d)x3 + (ad + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)x2
(abc + abd + acd + bcd)x + abcd.
Suy ra
f 0 (x) = 4x3 3(a + b + c + d)x2 + 2(ad + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd)x
(3.24)
(abc + abd + acd + bcd).
p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s f (x) trn cc khong (a; b), (b; c), (c; d),
khi tn ti x1 (a; b), x2 (b; c), x3 (c; d) sao cho
f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (x2 ) = f 0 (x3 ) = 0.
Ch rng f 0 (x) l mt hm bc ba ca x v c h s ca s hng c

bc cao nht l 4 nn suy ra
f 0 (x) = 4(x x1 )(x x2 )(x x3 )
= 4x3 4(x1 + x2 + x3 )x2 + 4(x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 )x 4x1 x2 x3 .
(3.25)
51
T (3.24) v (3.25) ta thu c:
1
x1 x2 x3 = (abc + abd + acd + bcd),
4
1
x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 = (ab + ac + ad + bc + bd + cd).
2
(3.26)
(3.27)
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s x1 x2 > 0, x2 x3 > 0, x3 x1 > 0,

ta c
q
x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x1
3
(x1 x2 x3 )2
.
(3.28)
3
Thay (3.26) v (3.27) vo (3.28) ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = d.
Bi 3.23. Chng minh rng vi 2 s thc a, b bt k ta lun c

| arctan b arctan a || b a | .
Gii.
Nu a = b th ng thc xy ra.

Nu a 6= b, th do vai tr ca a v b nh nhau, ta c th gi s a < b.
Xt hm s f (x) = arctan x, r rng f (x) lin tc trn [a; b] v ta c
f 0 (x) =
1
, x [a; b].
1 + x2
Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti c (a; b) sao cho

f 0 (c) =
Suy ra
f (b) f (a)
ba
| arctan b arctan a | 1
=
1.
|ba|
1 + c2
Hay ta c
| arctan b arctan a || b a | .
Bi 3.24. Cho 0 < a < b < c v 0 < q < p. Chng minh rng:
cp bq + bp aq + ap cq cq bp + bq ap + aq cp .
(3.29)
52
Gii.
Xt hm s
f (x) = xp bq + bp aq + ap xq xq bp bq ap aq xp .
Khi bt ng thc (3.29) tng ng vi f (c) > 0. Ta c f (b) = 0

v
f 0 (x) = p(bq aq )xp1 + q(ap bp )xq1

bp ap
q
q q1 p pq
= q(b a )x
x q
.
q
b aq
(3.30)
p dng nh l Cauchy cho hai hm xp v xq trn on [a; b], ta c

pmp1
p pq
b p ap
=
=
m
vi a < m < b.
bq aq
qmq1
q
(3.31)
T (3.30) v (3.31) ta c
f 0 (x) = p(bq aq )xq1 (xpq mpq ) > 0, x > 0.
Suy ra f (x) ng bin trn khong (b; c) nn

f (c) > f (b) = 0.
T ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 3.25. Cho hm s f (x) = cos a1x + cos a2x,
x R.
Gi m(a1 , a2 ) = min f (x). Chng minh rng
m(a1 , a2 ) < 0, a1 , a2 R, a1 , a2 6= 0.
Gii.
t g(x) =
sin a1 x sin a2 x
+
, x R. Khi
a1
a2
g 0 (x) = cos a1 x + cos a2 x = f (x).
C th gi thit 0 < a1 a2 (do cos a1 x v cos a2 x l cc hm chn).

Nu a1 = a2 th f (x) = 2 cos a1 x, ta c
f

a1
= 2 cos = 2 < 0 m(a1 , a2 ) 2 < 0.
53
Nu 0 < a1 < a2 . Ta c g(0) = 0 v
3
3
1
3a2
1
sin
+ sin
2a1
a1
2
a2
2a1
1
1
3a2
1
1
= + sin
+
< 0.
a1 a2
2a1
a1 a2
3
sao cho
Theo nh l Lagrange, 0;
2a1

3
g(0)
g 2a
1
= g 0 () = f () m(a1 , a2 ).
3
g
2a1
Do
3
2a1
g(0)
3
2a1
< 0 nn m(a1 , a2 ) < 0, a1 , a2 R.
Vy m(a1 , a2 ) < 0 vi mi a1 , a2 R, v a1 , a2 6= 0.
Bi 3.26. Gi s S1 =
4n
P2
n 1
P
1
v
S
=
n N.
2
1
1 ,
k=1 k 3
k=1 k 2
Vi nhng gi tr no ca n ta c S1 < S2 ?
Gii.
Xt hm f (x) = x 2 , (x 1). R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm

1 1
trn [1; +), v ta c f 0 (x) = x 2 .
2
Theo nh l Lagrange, c (k; k + 1), k N sao cho
1
f (k + 1) f (k) = f 0 (c)
1
1
1 1
1 1
(k + 1) 2 k 2 = c 2 < k 2 .
2
h
i 2
1
1
1
k 2 > 2 (k + 1) 2 k 2 .
Cho k chy t 1 n 4n2 ri cng li, ta c

2
S1 =
4n
X
1
1
k=1
k2
> 4n 2.
(3.32)
Xt hm f (x) = x 3 , (x 1). R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn

2 1
[1; +), v ta c f 0 (x) = x 3 .
3
2
54
Theo nh l Lagrange, c (k; k + 1) sao cho
f (k + 1) f (k) = f 0 (c)
2
2
2 1
(k + 1) 3 k 3 = c 3 >
h3
2
13
2(k + 1) < 3 (k + 1) 3
1
2
(k + 1) 3 .
3 i
2
k3 .
Cho k chy t 0 n n 1 v cng li, ta c

2
n
X
1
k=1
1
3
< 3n 3 < 3n < 8n 4,
(3.33)
S2 < 4n 2.
T (3.32) v (3.33) ta c S1 > S2 , n N.

Nh vy, khng tn ti n N S1 < S2 .
Bi 3.27. Chng minh rng

q

q
3
3
cos(e 1) sin(e 1) cos e > 3 cos(e 1) cos e.
sin e
Gii.
Ta c > e v e 1 1, 71828 >
(3.34)
sin e > 0, sin(e 1) > 0,
cos e < 0, cos(e 1) < 0.
Khi
sin e
sin(e 1)
p
(3.34)
> 1.
3
3
cos e
cos(e 1)
sin x
t f (x) =
,
vi
iu
kin
x
=
6
+ k, k Z.
3
cos x
2

R rng hm f (x) lin tc trn [e 1, e]
; v c o hm trn
2
khong (e 1; e). Theo nh l Lagrange, c (e 1; e) sao cho
f (e) f (e 1) = f 0 (c).
2 cos2 x + 1
Mt khc, ta c f (x) =
.
3
3 cos4 x
0
(3.35)
55
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 3 s cos2 x, cos2 x, 1 ta c
3
2 cos2 x + 1 = cos2 x + cos2 x + 1 3 cos4 x
2 cos2 x + 1

1 f 0 (x) 1.
3
3 cos4 x
Du "=" khng xy ra vi x [e 1; e], do vy
(3.36)
f 0 (c) > 1.
T (3.35) v (3.36) ta thu c f (e) f (e 1) > 1,

sin(e 1)
sin e
p
> 1.
hay
3
3
cos e
cos(e 1)
T ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Chng minh rng vi 0 < < < th

2
Bi 3.28.
<
tan
tan
<
.
cos2
cos2
Gii.
Xt hm s f (x) = tan x. R rng f (x) lin tc trn [; ], c

1
o hm trn khong (; ) v ta c f 0 (x) =
.
cos2 x
Theo nh l Lagrange, c (; ) sao cho
tan tan =
1
( ).
cos2 x
(3.37)
nn 0 < cos < cos c < cos .

2
1
1
1
<
<
,
cos2 cos2 c cos2
V 0 < < <

T ta c
Suy ra

<
<
.
cos2
cos2 c
cos2
T (3.37) v (3.38) ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 3.29. Chng minh rng vi n > 1(n N) v 0 < a < b ta c

nan1 (b a) < bn an < nbn1 (b a).
(3.38)
56
Gii.
Xt hm s f (x) = xn , vi x > 0.
R rng f (x) lin tc trn (0; +) v f 0 (x) = nxn1 . Khi theo nh
l Lagrange, c (a; b) sao cho
f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a),
hay
bn an = ncn1 (b a)
(3.39)
Do b a > 0 v a < b < c nn ta c

nan1 (b a) < ncn1 (b a) < nbn1 (b a).
(3.40)
T (3.39) v (3.40) ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 3.30. Cho t > 0 chng minh bt ng thc

Gii.
1 t+1
1 t
1+
> 1+
.
t+1
t
Xt hm s
1
= x[ln(x + 1) ln x], vi x > 0.
f (x) = x ln 1 +
x

Ta c
1
1
f (x) = ln(x + 1) ln x + x
x+1 x
1
.
(3.41)
= ln(x + 1) ln x
x+1
Xt hm s g(y) = ln y trn on [x; x + 1]. R rng g(y) lin tc trn
1
[x; x + 1], c o hm trn khong (x; x + 1) v ta c g 0 (y) = .
y
Theo nh l Lagrange, c (x; x + 1) sao cho
0
g(x + 1) g(x) = g 0 (c)(x + 1 x),

1
ngha l ta c
ln(x + 1) ln x = .
c
1
1
, do
V 0 < x < c < x + 1 >
c
x+1
1
ln(x + 1) ln x >
x+1
1
ln(x + 1) ln x
> 0.
x+1
(3.42)
57
T (3.41) v (3.42) ta thu c f 0 (x) > 0, x > 0 suy ra f (x) l hm
ng bin trn khong (0; +).
Nh vy, vi t > 0 ta c f (t + 1) > f (t), hay ta c

1
1
(t + 1) ln 1 +
> t ln 1 +
x+1
t

t+1
t
1
1
> ln 1 +
ln 1 +
t+1
t

(3.43)
Do tnh ng bin ca hm g(y) = ln y , nn t (3.43) ta suy ra

1+
1 t+1
1 t
> 1+
.
t+1
t
Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Nhn xt 3.6. Ta bit, nu n l s t nhin, ta lun c

1 n
1 n+1
> 1+
.
1+
n+1
n
(3.44)
Nh vy, bt ng thc trong bi trn l m rng ca bt ng thc

(3.44) (T cc s t nhin ra mt s dng tu ).
Vi bt ng thc (3.44) ta c cch chng minh rt ngn gn nh
sau:

1
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho n + 1 s gm n s 1 +
v
n
s 1, ta c

1
1
1
1+
+ 1+
+ + 1 +
+1
n
n
n
n+1

1 n+1
1 n
1+
> 1+
.
n+1
n
r
n+1
1 n
1+
n
Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Bi 3.31. Cho n N. Chng minh rng
1
xn 1 x <
, x (0; 1).
2ne
58
Gii.
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi

1
x2n (2n 2nx) < .
e
(3.45)
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho 2n s dng x v s dng 2n2nx,

ta c
q
x + x + + x + 2n 2nx
2n+1
x2n (2n 2nx)
2n + 1
x + x + + x + 2n 2nx 2n+1
x2n (2n 2nx)
2n + 1
2n 2n+1
x2n (2n 2nx)
.
(3.46)
2n + 1
Ta s chng minh
2n 2n+1 1
< .
2n + 1
e
(3.47)
Tht vy, ta c
2n 2n+1
(3.47) ln
< ln e1
2n + 1
(2n + 1)[ln 2n ln(2n + 1)] < 1
1
.
ln(2n + 1) ln 2n >
2n + 1
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm s f (x) = ln x trn on [2n; 2n + 1],

khi c (2n; 2n + 1) sao cho
ln(2n + 1) ln 2n = f 0 (c) =
1
1
>
.
c
2n + 1
Nh vy ta c bt ng thc (3.47).

T (3.46) v (3.47) ta thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Bi 3.32. Gi s a1, a2, a3, a4 > 0 v

(x + a1 )(x + a2 )(x + a3 )(x + a4 ) = x4 + 4P1 x3 + 6P22 x2 + 4P33 x + P44 .
(Pi > 0 Vi i = 1, ..., 4).

a) Tnh P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 ?
b) Chng minh rng P1 P2 P3 P4 .
59
Gii.
a)Tnh P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 .
Ta c
(x + a1 )(x + a2 )(x + a3 )(x + a4 ) = x4 + (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 )x3

+ (a1 a2 + a1 a3 + a1 a4 + a2 a3 + a2 a4 + a3 a4 )x2
+ (a1 a2 a3 + a1 a2 a4 + a1 a3 a4 + a2 a3 a4 )x + a1 a2 a3 a4 .
ng nht thc cc h s ta c
4P1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 ,
6P 2 = a a + a a + a a + a a + a a + a a ,
1 2
1 3
1 4
2 3
2 4
3 4
2
4P33 = a1 a2 a3 + a1 a2 a4 + a1 a3 a4 + a2 a3 a4 ,
P 4 = a a a a .
1 2 3 4
4
P1 = 41 (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 ),
P2 = 1 (a1 a2 + a1 a3 + a1 a4 + a2 a3 + a2 a4 + a3 a4 ),
q6
P3 = 3 14 (a1 a2 a3 + a1 a2 a4 + a1 a3 a4 + a2 a3 a4 ),
P =
4
aaaa.
4
1 2 3 4
b) Chng minh rng P1 P2 P3 P4 .

+) Theo nh l AM-GM ta c ngay P1 P4 .
+) CM: P1 P2 .
a thc P (x) = x4 + 4P1 x3 + 6P22 x2 + 4P33 x + P44 c 4 nghim, v th
theo h qu 1.1 th P 00 (x) c t nht 2 nghim, m ta c
P 00 (x) = 12x2 + 24P1 x + 12P22 .
P 00 (x) c hai nghim 0 0 P1 P2 (v P1 > 0, P2 > 0).
+) CM: P2 P3 .
Ta c P 0 (x) = 4(x3 + 3P1 x2 + 3P22 x + P33 ).
1
4
t x = th ta c P 0 (x) = 3 (1 + 3P1 t + 3P22 t2 + P33 t3 ). D thy a
t
t
thc P 0 (x) c 3 nghim m nn a thc Q(t) = (1 + 3P1 t + 3P22 t2 + P33 t3 )
60
cng c 3 nghim, suy ra Q0 (t) c 2 nghim.
M Q0 (t) = 3(P33 t2 + 2P22 t + P1 ).
Q0 (t)c 2 nghim 0 0 P24 P33 P1 0
P24 P33 P1 P33 P2 (vP1 P2 0)
P23 P33 P2 P3 .
+) Theo nh l AM - GM ta d dng chng minh c P3 P4 .
Bi 3.33 (Olympic Nga ). Cho phng trnh

a0 xn + a1 xn1 + + an1 x + an = 0.(ai 6= 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n)
c n nghim phn bit. Chng minh rng

(n 1)a21 > 2na0 a2 .
Gii.
Xt a thc f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + + an1 x + an . R rng

f (x) kh vi v hn ln trn R. V f (x) c n nghim phn bit, nn theo
h qu 1.1 th
f 0 (x) c t nht n 1 nghim,
f 00 (x) c t nht n 2 nghim,
f (n2) (x) c t nht 2 nghim.

n!
M ta c f (n2) (x) = a0 x2 + (n 1)!a1 x + (n 2)!a2 .
2
f (n2) (x)c 2 nghim phn bit > 0
[(n 1)!a1 ]2 2n!a0 (n 2)!a2 > 0
(n 1)a21 > 2na0 a2 .
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
61
Chng 4
Bi tp b sung
Bi 4.1. Chng minh rng vi a, b, c tu , phng trnh
a cos 3x + b cos 2x + c cos x + sin x = 0
lun c nghim thuc on [0; 2].

( thi tuyn sinh H khi A - HQG - 1999).
Hng dn gii.
Xt hm s
1
1
f (x) = a sin 3x + b sin 2x + c sin x cos x.
3
2
v p dng nh l Rolle trn on [0; 2].
Bi 4.2. Chng minh rng nu phng trnh

an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 = 0
an1
a1
an
+
+ + + a0 = 0 th phng trnh c
n+1
n
2
tho mn h thc
Hng dn gii.
Xt hm s f (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0

v p dng nh l 3.1.
Bi 4.3. Chng minh rng phng trnh sau c nghim
x 1
arccos x
= 0.
2
1 x2
62

2
x 1
Xt hm s f (x) = arccos x
v
2
2
1
x
h1 i
p dng nh l Rolle trn on ; .
4
Hng dn gii.
Bi 4.4. Cho hm s f (x) tho mn ng thi cc tnh cht sau y
i) f (x) xc nh v c o hm cp (k 1) lin tc trn on

[a; b], (1 k n).
ii) f (x) c o hm cp k trn khong (a; b).
iii) f (x0 ) = f (x1 ) = = f (xk ) vi a < x0 < x1 < < xk < b.
Chng minh rng trong khong (x0 ; xk ) tn ti t nht (n k + 1)
im sao cho f (k) () = 0, vi mi k = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Hng dn gii. p dng nh l Rolle.

Bi 4.5. Cho hm s f (x) kh vi trn on [a; b] v tha mn iu kin
f (a) = f (b), f (x) 6= 0, x (0 = a; b).
Chng minh rng tn ti dy {xn }, xn (a; b) sao cho
Hng dn gii.
f 0 (xn )
lim
= 2010.
n ( n e 1)f (xn )
Vi mi n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , xt hm s

Gn (x) = exp
2010x
)f (x).
n
Bi 4.6. Cho hm s f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn on [0; 1].
Gi s f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1. Chng minh rng tn ti hai s , vi

0 < < < 1 sao cho
f 0 ().f 0 () = 1.
Hng dn gii. Xt hm s g(x) = f (x) + x 1.

2(x2 x 2) cos 2x = (1 2x) sin 2x
c t nht ba nghim phn bit trong khong (1; 2).

63
Hng dn gii. Xt hm s f (x) = (x2 x 2) sin 2x.

Bi 4.8. Gi s a3 + 2b + c = 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh
a22x + b2x + c = 0
lun c nghim.
Hng dn gii.
t t = 2x , t > 0 v xt hm s
b
a
f (t) = t3 + t2 + ct.
3
2
Bi 4.9. Gii phng trnh 2x log2(x + 1) 1 = 0.

Hng dn gii. Xt hm s f (x) = 2x log2(x + 1) 1.
2x
Hng dn gii.
+ 12x
= 2.7x
Vit li phng trnh di dng

12x
7x
= 7x
2x
Gi s phng trnh c nghim , ta xt hm s f (t) = (t+5)
Xc nh s nghim ca phng trnh sinx = .

8
Xt hm s f (x) = 8 sin x x.
Bi 4.11.
Hng dn gii.
Bi 4.12. Cho a b + c = 0. Chng minh rng phng trnh
a sin x + 9b sin 3x + 25c sin 5x = 0
c t nht 4 nghim trn on [0; ].
Hng dn gii. Xt hm f (x) = a sin x + b sin 3x + c sin 5x trn [0; ].

Bi 4.13. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc a, b phng trnh
a(25 sin 5x sin x) + b(49 sin 7x 9 sin 3x) = 0
c t nht 7 nghim trn on [0; 2].

64
Hng dn gii. Xt hm s f (x) = a sin x+b sin 3xa sin 5xb sin 7x
trn [0; 2].
Bi 4.14. Cho 0 < a < b. Chng minh rng:

Hng dn gii.
b
ba
ba
< ln <
.
b
a
a
Xt hm s f (x) = ln x trn on [a; b] v p dng
nh l Lagrange.
Bi 4.15. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b ta c

| sin a sin b || b a | .
Hng dn gii. Xt hm s f (x) = sin x v p dng nh l Lagrange.

Bi 4.16. Cho a < b < c chng minh rng:
3a < a + b + c
<a+b+c+
Hng dn gii.
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca
a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca < 3c.
Xt hm s f (x) = (x a)(x b)(x c) v p dng
nh l Rolle.
Bi 4.17. Cho 0 < a < b. Chng minh rng

ba
ba
< arctan b arctan a <
.
2
1+b
1 + a2
Hng dn gii.
Xt hm s f (x) = arctan x v p dng nh l
Lagrange.
Bi 4.18. Cho f (x) = a1 sin b1x + a2 sin b2x + + an sin bnx.
Gi s | f (x) || sin x |, x [1; 1]. Chng minh rng

|
Hng dn gii.
n
X
ai bi | 1.
i=1
Xt hm s
f (x) = a1 sin b1 x + a2 sin b2 x + + an sin bn x
v p dng nh l Lagrange.
65
Kt lun
Lun vn "nh l Rolle v mt s p dng" nhm gii thiu mt s
ng dng ca nh l Rolle trong tp s thc, ch yu nghin cu mt
s dng ton thng gp chng trnh ph thng, t c nhng
kt qu chnh nh sau:
Pht biu v chng minh nh l Rolle, nh l Lagrange, nh l
Cauchy v mt s nh l m rng. S dng nh l Lagrange chng
minh tnh cht ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s lin tc trn mt
khong, chng minh mt s tnh cht ca hm s li, lm kh vi bc hai
v bt ng thc Karamata. Tip theo gii thiu mt s bi ton c th
lin quan n gn u ca tam gic c s dng cc tnh cht trn.
Nu ng dng ca nh l Rolle v cc nh l m rng trong mt s
dng ton i s nh gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh, bin lun s
nghim ca phng trnh trn mt khong, chng minh bt ng thc.
Pht biu v chng minh mt s bi ton v s phn b nghim ca a
thc v o hm.
Ngoi ra, lun vn c cp n mt bi ton lin quan n khai
trin Taylor-Gontcharov. Da vo nh l Rolle v mt s m rng ca
nh l Rolle xy dng mt hm s gii tch trong khong (0; 1), kh vi
v hn trong on [0; 1] v mt dy im {xk } trong (0; 1) m khai trin
Taylor-Gontcharov khng thc hin c.
Phn cui ca lun vn, tc gi gii thiu mt s bi tp tiu biu
c la chn t cc thi Olympic ton khu vc v Quc t, cc k thi
Olympic sinh vin ton quc. Mi bi tp u c hng dn cch gii.
Tc gi cng nhn thy rng mt s vn t ra trong ni dung ca
66
lun vn cn thm nhiu thi gian v n lc hn na tip tc hon
chnh nh tm hiu thm cc kin thc v hm gii tch, v khai trin
Taylor-Gontcharov. c bit h thng cc bi tp p dng cho chuyn
ny cn c sng tc nhiu v phong ph hn na. Ngoi ra, ng
dng ca nh l Rolle trong cc bi ton hnh hc, m rng ca nh
l Rolle trong tp s phc,...cng rt a dng v phong ph m lun
vn ny cha cp n. Tc gi hy vng trong thi gian ti s tip tc
c tm hiu, nghin cu nhng vn nu trn.
Mc d ht sc c gng v nghim tc trong qa trnh hc tp v
nghin cu khoa hc nhng do thi gian v kh nng c hn, chc chn
lun vn ny cn c nhng thiu st. Tc gi mong nhn c nhiu
kin ng gp ca qu thy gio, c gio v cc bn ng nghip
lun vn c hon thin hn.
67
Danh mc cc cng trnh lin quan

n lun vn
[1] Nguyn Th Dng Kiu, "Mt s h qu ca nh l Rolle v p
dng", K yu Hi ngh Khoa hc: Cc chuyn ton Olympic,
H Ni, 22-23/05.2010, 258-267.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu- Nguyn Th Dng Kiu, "Nhn xt v khai trin
Taylor -Gontcharov", Tp ch Khoa hc- i hc Quy Nhn.
68
Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nguyn Qu Dy, Nguyn Vn Nho, V Vn Tha, 2002, Tuyn tp 200 bi thi v
ch ton- Gii tch, NXB Gio dc.
[2] Phan Huy Khi, 2000, Ton nng cao gii tch, NXB H Ni.
[3] inh Th Lc, Phm Huy in, T Duy Phng, 2005, Gii tch ton hc hm
s mt bin, NXB HQG H Ni.
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, ng Huy Run, Nguyn Thy Thanh, 2002, Php tnh vi phn
v tch phn hm mt bin, NXB HQGHN
[5] Nguyn Vn Mu, L Ngc Lng, Phm Th Long, Nguyn Minh Tun, 2006, Cc
thi Olympic ton sinh vin ton quc, NXB Gio Dc.
[6] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[7] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2006, Cc bi ton ni suy v p dng, NXB Gio Dc.
[8] Nguyn Vn Mu,
Php tnh vi phn v p dng,
NXB Gio Dc
[9] Nguyn Vn Mu, 2004, Mt s vn chn lc v tch phn, NXB Gio Dc.
[10] P.K.Sahoo, T.Riedel, Mean Value theorems and
Scientific, River Edge, World Scientific 1998.
[11] Henri Cartan, 1961,
Functional Equations,
World
Thorie lmentaire des fonctions analytiques d0 une ou
plusieurs variables complexes,
Hermann, Paris.

Định lý Rolle và một số áp dụng

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Định lý Rolle và một số áp dụng

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I HC THI NGUYN

NGUYN TH DNG KIU

THI NGUYN - 2010

NGUYN TH DNG KIU

LUN VN THC S TON HC

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

THI NGUYN - 2010

1.1 nh l Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Kho st tnh cht c bn ca hm s

2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin . . . . . . . . . .

3 Mt s ng dng nh l Rolle trong i s

3.1 Chng minh s tn ti v bin lun s nghim ca phng

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

Thi Nguyn, thng 09 nm 2010.

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

1.1 nh l Rolle

nh l 1.1 (nh l Rolle). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on [a; b]

v c o hm ti mi x (a; b). Nu f (a) = f (b) th tn ti t nht

V f lin tc trn on [a; b] nn theo nh l Weierstrass

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

1) nh l Rolle ni chung s khng cn ng nu trong khong

H qu 1.1. Nu hm s f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b) v phng

Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 c n nghim phn bit

H qu 1.2. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v c o hm

Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nhiu hn n nghim

H qu 1.3. Cho hm s f (x) tho mn ng thi cc tnh cht sau

i) f (x) xc nh v c o hm cp n (n 1) lin tc trn on

ii) f (x) c o hm cp n + 1 trong khong (a; b).

T gi thit f (a) = f (b) = 0, theo nh l Rolle tn

1.2 nh l Lagrange v nh l Cauchy

nh l 1.2 (nh l Lagrange). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on

f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a).

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

R rng hm F (x) lin tc trn on [a; b], c o hm trong khong

Thay gi tr t (1.3) vo ta c f 0 (c) =

f (b) f (a) = f 0 (c)(b a).

Cng thc (1.1) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Lagrange.

1) Ta  thu c nh l Lagrange nh l mt h qu ca nh l

H qu 1.4. Gi s f : [a; b] R l hm lin tc v f 0(x) = 0, vi

Tht vy, gi s x0 (a; b) l mt im c nh no ,

H qu 1.5. Nu hai hm f (x) v g(x) c o hm ng nht bng

Tht vy, theo gi thit ta c

Theo h qu 1.4 th f (x) g(x) = C (C = const) hay f (x) = g(x) + C .

nh l 1.3 ( nh l Cauchy). Gi s cc hm f, g lin tc trn on

v c o hm ti mi im trong khong (a; b), ngoi ra g0(x) 6= 0

f (b) f (a) f 0 (c)

Trc khi chng minh nh l ta nhn xt rng cng

trong  s c chn sao cho F (a) = F (b), tc l

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

T (1.6)v (1.7) ta thu c

Cng thc (1.4) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Cauchy.

Nhn xt 1.3. nh l Lagrange l trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy

1.3 nh l Rolle trn khong v hn

nh l 1.4. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn [a; +), c o hm

trong (a; +) vx+

Nu f (x) = f (a) vi mi x > a th ly c l mt s bt

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu - i hc Thi Nguyn

2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin

nh ngha 2.1. Gi s hm s f (x) xc nh trn tp I(a; b) R v

tho mn iu kin

trn I(a; b).

nh l 2.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b).

i) Nu f 0(x) > 0 vi mi x (a; b) th hm s y = f (x) ng bin

Ly hai im x1 , x2 (x1 < x2 ) trn khong (a; b). V

I HC THI NGUYN

1.1 nh l Rolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin . . . . . . . . . .

3 Mt s ng dng nh l Rolle trong i s

1.1 nh l Rolle

nh l 1.1 (nh l Rolle). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on [a; b]

v c o hm ti mi x (a; b). Nu f (a) = f (b) th tn ti t nht

V f lin tc trn on [a; b] nn theo nh l Weierstrass

1) nh l Rolle ni chung s khng cn ng nu trong khong

H qu 1.1. Nu hm s f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b) v phng

H qu 1.2. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v c o hm

H qu 1.3. Cho hm s f (x) tho mn ng thi cc tnh cht sau

i) f (x) xc nh v c o hm cp n (n 1) lin tc trn on

ii) f (x) c o hm cp n + 1 trong khong (a; b).

T gi thit f (a) = f (b) = 0, theo nh l Rolle tn

1.2 nh l Lagrange v nh l Cauchy

nh l 1.2 (nh l Lagrange). Gi s f l hm lin tc trn on

R rng hm F (x) lin tc trn on [a; b], c o hm trong khong

Cng thc (1.1) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Lagrange.

1) Ta thu c nh l Lagrange nh l mt h qu ca nh l

Tht vy, gi s x0 (a; b) l mt im c nh no ,

H qu 1.5. Nu hai hm f (x) v g(x) c o hm ng nht bng

nh l 1.3 ( nh l Cauchy). Gi s cc hm f, g lin tc trn on

v c o hm ti mi im trong khong (a; b), ngoi ra g0(x) 6= 0

Trc khi chng minh nh l ta nhn xt rng cng

trong s c chn sao cho F (a) = F (b), tc l

T (1.6)v (1.7) ta thu c

Cng thc (1.4) c gi l cng thc s gia hu hn Cauchy.

Nhn xt 1.3. nh l Lagrange l trng hp ring ca nh l Cauchy

1.3 nh l Rolle trn khong v hn

nh l 1.4. Gi s hm s f (x) lin tc trn [a; +), c o hm

2.1 Hm ng bin, nghch bin

nh ngha 2.1. Gi s hm s f (x) xc nh trn tp I(a; b) R v

tho mn iu kin

nh l 2.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm trn khong (a; b).

i) Nu f 0(x) > 0 vi mi x (a; b) th hm s y = f (x) ng bin

Ly hai im x1 , x2 (x1 < x2 ) trn khong (a; b). V

nh l 2.2 (M rng ca nh l 2.1). Gi s hm s y = f (x) c o

Chng minh. Tht vy, n gin cch lp lun, gi s rng f 0(x) 0

trn (a; b) v f 0 (x) = 0 ti x1 (a, b) th khi f (x) ng bin trong

i) Hm s f (x) c gi l hm li trn tp I(a; b) R nu vi

Nu du ng thc trong (2.1) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni

Nu du ng thc trong (2.2) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 th ta ni

, c tng + = 1 u thuc (x1 ; x2 ) v

nh l 2.3. Nu f (x) l hm s kh vi trn I(a; b) th f (x) l hm li

Gi s f (x) li trn I(a; b). Khi vi x1 < x < x2 ,

Trong (2.3) cho x x1 , ta thu c

Tng t, trong (2.3) cho x x2 , ta thu c

T (2.4) v (2.5), ta nhn c f 0 (x1 ) f 0 (x2 ), tc hm s f 0 (x) l hm

nh l 2.4. Nu f (x) kh vi bc hai trn I(a; b) th f (x) li (lm) trn

Suy trc tip t nh l 2.3.

(Bt ng thc Karamata) Cho

Khi , ng vi mi hm li thc s f (x) trn I(a; b), ta u c

Trc ht ta chng minh bt ng thc

Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = y1 .

Theo nh l Lagrange th (2.8) f 0 (x01 ) f 0 (y1 ) vi y1 < x01 < x1 . Bt

Theo nh l Lagrange th (2.9) f 0 (x01 ) f 0 (y1 ) vi x1 < x01 < y1 . Bt

S dng bin i Abel ng vi ai = f 0 (yi ) v bi = (xi yi ) ta c:

T gi thit ta c f 0 (yi ) f 0 (yi+1 ) 0 (do hm f 0 (y) ng bin), v

T (2.10) v (2.11) ta thu c

2.2.2 gn u v sp th t cc tam gic

nh ngha 2.3. Vi mi tam gic ABC cho trc, ta k hiu

v gi 4ABC l gn u ca tam gic ABC.

nh ngha 2.4. Vi mi cp tam gic A1B1C1 v A2B2C2 tho mn

th ta ni cp tam gic A1B1C1 v A2B2C2 l cp sp c th t v

1) Tam gic u gn u hn mi tam gic khc.

Tnh cht 2.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) c o hm cp hai f 00(x) trong

Sau y, ta xt mt s bi ton tiu biu nhm minh ha cc tnh

Bi ton 2.1. Cho tam gic A2B2C2 gn u hn tam gic A1B1C1 v

Khi , theo nh ngha 2.4 ta c A1 A2 v C1 C2 . Suy ra

Cng cc v tng ng ca (2.13), ta c

Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta coi A B C. Khi

nh l 3.1. Cho hm s y = f (x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v F (x)

l mt nguyn hm ca f (x) trong on . Nu tn ti cc s thc

Gi s phng trnh f (x) = 0 v nghim trn on

nh l 3.2. Gi s hm s y = f (x)

K thut c bn ca dng ton ny l chn hm s tho mn iu

Bi 3.1. Cho cc s thc a, b, c v cc s nguyn dng n tho mn iu

R rng f (x) lin tc v c o hm trn R v

Khi theo nh l Rolle, x0 0;